| microbiome of the upper troposphere: species composition and prevalence, effects of tropical storms, and atmospheric implications. | the composition and prevalence of microorganisms in the middle-to-upper troposphere (8-15 km altitude) and their role in aerosol-cloud-precipitation interactions represent important, unresolved questions for biological and atmospheric science. in particular, airborne microorganisms above the oceans remain essentially uncharacterized, as most work to date is restricted to samples taken near the earth's surface. here we report on the microbiome of low- and high-altitude air masses sampled onboard ... | 2013 | 23359712 |
| whole-genome shotgun sequence of pseudomonas viridiflava, a bacterium species pathogenic to ararabidopsis thaliana. | we report here the first whole-genome shotgun sequence of pseudomonas viridiflava strain uasws38, a bacterium species pathogenic to the biological model plant ararabidopsis thaliana but also usable as a biological control agent and thus of great scientific interest for understanding the genetics of plant-microbe interactions. | 2013 | 23405356 |
| a pathogen type iii effector with a novel e3 ubiquitin ligase architecture. | type iii effectors are virulence factors of gram-negative bacterial pathogens delivered directly into host cells by the type iii secretion nanomachine where they manipulate host cell processes such as the innate immunity and gene expression. here, we show that the novel type iii effector xopl from the model plant pathogen xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria exhibits e3 ubiquitin ligase activity in vitro and in planta, induces plant cell death and subverts plant immunity. e3 ligase activity is ... | 2013 | 23359647 |
| perturbation of cell cycle regulation triggers plant immune response via activation of disease resistance genes. | the arabidopsis gene osd1 (omission of the second division) and its homolog uvi4 (uv-b-insensitive 4) are negative regulators of anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (apc/c), a multisubunit ubiquitin e3 ligase that regulates the progression of cell cycles. here we report the isolation of an activation tagging allele of osd1 as an enhancer of a mutant of bon1 (bonzai1), a negative regulator of plant immunity. overexpression of osd1 and uvi4 each leads to enhanced immunity to a bacterial pathogen, ... | 2013 | 23345424 |
| dual function of mips1 as a metabolic enzyme and transcriptional regulator. | because regulation of its activity is instrumental either to support cell proliferation and growth or to promote cell death, the universal myo-inositol phosphate synthase (mips), responsible for myo-inositol biosynthesis, is a critical enzyme of primary metabolism. surprisingly, we found this enzyme to be imported in the nucleus and to interact with the histone methyltransferases atxr5 and atxr6, raising the question of whether mips1 has a function in transcriptional regulation. here, we demonst ... | 2013 | 23341037 |
| hspro acts via snrk1-mediated signaling in the regulation of nicotiana attenuata seedling growth promoted by piriformospora indica. | nicotiana attenuata hspro (nahspro) is a negative regulator of seedling growth promoted by the fungus piriformospora indica. homologs of nahspro in arabidopsis thaliana (i.e., athspro1 and athspro2) are known to physically interact with the akinβγ subunit of the snrk1 complex. to investigate whether nahspro is associated with snrk1 function during the stimulation of seedling growth by p. indica, we studied n. attenuata plants silenced in the expression of nagal83 (as-gal83 plants)--a gene that e ... | 2013 | 23333980 |
| actin branches out to link pathogen perception and host gene regulation. | cellular functions of actin, and associated actin binding proteins (abps), have been well characterized with respect to their dynamic cytosolic role as components of the complex cytoskeletal network. in this regard, the collective research in this field has vastly expanded our knowledge of the role of actin to more recently identify a key role within the nucleus as an integral part gene organization and expression. herein, we describe the requirement of the abp actin depolymerizing factor-4 (adf ... | 2013 | 23333960 |
| elevated early callose deposition results in complete penetration resistance to powdery mildew in arabidopsis. | a common response by plants to fungal attack is deposition of callose, a (1,3)-β-glucan polymer, in the form of cell wall thickenings called papillae, at site of wall penetration. while it has been generally believed that the papillae provide a structural barrier to slow fungal penetration, this idea has been challenged in recent studies of arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana), where fungal resistance was found to be independent of callose deposition. to the contrary, we show that callose can stro ... | 2013 | 23335625 |
| the structure of allophanate hydrolase from granulibacter bethesdensis provides insights into substrate specificity in the amidase signature family. | allophanate hydrolase (ah) catalyzes the hydrolysis of allophanate, an intermediate in atrazine degradation and urea catabolism pathways, to nh(3) and co(2). ah belongs to the amidase signature family, which is characterized by a conserved block of 130 amino acids rich in gly and ser and a ser-cis-ser-lys catalytic triad. in this study, the first structures of ah from granulibacter bethesdensis were determined, with and without the substrate analogue malonate, to 2.2 and 2.8 å, respectively. the ... | 2013 | 23282241 |
| dynamics and biological relevance of dna demethylation in arabidopsis antibacterial defense. | dna methylation is an epigenetic mark that silences transposable elements (tes) and repeats. whereas the establishment and maintenance of dna methylation are relatively well understood, little is known about their dynamics and biological relevance in plant and animal innate immunity. here, we show that some tes are demethylated and transcriptionally reactivated during antibacterial defense in arabidopsis. this effect is correlated with the down-regulation of key transcriptional gene silencing fa ... | 2013 | 23335630 |
| l-ascorbic acid: a multifunctional molecule supporting plant growth and development. | l-ascorbic acid (vitamin c) is as essential to plants as it is to animals. ascorbic acid functions as a major redox buffer and as a cofactor for enzymes involved in regulating photosynthesis, hormone biosynthesis, and regenerating other antioxidants. ascorbic acid regulates cell division and growth and is involved in signal transduction. in contrast to the single pathway responsible for ascorbic acid biosynthesis in animals, plants use multiple pathways to synthesize ascorbic acid, perhaps refle ... | 2013 | 24278786 |
| nbr1-mediated selective autophagy targets insoluble ubiquitinated protein aggregates in plant stress responses. | plant autophagy plays an important role in delaying senescence, nutrient recycling, and stress responses. functional analysis of plant autophagy has almost exclusively focused on the proteins required for the core process of autophagosome assembly, but little is known about the proteins involved in other important processes of autophagy, including autophagy cargo recognition and sequestration. in this study, we report functional genetic analysis of arabidopsis nbr1, a homolog of mammalian autoph ... | 2013 | 23341779 |
