| molecular phylogenetic diversity of bacillus community and its temporal-spatial distribution during the swine manure of composting. | in order to obtain the diversity and temporal-spatial distribution of bacillus community during the swine manure composting, we utilized traditional culture methods and the modern molecular biology techniques of polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (pcr-rflp) and -denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (pcr-dgge). bacillus species were firstly isolated from the composting. based on temperature changes, the temporal-spatial characteristics of total culturable bacill ... | 2011 | 21701982 |
| efficient immobilization and patterning of biomolecules on poly(ethylene terephthalate) films functionalized by ion irradiation for biosensor applications. | the surface of a poly(ethylene terephthalate) (pet) film was selectively irradiated with proton beams at various fluences to generate carboxylic acid groups on the surface; the resulting functionalized pet surface was then characterized in terms of its wettability, chemical structure, and chemical composition. the results revealed that (i) carboxylic acid groups were successfully generated in the irradiated regions of the pet surface, and (ii) their relative amounts were dependent on the fluence ... | 2011 | 21699214 |
| a bacillus anthracis strain deleted for six proteases serves as an effective host for production of recombinant proteins. | bacillus anthracis produces a number of extracellular proteases that impact the integrity and yield of other proteins in the b. anthracis secretome. in this study we show that anthrolysin o (alo) and the three anthrax toxin proteins, protective antigen (pa), lethal factor (lf), and edema factor (ef), produced from the b. anthracis ames 35 strain (pxo1(+), pxo2(-)), are completely degraded at the onset of stationary phase due to the action of proteases. an improved cre-loxp gene knockout system w ... | 2011 | 21827967 |
| decontamination of a hard surface contaminated with bacillus anthracis+österne and b.-áanthracis ames spores using electrochemically generated liquid-phase chlorine dioxide (eclo(2) ). | aims:ôçé to evaluate the inactivation of bacillus anthracis+österne and ames spores using electrochemically generated liquid-phase chlorine dioxide (eclo(2) ) and compare two sporulation and decontamination methods with regard to cost, safety and technical constraints. methods and results:ôçé spores were prepared via agar and broth methods and subsequently inoculated and dried onto clean, autoclave-sterilized glass coupons. bacillus anthracis spore inactivation efficacy was evaluated using the m ... | 2011 | 21824240 |
| localization and assembly of the novel exosporium protein beta of bacillus anthracis. | the exosporium of bacillus anthracis is comprised of two distinct layers: a basal layer and a hair-like nap that covers the basal layer. the hair-like nap contains the glycoproteins bcla and most likely bclb. bcla and bclb are directed to assemble into the exosporium by motifs in their n-terminal domains. here, we identify a previously uncharacterized putative gene encoding this motif, which we have named beta (bacillus exosporium targeted protein of anthracis). like bcla, beta encodes a putativ ... | 2011 | 21821770 |
| extending the aerolysin family: from bacteria to vertebrates. | a number of bacterial virulence factors have been observed to adopt structures similar to that of aerolysin, the principal toxin of aeromonas species. however, a comprehensive description of architecture and structure of the aerolysin-like superfamily has not been determined. in this study, we define a more compact aerolysin-like domain--or aerolysin fold--and show that this domain is far more widely spread than anticipated since it can be found throughout kingdoms. the aerolysin-fold could be f ... | 2011 | 21687664 |
| the role of net charge on the catalytic domain and the influence of the cell-wall binding domain on the bactericidal activity, specificity and host-range of phage lysins. | the recombinant lysins of lytic phages, when applied externally to gram-positive bacteria, can be efficient bactericidal agents, typically retaining high specificity. their development as novel antibacterial agents offer many potential advantages over conventional antibiotics. protein engineering could exploit this potential further by generating novel lysins fit for distinct target populations and environments. however, access to the peptidoglycan (pg) layer is controlled by a variety of second ... | 2011 | 21816821 |
| a review of exotic animal disease in great britain and in scotland specifically between 1938 and 2007. | incursions of contagious diseases of livestock into disease-free zones are inevitable as long as the diseases persist elsewhere in the world. knowledge of where, when and how incursions have occurred helps assess the risks, and regionalize preventative and reactive measures. | 2011 | 21818292 |
| disease control during the colonial period in australia. | the first permanent european settlers of australia arrived in 1788 to establish a penal colony at sydney, new south wales (nsw). as the colony grew and wool production increased, more free settlers and emancipists developed farming in inland australia. during the 1840s veterinarians commenced arriving in small numbers but they were not closely associated with the development and execution of disease control programs, which was left to lay inspectors of stock. the arrival of william tyson kendall ... | 2011 | 21696369 |
| nrdh-redoxin mediates high enzyme activity in manganese-reconstituted ribonucleotide reductase from bacillus anthracis. | bacillus anthracis is a severe mammalian pathogen encoding a class ib ribonucleotide reductase (rnr). rnr is a universal enzyme that provides the four essential deoxyribonucleotides needed for dna replication and repair. almost all bacillus spp. encode both class ib and class iii rnr operons, but the b. anthracis class iii operon was reported to encode a pseudogene and conceivably class ib rnr is necessary for spore germination and proliferation of b. anthracis upon infection. the class ib rnr o ... | 2011 | 21832039 |
| Crystal Structure of Bacillus anthracis Phosphoglucosamine Mutase, an Enzyme in the Peptidoglycan Biosynthetic Pathway. | Phosphoglucosamine mutase (PNGM) is an evolutionarily conserved bacterial enzyme that participates in the cytoplasmic steps of peptidoglycan biosynthesis. As peptidoglycan is essential for bacterial survival and is absent in humans, enzymes in this pathway have been the focus of intensive inhibitor design efforts. Many aspects of the structural biology of the peptidoglycan pathway have been elucidated, with the exception of the PNGM structure. We present here the crystal structure of PNGM from t ... | 2011 | 21685296 |
| Key aspects of the molecular and cellular basis of inhalational anthrax. | Bacillus anthracis is the etiologic agent of the disease inhalational anthrax, an acute systemic infection initiated by inhaling spores, which if not rapidly detected and treated, results in death. Decades of research have elucidated novel aspects of anthrax pathogenesis but there are many issues left unresolved. | 2011 | 21816231 |
