| evaluation of a commercially available latex immunoagglutination test kit for detection of clostridium difficile d-1 toxin. | | 1986 | 3086678 |
| growth of clostridium difficile and production of toxins a and b in complex and defined media. | the ability of several strains of clostridium difficile to grow and to produce toxins a and b in complex and defined culture media has been studied with special reference to the amino-acid composition of the medium. the production of these toxins varied with the strain used and with the composition of the growth medium. toxin a production was not inextricably linked to production of toxin b since conditions were found in which only one or other toxin was produced. | 1986 | 3088279 |
| asymptomatic carriage of clostridium difficile in patients with cystic fibrosis. | faecal samples from 37 patients with cystic fibrosis and 40 control patients at the brompton hospital and the london chest hospital were examined for the presence of clostridium difficile. the organism was isolated from 2 (17%) of control patients who were receiving antibiotics and from one (3.6%) of control patients who had no antimicrobial treatment. thirty two per cent of the patients with cystic fibrosis excreted c difficile, though none of them had diarrhoea. two of the three isolates from ... | 1986 | 3093537 |
| screening for clostridium difficile in chronic inflammatory bowel disease in relapse. is it helpful? is it cost efficient? | | 1986 | 3093561 |
| [detection of clostridium difficile and its clinical significance]. | | 1986 | 3094851 |
| [intestinal microflora of patients with antibiotic-associated hemorrhagic colitis associated with klebsiella oxytoca and clostridium difficile enterotoxin]. | | 1986 | 3097201 |
| bmy 28100, a new oral cephalosporin. | bmy 28100, a new oral cephalosporin with a (z)-propenyl side chain at the 3 position and a p-hydroxyphenylglycyl substituent at the 7 position, was evaluated in comparison with cefaclor and cephalexin and, when appropriate, ampicillin and vancomycin. in vitro, bmy 28100 was more active than the reference cephalosporins against streptococci, staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus epidermidis, listeria monocytogenes, haemophilus influenzae, propionibacterium acnes, clostridium perfringens, and clos ... | 1987 | 3105449 |
| hypoalbuminemia as an indicator of diarrheal incidence in critically ill patients. | recently, we noted that substantial numbers of critically ill patients admitted to a medical icu developed diarrhea. we checked them for infectious, metabolic, and untoward medication effects, which were negative. we next considered a possible causal relation between reduced serum albumin and diarrhea. to document the frequency of diarrhea in this population, explore the relation between hypoalbuminemia and diarrhea, and make a preliminary assessment of a peptide-based, chemically defined diet i ... | 1987 | 3105959 |
| analysis of latex agglutination test for clostridium difficile toxin a (d-1) and differentiation between c difficile toxins a and b and latex reactive protein. | virulent toxigenic and avirulent non-toxigenic strains of clostridium difficile gave a positive result in the latex agglutination test (lat) for c difficile toxin a (d-1). similar concentrations of latex agglutinating antigen were produced by these strains in vivo. positive reactions were also given by c sporogenes, proteolytic c botulinum types a, b, and a/f, and bacteroides assaccharolyticus. the latex agglutinating antigen was denatured by boiling for 10 minutes, but not by heating at 56 degr ... | 1987 | 3108333 |
| purification of clostridium difficile toxin a by affinity chromatography on immobilized thyroglobulin. | an efficient, single-step method for isolating highly purified toxin a from clostridium difficile culture filtrates is described. the purification procedure was based on the affinity binding and release of toxin a to bovine thyroglobulin conjugated to agarose beads. the toxin strongly bound at 4 degrees c to the carbohydrate binding determinant gal alpha 1-3gal beta 1-4glcnac, a carbohydrate sequence which occurs on bovine thyroglobulin. toxin bound to thyroglobulin at 4 degrees c, allowing its ... | 1987 | 3112015 |
| isolation of clostridium difficile and detection of cytotoxin in the feces of diarrheic foals in the absence of antimicrobial treatment. | clostridium difficile was isolated from the feces of 27 of 43 diarrheic foals (63%), and cytotoxin was detected in feces from 28 diarrheic foals (65%). the foals had not received any antimicrobial treatment before the onset of diarrhea. c. difficile was not isolated from feces of 18 normal foals without diarrhea and 62 adult horses (p less than 0.005). this finding of c. difficile and its toxins in association with diarrhea in foals adds another possible cause to the list of infectious agents wh ... | 1987 | 3112178 |
| detection of clostridium difficile toxins a and b. | | 1987 | 3115085 |