| a genome-wide association study identifies genomic regions for virulence in the non-model organism heterobasidion annosum s.s. | the dense single nucleotide polymorphisms (snp) panels needed for genome wide association (gwa) studies have hitherto been expensive to establish and use on non-model organisms. to overcome this, we used a next generation sequencing approach to both establish snps and to determine genotypes. we conducted a gwa study on a fungal species, analysing the virulence of heterobasidion annosum s.s., a necrotrophic pathogen, on its hosts picea abies and pinus sylvestris. from a set of 33,018 single nucle ... | 2013 | 23341945 |
| comparative rna-seq analysis of early-infected peach leaves by the invasive phytopathogen xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni. | xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni is a quarantine bacterial pathogen that threatens peach production by causing necrotic spots on leaves and fruits, thus with the potential of severely reducing yields. the current understanding of the host plant defense responses to the pathogen is very limited. using whole transcriptome sequencing, differential gene expression was analyzed at two time points, 2 h and 12 h post inoculation (hpi), by comparing the inoculated samples to their respective controls. o ... | 2013 | 23342103 |
| over-expression of vvwrky1 in grapevines induces expression of jasmonic acid pathway-related genes and confers higher tolerance to the downy mildew. | most wrky transcription factors activate expression of defence genes in a salicylic acid- and/or jasmonic acid-dependent signalling pathway. we previously identified a wrky gene, vvwrky1, which is able to enhance tolerance to fungal pathogens when it is overexpressed in tobacco. the present work analyzes the effects of vvwrky1 overexpression in grapevine. microarray analysis showed that genes encoding defence-related proteins were up-regulated in the leaves of transgenic 35s::vvwrky1 grapevines. ... | 2013 | 23342101 |
| bacterially expressed human serotonin receptor 3a is functionally reconstituted in proteoliposomes. | human serotonin receptor 3a (5-ht3a) is a ligand-gated ion channel regulated by serotonin. a fusion protein (p9-5-ht3a) of 5-ht3a with the p9 protein, a major envelope protein of bacteriophage phi6, was highly expressed in the membrane fraction of escherichia coli, and the expressed protein was purified to homogeneity using an affinity chromatography. p9-5-ht3a was observed as mixed oligomers in detergents. the purified p9-5-ht3a was efficiently reconstituted into proteoliposomes, and the seroto ... | 2013 | 23321066 |
| online, real-time detection of volatile emissions from plant tissue. | trace gas monitoring plays an important role in many areas of life sciences ranging from agrotechnology, microbiology, molecular biology, physiology, and phytopathology. in plants, many processes can be followed by their low-concentration gas emission, for compounds such as ethylene, nitric oxide, ethanol or other volatile organic compounds (vocs). for this, numerous gas-sensing devices are currently available based on various methods. among them are the online trace gas detection methods; these ... | 2013 | 23429357 |
| the function of the mediator complex in plant immunity. | upon pathogen infection, plants undergo dramatic transcriptome reprogramming to shift from normal growth and development to immune response. during this rapid process, the multiprotein mediator complex has been recognized as an important player to fine-tune gene-specific and pathway-specific transcriptional reprogramming by acting as an adaptor/coregulator between sequence-specific transcription factor and rna polymerase ii (rnapii). here, we review current understanding of the role of five func ... | 2013 | 23299323 |
| organ-specific alterations in tobacco transcriptome caused by the pvx-derived p25 silencing suppressor transgene. | rna silencing affects a broad range of regulatory processes in all eukaryotes ranging from chromatin structure maintenance to transcriptional and translational regulation and longevity of the mrnas. particularly in plants, it functions as the major defense mechanism against viruses. to counter-act this defense, plant viruses produce suppressors of rna silencing (viral suppressors of rna silencing, vsrss), which are essential for viruses to invade their specific host plants. interactions of these ... | 2013 | 23297695 |
| cryo-electron tomography of bacterial viruses. | bacteriophage particles contain both simple and complex macromolecular assemblages and machines that enable them to regulate the infection process under diverse environmental conditions with a broad range of bacterial hosts. recent developments in cryo-electron tomography (cryo-et) make it possible to observe the interactions of bacteriophages with their host cells under native-state conditions at unprecedented resolution and in three-dimensions. this review describes the application of cryo-et ... | 2013 | 23217626 |
| small rna profiling reveals phosphorus deficiency as a contributing factor in symptom expression for citrus huanglongbing disease. | huanglongbing (hlb) is a devastating citrus disease that is associated with bacteria of the genus 'candidatus liberibacter' (ca. l.). powerful diagnostic tools and management strategies are desired to control hlb. host small rnas (srna) play a vital role in regulating host responses to pathogen infection and are used as early diagnostic markers for many human diseases, including cancers. to determine whether citrus srnas regulate host responses to hlb, srnas were profiled from citrus sinensis 10 ... | 2013 | 23292880 |
| effectors of animal and plant pathogens use a common domain to bind host phosphoinositides. | bacterial type iii secretion systems deliver effectors into host cells to manipulate cellular processes to the advantage of the pathogen. many host targets of these effectors are found on membranes. therefore, to identify their targets, effectors often use specialized membrane-localization domains to localize to appropriate host membranes. however, the molecular mechanisms used by many domains are unknown. here we identify a conserved bacterial phosphoinositide-binding domain (bpd) that is found ... | 2013 | 24346350 |
| plant immune response to pathogens differs with changing temperatures. | temperature fluctuation is a key determinant for microbial invasion and host evasion. in contrast to mammals that maintain constant body temperature, plant temperature oscillates on a daily basis. it remains elusive how plants operate inducible defenses in response to temperature fluctuation. here we report that ambient temperature changes lead to pronounced shifts of the following two distinct plant immune responses: pattern-triggered immunity (pti) and effector-triggered immunity (eti). plants ... | 2013 | 24067909 |
| endophytic bacteria as a source of novel antibiotics: an overview. | world human population is increasing with an alarming rate; and a variety of new types of health issues are popping up. for instance, increase in number of drug-resistant bacteria is a cause of concern. research on antibiotics and other microbial natural products is pivotal in the global fight against the growing problem of antibiotic resistance. it is necessary to find new antibiotics to tackle this problem. the use of therapeutic plant species in traditional medicine is as old as mankind; and ... | 2013 | 23922451 |
| recent advances in antibacterial drugs. | the incidence of antimicrobial resistance is on continued rise with a threat to return to the "pre-antibiotic" era. this has led to emergence of such bacterial infections which are essentially untreatable by the current armamentarium of available treatment options. various efforts have been made to develop the newer antimicrobials with novel modes of action which can act against these multi-drug resistant strains. this review aims to focus on these newly available and investigational antibacteri ... | 2013 | 23776832 |