| Rapidly Progressive, Fatal, Inhalation Anthraxlike Infection in a Human: Case Report, Pathogen Genome Sequencing, Pathology, and Coordinated Response. | Context.-Ten years ago a bioterrorism event involving Bacillus anthracis spores captured the nation's interest, stimulated extensive new research on this pathogen, and heightened concern about illegitimate release of infectious agents. Sporadic reports have described rare, fulminant, and sometimes fatal cases of pneumonia in humans and nonhuman primates caused by strains of Bacillus cereus , a species closely related to Bacillus anthracis . Objectives.-To describe and investigate a case of rapid ... | 2011 | 21827220 |
| pilot-scale crossflow-microfiltration and pasteurization to remove spores of bacillus anthracis (sterne) from milk. | high-temperature, short-time pasteurization of milk is ineffective against spore-forming bacteria such as bacillus anthracis (ba), but is lethal to its vegetative cells. crossflow microfiltration (mf) using ceramic membranes with a pore size of 1.4 μm has been shown to reject most microorganisms from skim milk; and, in combination with pasteurization, has been shown to extend its shelf life. the objectives of this study were to evaluate mf for its efficiency in removing spores of the attenuated ... | 2011 | 21854901 |
| stable dry powder formulation for nasal delivery of anthrax vaccine. | there is a current biodefense interest in protection against anthrax. here, we developed a new generation of stable and effective anthrax vaccine. we studied the immune response elicited by recombinant protective antigen (rpa) delivered intranasally with a novel mucosal adjuvant, a mast cell activator compound 48/80 (c48/80). the vaccine formulation was prepared in a powder form by spray-freeze-drying (sfd) under optimized conditions to produce particles with a target size of d(50) = 25 μm, suit ... | 2011 | 21905034 |
| establishing the detection threshold for bacillus subtilis in a complex matrix using an inorganic fingerprint approach. | methods for the detection and characterization of airborne biological warfare agents, such as bacteria, using their dna or organic composition are fairly well developed. this approach is useful for identifying the type of bacterial strain once the organism has been isolated from the matrix sampled (e.g., dust particles) and can identify genetically related organisms, which might be helpful during a forensic investigation. however, this genetic signature will not reveal information related to the ... | 2011 | 21872011 |
| national validation study of a cellulose sponge wipe-processing method for use after sampling bacillus anthracis spores from surfaces. | this work was initiated to address the gaps identified by congress regarding validated biothreat environmental sampling and processing methods. nine laboratory response network-affiliated laboratories participated in a validation study of a cellulose sponge wipe-processing protocol for the recovery, detection, and quantification of viable bacillus anthracis sterne spores from steel surfaces. steel coupons (645.16 cm(2)) were inoculated with 1 to 4 log(10) spores and then sampled with cellulose s ... | 2011 | 21965403 |
| aoac smpr 2010.003. standard method performance requirements for polymerase chain reaction (pcr) methods for detection of bacillus anthracis in aerosol collection filters and/or liquids. | | 2011 | 21919367 |
| determination of post-culture processing with carbohydrates by maldi-ms and tms derivatization gc-ms. | biological materials generally require stabilization to retain activity or viability in a dry form. a number of industrial products, such as vaccines, probiotics and biopesticides have been produced as dry preparations. the same methods and materials used for stabilizing commercial microbial products may be applicable to preserving biothreat pathogens in a dry form. this is a likely step that may be encountered when looking at samples from terrorism attempts since only spores, such as those from ... | 2011 | 21962653 |
| Screening of Peptide Libraries against Protective Antigen of Bacillus anthracis in a Disposable Microfluidic Cartridge. | Bacterial surface peptide display has gained popularity as a method of affinity reagent generation for a wide variety of applications ranging from drug discovery to pathogen detection. In order to isolate the bacterial clones that express peptides with high affinities to the target molecule, multiple rounds of manual magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS) followed by multiple rounds of fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) are conventionally used. Although such manual methods are effective, ... | 2011 | 22140433 |
| anthrax infection. | bacillus anthracis infection is rare in developed countries. however, recent outbreaks in the united states and europe and the potential use of the bacteria for bioterrorism have focused interest on it. furthermore, although anthrax was known to typically occur as one of three syndromes related to entry site of (i.e., cutaneous, gastrointestinal, or inhalational), a fourth syndrome including severe soft tissue infection in injectional drug users is emerging. although shock has been described wit ... | 2011 | 21852539 |
| ultrasensitive diagnosis for an anthrax-protective antigen based on a polyvalent directed peptide polymer coupled to zinc oxide nanorods. | a flexible poly-d-lysine polymer conjugated with different target-binding peptides is demonstrated with an ultralow concentration detection limit compared to those of other conventional detection systems. this polyvalent directed peptide polymer (pdpp) exhibits increased binding affinity and detects anthrax protective antigen at low levels using a well-known zinc oxide nanorod detection system. | 2011 | 21997757 |
| validation and long term performance characteristics of a quantitative enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for human anti-pa igg. | accurate, reliable and standardized quantification of anti-protective antigen (pa) igg antibody levels is essential for comparative analyses of anti-toxin immune responses in anthrax cases, recipients of pa-based anthrax vaccines and for evaluation of anti-pa based immunotherapies. we have previously reported the early performance characteristics and application of a quantitative anti-pa igg enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. the principal application of this assay was in a phase 4 human clinica ... | 2011 | 22197974 |
| anthrax lethal toxin-mediated disruption of endothelial ve-cadherin is attenuated by inhibition of the rho-associated kinase pathway. | systemic anthrax disease is characterized by vascular leakage pathologies. we previously reported that anthrax lethal toxin (lt) induces human endothelial barrier dysfunction in a cell death-independent manner with actin stress fiber formation and disruption of adherens junctions (ajs). in the present study, we further characterize the molecular changes in the aj complex and investigate whether aj structure and barrier function can be preserved by modulating key cytoskeletal signaling pathways. ... | 2011 | 22069696 |
| a supramolecular sensing platform for phosphate anions and an anthrax biomarker in a microfluidic device. | a supramolecular platform based on self-assembled monolayers (sams) has been implemented in a microfluidic device. the system has been applied for the sensing of two different analyte types: biologically relevant phosphate anions and aromatic carboxylic acids, which are important for anthrax detection. a eu(iii)-edta complex was bound to β-cyclodextrin monolayers via orthogonal supramolecular host-guest interactions. the self-assembly of the eu(iii)-edta conjugate and naphthalene β-diketone as a ... | 2011 | 22174602 |