| toxin a from clostridium difficile binds to rabbit erythrocyte glycolipids with terminal gal alpha 1-3gal beta 1-4glcnac sequences. | the binding of toxin a isolated from clostridium difficile to rabbit erythrocyte glycolipids has been studied. total lipid extracts from rabbit erythrocytes were subjected to thin-layer chromatography and toxin-binding glycolipids detected by using 125i-labeled toxin a in a direct binding overlay technique. two major and several minor toxin-binding glycolipids were detected in rabbit erythrocytes by this method. the results of structural analyses of the major toxin-binding glycolipids were consi ... | 1987 | 3115180 |
| clostridium difficile toxin b induces reorganization of actin, vinculin, and talin in cultured cells. | clostridium difficile toxin b is a powerful cytopathic agent which causes animal cells in culture to become rounded and arborized, an effect similar to that induced by the cytochalasins. in this study, we demonstrated that the morphological effects of the toxin are directed specifically against the actin and related components of the cytoskeleton. dramatic disruption and reorganization of the actin stress fibers were detectable prior to significant changes in cell shape and alterations in the mi ... | 1988 | 3121372 |
| partial characterization of the enzymatic activity associated with the binary toxin (type c2) produced by clostridium botulinum. | clostridium botulinum produces a binary toxin that possesses a heavy chain (approximately 100,000 daltons) and a light chain (approximately 50,000 daltons). the heavy chain is a binding component that directs the toxin to vulnerable cells, and the light chain is an enzyme that has mono(adp-ribosyl)ating activity. a number of experiments have been done to help characterize the enzymatic activity of the toxin. the data reveal that the enzyme has a ph optimum within the range of 7.0 to 8.0. it is n ... | 1988 | 3121511 |
| surveillance cultures and benefit of laminar airflow units in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation. | the effectiveness of gastrointestinal and topical decontamination, as well as isolation in laminar airflow (laf) units were investigated in 20 patients. on a weekly basis, surveillance cultures were taken. environmental controls were taken on the medical ward outside the two laf units and from the laf unit itself when being used by a patient. the use of laf units seems to be of benefit in preventing exogenous infections, but there are two weak points in the isolation techniques: the opening of t ... | 1987 | 3121516 |
| diarrhea in the intensive care unit: the role of hypoalbuminemia and the response to a chemically defined diet (case reports and review of the literature). | we describe five patients who developed acute kwashiorkor-like hypoalbuminemia during their hospitalization in the intensive care unit. with the initiation of enteral alimentation, diarrhea ensued and continued for at least 48 hours. routine evaluation for the cause of diarrhea including stool culture for enteric pathogens, white blood cells, ova and parasites, clostridium difficile cytotoxin, and flexible sigmoidoscopy was negative. when a peptide based formula (vital hn, ross laboratories, col ... | 1987 | 3121713 |
| clostridium difficile infection in patients with haematological malignant disease. risk factors, faecal toxins and pathogenic strains. | two hundred and forty-eight patients from shared oncology and general medical wards were prospectively studied over a 6-month period for carriage of clostridium difficile during an outbreak of clinical disease with an epidemic strain of the organism. risk factors for infection were assessed. acute leukaemia and/or its treatment were identified as significantly increasing the risk of infection. the relationship between the type of c. difficile isolated (as defined by a typing system based on the ... | 1988 | 3123260 |
| association between production of toxins a and b and types of clostridium difficile. | one hundred and seventy two strains of clostridium difficile isolated from 62 patients with antibiotic associated diarrhoea or pseudomembranous colitis were analysed for the production of toxins a and b and typed using 35s-methionine labelling followed by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page). there was a correlation between production of toxins a and b and the type of c difficile. one hundred and forty four of 172 strains were either high or low producers of both ... | 1987 | 3123524 |
| clostridium difficile toxins a and b inhibit human immune response in vitro. | two clostridium difficile toxins isolated from strain vpi 10463 were tested for their effect on different human t-cell proliferation systems. in mitogen- and antigen-driven t-cell proliferation systems, toxins inhibited the proliferative response in a dose-dependent fashion. in interleukin-2-driven culture systems, no effect of toxins could be found on preactivated t cells. we suspected that monocytes were the influenced cells, since in antigen- and mitogen-driven systems monocytes were necessar ... | 1988 | 3128476 |