| rna helicases: diverse roles in prokaryotic response to abiotic stress. | similar to proteins, rna molecules must fold into the correct conformation and associate with protein complexes in order to be functional within a cell. rna helicases rearrange rna secondary structure and rna-protein interactions in an atp-dependent reaction, performing crucial functions in all aspects of rna metabolism. in prokaryotes, rna helicase activity is associated with roles in housekeeping functions including rna turnover, ribosome biogenesis, translation and small rna metabolism. in ad ... | 2013 | 23093803 |
| "light-tagged" bacteriophage as a diagnostic tool for the detection of phytopathogens. | detection of the phytopathogen pseudomonas cannabina pv alisalensis, the causal agent of bacterial blight of crucifers is essential for managing this disease. a phage-based diagnostic assay was developed that detects and identifies p. cannabina pv alisalensis from cultures and diseased plant specimens. a recombinant "light-tagged" reporter phage was generated by integrating the luxab genes into the p. cannabina pv alisalensis phage pbspca1 genome. pbspca1::luxab is viable, stable and detects p. ... | 2013 | 22990589 |
| pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 cmal (pspto4723), a duf1330 family member, is needed to produce l-allo-isoleucine, a precursor for the phytotoxin coronatine. | pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 produces the phytotoxin coronatine, a major determinant of the leaf chlorosis associated with dc3000 pathogenesis. the dc3000 pspto4723 (cmal) gene is located in a genomic region encoding type iii effectors; however, it promotes chlorosis in the model plant nicotiana benthamiana in a manner independent of type iii secretion. coronatine is produced by the ligation of two moieties, coronafacic acid (cfa) and coronamic acid (cma), which are produced by biosynt ... | 2013 | 23144243 |
| contribution of nitrate assimilation to the fitness of pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae b728a on plants. | the ability of pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae to use nitrate as a nitrogen source in culture and on leaves was assessed. substantial amounts of leaf surface nitrate were detected directly and by use of a bioreporter of nitrate on bean plants grown with a variety of nitrogen sources. while a nitrate reductase mutant, p. syringae δnasb, exhibited greatly reduced growth in culture with nitrate as the sole nitrogen source, it exhibited population sizes similar to those of the wild-type strain on ... | 2013 | 23160124 |
| regulons of three pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 iron starvation sigma factors. | pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 contains genes for 15 sigma factors. the majority are members of the extracytoplasmic function class of sigma factors, including five that belong to the iron starvation subgroup. in this study, we identified the genes controlled by three iron starvation sigma factors. their regulons are composed of a small number of genes likely to be involved in iron uptake. | 2013 | 23124242 |
| interactions of salmonella with animals and plants. | salmonella enterica species are gram-negative bacteria, which are responsible for a wide range of food- and water-borne diseases in both humans and animals, thereby posing a major threat to public health. recently, there has been an increasing number of reports, linking salmonella contaminated raw vegetables and fruits with food poisoning. many studies have shown that an essential feature of the pathogenicity of salmonella is its capacity to cross a number of barriers requiring invasion of a lar ... | 2014 | 25653644 |
| interactions of salmonella with animals and plants. | salmonella enterica species are gram-negative bacteria, which are responsible for a wide range of food- and water-borne diseases in both humans and animals, thereby posing a major threat to public health. recently, there has been an increasing number of reports, linking salmonella contaminated raw vegetables and fruits with food poisoning. many studies have shown that an essential feature of the pathogenicity of salmonella is its capacity to cross a number of barriers requiring invasion of a lar ... | 2014 | 25653644 |
| milestones in plant sulfur research on sulfur-induced-resistance (sir) in europe. | until the 1970's of the last century sulfur (s) was mainly regarded as a pollutant being the main contributor of acid rain, causing forest dieback in central europe. when clean air acts came into force at the start of the 1980's so2 contaminations in the air were consequently reduced within the next years. s changed from an unwanted pollutant into a lacking plant nutrient in agriculture since agricultural fields were no longer "fertilized" indirectly by industrial pollution. s deficiency was fir ... | 2014 | 25642233 |
| milestones in plant sulfur research on sulfur-induced-resistance (sir) in europe. | until the 1970's of the last century sulfur (s) was mainly regarded as a pollutant being the main contributor of acid rain, causing forest dieback in central europe. when clean air acts came into force at the start of the 1980's so2 contaminations in the air were consequently reduced within the next years. s changed from an unwanted pollutant into a lacking plant nutrient in agriculture since agricultural fields were no longer "fertilized" indirectly by industrial pollution. s deficiency was fir ... | 2014 | 25642233 |
| ahl-priming functions via oxylipin and salicylic acid. | collaborative action between the host plant and associated bacteria is crucial for the establishment of an efficient interaction. in bacteria, the synchronized behavior of a population is often achieved by a density-dependent communication called quorum sensing. this behavior is based on signaling molecules, which influence bacterial gene expression. n-acyl homoserine lactones (ahls) are such molecules in many gram-negative bacteria. moreover, some ahls are responsible for the beneficial effect ... | 2014 | 25642235 |
| ahl-priming functions via oxylipin and salicylic acid. | collaborative action between the host plant and associated bacteria is crucial for the establishment of an efficient interaction. in bacteria, the synchronized behavior of a population is often achieved by a density-dependent communication called quorum sensing. this behavior is based on signaling molecules, which influence bacterial gene expression. n-acyl homoserine lactones (ahls) are such molecules in many gram-negative bacteria. moreover, some ahls are responsible for the beneficial effect ... | 2014 | 25642235 |
| the family of lsu-like proteins. | the plant response to sulfur deficiency includes extensive metabolic changes which can be monitored at various levels (transcriptome, proteome, metabolome) even before the first visible symptoms of sulfur starvation appear. four members of the plant-specific lsu (response to low sulfur) gene family occur in arabidopsis thaliana (lsu1-4). variable numbers of lsu genes occur in other plant species but they were studied only in arabidopsis and tobacco. three out of four of the arabidopsis lsu genes ... | 2014 | 25628631 |
| the family of lsu-like proteins. | the plant response to sulfur deficiency includes extensive metabolic changes which can be monitored at various levels (transcriptome, proteome, metabolome) even before the first visible symptoms of sulfur starvation appear. four members of the plant-specific lsu (response to low sulfur) gene family occur in arabidopsis thaliana (lsu1-4). variable numbers of lsu genes occur in other plant species but they were studied only in arabidopsis and tobacco. three out of four of the arabidopsis lsu genes ... | 2014 | 25628631 |