| Rapidly progressive, fatal, inhalation anthrax-like infection in a human: case report, pathogen genome sequencing, pathology, and coordinated response. | Ten years ago a bioterrorism event involving Bacillus anthracis spores captured the nation's interest, stimulated extensive new research on this pathogen, and heightened concern about illegitimate release of infectious agents. Sporadic reports have described rare, fulminant, and sometimes fatal cases of pneumonia in humans and nonhuman primates caused by strains of Bacillus cereus , a species closely related to Bacillus anthracis. | 2011 | 21882964 |
| comparison of the efficiency of antibody selection from semi-synthetic scfv and non-immune fab phage display libraries against protein targets for rapid development of diagnostic immunoassays. | rapid development of diagnostic immunoassays against novel emerging or genetically modified pathogens in an emergency situation is dependent on the timely isolation of specific antibodies. non-immune antibody phage display libraries are an efficient in vitro method for selecting monoclonal antibodies and hence ideal in these circumstances. such libraries can be constructed from a variety of sources e.g. b cell cdna or synthetically generated, and use a variety of antibody formats, typically scfv ... | 2011 | 21856306 |
| spectroscopic, catalytic and binding properties of bacillus subtilis no synthase-like protein: comparison with other bacterial and mammalian no synthases. | genome sequencing has shown the presence of genes coding for no-synthase (nos)-like proteins in bacteria. the roles and properties of these proteins remain unclear. uv-visible spectroscopy was used to characterize the recombinant nos-like protein from bacillus subtilis (bsnos) in its ferric and ferrous states in the presence of various fe(iii)- and fe(ii)-heme-ligands and of a series of l-arginine (l-arg) analogs. bsnos exhibited several spectroscopic and binding properties in common with bacill ... | 2012 | 22119809 |
| biodefense: 10 years after. reinventing project bioshield. | | 2011 | 21885752 |
| [analyze and compare metabolic pathways of bacillus cereus group]. | a large number of data and information was obtained from genome sequencing and high-throughput genomic studies, use of the information to study metabolic networks become a new hotspot in biological research. this article compared different methods to reconstruct metabolic networks and analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of each methods, and then introduced some researches about carbohydrate metabolism pathways, amino acid metabolic pathways, and energy metabolism pathways of 9 strains of b ... | 2011 | 21993280 |
| The potential contributions of lethal and edema toxins to the pathogenesis of anthrax associated shock. | Outbreaks of Bacillus anthracis in the US and Europe over the past 10 years have emphasized the health threat this lethal bacteria poses even for developed parts of the world. In contrast to cutaneous anthrax, inhalational disease in the US during the 2001 outbreaks and the newly identified injectional drug use form of disease in the UK and Germany have been associated with relatively high mortality rates. One notable aspect of these cases has been the difficulty in supporting patients once shoc ... | 2011 | 22069762 |
| vaccination and risk of type 1 diabetes mellitus in active component u.s. military, 2002-2008. | to evaluate whether vaccination increases the risk of type 1 diabetes mellitus in active component u.s. military personnel. | 2011 | 22075092 |
| the challenge of determining the need for remediation following a wide-area biological release. | recovering from a biological attack is a complex process requiring the successful resolution of numerous challenges. the interagency biological restoration demonstration program is one of the first multiagency efforts to develop strategies and tools that could be effective following a wide-area release of b. anthracis spores. nevertheless, several key policy issues and associated science and technology issues still need to be addressed. for example, more refined risk assessment and management ap ... | 2011 | 21882967 |
| logistics modelling: improving resource management and public information strategies in florida. | one of the most time-sensitive and logistically-challenging emergency response operations today is to provide mass prophylaxis to every man, woman and child in a community within 48 hours of a bioterrorism attack. to meet this challenge, federal, state and local public health departments in the usa have joined forces to develop, test and execute large-scale bioterrorism response plans. this preparedness and response effort is funded through the us centers for disease control and prevention's cit ... | 2011 | 22130343 |
| Characterization of Type II and III Restriction-Modification Systems from Bacillus cereus Strains ATCC 10987 and ATCC 14579. | The genomes of two Bacillus cereus strains (ATCC 10987 and ATCC 14579) have been sequenced. Here, we report the specificities of type II/III restriction (R) and modification (M) enzymes. Found in the ATCC 10987 strain, BceSI is a restriction endonuclease (REase) with the recognition and cut site CGAAG 24-25/27-28. BceSII is an isoschizomer of AvaII (G/GWCC). BceSIII cleaves at ACGGC 12/14. The BceSIII C terminus resembles the catalytic domains of AlwI, MlyI, and Nt.BstNBI. BceSIV is composed of ... | 2012 | 22037402 |
| Persistent inhibition of oxygen-induced retinal neovascularization by anthrax lethal toxin. | Purpose. To evaluate the role of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MKK) signaling in a mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) that mimics retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Methods. Postnatal day 7 mice were exposed to elevated oxygen for 5 days to induce retinopathy. Anthrax lethal toxin (LeTx), an MKK inhibitor, was injected into the vitreous after restoration to normoxia, and its effects on vascular growth were analyzed by whole mount immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy ... | 2011 | 21989728 |
| Drug Interactions with Bacillus anthracis Topoisomerase IV: Biochemical Basis for Quinolone Action and Resistance. | Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, is considered a serious threat as a bioweapon. The drugs most commonly used to treat anthrax are quinolones, which act by increasing the levels of DNA cleavage mediated by topoisomerase IV and gyrase. Quinolone resistance most often is associated with specific serine mutations in these enzymes. Therefore, to determine the basis for quinolone action and resistance, we characterized wild-type B. anthracis topoisomerase IV, the GrlA(S81F) and GrlA ... | 2011 | 22126453 |
| Serum amyloid A protects murine macrophages from lethal toxin-mediated death. | Lethal toxin, a key virulence factor produced by Bacillus anthracis, induces cell death, in part by disrupting numerous signaling pathways, in mouse macrophages. However, exposure to sublethal doses of lethal toxin allows some cells to survive. Because these pro-survival signaling events occur within a few hours after exposure to sublethal doses, we hypothesized that acute phase proteins might influence macrophage survival. Our data show that serum amyloid A (SAA) is produced in response to leth ... | 2012 | 22082566 |