| purification and characterization of clostridium sordellii hemorrhagic toxin and cross-reactivity with clostridium difficile toxin a (enterotoxin). | hemorrhagic toxin (toxin ht) was purified from clostridium sordellii culture filtrate. the purification steps included ultrafiltration through an xm-100 membrane filter and immunoaffinity chromatography, using a monoclonal antibody to toxin a of clostridium difficile as the ligand. toxin ht migrated as a major band with a molecular weight of 525,000 and a minor band at 450,000 on nondenaturing gradient polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. the molecular weight was estimated at 300,000 by sodium do ... | 1988 | 3128481 |
| characterization of cross-reactive proteins detected by culturette brand rapid latex test for clostridium difficile. | clostridium sporogenes, peptostreptococcus anaerobius, and bacteroides asaccharolyticus have been reported to react in the culturette brand rapid latex test (marion scientific, div. marion laboratories, inc., kansas city, mo.) for clostridium difficile. from the results of this study we showed that c. sporogenes and p. anaerobius produce a protein which is very similar biochemically and immunologically to the protein of c. difficile that is detected by the test. thus, the positive latex reaction ... | 1988 | 3128574 |
| purification and characterisation of two forms of toxin b produced by clostridium difficile. | toxin b from clostridium difficile was purified to homogeneity by gel filtration and high resolution ion exchange chromatography. two forms of toxin b were found. form 1 which seemed to consist of two identical subunits of 220-300 kda; femtogram amounts of this toxin induced rounding of fibroblast cells. form 2 contained subunits of 43 kda and 105 kda; the stoichiometric ratio probably being 4:1; picogram amounts were needed to induce rounding of fibroblast cells. immunological studies suggested ... | 1988 | 3133248 |
| incidence and significance of clostridium difficile in hospitalized cancer patients. | the aim of the study was to assess the incidence and clinical significance of clostridium difficile in patients in our cancer center. over a period of seven consecutive months, 557 stools samples obtained from 156 hospitalized cancer patients (37 leukemic patients receiving oral antimicrobial prophylaxis and 119 patients from whom a stool sample was sent to the laboratory) were analyzed for the presence of clostridium difficile. clostridium difficile and/or its toxin was recovered from 13 (35%) ... | 1988 | 3134231 |
| computer-aided densitometric analysis of protein patterns of clostridium difficile. | the applicability of whole-cell protein patterns obtained by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis as a typing method for clostridium difficile was examined using a total of 227 strains isolated from 191 patients and their surroundings. computer-aided densitometric analysis was used to establish a reliable standardization technique with which a large number of protein patterns could be efficiently classified. the normalized tracks could be electronically superimposed and compa ... | 1988 | 3134233 |
| clostridium difficile plasmid isolation as an epidemiologic tool. | a large hospital outbreak of clostridium difficile diarrhea at the minneapolis veterans administration medical center (mvamc) was studied by plasmid profile typing. plasmids were obtained from 30 (37%) of 82 clinical isolates from mvamc patients and 10 (67%) of 15 non-mvamc isolates. while bacteriophage plus bacteriocin typing and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (page) plus bacterial agglutination typing proved more universally applicable, plasmid profiles may be useful for tracing isolated e ... | 1988 | 3134239 |
| actin-specific adp-ribosyltransferase produced by a clostridium difficile strain. | by screening possible adp-ribosyltransferase activities in culture supernatants from various clostridium species, we have found one clostridium difficile strain (cd196) (isolated in our laboratory) that is able to produce, in addition to toxins a and b, a new adp-ribosyltransferase that was shown to covalently modify cell actin as clostridium botulinum c2 or clostridium perfringens e iota toxins do. the molecular weight of the cd196 adp-ribosyltransferase (cdt) was determined to be 43 kilodalton ... | 1988 | 3137166 |
| [fundamental studies on the growth of clostridium difficile--the effect of medium ph on the germination & proliferation of spores]. | | 1988 | 3138331 |
| laboratory diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. | this paper reviews the various laboratory procedures available for the isolation and identification of clostridium difficile and the detection of toxins produced by this organism. laboratories should be selective in determining which patients require investigation for clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. transport and storage of stool specimens at 4 degrees c is recommended when delays in processing may occur. tissue culture techniques are still the best method for detection of cytotoxin ... | 1988 | 3141153 |