| involvement of calmodulin in regulation of primary root elongation by n-3-oxo-hexanoyl homoserine lactone in arabidopsis thaliana. | many bacteria use signal molecules of low molecular weight to monitor their local population density and to coordinate their collective behavior in a process called "quorum sensing" (qs). n-acyl-homoserine lactones (ahls) are the primary qs signals among gram-negative bacteria. ahl-mediated qs plays an essential role in diverse bacterial physiological processes. recent evidence shows that plants are able to sense bacterial ahls and respond to them appropriately. however, little is known about th ... | 2014 | 25628641 |
| involvement of calmodulin in regulation of primary root elongation by n-3-oxo-hexanoyl homoserine lactone in arabidopsis thaliana. | many bacteria use signal molecules of low molecular weight to monitor their local population density and to coordinate their collective behavior in a process called "quorum sensing" (qs). n-acyl-homoserine lactones (ahls) are the primary qs signals among gram-negative bacteria. ahl-mediated qs plays an essential role in diverse bacterial physiological processes. recent evidence shows that plants are able to sense bacterial ahls and respond to them appropriately. however, little is known about th ... | 2014 | 25628641 |
| β-glucans and eicosapolyenoic acids as mamps in plant-oomycete interactions: past and present. | branched β-1,3-glucans and the eicosapolyenoic acids (ep) are among the best characterized oomycete elicitors that trigger innate immune responses in plants. these elicitors were identified over three decades ago, and they were useful in the study of the sequence of physiological, biochemical and molecular events that induce resistance in plants. however, in spite of the cross-kingdom parallels where these molecules are well-characterized as immune system modulators in animals, their perception ... | 2014 | 25628639 |
| β-glucans and eicosapolyenoic acids as mamps in plant-oomycete interactions: past and present. | branched β-1,3-glucans and the eicosapolyenoic acids (ep) are among the best characterized oomycete elicitors that trigger innate immune responses in plants. these elicitors were identified over three decades ago, and they were useful in the study of the sequence of physiological, biochemical and molecular events that induce resistance in plants. however, in spite of the cross-kingdom parallels where these molecules are well-characterized as immune system modulators in animals, their perception ... | 2014 | 25628639 |
| some things get better with age: differences in salicylic acid accumulation and defense signaling in young and mature arabidopsis. | in arabidopsis, much of what we know about the phytohormone salicylic acid (sa) and its role in plant defense comes from experiments using young plants. we are interested in understanding why young plants are susceptible to virulent strains of pseudomonas syringae, while mature plants exhibit a robust defense response known as age-related resistance (arr). sa-mediated signaling is important for defense in young plants, however, arr occurs independently of the defense regulators npr1 and why1. fu ... | 2014 | 25620972 |
| some things get better with age: differences in salicylic acid accumulation and defense signaling in young and mature arabidopsis. | in arabidopsis, much of what we know about the phytohormone salicylic acid (sa) and its role in plant defense comes from experiments using young plants. we are interested in understanding why young plants are susceptible to virulent strains of pseudomonas syringae, while mature plants exhibit a robust defense response known as age-related resistance (arr). sa-mediated signaling is important for defense in young plants, however, arr occurs independently of the defense regulators npr1 and why1. fu ... | 2014 | 25620972 |
| a large-scale genetic screen for mutants with altered salicylic acid accumulation in arabidopsis. | salicylic acid (sa) is a key defense signal molecule against biotrophic and hemibiotrophic pathogens in plants, but how sa is synthesized in plant cells still remains elusive. identification of new components involved in pathogen-induced sa accumulation would help address this question. to this end, we performed a large-scale genetic screen for mutants with altered sa accumulation during pathogen infection in arabidopsis using a bacterial biosensor acinetobacter sp. adpwh_lux-based sa quantifica ... | 2014 | 25610446 |
| a large-scale genetic screen for mutants with altered salicylic acid accumulation in arabidopsis. | salicylic acid (sa) is a key defense signal molecule against biotrophic and hemibiotrophic pathogens in plants, but how sa is synthesized in plant cells still remains elusive. identification of new components involved in pathogen-induced sa accumulation would help address this question. to this end, we performed a large-scale genetic screen for mutants with altered sa accumulation during pathogen infection in arabidopsis using a bacterial biosensor acinetobacter sp. adpwh_lux-based sa quantifica ... | 2014 | 25610446 |
| protein s-nitrosylation: specificity and identification strategies in plants. | the role of nitric oxide (no) as a major regulator of plant physiological functions has become increasingly evident. to further improve our understanding of its role, within the last few years plant biologists have begun to embrace the exciting opportunity of investigating protein s-nitrosylation, a major reversible no-dependent post-translational modification (ptm) targeting specific cys residues and widely studied in animals. thanks to the development of dedicated proteomic approaches, in part ... | 2014 | 25750911 |
| protein s-nitrosylation: specificity and identification strategies in plants. | the role of nitric oxide (no) as a major regulator of plant physiological functions has become increasingly evident. to further improve our understanding of its role, within the last few years plant biologists have begun to embrace the exciting opportunity of investigating protein s-nitrosylation, a major reversible no-dependent post-translational modification (ptm) targeting specific cys residues and widely studied in animals. thanks to the development of dedicated proteomic approaches, in part ... | 2014 | 25750911 |
| image-based phenotyping of plant disease symptoms. | plant diseases cause significant reductions in agricultural productivity worldwide. disease symptoms have deleterious effects on the growth and development of crop plants, limiting yields and making agricultural products unfit for consumption. for many plant-pathogen systems, we lack knowledge of the physiological mechanisms that link pathogen infection and the production of disease symptoms in the host. a variety of quantitative high-throughput image-based methods for phenotyping plant growth a ... | 2014 | 25601871 |
| image-based phenotyping of plant disease symptoms. | plant diseases cause significant reductions in agricultural productivity worldwide. disease symptoms have deleterious effects on the growth and development of crop plants, limiting yields and making agricultural products unfit for consumption. for many plant-pathogen systems, we lack knowledge of the physiological mechanisms that link pathogen infection and the production of disease symptoms in the host. a variety of quantitative high-throughput image-based methods for phenotyping plant growth a ... | 2014 | 25601871 |
