| [not available]. | important preventive measures carried out in the herds of domestic animals have found improving the health status of farms, particularly for contagious diseases subject to mandatory declaration and accompanying drastic but necessary eradication measures in infected flocks. however it is more difficult to apply these same biosecurity measures on wildlife that may have been contaminated or not by domestic animals. the growing number of emerging infectious diseases of wildlife may reflect increased ... | 2014 | 27120911 |
| nipah virus infection outbreak with nosocomial and corpse-to-human transmission, bangladesh. | active nipah virus encephalitis surveillance identified an encephalitis cluster and sporadic cases in faridpur, bangladesh, in january 2010. we identified 16 case-patients; 14 of these patients died. for 1 case-patient, the only known exposure was hugging a deceased patient with a probable case, while another case-patient's exposure involved preparing the same corpse for burial by removing oral secretions and anogenital excreta with a cloth and bare hands. among 7 persons with confirmed sporadic ... | 2013 | 23347678 |
| mapping risk of nipah virus transmission across asia and across bangladesh. | nipah virus is a highly pathogenic but poorly known paramyxovirus from south and southeast asia. in spite of the risks that it poses to human health, the geography and ecology of its occurrence remain little understood-the virus is basically known from bangladesh and peninsular malaysia, and little in between. in this contribution, i use documented occurrences of the virus to develop ecological niche-based maps summarizing its likely broader occurrence-although rangewide maps could not be develo ... | 2015 | 23343646 |
| comparison of the pathogenicity of nipah virus isolates from bangladesh and malaysia in the syrian hamster. | nipah virus is a zoonotic pathogen that causes severe disease in humans. the mechanisms of pathogenesis are not well described. the first nipah virus outbreak occurred in malaysia, where human disease had a strong neurological component. subsequent outbreaks have occurred in bangladesh and india and transmission and disease processes in these outbreaks appear to be different from those of the malaysian outbreak. until this point, virtually all nipah virus studies in vitro and in vivo, including ... | 2013 | 23342177 |
| animal models of disease shed light on nipah virus pathogenesis and transmission. | nipah virus is an emerging virus infection that causes yearly disease outbreaks with high case fatality rates in bangladesh. nipah virus causes encephalitis and systemic vasculitis, sometimes in combination with respiratory disease. pteropus species fruit bats are the natural reservoir of nipah virus and zoonotic transmission can occur directly or via an intermediate host; human-to-human transmission occurs regularly. in this review we discuss the current state of knowledge on the pathogenesis a ... | 2015 | 25229234 |
| nipah virus entry and egress from polarized epithelial cells. | highly pathogenic nipah virus (niv) infections are transmitted via airway secretions and urine, commonly via the respiratory route. epithelial surfaces represent important replication sites in both primary and systemic infection phases. niv entry and spread from polarized epithelial cells therefore determine virus entry and dissemination within a new host and influence virus shedding via mucosal surfaces in the respiratory and urinary tract. to date, there is no knowledge regarding the entry and ... | 2013 | 23283941 |
| prediction of epitope-based peptides for the utility of vaccine development from fusion and glycoprotein of nipah virus using in silico approach. | this study aims to design epitope-based peptides for the utility of vaccine development by targeting glycoprotein g and envelope protein f of nipah virus (niv) that, respectively, facilitate attachment and fusion of niv with host cells. using various databases and tools, immune parameters of conserved sequence(s) from g and f proteins of different isolates of niv were tested to predict probable epitope(s). binding analyses of the peptides with mhc class-i and class-ii molecules, epitope conserva ... | 2014 | 25147564 |
| structure of nipah virus unassembled nucleoprotein in complex with its viral chaperone. | nipah virus (niv) is a highly pathogenic emergent paramyxovirus causing deadly encephalitis in humans. its replication requires a constant supply of unassembled nucleoprotein (n(0)) in complex with its viral chaperone, the phosphoprotein (p). to elucidate the chaperone function of p, we reconstituted niv the n(0)-p core complex and determined its crystal structure. the binding of the n-terminal region of p blocks the polymerization of n by interfering with subdomain exchange between n protomers ... | 2014 | 25108352 |
| co-assembly of viral envelope glycoproteins regulates their polarized sorting in neurons. | newly synthesized envelope glycoproteins of neuroinvasive viruses can be sorted in a polarized manner to the somatodendritic and/or axonal domains of neurons. although critical for transneuronal spread of viruses, the molecular determinants and interregulation of this process are largely unknown. we studied the polarized sorting of the attachment (niv-g) and fusion (niv-f) glycoproteins of nipah virus (niv), a paramyxovirus that causes fatal human encephalitis, in rat hippocampal neurons. when e ... | 2014 | 24831812 |
| roosting behaviour and habitat selection of pteropus giganteus reveals potential links to nipah virus epidemiology. | 1. flying foxes pteropus spp. play a key role in forest regeneration as seed dispersers and are also the reservoir of many viruses, including nipah virus in bangladesh. little is known about their habitat requirements, particularly in south asia. identifying pteropus habitat preferences could assist in understanding the risk of zoonotic disease transmission broadly, and in bangladesh, could help explain the spatial distribution of human nipah virus cases. 2. we analysed characteristics of pterop ... | 2014 | 24778457 |
| evaluation of luciferase and gfp-expressing nipah viruses for rapid quantitative antiviral screening. | nipah virus (niv) outbreaks have occurred in malaysia, india, and bangladesh, and the virus continues to cause annual outbreaks of fatal human encephalitis in bangladesh due to spillover from its bat host reservoir. due to its high pathogenicity, its potential use for bio/agro-terrorism, and to the current lack of approved therapeutics, niv is designated as an overlap select agent requiring biosafety level-4 containment. although the development of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and soluble p ... | 2014 | 24680955 |
| single-dose live-attenuated nipah virus vaccines confer complete protection by eliciting antibodies directed against surface glycoproteins. | nipah virus (niv), a zoonotic pathogen causing severe respiratory illness and encephalitis in humans, emerged in malaysia in 1998 with subsequent outbreaks on an almost annual basis since 2001 in parts of the indian subcontinent. the high case fatality rate, human-to-human transmission, wide-ranging reservoir distribution and lack of licensed intervention options are making niv a serious regional and potential global public health problem. the objective of this study was to develop a fast-acting ... | 2014 | 24631094 |