| pancreatic abscess caused by clostridium difficile. | the first known case of pancreatic abscess caused by clostridium difficile in a patient with no history of diarrhea or previous antibiotic therapy is presented. after surgical intervention and antibiotic therapy with metronidazole (500 mg every 8 h) and cefotaxime (1 g every 8 h) the patient recovered completely. | 1988 | 3141163 |
| clostridium difficile toxin a perturbs cytoskeletal structure and tight junction permeability of cultured human intestinal epithelial monolayers. | toxin a of clostridium difficile causes severe inflammatory enterocolitis in man and animals that appears to be mediated in part by acute inflammatory cells that migrate into the toxin a-exposed mucosa. to determine the direct effects of toxin a on intestinal epithelial permeability and structure in the absence of other modulating factors, we used cultured monolayers of a human intestinal epithelial cell line (t84). a toxin a concentration of 7 x 10(-1) micrograms/ml (3 x 10(-9) m) nearly abolis ... | 1988 | 3141478 |
| effect of toxins produced by various clostridium difficile strains on cecum size reduction in gnotobiotic mice. | inoculation of axenic mice with clostridium difficile strains induced a significant reduction in ceca weight (dry or wet), whereas a nontoxinogenic strain led to a partial reduction. a strain, which produces cytotoxin and no enterotoxin in vivo, caused a reduction similar to that observed with a nontoxinogenic strain. simultaneous cytotoxin and enterotoxin production by various c. difficile strains caused the cecum size to diminish to that observed for conventional control mice. | 1988 | 3143476 |
| clostridium difficile: its disease and toxins. | clostridium difficile is the etiologic agent of pseudomembranous colitis, a severe, sometimes fatal disease that occurs in adults undergoing antimicrobial therapy. the disease, ironically, has been most effectively treated with antibiotics, although some of the newer methods of treatment such as the replacement of the bowel flora may prove more beneficial for patients who continue to relapse with pseudomembranous colitis. the organism produces two potent exotoxins designated toxin a and toxin b. ... | 1988 | 3144429 |
| cellular internalisation of clostridium difficile toxin a. | the cytopathogenic effect of toxin a from clostridium difficile was studied in cultured human lung fibroblasts. the final effect was dependent on toxin concentration and exposure time. binding of the toxin to cells occurred at 0 degrees c as well as at 37 degrees c. the latency before appearance of the cytopathogenic effect was dose-dependent with a minimum of 45 min. the appearance of a cytopathogenic effect in toxin-treated cells was prevented by the addition of trypsin, antitoxin, lysosomotro ... | 1987 | 3148814 |
| [clostridium difficile in the colon of patient with pseudomembranous colitis and contamination of environment]. | | 1988 | 3150408 |
| haemolytic uraemic syndrome and pseudomembranous colitis. | two cases of haemolytic uraemic syndrome (hus) associated with pseudomembranous colitis (pmc) are described. the toxin of clostridium difficile was detected post mortem in the stool of one patient and the other patient showed a good therapeutic response to oral vancomycin, an antibiotic with established efficacy in the management of pmc. when associated with hus, pmc is probably an independent specific disease that, in common with many other infections, may activate hus. | 1988 | 3153053 |
| extra-intestinal clostridium difficile. | | 1987 | 3153598 |
| susceptibility of clostridium difficile strains to new antibiotics: quinolones, efrotomycin, teicoplanin and imipenem. | | 1985 | 3159714 |
| clostridium difficile colitis following antiviral therapy in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. | | 1988 | 3163893 |
| a multicenter study of the in vitro antianaerobic activity of cefotetan compared with other antimicrobial agents. | the in vitro antianaerobic activity of cefotetan was compared with that of chloramphenicol, clindamycin, cefoxitin, and penicillin in a multicenter study. both agar dilution and broth microdilution testing procedures, as described by the national committee for clinical laboratory standards (nccls), were employed; a total of 1,377 strains were examined. results were interpreted using the u.s. food and drug administration- and nccls-recommended criteria. this study indicates that bacteroides fragi ... | 1988 | 3163901 |
| in vitro activity of cefotetan compared with that of other antimicrobial agents against anaerobic bacteria. | the activity of cefotetan against 430 strains of anaerobic bacteria was compared with that of cefoxitin, ceftizoxime, clindamycin, metronidazole, and chloramphenicol. percent susceptible values for the bacteroides fragilis group were 60, 80, 29, 86, 100, and 100%, respectively. percent susceptible values for the b. fragilis species were 91, 92, 46, 98, 100, and 100%, respectively. non-b. fragilis-group bacteroides species were inhibited very well (90 to 100%) by all drugs except ceftizoxime (80% ... | 1988 | 3163908 |