| Anthrax sub-unit vaccine: The structural consequences of binding rPA83 to Alhydrogel®. | An anthrax sub-unit vaccine, comprising recombinant Protective Antigen (rPA83) and aluminium hydroxide adjuvant (Alhydrogel®) is currently being developed. Here, a series of biophysical techniques have been applied to free and adjuvant bound antigen. Limited proteolysis and fluorescence identified no changes in rPA83 tertiary structure following binding to Alhydrogel and the bound rPA83 retained two structurally important calcium ions. For adsorbed rPA83, differential scanning calorimetry reveal ... | 2012 | 21964315 |
| developing an integrated proteo-genomic approach for the characterisation of biomarkers for the identification of bacillus anthracis. | bacillus anthracis is the causative agent of anthrax, an acute and often fatal disease in humans. due to the high genomic relatedness within the bacillus cereus group of species it is a challenge to identify b. anthracis consistently. alternative strategies such as proteomics coupled with mass spectrometry (ms) provide a powerful approach for biomarker discovery. however, validating and evaluating these markers, particularly for genetically homogeneous species such as b. anthracis are challengin ... | 2011 | 22178189 |
| the glucocorticoid receptor: a revisited target for toxins. | the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (hpa) axis activation and glucocorticoid responses are critical for survival from a number of bacterial, viral and toxic insults, demonstrated by the fact that removal of the hpa axis or gr blockade enhances mortality rates. replacement with synthetic glucocorticoids reverses these effects by providing protection against lethal effects. glucocorticoid resistance/insensitivity is a common problem in the treatment of many diseases. much research has focused on th ... | 2010 | 22069642 |
| anthrax attacks: lessons learned on the 10th anniversary of the anthrax attacks. | | 2011 | 22003133 |
| anthrax cleanup decisions: statistical confidence or confident response. | | 2011 | 22029373 |
| Detection of anthrax toxin genetic sequences by the solid phase oligo-probes. | Purpose: There is an urgent need to detect a rapid field-based test to detect anthrax. We have developed a rapid, highly sensitive DNA-based method to detect the anthrax toxin lethal factor gene located in pXO1, which is necessary for the pathogenicity of Bacillus anthracis. Materials and Methods: We have adopted the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) so that instead of capturing antibodies we capture the DNA of the target sequence by a rapid oligo-based hybridization and then detect the ... | 2011 | 22120797 |
| evaluation of dna extraction methods for bacillus anthracis spores spiked to food and feed matrices at biosafety level 3 conditions. | the dna extraction efficiency from milk, whey, soy, corn gluten meal, wheat powders and heat-treated corn grain that were spiked with bacillus anthracis and bacillus thuringiensis spores was determined. two steps were critical: lysis of the spores and binding of the free dna to the dna binding magnetic beads in the presence of the interfering powders. for the guanidine-thiocyanate based nuclisens lysis buffer from biomerieux we found that between 15 and 30% of the spores survived the lysis step. ... | 2011 | 21864928 |
| Determination of the glycation sites of Bacillus anthracis neoglycoconjugate vaccine by MALDI-TOF/TOF-CID-MS/MS and LC-ESI-QqTOF-tandem mass spectrometry. | We present herein an efficient mass spectrometric method for the localization of the glycation sites of a model neoglycoconjugate vaccine formed by a construct of the tetrasaccharide side chain of the Bacillus anthracis exosporium and the protein carrier bovine serum albumin. The glycoconjugate was digested with both trypsin and GluC V8 endoproteinases, and the digests were then analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF-CID-MS/MS and nano-LC-ESI-QqTOF-CID-MS/MS. The sequences of the unknown peptides analyzed by ... | 2011 | 22012665 |
| Mouse monoclonal antibodies to anthrax edema factor protect against infection. | Bacillus anthracis is the causative agent of anthrax, and the tripartite anthrax toxin is an essential element of its pathogenesis. Edema factor (EF), a potent adenylyl cyclase, is one of the toxin components. In this work, anti-EF monoclonal antibodies (MAb) were produced following immunization of mice, and four of the antibodies were fully characterized. MAb 3F2 has an affinity of 388 pM, was most effective for EF detection, and appears to be the first antibody reported to neutralize EF by bin ... | 2011 | 21911463 |
| Scanning surface potential microscopy of spore adhesion on surfaces. | The adhesion of spores of Bacillus anthracis - the cause of anthrax and a likely biological threat - to solid surfaces is an important consideration in cleanup after an accidental or deliberate release. However, because of safety concerns, directly studying B. anthracis spores with advanced instrumentation is problematic. As a first step, we are examining the electrostatic potential of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), which is a closely related species that is often used as a simulant to study B. an ... | 2011 | 22196463 |
| in vitro antimicrobial studies of silver carbene complexes: activity of free and nanoparticle carbene formulations against clinical isolates of pathogenic bacteria. | silver carbenes may represent novel, broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents that have low toxicity while providing varying chemistry for targeted applications. here, the bactericidal activity of four silver carbene complexes (sccs) with different formulations, including nanoparticles (nps) and micelles, was tested against a panel of clinical strains of bacteria and fungi that are the causative agents of many skin and soft tissue, respiratory, wound, blood, and nosocomial infections. | 2012 | 21972270 |
| the iron binding protein dps2 confers peroxide stress resistance on bacillus anthracis. | iron is an essential nutrient that is implicated in most of cellular oxidation reactions. however, iron is a highly reactive element that, if not appropriately chaperoned, can react with endogenously and exogenously generated oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide to generate highly toxic hydroxyl radicles. dps (dna-binding proteins from starved cells) proteins form a distinct class (the mini-ferritins) of iron-binding proteins within the ferritin superfamily. b. anthracis encodes two dps-like prote ... | 2011 | 22155779 |
| [Detection and identification of highly pathogenic bacteria within the framework of the EQADeBa project--Part I: Samples containing living pathogens]. | Bacillus anthracis, Yersinia pestis, Francisella tularensis, Brucella sp., Bulkholderia mallei are B. pseudomallei are highly pathogenic bacteria of potential bioterrorism risk. To support the early warning and rapid response capacity to ensure an effective reaction to bioterrorist attacks the international project "Establishment of Quality Assurances for Detection of Highly Pathogenic Bacteria of Potential Bioterrorism Risk" (EQADeBa) has been established. The aim of the project was establishme ... | 2011 | 22184939 |