| rapid nipah virus entry into the central nervous system of hamsters via the olfactory route. | encephalitis is a hallmark of nipah virus (niv) infection in humans. the exact route of entry of niv into the central nervous system (cns) is unknown. here, we performed a spatio-temporal analysis of niv entry into the cns of hamsters. niv initially predominantly targeted the olfactory epithelium in the nasal turbinates. from there, niv infected neurons were visible extending through the cribriform plate into the olfactory bulb, providing direct evidence of rapid cns entry. subsequently, niv dis ... | 2012 | 23071900 |
| a randomized controlled trial of interventions to impede date palm sap contamination by bats to prevent nipah virus transmission in bangladesh. | drinking raw date palm sap is a risk factor for human nipah virus (niv) infection. fruit bats, the natural reservoir of niv, commonly contaminate raw sap with saliva by licking date palm's sap producing surface. we evaluated four types of physical barriers that may prevent bats from contacting sap. | 2012 | 22905160 |
| assessing induced folding within the intrinsically disordered c-terminal domain of the henipavirus nucleoproteins by site-directed spin labeling epr spectroscopy. | this work aims at characterizing structural transitions within the intrinsically disordered c-terminal domain of the nucleoprotein (ntail) from the nipah and hendra viruses, two recently emerged pathogens gathered within the henipavirus genus. to this end, we used site-directed spin labeling combined with electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy to investigate the α-helical-induced folding that henipavirus ntail domains undergo in the presence of the c-terminal x domain of the phosphoprotein ... | 2013 | 22881220 |
| assessing the risk of nipah virus establishment in australian flying-foxes. | nipah virus (niv) is a recently emerged zoonotic virus that causes severe disease in humans. the reservoir hosts for niv, bats of the genus pteropus (known as flying-foxes) are found across the asia-pacific including australia. while niv has not been detected in australia, evidence for niv infection has been found in flying-foxes in some of australia's closest neighbours. a qualitative risk assessment was undertaken to assess the risk of niv establishing in australian flying-foxes through flying ... | 2015 | 24580962 |
| identification of a broad-spectrum antiviral small molecule against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and ebola, hendra, and nipah viruses by using a novel high-throughput screening assay. | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and ebola, hendra, and nipah viruses are members of different viral families and are known causative agents of fatal viral diseases. these viruses depend on cathepsin l for entry into their target cells. the viral glycoproteins need to be primed by protease cleavage, rendering them active for fusion with the host cell membrane. in this study, we developed a novel high-throughput screening assay based on peptides, derived from the glycoprot ... | 2014 | 24501399 |
| detection of nipah virus rna in fruit bat (pteropus giganteus) from india. | the study deals with the survey of different bat populations (pteropus giganteus, cynopterus sphinx, and megaderma lyra) in india for highly pathogenic nipah virus (niv), reston ebola virus, and marburg virus. bats (n = 140) from two states in india (maharashtra and west bengal) were tested for igg (serum samples) against these viruses and for virus rnas. only niv rna was detected in a liver homogenate of p. giganteus captured in myanaguri, west bengal. partial sequence analysis of nucleocapsid, ... | 2012 | 22802440 |
| piloting the use of indigenous methods to prevent nipah virus infection by interrupting bats' access to date palm sap in bangladesh. | people in bangladesh frequently drink fresh date palm sap. fruit bats (pteropus giganteus) also drink raw sap and may contaminate the sap by shedding nipah virus through saliva and urine. in a previous study we identified two indigenous methods to prevent bats accessing the sap, bamboo skirts and lime (calcium carbonate). we conducted a pilot study to assess the acceptability of these two methods among sap harvesters. we used interactive community meetings and group discussions to encourage all ... | 2013 | 22669914 |
| the immune response to nipah virus infection. | nipah virus has recently emerged as a zoonotic agent that is highly pathogenic in humans. outbreaks have occurred regularly over the last two decades in south and southeast asia, where mortality rates reach as high as 100 %. the natural reservoir of nipah virus has been identified as bats from the pteropus family, where infection is largely asymptomatic. human disease is characterized by both respiratory and encephalitic components, and thus far, no effective vaccine or intervention strategies a ... | 2012 | 22669317 |
| [study of pathogenicity of nipah virus and its vaccine development]. | nipah virus (niv), a paramyxovirus, was first discovered in malaysia in 1998 in an outbreak of infection in pigs and humans, and incurred a high fatality rate in humans. we established a system that enabled the rescue of replicating nivs from a cloned dna. using the system, we analyzed the functions of accessory proteins in infected cells and the implications in in vivo pathogenicity. further, we have developed a recombinant measles virus (rmv) vaccine expressing niv envelope glycoproteins, whic ... | 2014 | 25765986 |
| single injection recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus vaccines protect ferrets against lethal nipah virus disease. | nipah virus (niv) is a highly pathogenic zoonotic agent in the family paramyxoviridae that is maintained in nature by bats. outbreaks have occurred in malaysia, singapore, india, and bangladesh and have been associated with 40 to 75% case fatality rates. there are currently no vaccines or postexposure treatments licensed for combating human niv infection. | 2013 | 24330654 |
| the role of landscape composition and configuration on pteropus giganteus roosting ecology and nipah virus spillover risk in bangladesh. | nipah virus has caused recurring outbreaks in central and northwest bangladesh (the "nipah belt"). little is known about roosting behavior of the fruit bat reservoir, pteropus giganteus, or factors driving spillover. we compared human population density and ecological characteristics of case villages and control villages (no reported outbreaks) to understand their role in p. giganteus roosting ecology and nipah virus spillover risk. nipah belt villages have a higher human population density (p < ... | 2014 | 24323516 |
| serologic evidence of nipah virus infection in bats, vietnam. | | 2012 | 22377109 |
| characterization of nipah virus from outbreaks in bangladesh, 2008-2010. | nipah virus (niv) is a highly pathogenic paramyxovirus that causes fatal encephalitis in humans. the initial outbreak of niv infection occurred in malaysia and singapore in 1998-1999; relatively small, sporadic outbreaks among humans have occurred in bangladesh since 2001. we characterized the complete genomic sequences of identical niv isolates from 2 patients in 2008 and partial genomic sequences of throat swab samples from 3 patients in 2010, all from bangladesh. all sequences from patients i ... | 2012 | 22304936 |