| plant pathogenic bacteria target the actin microfilament network involved in the trafficking of disease defense components. | cells of infected organisms transport disease defense-related molecules along actin filaments to deliver them to their sites of action to combat the pathogen. to accommodate higher demand for intracellular traffic, plant f-actin density increases transiently during infection or treatment of arabidopsis with pathogen-associated molecules. many animal and plant pathogens interfere with actin polymerization and depolymerization to avoid immune responses. pseudomonas syringae, a plant extracellular ... | 2014 | 25551177 |
| co-localisation of the blackleg resistance genes rlm2 and lepr3 on brassica napus chromosome a10. | the protection of canola (brassica napus) crops against blackleg disease, caused by the fungal pathogen leptosphaeria maculans, is largely mediated by race-specific resistance genes (r-genes). while many r-genes effective against blackleg disease have been identified in brassica species, information of the precise genomic locations of the genes is limited. | 2014 | 25551287 |
| atrop1 negatively regulates potato resistance to phytophthora infestans via nadph oxidase-mediated accumulation of h2o2. | small gtpases are monomeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins. in plants, rops regulate plant cell polarity, plant cell differentiation and development as well as biotic and abiotic stress signaling pathways. | 2014 | 25547733 |
| immunomodulation by the pseudomonas syringae hopz type iii effector family in arabidopsis. | pseudomonas syringae employs a type iii secretion system to inject 20-30 different type iii effector (t3se) proteins into plant host cells. a major role of t3ses is to suppress plant immune responses and promote bacterial infection. the yopj/hopz acetyltransferases are a superfamily of t3ses found in both plant and animal pathogenic bacteria. in p. syringae, this superfamily includes the evolutionarily diverse hopz1, hopz2 and hopz3 alleles. to investigate the roles of the hopz family in immunom ... | 2014 | 25546415 |
| production of novel antibiotics zeamines through optimizing dickeya zeae fermentation conditions. | dickeya zeae strain ec1 was recently shown to produce a new type of phytotoxins designated as zeamine and zeamine ii, which are potent wide-spectrum antibiotics against gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial pathogens, suggesting their promising potential as clinical medicines. in this study, the optimized medium composition and culture conditions for biosynthesis of novel antibiotics zeamines have been established by using response surface methodology, largely increasing the yield of zeamine ... | 2014 | 25541733 |
| spatial scales of interactions among bacteria and between bacteria and the leaf surface. | microbial life on plant leaves is characterized by a multitude of interactions between leaf colonizers and their environment. while the existence of many of these interactions has been confirmed, their spatial scale or reach often remained unknown. in this study, we applied spatial point pattern analysis to 244 distribution patterns of pantoea agglomerans and pseudomonas syringae on bean leaves. the results showed that bacterial colonizers of leaves interact with their environment at different s ... | 2014 | 25764562 |
| spatial scales of interactions among bacteria and between bacteria and the leaf surface. | microbial life on plant leaves is characterized by a multitude of interactions between leaf colonizers and their environment. while the existence of many of these interactions has been confirmed, their spatial scale or reach often remained unknown. in this study, we applied spatial point pattern analysis to 244 distribution patterns of pantoea agglomerans and pseudomonas syringae on bean leaves. the results showed that bacterial colonizers of leaves interact with their environment at different s ... | 2014 | 25764562 |
| plasma membrane protein trafficking in plant-microbe interactions: a plant cell point of view. | in order to ensure their physiological and cellular functions, plasma membrane (pm) proteins must be properly conveyed from their site of synthesis, i.e., the endoplasmic reticulum, to their final destination, the pm, through the secretory pathway. pm protein homeostasis also relies on recycling and/or degradation, two processes that are initiated by endocytosis. vesicular membrane trafficking events to and from the pm have been shown to be altered when plant cells are exposed to mutualistic or ... | 2014 | 25566303 |
| the escherichia coli effector espj blocks src kinase activity via amidation and adp ribosylation. | the hallmark of enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec) infection is the formation of actin-rich pedestal-like structures, which are generated following phosphorylation of the bacterial effector tir by cellular src and abl family tyrosine kinases. this leads to recruitment of the nck-wip-n-wasp complex that triggers arp2/3-dependent actin polymerization in the host cell. the same phosphorylation-mediated signalling network is also assembled downstream of the vaccinia virus protein a36 and the p ... | 2014 | 25523213 |
| microbe-associated molecular pattern-induced calcium signaling requires the receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases, pbl1 and bik1. | plant perception of conserved microbe-derived or damage-derived molecules (so-called microbe- or damage-associated molecular patterns, mamps or damps, respectively) triggers cellular signaling cascades to initiate counteracting defence responses. using mamp-induced rise in cellular calcium levels as one of the earliest biochemical readouts, we initiated a genetic screen for components involved in early mamp signaling in arabidopsis thaliana. | 2014 | 25522736 |
| loss of arabidopsis thaliana dynamin-related protein 2b reveals separation of innate immune signaling pathways. | vesicular trafficking has emerged as an important means by which eukaryotes modulate responses to microbial pathogens, likely by contributing to the correct localization and levels of host components necessary for effective immunity. however, considering the complexity of membrane trafficking in plants, relatively few vesicular trafficking components with functions in plant immunity are known. here we demonstrate that arabidopsis thaliana dynamin-related protein 2b (drp2b), which has been previo ... | 2014 | 25521759 |
| interactions of xanthomonas type-iii effector proteins with the plant ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like pathways. | in eukaryotes, regulated protein turnover is required during many cellular processes, including defense against pathogens. ubiquitination and degradation of ubiquitinated proteins via the ubiquitin-proteasome system (ups) is the main pathway for the turnover of intracellular proteins in eukaryotes. the extensive utilization of the ups in host cells makes it an ideal pivot for the manipulation of cellular processes by pathogens. like many other gram-negative bacteria, xanthomonas species secrete ... | 2014 | 25566304 |
| polyphenol oxidase affects normal nodule development in red clover (trifolium pratense l.). | polyphenol oxidase (ppo) may have multiple functions in tissues depending on its cellular or tissue localization. here we use ppo rnai transformants of red clover (trifolium pratense) to determine the role ppo plays in normal development of plants, and especially in n2-fixing nodules. in red clover, ppo was not essential for either growth or nodule production, or for nodule function in plants grown under optimal, n-free conditions. however, absence of ppo resulted in a more reduced environment i ... | 2014 | 25566275 |