| Effects of terbium chelate structure on dipicolinate ligation and the detection of Bacillus spores. | Terbium-sensitized luminescence and its applicability towards the detection of Bacillus spores such as anthrax are of significant interest to research in biodefense and medical diagnostics. Accordingly, we have measured the effects of terbium chelation upon the parameters associated with dipicolinate ligation and spore detection. Namely, the dissociation constants, intrinsic brightness, luminescent lifetimes, and biological stabilities for several Tb(chelate)(dipicolinate)(x) complexes were dete ... | 2011 | 22071082 |
| Molecular epidemiology of anthrax cases associated with recreational use of animal hides and yarn in the United States. | To determine potential links between the clinical isolate to animal products and their geographic origin, we genotyped (MLVA-8, MVLA-15, and canSNP analysis) 80 environmental and 12 clinical isolates and 2 clinical specimens from five cases of anthrax (California in 1976 [n?=?1], New York in 2006 [n?=?1], Connecticut in 2007 [n?=?2], and New Hampshire in 2009[n?=?1]) resulting from recreational handling of animal products. For the California case, four clinical isolates were identified as MLVA-8 ... | 2011 | 22174783 |
| identification of the bacterial protein ftsx as a unique target of chemokine-mediated antimicrobial activity against bacillus anthracis. | chemokines are a family of chemotactic cytokines that function in host defense by orchestrating cellular movement during infection. in addition to this function, many chemokines have also been found to mediate the direct killing of a range of pathogenic microorganisms through an as-yet-undefined mechanism. as an understanding of the molecular mechanism and microbial targets of chemokine-mediated antimicrobial activity is likely to lead to the identification of unique, broad-spectrum therapeutic ... | 2011 | 21949405 |
| New Developments in Vaccines, Inhibitors of Anthrax Toxins, and Antibiotic Therapeutics for Bacillus anthracis. | Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent responsible for anthrax infections, poses a significant biodefense threat. There is a high mortality rate associated with untreated anthrax infections; specifically, inhalation anthrax is a particularly virulent form of infection with mortality rates close to 100%, even with aggressive treatment. Currently, a vaccine is not available to the general public and few antibiotics have been approved by the FDA for the treatment of inhalation anthrax. With the th ... | 2011 | 22050756 |
| the mechanism of dna ejection in the bacillus anthracis spore-binding phage 8a revealed by cryo-electron tomography. | the structure of the bacillus anthracis spore-binding phage 8a was determined by cryo-electron tomography. the phage capsid forms a t=16 icosahedron attached to a contractile tail via a head-tail connector protein. the tail consists of a six-start helical sheath surrounding a central tail tube, and a structurally novel baseplate at the distal end of the tail that recognizes and attaches to host cells. the parameters of the icosahedral capsid lattice and the helical tail sheath suggest protein fo ... | 2011 | 22018785 |
| persistence of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki in urban environments following spraying. | bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki is applied extensively in north america to control the gypsy moth, lymantria dispar. since b. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki shares many physical and biological properties with bacillus anthracis, it is a reasonable surrogate for biodefense studies. a key question in biodefense is how long a biothreat agent will persist in the environment. there is some information in the literature on the persistence of bacillus anthracis in laboratories and historical test ... | 2011 | 21926205 |
| veterinary experiences as a japanese prisoner of war and ex-pow along the burma railroad from 1942 to january 1946. | summary as a prisoner of war the writer was working for nearly three years in different pow camps, and outside them, along the burma railway from thanbyuyzat in southern burma up to kanchanabury in thailand. in the army of the netherlands-indian archipelago (knil) he had the military rank of reserve horse-doctor. in civilian life he was attached to the veterinary institute in buitenzorg (now bogor) as a veterinary bacteriologist. his task as a pow became that of meathygienist and supervisor of ... | 1979 | 22039830 |
| CodY regulation is required for full virulence and heme iron acquisition in Bacillus anthracis. | Capsule and toxin are the major virulence factors of Bacillus anthracis. The B. anthracis pleiotropic regulator CodY activates toxin gene expression by post-translationally regulating the accumulation of the global regulator AtxA. However, the role of CodY on B. anthracis capsulation and virulence of encapsulated strains has been unknown. The role of CodY in B. anthracis virulence was studied in mouse and guinea pig models. Spore outgrowth and dissemination of the vegetative cells was followed i ... | 2011 | 21911592 |
| suitability of commercial transport media for biological pathogens under nonideal conditions. | there is extensive data to support the use of commercial transport media as a stabilizer for known clinical samples; however, there is little information to support their use outside of controlled conditions specified by the manufacturer. furthermore, there is no data to determine the suitability of said media for biological pathogens, specifically those of interest to the us military. this study evaluates commercial off-the-shelf (cots) transport media based on sample recovery, viability, and q ... | 2011 | 22121364 |
| [changing the protective properties of the receptor domain of protective antigen anthrax exotoxin, depending on the orientation of the presentation on nanoparticles]. | polysterene particles bearing on its surface recombinant protein receptor domain of protective antigen anthrax exotoxin, exposed in different orientations have been constructed. particles with exposed cooh region of receptor domain induced the highest protective immunity in mice anthrax model (95%). we revealed that immunization with these particles causes a specific induction of th1-response, characterized by increased levels ofcytokine tnf-alpha and il-2. | 2011 | 22096993 |
| Nine years' review on preseptal and orbital cellulitis and emergence of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococus aureus in a tertiary hospital in India. | Preseptal cellulitis is the commonest orbital disease which frequently needs to be differentiated from orbital cellulitis. Prompt diagnosis and treatment with appropriate antibiotics can prevent vision loss and life-threatening complications of orbital cellulitis. | 2011 | 22011486 |
| monoclonal antibody therapies against anthrax. | anthrax is a highly lethal infectious disease caused by the spore-forming bacterium bacillus anthracis. it not only causes natural infection in humans but also poses a great threat as an emerging bioterror agent. the lethality of anthrax is primarily attributed to the two major virulence factors: toxins and capsule. an extensive effort has been made to generate therapeutically useful monoclonal antibodies to each of the virulence components: protective antigen (pa), lethal factor (lf) and edema ... | 2011 | 22069754 |