| unraveling a three-step spatiotemporal mechanism of triggering of receptor-induced nipah virus fusion and cell entry. | membrane fusion is essential for entry of the biomedically-important paramyxoviruses into their host cells (viral-cell fusion), and for syncytia formation (cell-cell fusion), often induced by paramyxoviral infections [e.g. those of the deadly nipah virus (niv)]. for most paramyxoviruses, membrane fusion requires two viral glycoproteins. upon receptor binding, the attachment glycoprotein (hn/h/g) triggers the fusion glycoprotein (f) to undergo conformational changes that merge viral and/or cell m ... | 2013 | 24278018 |
| an anti-interferon activity shared by paramyxovirus c proteins: inhibition of toll-like receptor 7/9-dependent alpha interferon induction. | paramyxovirus c protein targets the host interferon (ifn) system for virus immune evasion. to identify its unknown anti-ifn activity, we examined the effect of sendai virus c protein on activation of the ifn-α promoter via various signaling pathways. this study uncovers a novel ability of c protein to block toll-like receptor (tlr) 7- and tlr9-dependent ifn-α induction, which is specific to plasmacytoid dendritic cells. c protein interacts with a serine/threonine kinase ikkα and inhibits phospho ... | 2014 | 24269682 |
| building a picture: prioritisation of exotic diseases for the pig industry in australia using multi-criteria decision analysis. | diseases that are exotic to the pig industry in australia were prioritised using a multi-criteria decision analysis framework that incorporated weights of importance for a range of criteria important to industry stakeholders. measurements were collected for each disease for nine criteria that described potential disease impacts. a total score was calculated for each disease using a weighted sum value function that aggregated the nine disease criterion measurements and weights of importance for t ... | 2014 | 24211032 |
| single-dose replication-defective vsv-based nipah virus vaccines provide protection from lethal challenge in syrian hamsters. | nipah virus (niv) continues to cause outbreaks of fatal human encephalitis due to spillover from its bat reservoir. we determined that a single dose of replication-defective vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv)-based vaccine vectors expressing either the niv fusion (f) or attachment (g) glycoproteins protected hamsters from over 1000 times ld50 niv challenge. this highly effective single-dose protection coupled with an enhanced safety profile makes these candidates ideal for potential use in livesto ... | 2014 | 24184127 |
| offering patients more: how the west africa ebola outbreak can shape innovation in therapeutic research for emerging and epidemic infections. | although, after an epidemic of over 28 000 cases, there are still no licensed treatments for ebola virus disease (evd), significant progress was made during the west africa outbreak. the pace of pre-clinical development was exceptional and a number of therapeutic clinical trials were conducted in the face of considerable challenges. given the on-going risk of emerging infectious disease outbreaks in an era of unprecedented population density, international travel and human impact on the environm ... | 2017 | 28396467 |
| crystal structure of the nipah virus phosphoprotein tetramerization domain. | the nipah virus phosphoprotein (p) is multimeric and tethers the viral polymerase to the nucleocapsid. we present the crystal structure of the multimerization domain of nipah virus p: a long, parallel, tetrameric, coiled coil with a small, α-helical cap structure. across the paramyxoviruses, these domains share little sequence identity yet are similar in length and structural organization, suggesting a common requirement for scaffolding or spatial organization of the functions of p in the virus ... | 2014 | 24155387 |
| surface glycoproteins of an african henipavirus induce syncytium formation in a cell line derived from an african fruit bat, hypsignathus monstrosus. | serological screening and detection of genomic rna indicates that members of the genus henipavirus are present not only in southeast asia but also in african fruit bats. we demonstrate that the surface glycoproteins f and g of an african henipavirus (m74) induce syncytium formation in a kidney cell line derived from an african fruit bat, hypsignathus monstrosus. despite a less broad cell tropism, the m74 glycoproteins show functional similarities to glycoproteins of nipah virus. | 2013 | 24067951 |
| the pandemic potential of nipah virus. | nipah virus, a paramyxovirus whose wildlife reservoir is pteropus bats, was first discovered in a large outbreak of acute encephalitis in malaysia in 1998 among persons who had contact with sick pigs. apparently, one or more pigs was infected from bats, and the virus then spread efficiently from pig to pig, then from pigs to people. nipah virus outbreaks have been recognized nearly every year in bangladesh since 2001 and occasionally in neighboring india. outbreaks in bangladesh and india have b ... | 2013 | 23911335 |
| nipah virus in the fruit bat pteropus vampyrus in sumatera, indonesia. | nipah virus causes periodic livestock and human disease with high case fatality rate, and consequent major economic, social and psychological impacts. fruit bats of the genus pteropus are the natural reservoir. in this study, we used real time pcr to screen the saliva and urine of p. vampyrus from north sumatera for nipah virus genome. a conventional reverse transcriptase (rt-pcr) assay was used on provisionally positive samples to corroborate findings. this is the first report of nipah virus de ... | 2013 | 23894501 |
| vaccination of ferrets with a recombinant g glycoprotein subunit vaccine provides protection against nipah virus disease for over 12 months. | nipah virus (niv) is a zoonotic virus belonging to the henipavirus genus in the family paramyxoviridae. since niv was first identified in 1999, outbreaks have continued to occur in humans in bangladesh and india on an almost annual basis with case fatality rates reported between 40% and 100%. | 2013 | 23867060 |
| activation and cell death in human dendritic cells infected with nipah virus. | nipah virus (niv) is a highly pathogenic paramyxovirus that causes pulmonary disease and encephalitis in humans with 40-70% fatality. interactions between niv and the human immune system remain poorly understood. here, we demonstrate the effects of niv infection on dc and t cell function. using an in vitro system, we found that niv infects and replicates at low levels in dcs and induces the expression of tnf-α, il-1α, il-1β, il-8, and ip-10. niv infection activates dcs, and upregulates the expre ... | 2013 | 23587249 |
| recombinant measles virus vaccine expressing the nipah virus glycoprotein protects against lethal nipah virus challenge. | nipah virus (niv) is a member of the genus henipavirus, which emerged in malaysia in 1998. in pigs, infection resulted in a predominantly non-lethal respiratory disease; however, infection in humans resulted in over 100 deaths. nipah virus has continued to re-emerge in bangladesh and india, and person-to-person transmission appeared in the outbreak. although a number of niv vaccine studies have been reported, there are currently no vaccines or treatments licensed for human use. in this study, we ... | 2013 | 23516477 |
| using routine surveillance data to estimate the epidemic potential of emerging zoonoses: application to the emergence of us swine origin influenza a h3n2v virus. | prior to emergence in human populations, zoonoses such as sars cause occasional infections in human populations exposed to reservoir species. the risk of widespread epidemics in humans can be assessed by monitoring the reproduction number r (average number of persons infected by a human case). however, until now, estimating r required detailed outbreak investigations of human clusters, for which resources and expertise are not always available. additionally, existing methods do not correct for i ... | 2013 | 23472057 |