| molecular locks and keys: the role of small molecules in phytohormone research. | plant adaptation, growth and development rely on the integration of many environmental and endogenous signals that collectively determine the overall plant phenotypic plasticity. plant signaling molecules, also known as phytohormones, are fundamental to this process. these molecules act at low concentrations and regulate multiple aspects of plant fitness and development via complex signaling networks. by its nature, phytohormone research lies at the interface between chemistry and biology. class ... | 2014 | 25566283 |
| the phosphate transporter pht4;1 is a salicylic acid regulator likely controlled by the circadian clock protein cca1. | the small phenolic compound salicylic acid (sa) plays a critical role in plant defense against broad-spectrum of pathogens. the phosphate transporter gene pht4;1 was previously shown to affect sa-mediated defense and its expression is regulated by the circadian clock. to further understand how pht4;1 affects sa accumulation, here we analyzed the genetic interactions between the gain-of-function mutant pht4;1-1 and several known sa mutants, including sid2-1, ald1-1, eds5-3, and pad4-1. the geneti ... | 2014 | 25566276 |
| oligomerization, conformational stability and thermal unfolding of harpin, hrpzpss and its hypersensitive response-inducing c-terminal fragment, c-214-hrpzpss. | hrpz-a harpin from pseudomonas syringae-is a highly thermostable protein that exhibits multifunctional abilities e.g., it elicits hypersensitive response (hr), enhances plant growth, acts as a virulence factor, and forms pores in plant plasma membranes as well as artificial membranes. however, the molecular mechanism of its biological activity and high thermal stability remained poorly understood. hr inducing abilities of non-overlapping short deletion mutants of harpins put further constraints ... | 2014 | 25502017 |
| virus ecology and disturbances: impact of environmental disruption on the viruses of microorganisms. | | 2014 | 25566216 |
| in vitro activity of glucosinolates and their degradation products against brassica-pathogenic bacteria and fungi. | glucosinolates (gsls) are secondary metabolites found in brassica vegetables that confer on them resistance against pests and diseases. both gsls and glucosinolate hydrolysis products (ghps) have shown positive effects in reducing soil pathogens. information about their in vitro biocide effects is scarce, but previous studies have shown sinigrin gsls and their associated allyl isothiocyanate (aitc) to be soil biocides. the objective of this work was to evaluate the biocide effects of 17 gsls and ... | 2014 | 25362058 |
| in vitro activity of glucosinolates and their degradation products against brassica-pathogenic bacteria and fungi. | glucosinolates (gsls) are secondary metabolites found in brassica vegetables that confer on them resistance against pests and diseases. both gsls and glucosinolate hydrolysis products (ghps) have shown positive effects in reducing soil pathogens. information about their in vitro biocide effects is scarce, but previous studies have shown sinigrin gsls and their associated allyl isothiocyanate (aitc) to be soil biocides. the objective of this work was to evaluate the biocide effects of 17 gsls and ... | 2014 | 25362058 |
| apoplastic venom allergen-like proteins of cyst nematodes modulate the activation of basal plant innate immunity by cell surface receptors. | despite causing considerable damage to host tissue during the onset of parasitism, nematodes establish remarkably persistent infections in both animals and plants. it is thought that an elaborate repertoire of effector proteins in nematode secretions suppresses damage-triggered immune responses of the host. however, the nature and mode of action of most immunomodulatory compounds in nematode secretions are not well understood. here, we show that venom allergen-like proteins of plant-parasitic ne ... | 2014 | 25500833 |
| the pseudomonas syringae type iii effector hopf2 suppresses arabidopsis stomatal immunity. | pseudomonas syringae subverts plant immune signalling through injection of type iii secreted effectors (t3se) into host cells. the t3se hopf2 can disable arabidopsis immunity through its adp-ribosyltransferase activity. proteomic analysis of hopf2 interacting proteins identified a protein complex containing atpases required for regulating stomatal aperture, suggesting hopf2 may manipulate stomatal immunity. here we report hopf2 can inhibit stomatal immunity independent of its adp-ribosyltransfer ... | 2014 | 25503437 |
| natural cmt2 variation is associated with genome-wide methylation changes and temperature seasonality. | as arabidopsis thaliana has colonized a wide range of habitats across the world it is an attractive model for studying the genetic mechanisms underlying environmental adaptation. here, we used public data from two collections of a. thaliana accessions to associate genetic variability at individual loci with differences in climates at the sampling sites. we use a novel method to screen the genome for plastic alleles that tolerate a broader climate range than the major allele. this approach reduce ... | 2014 | 25503602 |
| the mir9863 family regulates distinct mla alleles in barley to attenuate nlr receptor-triggered disease resistance and cell-death signaling. | barley (hordeum vulgare l.) mla alleles encode coiled-coil (cc), nucleotide binding, leucine-rich repeat (nb-lrr) receptors that trigger isolate-specific immune responses against the powdery mildew fungus, blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (bgh). how mla or nb-lrr genes in grass species are regulated at post-transcriptional level is not clear. the microrna family, mir9863, comprises four members that differentially regulate distinct mla alleles in barley. we show that mir9863 members guide the cle ... | 2014 | 25502438 |
| an annotated database of arabidopsis mutants of acyl lipid metabolism. | we have constructed and annotated a web-based database of over 280 arabidopsis genes that have characterized mutants associated with arabidopsis acyl lipid metabolism. mutants have played a fundamental role in gene discovery and in understanding the function of genes involved in plant acyl lipid metabolism. the first mutant in arabidopsis lipid metabolism (fad4) was described in 1985. since that time, characterization of mutants in more than 280 genes associated with acyl lipid metabolism has be ... | 2014 | 25487439 |
| an annotated database of arabidopsis mutants of acyl lipid metabolism. | we have constructed and annotated a web-based database of over 280 arabidopsis genes that have characterized mutants associated with arabidopsis acyl lipid metabolism. mutants have played a fundamental role in gene discovery and in understanding the function of genes involved in plant acyl lipid metabolism. the first mutant in arabidopsis lipid metabolism (fad4) was described in 1985. since that time, characterization of mutants in more than 280 genes associated with acyl lipid metabolism has be ... | 2014 | 25487439 |
| small rna profiling reveals regulation of arabidopsis mir168 and heterochromatic sirna415 in response to fungal elicitors. | small rnas (srnas), including small interfering rnas (sirnas) and micrornas (mirnas), have emerged as important regulators of eukaryotic gene expression. in plants, mirnas play critical roles in development, nutrient homeostasis and abiotic stress responses. accumulating evidence also reveals that srnas are involved in plant immunity. most studies on pathogen-regulated srnas have been conducted in arabidopsis plants infected with the bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae, or treated with the f ... | 2014 | 25491154 |