| CELLULAR IRON DISTRIBUTION IN BACILLUS ANTHRACIS. | Although successful iron acquisition by pathogens within a host is a pre-requisite for the establishment of infection, surprisingly little is known about the intracellular distribution of iron within bacterial pathogens. We have used a combination of anaerobic, native liquid chromatography, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, principal component analysis and peptide mass fingerprinting to investigate the cytosolic iron distribution in the pathogen Bacillus anthracis. Our studies identi ... | 2011 | 22178968 |
| In situ gastrointestinal protection against anthrax edema toxin by single-chain antibody fragment producing lactobacilli. | ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Anthrax is caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis and is regarded as one of the most prominent bioterrorism threats. Anthrax toxicity is induced by the tripartite toxin complex, composed of the receptor-binding anthrax protective antigen and the two enzymatic subunits, lethal factor and edema factor. Recombinant lactobacilli have previously been used to deliver antibody fragments directed against surface epitopes of a variety of pathogens, including Streptococcus mutan ... | 2011 | 22185669 |
| identification of a bacillus anthracis specific indel in the yeac gene and development of a rapid pyrosequencing assay for distinguishing b. anthracis from the b. cereus group. | bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, is a potential source of bioterrorism. the existing assays for its identification lack specificity due to the close genetic relationship it exhibits to other members of the b. cereus group. our comparative analyses of protein sequences from bacillus species have identified a 24 amino acid deletion in a conserved region of the yeac protein that is uniquely present in b. anthracis. pcr primers based on conserved regions flanking this indel in the ... | 2011 | 21907250 |
| Identification of a lead small-molecule inhibitor of anthrax lethal toxin by using fluorescence-based high-throughput screening. | Inhalational anthrax is caused by B. anthracis, a virulent sporeforming bacterium which secretes anthrax toxins consisting of protective antigen (PA ), lethal factor (LF ) and edema factor (EF ). LF is a Zn-dependent metalloprotease and is the main determinant in the pathogenesis of anthrax. Here we report the identification of a lead small-molecule inhibitor of anthrax lethal factor by screening an available synthetic small-molecule inhibitor library using fluorescence-based high-throughput scr ... | 2011 | 22189685 |
| Lethal factor toxemia and anti-protective antigen antibody activity in naturally acquired cutaneous anthrax. | Cutaneous anthrax outbreaks occurred in Bangladesh from August to October 2009. As part of the epidemiological response and to confirm anthrax diagnoses, serum samples were collected from suspected case patients with observed cutaneous lesions. Anthrax lethal factor (LF), anti-protective antigen (anti-PA) immunoglobulin G (IgG), and anthrax lethal toxin neutralization activity (TNA) levels were determined in acute and convalescent serum of 26 case patients with suspected cutaneous anthrax from t ... | 2011 | 21908727 |
| cAMP signaling by anthrax edema toxin induces transendothelial cell tunnels, which are resealed by MIM via Arp2/3-driven actin polymerization. | RhoA-inhibitory bacterial toxins, such as Staphylococcus aureus EDIN toxin, induce large transendothelial cell macroaperture (TEM) tunnels that rupture the host endothelium barrier and promote bacterial dissemination. Host cells repair these tunnels by extending actin-rich membrane waves from the TEM edges. We reveal that cyclic-AMP signaling produced by Bacillus anthracis edema toxin (ET) also induces TEM formation, which correlates with increased vascular permeability. We show that ET-induced ... | 2011 | 22100162 |
| The national framework and consequence management guidance following a biological attack. | Consequence management following a release of aerosolized Bacillus anthracis spores requires a high level of technical understanding and direction. National policies and regulations address the topics of preparedness goals and organizational structure, but they do not tell responders how to perform remediation. Essential considerations include determining what must be cleaned, evaluating health risks, ascertaining the priority of cleanup, and selecting appropriate decontamination technologies to ... | 2011 | 21882968 |
| laboratory contributions to public health. | | 2011 | 21976158 |
| behavioural factors associated with cutaneous anthrax in musadzi area of gokwe north, zimbabwe. | to determine behaviour factors for contracting human cutaneous anthrax among residents of musadzi area. | 2009 | 21977844 |
| Biocidal activity of plasma modified electrospun polysulfone mats functionalized with polyethyleneimine-capped silver nanoparticles. | The incorporation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) into polymeric nanofibers has attracted a great deal of attention due to the strong antimicrobial activity that the resulting fibers exhibit. However, bactericidal efficacy of AgNP-coated electrospun fibrous mats has not yet been demonstrated. In this study, polysulfone (PSf) fibers were electrospun and surface-modified using an oxygen plasma treatment, which allowed for facile irreversible deposition of cationically charged polyethyleneimine (PE ... | 2011 | 21928790 |
| coenzyme a binding to the aminoglycoside acetyltransferase (3)-iiib increases conformational sampling of antibiotic binding site. | nmr spectroscopy experiments and molecular dynamics simulations were performed to describe the dynamic properties of the aminoglycoside acetyltransferase (3)-iiib (aac) in its apo and coenzyme a (coash) bound forms. the (15)n-(1)h hsqc spectra indicate a partial structural change and coupling of the coash binding site with another region in the protein upon the coash titration into the apo enzyme. molecular dynamics simulations indicate a significant structural and dynamic variation of the long ... | 2011 | 22026726 |
| surface architecture of endospores of the bacillus cereus/anthracis/thuringiensis family at the subnanometer scale. | bacteria of the bacillus cereus family form highly resistant spores, which in the case of the pathogen b. anthracis act as the agents of infection. the outermost layer, the exosporium, enveloping spores of the b. cereus family as well as a number of clostridia, plays roles in spore adhesion, dissemination, targeting, and germination control. we have analyzed two naturally crystalline layers associated with the exosporium, one representing the "basal" layer to which the outermost spore layer ("ha ... | 2011 | 21896762 |
| transcutaneous dna immunization following waxing-based hair depilation. | transcutaneous dna immunization is an attractive immunization approach. previously, we reported that transcutaneous immunization by applying plasmid dna onto a skin area wherein the hair follicles had been induced into growth stage by 'cold' waxing-based hair plucking significantly enhanced the resultant immune responses. in the present study, using a plasmid that encodes the bacillus anthracis protective antigen (pa63) gene fragment, it was shown that the anti-pa63 antibody responses induced by ... | 2011 | 21907253 |