| detection of receptor-induced glycoprotein conformational changes on enveloped virions by using confocal micro-raman spectroscopy. | conformational changes in the glycoproteins of enveloped viruses are critical for membrane fusion, which enables viral entry into cells and the pathological cell-cell fusion (syncytia) associated with some viral infections. however, technological capabilities for identifying viral glycoproteins and their conformational changes on actual enveloped virus surfaces are generally scarce, challenging, and time-consuming. our model, nipah virus (niv), is a syncytium-forming biosafety level 4 pathogen w ... | 2013 | 23283947 |
| [summary of research works on viruses in the vietnam research station, institute of tropical medicine, nagasaki university]. | institute of tropical medicine, nagasaki university (nekken) and national institute of hygiene and epidemiology, vietnam (nihe) jointly conducted a project from 2006 on emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases (erid) granted by the ministry of education, science, culture and technology (mext) of japan. fifteen independent researches have been carried out by 7 scientists who stationed in the vietnam research station (vrs), and by approximately 60 visiting scientists. a wide variety of viruses ... | 2013 | 24769580 |
| convergence of humans, bats, trees, and culture in nipah virus transmission, bangladesh. | preventing emergence of new zoonotic viruses depends on understanding determinants for human risk. nipah virus (niv) is a lethal zoonotic pathogen that has spilled over from bats into human populations, with limited person-to-person transmission. we examined ecologic and human behavioral drivers of geographic variation for risk of niv infection in bangladesh. we visited 60 villages during 2011-2013 where cases of infection with niv were identified and 147 control villages. we compared case villa ... | 2017 | 28820130 |
| a large-scale behavior change intervention to prevent nipah transmission in bangladesh: components and costs. | nipah virus infection (niv) is a bat-borne zoonosis transmitted to humans through consumption of niv-contaminated raw date palm sap in bangladesh. the objective of this analysis was to measure the cost of an niv prevention intervention and estimate the cost of scaling it up to districts where spillover had been identified. | 2017 | 28651646 |
| risk factors for nipah virus infection among pteropid bats, peninsular malaysia. | we conducted cross-sectional and longitudinal studies to determine the distribution of and risk factors for seropositivity to nipah virus (niv) among pteropus vampyrus and p. hypomelanus bats in peninsular malaysia. neutralizing antibodies against niv were detected at most locations surveyed. we observed a consistently higher niv risk (odds ratio 3.9) and seroprevalence (32.8%) for p. vampyrus than p. hypomelanus (11.1%) bats. a 3-year longitudinal study of p. hypomelanus bats indicated nonseaso ... | 2013 | 23261015 |
| transmission routes for nipah virus from malaysia and bangladesh. | human infections with nipah virus in malaysia and bangladesh are associated with markedly different patterns of transmission and pathogenicity. to compare the 2 strains, we conducted an in vivo study in which 2 groups of ferrets were oronasally exposed to either the malaysia or bangladesh strain of nipah virus. viral shedding and tissue tropism were compared between the 2 groups. over the course of infection, significantly higher levels of viral rna were recovered from oral secretions of ferrets ... | 2012 | 23171621 |
| peri-exposure protection against nipah virus disease using a single-dose recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus-based vaccine. | nipah virus is a zoonotic paramyxovirus that causes severe disease in humans and animals. due to almost yearly outbreaks in bangladesh, and a large outbreak in malaysia that lead to the shutdown of swine export, nipah virus is both a threat to public health and the economy. infection is associated with respiratory distress, encephalitis and human-to-human transmission, resulting in high case fatality rates during outbreaks. this study aims to address the amount of time needed until protection fr ... | 2016 | 28706736 |
| nipah virus outbreaks in bangladesh: a deadly infectious disease. | during 2001-2011, multidisciplinary teams from the institute of epidemiology, disease control and research (iedcr) and international centre for diarrhoeal disease research, bangladesh(icddr,b) identified sporadic cases and 11 outbreaks of nipah encephalitis. three outbreaks were detected through sentinel surveillance; others were identified through event-based surveillance. a total of 196 cases of nipah encephalitis, in outbreaks, clusters and as isolated cases were detected from 20 districts of ... | 2017 | 28612796 |
| a vlp-based vaccine provides complete protection against nipah virus challenge following multiple-dose or single-dose vaccination schedules in a hamster model. | nipah virus is a highly lethal zoonotic paramyxovirus that was first recognized in malaysia during an outbreak in 1998. during this outbreak, nipah virus infection caused a severe febrile neurological disease in humans who worked in close contact with infected pigs. the case fatality rate in humans was approximately 40%. since 2001, niv has re-emerged in bangladesh and india where fruit bats (pteropus spp.) have been identified as the principal reservoir of the virus. transmission to humans is c ... | 2017 | 29263876 |
| a controlled trial to reduce the risk of human nipah virus exposure in bangladesh. | human nipah virus (niv) infection, often fatal in bangladesh, is primarily transmitted by drinking raw date palm sap contaminated by pteropus bats. we assessed the impact of a behavior change communication intervention on reducing consumption of potentially niv-contaminated raw sap. during the 2012-2014 sap harvesting seasons, we implemented interventions in two areas and compared results with a control area. in one area, we disseminated a "do not drink raw sap" message and, in the other area, e ... | 2017 | 28905152 |
| re-emergence nipah - a review. | there was an outbreak of new emergence viral encephalitis caused by nipah virus among humans in some areas of bangladesh during 2001 - till to date. the disease affected mainly the young, had increased suspicion to spread from bat to man through eating of the same fruits. the risk of human-to-human transmission is thought to be low though many of the affected individuals belonged to the same family. the disease presented mainly as acute encephalitis with usually a short incubation period of less ... | 2012 | 23134935 |
| distinct and overlapping roles of nipah virus p gene products in modulating the human endothelial cell antiviral response. | nipah virus (niv) is a highly pathogenic zoonotic paramyxovirus that causes fatal encephalitis in up to 75% of infected humans. like other paramyxoviruses, niv employs co-transcriptional mrna editing during transcription of the phosphoprotein (p) gene to generate additional mrnas encoding the v and w proteins. the c protein is translated from the p mrna, but in an alternative reading frame. there is evidence from both in vitro and in vivo studies to show that the p gene products play a role in n ... | 2012 | 23094089 |