| genetic diversity analysis in a set of caricaceae accessions using resistance gene analogues. | in order to assess genetic diversity of a set of 41 caricaceae accessions, this study used 34 primer pairs designed from the conserved domains of bacterial leaf blight resistance genes from rice, in a pcr based approach, to identify and analyse resistance gene analogues from various accessions of carica papaya, vasconcellea goudotiana, v. microcarpa, v. parviflora, v. pubescens, v. stipulata and, v. quercifolia and jacaratia spinosa. | 2014 | 25491793 |
| polyphenol oxidase as a biochemical seed defense mechanism. | seed dormancy and resistance to decay are fundamental survival strategies, which allow a population of seeds to germinate over long periods of time. seeds have physical, chemical, and biological defense mechanisms that protect their food reserves from decay-inducing organisms and herbivores. here, we hypothesize that seeds also possess enzyme-based biochemical defenses, based on induction of the plant defense enzyme, polyphenol oxidase (ppo), when wild oat (avena fatua l.) caryopses and seeds we ... | 2014 | 25540647 |
| the phytoplasmal virulence factor tengu causes plant sterility by downregulating of the jasmonic acid and auxin pathways. | despite plants infected by pathogens are often unable to produce offspring, it remains unclear how sterility is induced in host plants. in this study, we demonstrate that tengu, a phytoplasmal virulence peptide known as a dwarfism inducer, acts as an inducer of sterility. transgenic expression of tengu induced both male and female sterility in arabidopsis thaliana flowers similar to those observed in double knockout mutants of auxin response factor 6 (arf6) and arf8, which are known to regulate ... | 2014 | 25492247 |
| pepper heat shock protein 70a interacts with the type iii effector avrbst and triggers plant cell death and immunity. | heat shock proteins (hsps) function as molecular chaperones and are essential for the maintenance and/or restoration of protein homeostasis. the genus xanthomonas type iii effector protein avrbst induces hypersensitive cell death in pepper (capsicum annuum). here, we report the identification of the pepper cahsp70a as an avrbst-interacting protein. bimolecular fluorescence complementation and coimmunoprecipitation assays confirm the specific interaction between cahsp70a and avrbst in planta. the ... | 2014 | 25491184 |
| pepper heat shock protein 70a interacts with the type iii effector avrbst and triggers plant cell death and immunity. | heat shock proteins (hsps) function as molecular chaperones and are essential for the maintenance and/or restoration of protein homeostasis. the genus xanthomonas type iii effector protein avrbst induces hypersensitive cell death in pepper (capsicum annuum). here, we report the identification of the pepper cahsp70a as an avrbst-interacting protein. bimolecular fluorescence complementation and coimmunoprecipitation assays confirm the specific interaction between cahsp70a and avrbst in planta. the ... | 2014 | 25491184 |
| salicylic acid signal transduction: the initiation of biosynthesis, perception and transcriptional reprogramming. | the phytohormone salicylic acid (sa) is a small phenolic compound that regulates diverse physiological processes, in particular plant resistance against pathogens. understanding sa-mediated signaling has been a major focus of plant research. pathogen-induced sa is mainly synthesized via the isochorismate pathway in chloroplasts, with ics1 (isochorismate synthase 1) being a critical enzyme. calcium signaling regulates activities of a subset of transcription factors thereby activating nuclear ics1 ... | 2014 | 25538725 |
| the salmonella type iii secretion system virulence effector forms a new hexameric chaperone assembly for export of effector/chaperone complexes. | bacteria hijack eukaryotic cells by injecting virulence effectors into host cytosol with a type iii secretion system (t3ss). effectors are targeted with their cognate chaperones to hexameric t3ss atpase at the bacterial membrane's cytosolic face. in this issue of the journal of bacteriology, roblin et al. (p. roblin, f. dewitte, v. villeret, e. g. biondi, and c. bompard, j bacteriol 197:688-698, 2015, http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.02294-14) show that the t3ss chaperone sige of salmonella can form ... | 2014 | 25488302 |
| the salmonella type iii secretion system virulence effector forms a new hexameric chaperone assembly for export of effector/chaperone complexes. | bacteria hijack eukaryotic cells by injecting virulence effectors into host cytosol with a type iii secretion system (t3ss). effectors are targeted with their cognate chaperones to hexameric t3ss atpase at the bacterial membrane's cytosolic face. in this issue of the journal of bacteriology, roblin et al. (p. roblin, f. dewitte, v. villeret, e. g. biondi, and c. bompard, j bacteriol 197:688-698, 2015, http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.02294-14) show that the t3ss chaperone sige of salmonella can form ... | 2014 | 25488302 |
| protein phosphatase 2a holoenzyme is targeted to peroxisomes by piggybacking and positively affects peroxisomal β-oxidation. | the eukaryotic, highly conserved serine (ser)/threonine-specific protein phosphatase 2a (pp2a) functions as a heterotrimeric complex composed of a catalytic (c), scaffolding (a), and regulatory (b) subunit. in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana), five, three, and 17 genes encode different c, a, and b subunits, respectively. we previously found that a b subunit, b'θ, localized to peroxisomes due to its c-terminal targeting signal ser-ser-leucine. this work shows that pp2a c2, c5, anda2 subunits in ... | 2014 | 25489022 |
| protein phosphatase 2a holoenzyme is targeted to peroxisomes by piggybacking and positively affects peroxisomal β-oxidation. | the eukaryotic, highly conserved serine (ser)/threonine-specific protein phosphatase 2a (pp2a) functions as a heterotrimeric complex composed of a catalytic (c), scaffolding (a), and regulatory (b) subunit. in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana), five, three, and 17 genes encode different c, a, and b subunits, respectively. we previously found that a b subunit, b'θ, localized to peroxisomes due to its c-terminal targeting signal ser-ser-leucine. this work shows that pp2a c2, c5, anda2 subunits in ... | 2014 | 25489022 |
| kinase domain-targeted isolation of defense-related receptor-like kinases (rlk/pelle) in platanus×acerifolia: phylogenetic and structural analysis. | plant receptor-like kinase (rlk/pelle) family regulates growth and developmental processes and interaction with pathogens and symbionts.platanaceae is one of the earliest branches of eudicots temporally located before the split which gave rise to rosids and asterids. thus investigations into the rlk family in platanus can provide information on the evolution of this gene family in the land plants.moreover rlks are good candidates for finding genes that are able to confer resistance to platanus p ... | 2014 | 25486898 |
| degradation of fructans and production of propionic acid by bacteroides thetaiotaomicron are enhanced by the shortage of amino acids. | bacteroides thetaiotaomicron is commonly found in the human colon and stabilizes its ecosystem by catabolism of various polysaccharides. a model of cross-talk between the metabolism of amino acids and fructans in b. thetaiotaomicron was proposed. the growth of b. thetaiotaomicron dsm 2079 in two defined media containing mineral salts and vitamins, and supplemented with either 20 or 2 amino acids, was studied in an isothermal microcalorimeter. the polyfructans inulin (from chicory) and levan (syn ... | 2014 | 25988123 |