| differential requirements for clathrin endocytic pathway components in cellular entry by ebola and marburg glycoprotein pseudovirions. | clathrin-mediated endocytosis was previously implicated as one of the cellular pathways involved in filoviral glycoprotein mediated viral entry into target cells. here we have further dissected the requirements for different components of this pathway in ebola versus marburg virus glycoprotein (gp) mediated viral infection. although a number of these components were involved in both cases; ebola gp-dependent viral entry specifically required the cargo recognition proteins eps15 and dab2 as well ... | 2011 | 21855102 |
| persistence of non-native spore forming bacteria in drinking water biofilm and evaluation of decontamination methods. | persistence of bacillus globigii spores, a surrogate for bacillus anthracis, was studied on biofouled concrete-lined slides in drinking water using biofilm annular reactors. reactors were inoculated with b. globigii spores and persistence was monitored in the bulk and biofilm phases, first in dechlorinated water and later with free chlorine concentrations of 1 and 5 mg/l. in the dechlorinated study, a steady state population of spores developed on the slides. the addition of free chlorine at 5 m ... | 2011 | 21879559 |
| preparation and characterization of cobalt-substituted anthrax lethal factor. | anthrax lethal factor (lf) is a zinc-dependent endopeptidase involved in the cleavage of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases near their n-termini. the current report concerns the preparation of cobalt-substituted lf (colf) and its characterization by electronic spectroscopy. two strategies to produce colf were explored, including (i) a bio-assimilation approach involving the cultivation of lf-expressing bacillus megaterium cells in the presence of cocl(2), and (ii) direct exchange by treatm ... | 2011 | 22093822 |
| ecological niche modelling of the bacillus anthracis a1.a sub-lineage in kazakhstan. | abstract: | 2011 | 22152056 |
| emergence of anthrax edema toxin as a master manipulator of macrophage and b cell functions. | anthrax edema toxin (et), a powerful adenylyl cyclase, is an important virulence factor of bacillus anthracis. until recently, only a modest amount of research was performed to understand the role this toxin plays in the organism's immune evasion strategy. a new wave of studies have begun to elucidate the effects this toxin has on a variety of host cells. while efforts have been made to illuminate the effect et has on cells of the adaptive immune system, such as t cells, the greatest focus has b ... | 2010 | 22069663 |
| h2s: a universal defense against antibiotics in bacteria. | many prokaryotic species generate hydrogen sulfide (h(2)s) in their natural environments. however, the biochemistry and physiological role of this gas in nonsulfur bacteria remain largely unknown. here we demonstrate that inactivation of putative cystathionine β-synthase, cystathionine γ-lyase, or 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase in bacillus anthracis, pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococcus aureus, and escherichia coli suppresses h(2)s production, rendering these pathogens highly sensitive t ... | 2011 | 22096201 |
| differential effects of linezolid and ciprofloxacin on toxin production by bacillus anthracis in an in vitro pharmacodynamic system. | bacillus anthracis causes anthrax. ciprofloxacin is a gold standard for the treatment of anthrax. previously, using the non-toxin-producing δsterne strain of b. anthracis, we demonstrated that linezolid was equivalent to ciprofloxacin for reducing the total (vegetative and spore) bacterial population. with ciprofloxacin therapy, the total population consisted of spores. with linezolid therapy, the population consisted primarily of vegetative bacteria. linezolid is a protein synthesis inhibitor, ... | 2012 | 22064542 |
| characterization of the sortase repertoire in bacillus anthracis. | lpxtg proteins, present in most if not all gram-positive bacteria, are known to be anchored by sortases to the bacterial peptidoglycan. more than one sortase gene is often encoded in a bacterial species, and each sortase is supposed to specifically anchor given lpxtg proteins, depending of the sequence of the c-terminal cell wall sorting signal (cwss), bearing an lpxtg motif or another recognition sequence. b. anthracis possesses three sortase genes. b. anthracis sortase deleted mutant strains a ... | 2011 | 22076158 |
| anthrax vaccine antigen-adjuvant formulations completely protect new zealand white rabbits against challenge with bacillus anthracis ames strain spores. | in an effort to develop an improved anthrax vaccine that shows high potency, five different anthrax protective antigen (pa)-adjuvant vaccine formulations that were previously found to be efficacious in a nonhuman primate model were evaluated for their efficacy in a rabbit pulmonary challenge model using bacillus anthracis ames strain spores. the vaccine formulations include pa adsorbed to alhydrogel, pa encapsulated in liposomes containing monophosphoryl lipid a, stable liposomal pa oil-in-water ... | 2012 | 22089245 |
| an active-site guanine participates in glms ribozyme catalysis in its protonated state. | active-site guanines that occupy similar positions have been proposed to serve as general base catalysts in hammerhead, hairpin, and glms ribozymes, but no specific roles for these guanines have been demonstrated conclusively. structural studies place g33(n1) of the glms ribozyme of bacillus anthracis within hydrogen-bonding distance of the 2'-oh nucleophile. apparent pk(a) values determined from the ph dependence of cleavage kinetics for wild-type and mutant glms ribozymes do not support a role ... | 2011 | 21936556 |
| new insights into the biological effects of anthrax toxins: linking cellular to organismal responses. | the anthrax toxins lethal toxin (lt) and edema toxin (et) are essential virulence factors produced by bacillus anthracis. these toxins act during two distinct phases of anthrax infection. during the first, prodromal phase, which is often asymptomatic, anthrax toxins act on cells of the immune system to help the pathogen establish infection. then, during the rapidly progressing (or fulminant) stage of the disease bacteria disseminate via a hematological route to various target tissues and organs, ... | 2011 | 21930233 |
| Antibacterial Role for Natural Killer Cells in Host Defense to Bacillus anthracis. | Natural killer (NK) cells have innate antibacterial activity that could be targeted for clinical interventions for infectious disease caused by naturally occurring or weaponized bacterial pathogens. To determine a potential role for NK cells in immunity to Bacillus anthracis, we utilized primary human and murine NK cells, in vitro assays, and in vivo NK cell depletion in a murine model of inhalational anthrax. Our results demonstrate potent antibacterial activity by human NK cells against B. ant ... | 2012 | 22006566 |