| nonstructural nipah virus c protein regulates both the early host proinflammatory response and viral virulence. | nipah virus (niv) is a highly pathogenic, negative-strand rna paramyxovirus that has recently emerged from flying foxes to cause serious human disease. we have analyzed the role of the nonstructural niv c protein in viral immunopathogenesis using recombinant virus lacking the expression of niv c (nivδc). while wild-type niv was highly pathogenic in the hamster animal model, nivδc was strongly attenuated. replication of nivδc was followed by the production of niv-specific antibodies and associate ... | 2012 | 22837207 |
| one health approach in the south east asia region: opportunities and challenges. | the outbreaks of sars, avian influenza, and nipah virus in asian countries clearly demonstrated that new highly infectious agents periodically emerge at the human-animal interface. the experiences of regional countries with prevention and control of avian influenza, sars have reinforced the need for sustained, well-coordinated, multi-sector, multi-disciplinary, community-based actions to address emerging disease threats. 'one health' is a cost-effective, sustainable, and practical approach to fi ... | 2013 | 22820705 |
| cysteines in the stalk of the nipah virus g glycoprotein are located in a distinct subdomain critical for fusion activation. | paramyxoviruses initiate entry through the concerted action of the tetrameric attachment glycoprotein (hn, h, or g) and the trimeric fusion glycoprotein (f). the ectodomains of hn/h/g contain a stalk region important for oligomeric stability and for the f triggering resulting in membrane fusion. paramyxovirus hn, h, and g form a dimer-of-dimers consisting of disulfide-linked dimers through their stalk domain cysteines. the g attachment protein stalk domain of the highly pathogenic nipah virus (n ... | 2012 | 22496210 |
| rapid screening for entry inhibitors of highly pathogenic viruses under low-level biocontainment. | emerging viruses including nipah, hendra, lujo, and junin viruses have enormous potential to spread rapidly. nipah virus, after emerging as a zoonosis, has also evolved the capacity for human-to-human transmission. most of the diseases caused by these pathogens are untreatable and require high biocontainment conditions. universal methods for rapidly identifying and screening candidate antivirals are urgently needed. we have developed a modular antiviral platform strategy that relies on simple bi ... | 2012 | 22396728 |
| lethal nipah virus infection induces rapid overexpression of cxcl10. | nipah virus (niv) is a recently emerged zoonotic paramyxovirus that causes regular outbreaks in east asia with mortality rate exceeding 75%. major cellular targets of niv infection are endothelial cells and neurons. to better understand virus-host interaction, we analyzed the transcriptome profile of niv infection in primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells. we further assessed some of the obtained results by in vitro and in vivo methods in a hamster model and in brain samples from niv-inf ... | 2012 | 22393386 |
| nipah virus infects specific subsets of porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells. | nipah virus (niv), a zoonotic paramyxovirus, is highly contagious in swine, and can cause fatal infections in humans following transmission from the swine host. the main viral targets in both species are the respiratory and central nervous systems, with viremia implicated as a mode of dissemination of niv throughout the host. the presented work focused on the role of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) in the viremic spread of the virus in the swine host. b lymphocytes, cd4-cd8-, as well a ... | 2012 | 22303463 |
| activation of the nipah virus fusion protein in mdck cells is mediated by cathepsin b within the endosome-recycling compartment. | proteolytic activation of the fusion protein of the highly pathogenic nipah virus (niv f) is a prerequisite for the production of infectious particles and for virus spread via cell-to-cell fusion. unlike other paramyxoviral fusion proteins, functional niv f activation requires endocytosis and ph-dependent cleavage at a monobasic cleavage site by endosomal proteases. using prototype vero cells, cathepsin l was previously identified to be a cleavage enzyme. compared to vero cells, mdck cells showe ... | 2012 | 22278224 |
| callosal holes: an unusual imaging appearance in systemic lupus erythematosus. a case report. | systemic lupus erythematosus (sle) has diverse imaging features. however, focal lesions in the corpus callosum are extremely rare in sle with only few cases mentioned in the literature, with no mention of callosal holes in sle. callosal holes have been described as a characteristic finding in susac syndrome and have been mentioned in nipah virus encephalitis, marchiafava bignami disease and periventricular leukomalacia. we describe a case of sle with callosal holes. the demonstration of callosal ... | 2009 | 24207034 |
| kanyawara virus: a novel rhabdovirus infecting newly discovered nycteribiid bat flies infesting previously unknown pteropodid bats in uganda. | bats are natural reservoir hosts of highly virulent pathogens such as marburg virus, nipah virus, and sars coronavirus. however, little is known about the role of bat ectoparasites in transmitting and maintaining such viruses. the intricate relationship between bats and their ectoparasites suggests that ectoparasites might serve as viral vectors, but evidence to date is scant. bat flies, in particular, are highly specialized obligate hematophagous ectoparasites that incidentally bite humans. usi ... | 2017 | 28706276 |
| evaluation of a taqman array card for detection of central nervous system infections. | infections of the central nervous system (cns) are often acute, with significant morbidity and mortality. routine diagnosis of such infections is limited in developing countries and requires modern equipment in advanced laboratories that may be unavailable to a number of patients in sub-saharan africa. we developed a taqman array card (tac) that detects multiple pathogens simultaneously from cerebrospinal fluid. the 21-pathogen cns multiple-pathogen tac (cns-tac) assay includes two parasites (ba ... | 2017 | 28404679 |
| this could be the start of something big-20 years since the identification of bats as the natural host of hendra virus. | hendra virus was first described in 1994 in australia, causally associated with a cluster of fatal equine and human cases at a thoroughbred racing stable in the brisbane suburb of hendra. this year marks the twentieth anniversary of the identification of pteropid bats (flying-foxes) as the natural host of the virus, and it is timely to reflect on a pivotal meeting of an eclectic group of scientists in that process. they included animal and public health experts, environmental scientists, veterin ... | 2015 | 28616459 |
| development of a reverse genetics system for sosuga virus allows rapid screening of antiviral compounds. | sosuga virus (sosv) is a recently discovered zoonotic paramyxovirus isolated from a single human case in 2012; it has been ecologically and epidemiologically associated with transmission by the egyptian rousette bat (rousettus aegyptiacus). bats have long been recognized as sources of novel zoonotic pathogens, including highly lethal paramyxoviruses like nipah virus (niv) and hendra virus (hev). the ability of sosv to cause severe human disease supports the need for studies on sosv pathogenesis ... | 2018 | 29522528 |