| virulence determinants of pseudomonas syringae strains isolated from grasses in the context of a small type iii effector repertoire. | pseudomonas syringae is pathogenic to a large number of plant species. for host colonization and disease progression, strains of this bacterium utilize an array of type iii-secreted effectors and other virulence factors, including small secreted molecules such as syringolin a, a peptide derivative that inhibits the eukaryotic proteasome. in strains colonizing dicotyledonous plants, the compound was demonstrated to suppress the salicylic-acid-dependent defense pathway. here, we analyze virulence ... | 2014 | 25472590 |
| transcriptional response of soybean to thiamethoxam seed treatment in the presence and absence of drought stress. | neonicotinoid insecticides are widely known for their broad-spectrum control of arthropod pests. recently, their effects on plant physiological mechanisms have been characterized as producing a stress shield, which is predicted to enhance tolerance to adverse conditions. here we investigate the molecular underpinnings of the stress shield concept using the neonicotinoid thiamethoxam in two separate experiments that compare gene expression. we hypothesized that the application of a thiamethoxam s ... | 2014 | 25467808 |
| improving crop disease resistance: lessons from research on arabidopsis and tomato. | one of the great challenges for food security in the 21st century is to improve yield stability through the development of disease-resistant crops. crop research is often hindered by the lack of molecular tools, growth logistics, generation time and detailed genetic annotations, hence the power of model plant species. our knowledge of plant immunity today has been largely shaped by the use of models, specifically through the use of mutants. we examine the importance of arabidopsis and tomato as ... | 2014 | 25520730 |
| transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of the jasmonate signalling pathway in response to abiotic and harvesting stress in hevea brasiliensis. | latex harvesting in hevea brasiliensis amounts to strong abiotic stress that can cause a halt in production in the most susceptible clones. although the role of jasmonic acid has been suggested in laticifer differentiation, its role in latex production and in the response to harvesting stress has received very little attention. only a few key genes acting in the coi-jaz-myc module have been isolated and studied at transcriptional level. | 2014 | 25443311 |
| functional characterization of a nudix hydrolase atnudx8 upon pathogen attack indicates a positive role in plant immune responses. | nudix hydrolases comprise a large gene family of twenty nine members in arabidopsis, each containing a conserved motif capable of hydrolyzing specific substrates like adp-glucose and nadh. until now only two members of this family, atnudx6 and atnudx7, have been shown to be involved in plant immunity. rpp4 is a resistance gene from a multigene family that confers resistance to downy mildew. a time course expression profiling after hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis inoculation in both wild-type (wt) ... | 2014 | 25436909 |
| the facultative symbiont rickettsia protects an invasive whitefly against entomopathogenic pseudomonas syringae strains. | facultative endosymbionts can benefit insect hosts in a variety of ways, including context-dependent roles, such as providing defense against pathogens. the role of some symbionts in defense may be overlooked, however, when pathogen infection is transient, sporadic, or asymptomatic. the facultative endosymbiont rickettsia increases the fitness of the sweet potato whitefly (bemisia tabaci) in some populations through mechanisms that are not yet understood. in this study, we investigated the role ... | 2014 | 25217020 |
| gene expression profiling by cdna-aflp reveals potential candidate genes for partial resistance of 'président roulin' against venturia inaequalis. | scab, caused by the fungus venturia inaequalis, is one of the most important diseases of cultivated apple. while a few scab resistance genes (r genes) governing qualitative resistance have been isolated and characterized, the biological roles of genes governing quantitative resistance, supposed to be more durable, are still unknown. this study aims to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in the partial resistance of the old belgian apple cultivar 'président roulin' against v. inaequalis ... | 2014 | 25433532 |
| mutations in the arabidopsis homoserine kinase gene dmr1 confer enhanced resistance to fusarium culmorum and f. graminearum. | mutation of arabidopsis dmr1, encoding homoserine kinase, leads to elevation in homoserine and foliar resistance to the biotrophic pathogens hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis and oidium neolycopersici through activation of an unidentified defence mechanism. this study investigates the effect of mutation of dmr1 on resistance to the ascomycete pathogens fusarium graminearum and f. culmorum, which cause fusarium ear blight (feb) disease on small grain cereals. | 2014 | 25432266 |
| peptides and small molecules of the plant-pathogen apoplastic arena. | plants reside within an environment rich in potential pathogens. survival in the presence of such threats requires both effective perception of, and appropriate responses to, pathogenic attack. while plants lack an adaptive immune system, they have a highly developed and responsive innate immune system able to detect and inhibit the growth of the vast majority of potential pathogens. many of the critical interactions that characterize the relationship between plants and pathogens are played out ... | 2014 | 25506352 |
| differential inhibition of arabidopsis superoxide dismutases by peroxynitrite-mediated tyrosine nitration. | despite the importance of superoxide dismutases (sods) in the plant antioxidant defence system little is known about their regulation by post-translational modifications. here, we investigated the in vitro effects of nitric oxide derivatives on the seven sod isoforms of arabidopsis thaliana. s-nitrosoglutathione, which causes s-nitrosylation of cysteine residues, did not influence sod activities. by contrast, peroxynitrite inhibited the mitochondrial manganese sod1 (msd1), peroxisomal copper/zin ... | 2014 | 25428993 |
| differential inhibition of arabidopsis superoxide dismutases by peroxynitrite-mediated tyrosine nitration. | despite the importance of superoxide dismutases (sods) in the plant antioxidant defence system little is known about their regulation by post-translational modifications. here, we investigated the in vitro effects of nitric oxide derivatives on the seven sod isoforms of arabidopsis thaliana. s-nitrosoglutathione, which causes s-nitrosylation of cysteine residues, did not influence sod activities. by contrast, peroxynitrite inhibited the mitochondrial manganese sod1 (msd1), peroxisomal copper/zin ... | 2014 | 25428993 |
| modulation of rna polymerase ii phosphorylation downstream of pathogen perception orchestrates plant immunity. | perception of microbe-associated molecular patterns (mamps) elicits host transcriptional reprogramming as part of the immune response. although pathogen perception is well studied, the signaling networks orchestrating immune gene expression remain less clear. in a genetic screen for components involved in the early immune gene transcription reprogramming, we identified arabidopsis rna polymerase ii c-terminal domain (ctd) phosphatase-like 3 (cpl3) as a negative regulator of immune gene expressio ... | 2014 | 25464831 |