| small molecule inhibitors of anthrax toxin-induced cytotoxicity targeted against protective antigen. | two molecular scaffolds were designed using the caveat molecular design package to inhibit the oligomerization of protective antigen (pa(63) ), a key protein component of anthrax toxin. the inhibitors were designed to prevent heptamerization of pa(63) by mimicking key residues of pa(63) needed for the intermolecular interactions that stabilize the heptamer. using the scaffolds identified by caveat, seven candidate inhibitors were synthesized and tested for their ability to inhibit anthrax toxi ... | 2011 | 22146079 |
| a biological decontamination process for small, privately owned buildings. | an urban wide-area recovery and restoration effort following a large-scale biological release will require extensive resources and tax the capabilities of government authorities. further, the number of private decontamination contractors available may not be sufficient to respond to the needs. these resource limitations could create the need for decontamination by the building owner/occupant. this article provides owners/occupants with a simple method to decontaminate a building or area followin ... | 2011 | 21882971 |
| structure of n5-carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide synthase (purk) from bacillus anthracis. | the apo structure of n5-carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide synthase (purk) from bacillus anthracis (bapurk) with mg2+ in the active site is reported at 1.96 å resolution. purk is an enzyme in the purine-biosynthetic pathway, unique to prokaryotes, that converts 5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide to n5-carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide and has been suggested as a potential antimicrobial drug target. two interesting features of bapurk are a flexible b-loop (residues 149/150-157) that is in close ... | 2011 | 21931218 |
| [development of a killed but metabolically active anthracis vaccine candidate strain]. | anthrax is a zoonosis caused by bacillus anthracis, which seriously affects human health. in recent years, a special phenomenon is found that the metabolic active of a bacterium remains after it is killed. to development of a kbma (killed but metabolically active) bacillus anthracis vaccine candidate strain, a plasmid pmad and a recombinase system cre-loxp were used to knockout the uvrab gene of b. anthracis ap422 which lacks both of two plasmids pxo1 and pxo2. the results of pcr and rt-pcr show ... | 2011 | 21845845 |
| humidity control can compensate for the damage induced in protein crystals by alien solutions. | the use of relative humidity control of protein crystals to overcome some of the shortcomings of soaking ligands (i.e. inhibitors, substrate analogs, weak ligands) into pre-grown apoprotein crystals has been explored. crystals of pure (ec 4.1.1.21), an enzyme from the purine-biosynthesis pathway of bacillus anthracis, were used as a test case. the findings can be summarized as follows: (i) using humidity control, it is possible to improve/optimize the diffraction quality of crystals soaked in so ... | 2011 | 22102052 |
| structural basis of anthrax edema factor neutralization by a neutralizing antibody. | fine epitope mapping of ef13d, a highly potent neutralizing monoclonal antibody specific for the anthrax edema factor (ef), was accomplished through random mutagenesis and yeast surface display. a yeast-displayed library of single point mutants of an ef domain iii (diii), comprising amino acids 624-800, was constructed by random mutagenesis and screened for reduced binding to ef13d. with this method, residues leu 667, ser 668, arg 671, and arg 672 were identified as key residues important for ef ... | 2011 | 22155239 |
| tailored ß-cyclodextrin blocks the translocation pores of binary exotoxins from c. botulinum and c. perfringens and protects cells from intoxication. | clostridium botulinum c2 toxin and clostridium perfringens iota toxin are binary exotoxins, which adp-ribosylate actin in the cytosol of mammalian cells and thereby destroy the cytoskeleton. c2 and iota toxin consists of two individual proteins, an enzymatic active (a-) component and a separate receptor binding and translocation (b-) component. the latter forms a complex with the a-component on the surface of target cells and after receptor-mediated endocytosis, it mediates the translocation of ... | 2011 | 21887348 |
| Platelets, inflammatory cells, von Willebrand factor, syndecan-1, fibrin, fibronectin, and bacteria co-localize in the liver thrombi of Bacillus anthracis-infected mice. | Vascular dysfunction and thrombosis have been described in association with anthrax infection in humans and animals but the mechanisms of these dysfunctions, as well as the components involved in thrombi formation are poorly understood. Immunofluorescent microscopy was used to define the composition of thrombi in the liver of mice challenged with the Bacillus anthracis Sterne spores. Lethal infection with the toxigenic Sterne strain, in contrast to the non-lethal, non-toxigenic delta-Sterne stra ... | 2012 | 22001909 |
| antibodies for biodefense. | potential bioweapons are biological agents (bacteria, viruses, and toxins) at risk of intentional dissemination. biodefense, defined as development of therapeutics and vaccines against these agents, has seen an increase, particularly in the us following the 2001 anthrax attack. this review focuses on recombinant antibodies and polyclonal antibodies for biodefense that have been accepted for clinical use. these antibodies aim to protect against primary potential bioweapons, or category a agents a ... | 2011 | 22123065 |
| phase i study evaluating the safety and pharmacokinetics of mdx-1303, a fully human monoclonal antibody against bacillus anthracis protective antigen, in healthy volunteers. | mdx-1303 (valortim) is a fully human monoclonal antibody (hmab) with a high affinity for bacillus anthracis protective antigen (pa). mdx-1303 binds to pa and interferes with the activity of the anthrax toxin; it was selected based on its superior functional activity in the toxin neutralization activity (tna) assay. mdx-1303 has demonstrated efficacy in the postexposure and therapeutic settings in new zealand white rabbits, cynomolgus monkeys, and african green monkeys. this phase i study sought ... | 2011 | 21976227 |
| bacillus manliponensis sp. nov., a new member of the bacillus cereus group isolated from foreshore tidal flat sediment. | a gram-positive, endospore-forming, new bacillus species, strain bl4-6(t), was isolated from tidal flat sediment of the yellow sea. strain bl4-6(t) is a straight rod, with motility by peritrichate flagella. the cell wall contains meso-diaminopimelic acid, and the major respiratory quinone is menaquinone-7. the major fatty acids are iso-c(15:0) and summed feature 3 (containing c(16:1) ω7c/iso-c(15:0) 2oh, and/or iso-c(15:0) 2oh/c(16:1) ω7c). cells are catalase-positive and oxidase-negative. the g ... | 2011 | 22203569 |
| effects by anthrax toxins on hematopoiesis: a key role for cytokines as mediators. | an understanding of anthrax toxins on the emerging immune system and blood production are significant to medicine. this study examined the effects of anthrax toxin on hematopoiesis and determined roles for cytokines. anthrax holotoxin toxin is three components: protective antigen (pa) binds to the target cell and mediates the entry of lethal factor (lf) and edema factor (ef). anthrax toxin dramatically inhibits signaling in immune cells. we first identified the cell subsets that interacted with ... | 2012 | 22082805 |