| novel alphacoronaviruses and paramyxoviruses cocirculate with type 1 and severe acute respiratory system (sars)-related betacoronaviruses in synanthropic bats of luxembourg. | several infectious disease outbreaks with high mortality in humans have been attributed to viruses that are thought to have evolved from bat viruses. in this study from luxembourg, the genetic diversity and epidemiology of paramyxoviruses and coronaviruses shed by the bat species rhinolophus ferrumequinum and myotis emarginatus were evaluated. feces collection (n = 624) was performed longitudinally in a mixed-species colony in 2015 and 2016. in addition, feces (n = 254) were collected cross-sect ... | 2017 | 28710271 |
| physiological stress and hendra virus in flying-foxes (pteropus spp.), australia. | pteropid bats (flying-foxes) are the natural reservoir of hendra virus, an emergent paramyxovirus responsible for fatal infection in horses and humans in australia. pteropus alecto (the black flying-fox) and the paraphyletic p. conspicillatus (the spectacled flying-fox) appear to be the primary reservoir hosts. previous studies have suggested that physiological and ecological factors may underpin infection dynamics in flying-foxes, and subsequent spillover to horses and in turn humans. we sought ... | 2017 | 28767708 |
| nipah and hendra virus nucleoproteins inhibit nuclear accumulation of stat1 and stat2 by interfering with their complex formation. | henipaviruses, such as nipah (niv) and hendra (hev) viruses, are highly pathogenic zoonotic agents within the paramyxoviridae family. the phosphoprotein (p) gene products of the paramyxoviruses have been well characterized in their interferon (ifn) antagonist activity and their contribution to viral pathogenicity. in this study, we demonstrated that the nucleoprotein (n) of henipaviruses also prevents the host ifn signaling pathway. reporter assays demonstrated that niv and hev n proteins (niv-n ... | 2017 | 28835499 |
| in silico identification and characterization of common epitope-based peptide vaccine for nipah and hendra viruses. | to explore a common b- and t-cell epitope-based vaccine that can elicit an immune response against encephalitis causing genus henipaviruses, hendra virus (hev) and nipah virus (niv). | 2017 | 28756915 |
| nipah virus envelope-pseudotyped lentiviruses efficiently target ephrinb2-positive stem cell populations in vitro and bypass the liver sink when administered in vivo. | sophisticated retargeting systems for lentiviral vectors have been developed in recent years. most seek to suppress the viral envelope's natural tropism while modifying the receptor-binding domain such that its tropism is determined by the specificity of the engineered ligand-binding motif. here we took advantage of the natural tropism of nipah virus (niv), whose attachment envelope glycoprotein has picomolar affinity for ephrinb2, a molecule proposed as a molecular marker of "stemness" (present ... | 2013 | 23192877 |
| hendra and nipah virus infection in cultured human olfactory epithelial cells. | henipaviruses are emerging zoonotic viruses and causative agents of encephalitis in humans. however, the mechanisms of entry into the central nervous system (cns) in humans are not known. here, we evaluated the possible role of olfactory epithelium in virus entry into the cns. we characterized hendra virus (hev) and nipah virus (niv) infection of primary human olfactory epithelial cultures. we show that henipaviruses can infect mature olfactory sensory neurons. henipaviruses replicated efficient ... | 2017 | 28680971 |
| 4'-azidocytidine (r1479) inhibits henipaviruses and other paramyxoviruses with high potency. | the henipaviruses nipah virus and hendra virus are highly pathogenic zoonotic paramyxoviruses which have caused fatal outbreaks of encephalitis and respiratory disease in humans. despite the availability of a licensed equine hendra virus vaccine and a neutralizing monoclonal antibody shown to be efficacious against henipavirus infections in non-human primates, there remains no approved therapeutics or vaccines for human use. to explore the possibility of developing small-molecule nucleoside inhi ... | 2017 | 28629988 |
| mutations in the transmembrane domain and cytoplasmic tail of hendra virus fusion protein disrupt virus-like-particle assembly. | hendra virus (hev) is a zoonotic paramyxovirus that causes deadly illness in horses and humans. an intriguing feature of hev is the utilization of endosomal protease for activation of the viral fusion protein (f). here we investigated how endosomal f trafficking affects hev assembly. we found that the hev matrix (m) and f proteins each induced particle release when they were expressed alone but that their coexpression led to coordinated assembly of virus-like particles (vlps) that were morpholog ... | 2017 | 28468881 |
| antiviral lipopeptide-cell membrane interaction is influenced by peg linker length. | a set of lipopeptides was recently reported for their broad-spectrum antiviral activity against viruses belonging to the paramyxoviridae family, including human parainfluenza virus type 3 and nipah virus. among them, the peptide with a 24-unit peg linker connecting it to a cholesterol moiety (vg-peg24-chol) was found to be the best membrane fusion inhibitory peptide. here, we evaluated the interaction of the same set of peptides with biomembrane model systems and isolated human peripheral blood ... | 2017 | 28714870 |
| contribution of human lung parenchyma and leukocyte influx to oxidative stress and immune system-mediated pathology following nipah virus infection. | nipah virus (niv) is a zoonotic emerging paramyxovirus that can cause fatal respiratory illness or encephalitis in humans. despite many efforts, the molecular mechanisms of niv-induced acute lung injury (ali) remain unclear. we previously showed that niv replicates to high titers in human lung grafts in nod-scid/γ mice, resulting in a robust inflammatory response. interestingly, these mice can undergo human immune system reconstitution by the bone marrow, liver, and thymus (blt) reconstitution m ... | 2017 | 28539439 |
| gene end-like sequences within the 3' non-coding region of the nipah virus genome attenuate viral gene transcription. | the regulation of transcription during nipah virus (niv) replication is poorly understood. using a bicistronic minigenome system, we investigated the involvement of non-coding regions (ncrs) in the transcriptional re-initiation efficiency of niv rna polymerase. reporter assays revealed that attenuation of niv gene expression was not constant at each gene junction, and that the attenuating property was controlled by the 3' ncr. however, this regulation was independent of the gene-end, gene-start ... | 2017 | 28494343 |
| cryptic etiopathological conditions of equine nervous system with special emphasis on viral diseases. | the importance of horse (equus caballus) to equine practitioners and researchers cannot be ignored. an unevenly distributed population of equids harbors numerous diseases, which can affect horses of any age and breed. among these, the affections of nervous system are potent reason for death and euthanasia in equids. many episodes associated with the emergence of equine encephalitic conditions have also pose a threat to human population as well, which signifies their pathogenic zoonotic potential ... | 2017 | 29391683 |
| characterization of the spatial and temporal distribution of nipah virus spillover events in bangladesh 2007 - 2013. | nipah virus is a zoonotic virus, harbored by bats and lethal to humans. bat to human spillovers occur every winter in bangladesh. however, there is significant heterogeneity in the number of spillovers detected by district and year that remains unexplained. we analyzed data from all 57 spillovers from 2007-2013 and found that temperature differences explained 36% of the year-to-year variation in the total number of spillovers each winter while distance to surveillance hospitals explained 45% of ... | 2018 | 29351657 |
| circulation of alphacoronavirus, betacoronavirus and paramyxovirus in hipposideros bat species in zimbabwe. | bats carry a great diversity of zoonotic viruses with a high-impact on human health and livestock. since the emergence of new coronaviruses and paramyxoviruses in humans (e.g. severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and nipah virus), numerous studies clearly established that bats can maintain some of these viruses. improving our understanding on the role of bats in the epidemiology of the pathogens they harbour is necessary to prevent cross-species spill over along the wild/dome ... | 2018 | 29331670 |
| transmission of henipaviruses. | the genus henipavirus has expanded rapidly in geographic range, number of species, and host range. hendra and nipah virus are two henipaviruses known to cause severe disease in humans with a high case-fatality rate. pteropid spp. bats are the natural reservoir of hendra and nipah virus. from these bats, virus can be transmitted to an amplifying host, horses and pigs, and from these hosts to humans, or the virus can be transmitted directly to humans. although the main route of shedding varies bet ... | 2017 | 29035743 |
| variability of interferon-λ induction and antiviral activity in nipah virus infected differentiated human bronchial epithelial cells of two human donors. | highly pathogenic nipah virus (niv) generally causes severe encephalitis in humans. respiratory symptoms are infrequently observed, likely reflecting variations in infection kinetics in human airways. supporting this idea, we recently identified individual differences in niv replication kinetics in cultured airway epithelia from different human donors. as type iii interferons (ifn-λ) represent major players in the defence mechanism against viral infection of the respiratory mucosa, we studied if ... | 2017 | 28984239 |
| monomeric ephrinb2 binding induces allosteric changes in nipah virus g that precede its full activation. | nipah virus is an emergent paramyxovirus that causes deadly encephalitis and respiratory infections in humans. two glycoproteins coordinate the infection of host cells, an attachment protein (g), which binds to cell surface receptors, and a fusion (f) protein, which carries out the process of virus-cell membrane fusion. the g protein binds to ephrin b2/3 receptors, inducing g conformational changes that trigger f protein refolding. using an optical approach based on second harmonic generation, w ... | 2017 | 28974687 |
| exploring the human-nipah virus protein-protein interactome. | nipah virus is an emerging, highly pathogenic, zoonotic virus of theparamyxoviridaefamily. human transmission occurs by close contact with infected animals, the consumption of contaminated food, or, occasionally, via other infected individuals. currently, we lack therapeutic or prophylactic treatments for nipah virus. to develop these agents we must now improve our understanding of the host-virus interactions that underpin a productive infection. this aim led us to perform the present work, in w ... | 2017 | 28904190 |
| protection from hendra virus infection with canarypox recombinant vaccine. | hendra virus (hev) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen, which causes severe respiratory illness and encephalitis in humans and horses. since its first appearance in 1994, spillovers of hev from its natural reservoir fruit bats occur on almost an annual basis. the high mortality rate in both humans and horses and the wide-ranging reservoir distribution are making hev a serious public health problem, especially for people exposed to sick horses. this study has aimed to develop an efficient low-cost h ... | 2016 | 29263849 |
| one health and zoonoses: the evolution of one health and incorporation of zoonoses. | zoonotic disease outbreaks have surged in the last two decades. these include severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), hendra virus, nipah virus, influenza viruses, middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) coronavirus, and ebola. one health is the initiative of an inclusive collaboration linking human, animal, and environmental health. one health is advocated through an intersectoral coordination to combat zoonoses, and the term has evolved over centuries. the primary aim of this literature revi ... | 2015 | 29138713 |
| rescue and characterization of recombinant cedar virus, a non-pathogenic henipavirus species. | hendra virus and nipah virus are zoonotic viruses that have caused severe to fatal disease in livestock and human populations. the isolation of cedar virus, a non-pathogenic virus species in the genus henipavirus, closely-related to the highly pathogenic hendra virus and nipah virus offers an opportunity to investigate differences in pathogenesis and receptor tropism among these viruses. | 2018 | 29587789 |
| susceptibility of paramyxoviruses and filoviruses to inhibition by 2'-monofluoro- and 2'-difluoro-4'-azidocytidine analogs. | ebolaviruses, marburgviruses, and henipaviruses are zoonotic pathogens belonging to the filoviridae and paramyxoviridae families. they exemplify viruses that continue to spill over into the human population, causing outbreaks characterized by high mortality and significant clinical sequelae in survivors of infection. there are currently no approved small molecule therapeutics for use in humans against these viruses. in this study, we evaluated the antiviral activity of the nucleoside analog 4'-a ... | 2018 | 29601894 |
| fusion inhibitory lipopeptides engineered for prophylaxis of nipah virus in primates. | the emerging zoonotic paramyxovirus nipah virus (niv) causes severe respiratory and neurological disease in humans, with high fatality rates. niv can be transmitted via person-to-person contact, posing a high risk for epidemic outbreaks. however, a broadly applicable approach for human niv outbreaks in field settings is lacking. | 2018 | 29566184 |
| survival of viral pathogens in animal feed ingredients under transboundary shipping models. | the goal of this study was to evaluate survival of important viral pathogens of livestock in animal feed ingredients imported daily into the united states under simulated transboundary conditions. eleven viruses were selected based on global significance and impact to the livestock industry, including foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv), classical swine fever virus (csfv), african swine fever virus (asfv), influenza a virus of swine (iav-s), pseudorabies virus (prv), nipah virus (niv), porcine r ... | 2018 | 29558524 |
| disruption of the blood brain barrier is vital property of neurotropic viral infection of the central nervous system. | the blood brain barrier consisting of astrocytes, pericytes and brain microvascular endothelial cells plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of neurotropic viruses by controlling the access of circulating molecules, immune cells or viruses into the central nervous system (cns). however, this barrier is not impenetrable and neuroviruses have evolved to disrupt and evade it. this review aims to describe the underlying entry mechanisms of several neuroviruses such as (japanese encephalitis virus (j ... | 2018 | 29521099 |
| domesticated animals as hosts of henipaviruses and filoviruses: a systematic review. | bat-borne viruses carry undeniable risks to the health of human beings and animals, and there is growing recognition of the need for a 'one health' approach to understand their frequently complex spill-over routes. while domesticated animals can play central roles in major spill-over events of zoonotic bat-borne viruses, for example during the pig-amplified malaysian nipah virus outbreak of 1998-1999, the extent of their potential to act as bridging or amplifying species for these viruses has no ... | 2018 | 29486875 |
| the unstructured paramyxovirus nucleocapsid protein tail domain modulates viral pathogenesis through regulation of transcriptase activity. | the paramyxovirus replication machinery comprises the viral large (l) protein and phosphoprotein (p-protein) in addition to the nucleocapsid (n) protein, which encapsidates the single-stranded rna genome. common to paramyxovirus n proteins is a c-terminal tail (ntail). the mechanistic role and relevance for virus replication of the structurally disordered central ntail section are unknown. focusing initially on members of themorbillivirusgenus, a series of measles virus (mev) and canine distempe ... | 2018 | 29437959 |
| initiation, extension, and termination of rna synthesis by a paramyxovirus polymerase. | paramyxoviruses represent a family of rna viruses causing significant human diseases. these include measles virus, the most infectious virus ever reported, in addition to parainfluenza virus, and other emerging viruses. paramyxoviruses likely share common replication machinery but their mechanisms of rna biosynthesis activities and details of their complex polymerase structures are unknown. mechanistic and functional details of a paramyxovirus polymerase would have sweeping implications for unde ... | 2018 | 29425244 |
| paramyxovirus v proteins interact with the rig-i/trim25 regulatory complex and inhibit rig-i signaling. | paramyxovirus v proteins are known antagonists of the rig-i-like receptor (rlr)-mediated interferon induction pathway, interacting with and inhibiting the rlr mda5. we report interactions between the nipah virus v protein and both rig-i regulatory protein trim25 and rig-i. we also observed interactions between these host proteins and the v proteins of measles virus, sendai virus, and parainfluenza virus. these interactions are mediated by the conserved c-terminal domain of the v protein, which b ... | 2018 | 29321315 |
| preliminary study of malaysian fruit bats species diversity in lenggong livestock breeding center, perak: potential risk of spill over infection. | farms that are neighboring wildlife sanctuaries are at risk of spillover infection from wildlife, and the objective of this research is to examine the species diversity of malaysian fruit bats in livestock farm in determining the possible risk of spill over infection to livestock. | 2017 | 29263588 |
| nipah virus contamination of hospital surfaces during outbreaks, bangladesh, 2013-2014. | nipah virus (niv) has been transmitted from patient to caregivers in bangladesh presumably through oral secretions. we aimed to detect whether niv-infected patients contaminate hospital surfaces with the virus. during december 2013-april 2014, we collected 1 swab sample from 5 surfaces near niv-infected patients and tested surface and oral swab samples by real-time reverse transcription pcr for niv rna. we identified 16 nipah patients; 12 cases were laboratory-confirmed and 4 probable. of the 12 ... | 2018 | 29260663 |
| proteomic composition of nipah virus-like particles. | virions are often described as virus-only entities with no cellular components with the exception of the lipids in their membranes. however, advances in proteomics are revealing substantial amounts of host proteins in the viral particles. in the case of nipah virus (niv), the viral components in the virion have been known for some time. nonetheless, no information has been obtained regarding the cellular proteins in the viral particles. to address this question, we produced virus-like particles ... | 2018 | 29092793 |
| tackling nipah virus: £2.36 million grant awarded to pirbright to create vaccine. | | 2017 | 28883102 |
| etiology of central nervous system infections in a rural area of nepal using molecular approaches. | the etiology of infections of the central nervous system (cns) in nepal often remains unrecognized because of underdeveloped laboratory facilities. the aim of this study was to investigate the etiology of cns infections in a rural area of nepal using molecular methods. from november 2014 to february 2016, cerebrospinal fluid (csf) was collected from 176 consecutive patients presenting at united mission hospital in tansen, nepal, with symptoms of possible cns infection. after the csf samples were ... | 2019 | 31162021 |
| rapid and specific detection of all known nipah virus strains' sequences with reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification. | nipah virus (niv) is a zoonotic virus and can be transmitted through contaminated food or directly between people. niv is classified as a biosafety level 4 agent, not only because of its relatively high case fatality rate, but also because there is no vaccine or other medical countermeasures and it appears to be transmitted by fomites/particulates. the development of rapid detection assay for niv is of great importance because no effective field test is currently available. in this study, an iso ... | 2019 | 30915049 |
| international health threats and global early warning and response mechanisms. | the global community continues to incur the high costs of crisis mitigation and emergency response to outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases, such as those caused by the h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, ebola virus, nipah virus, zika virus or the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus. these viruses are particularly dangerous in regions associated with poor development indicators and high vulnerability. the drivers of these disease crises include failures in the way that an ... | 2017 | 30152454 |
| position paper on road map for rna virus research in india. | the indian subcontinent with its population density, climatic conditions, means of subsistence, socioeconomic factors as well as travel and tourism presents a fertile ground for thriving of rna viruses. despite being pathogens of huge significance, there is very little focus on research into the biology and pathogenesis of rna viruses in india. studies on epidemiology and disease burden, risk factors, the immune response to rna viruses, circulating virus strains and virus evolution, animal model ... | 2018 | 30131779 |
| world health organization methodology to prioritize emerging infectious diseases in need of research and development. | the world health organization r&d blueprint aims to accelerate the availability of medical technologies during epidemics by focusing on a list of prioritized emerging diseases for which medical countermeasures are insufficient or nonexistent. the prioritization process has 3 components: a delphi process to narrow down a list of potential priority diseases, a multicriteria decision analysis to rank the short list of diseases, and a final delphi round to arrive at a final list of 10 diseases. a gr ... | 2018 | 30124424 |