| chemical colitis due to endoscope cleaning solutions: a mimic of pseudomembranous colitis. | a unique form of colitis was observed during endoscopy of the lower gastrointestinal tract in 21 patients. the patients were prepared using either tap-water enemas or standard lavage solutions. patients were found to have discrete or confluent white plaques adherent to the colonic mucosa, mild to severe erythema of the surrounding mucosa, and variable amounts of foamy liquid upon withdrawal of the endoscope. stool assays for clostridium difficile toxin and bacterial cultures were negative. mucos ... | 1988 | 3169504 |
| oral fluoroquinolone therapy in clostridium difficile enterocolitis. | | 1988 | 3172400 |
| clostridium difficile in preterm neonates. | stool specimens from premature neonates over the first month of life were examined for the presence of toxigenic clostridium difficile and to evaluate a possible correlation between colonization and bowel disorders or prior antibiotic administration. results showed a high isolation rate (63%) of clostridium difficile with similar incidence in infants treated or not with antibiotics and with or without bowel disorders. differentiation among strains according to sds-page, antibiotic susceptibility ... | 1988 | 3173125 |
| purification and some properties of cytotoxin produced by clostridium difficile. | the cytotoxin produced by clostridium difficile was highly purified by using ammonium sulfate fractionation and successive column chromatographies of deae-sephadex a-25, hydroxyapatite, bio-gel a-0.5m, phenyl-sepharose cl-4b, and mono q. the purified cytotoxin gave a single band on conventional and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of dithiothreitol. its molecular weight was estimated to be 260,000 and 50,000 by gel filtration and sodium dodecyl sulfate-po ... | 1988 | 3173147 |
| lack of association between clostridium difficile toxin and diarrhea in infants. | | 1988 | 3174309 |
| ciprofloxacin in combination with metronidazole. | ciprofloxacin has a reduced activity against anaerobic pathogens. therefore, a combination of ciprofloxacin with an antimicrobial agent active against anaerobes, such as metronidazole, seems to be interesting for the treatment of mixed aerobic/anaerobic infections. high metronidazole concentrations (10 mg/l or 40 mg/l) neither affected the bactericidal efficacy of ciprofloxacin on aerobic pathogens, such as escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas aeruginosa and enterococcus faecalis ... | 1988 | 3182096 |
| the in-vitro activity of pd127,391, a new quinolone. | mics of pd127,391 a new 4-quinolone, and of ci934 and ciprofloxacin, two previously reported 4-quinolones, were determined for common clinical bacterial isolates by an agar-dilution method. pd127,391 was the most active drug against enterobacteriaceae and acinetobacter spp (mics less than 0.12 mg/l) and as active as ciprofloxacin against aeromonas spp. (mics less than 0.008 mg/l) and pseudomonas aeruginosa (mics less than 1 mg/l). it was more active than ciprofloxacin against pseudomonas spp. in ... | 1988 | 3182416 |
| [comparative characterization of the morphologic changes induced by the cytotoxic action of a filtrate of clostridium difficile strain b in cell cultures]. | investigations carried out by the authors have demonstrated the possibility of the simultaneous evaluation of the results of the quantitative and qualitative characterization of the cytotoxic action of the filtrate of c. difficile strain b in the cultures of diploid human cells and cells fl. the action of the filtrate used in the same dilution (1:1,000) over equal incubation periods (15 minutes) has resulted in the appearance of different morphological changes in each of these cultures. the degr ... | 1988 | 3188732 |
| diagnosis of clostridium difficile-related disease. | | 1988 | 3195507 |
| efficacy and safety of cefpirome (hr810). | sixty adult patients with suspected systemic bacterial infections were treated with cefpirome 1 g or 2 g twice daily for 5-22 days. forty-seven patients were evaluable for clinical efficacy. diagnoses in evaluable patients were urinary tract infections (20), pneumonia (10), soft tissue infections (17), and bone and joint infections (4); four patients had two infections each. nine patients were bacteraemic and all were cured; the responsible bacteria were escherichia coli (6), streptococcus pneum ... | 1988 | 3204079 |
| yield of stool cultures, ova and parasite tests, and clostridium difficile determinations in nosocomial diarrheas. | stool cultures for bacterial pathogens, ova and parasites, and clostridium difficile are usually ordered for patients with nosocomial diarrhea. in the interest of cost containment we undertook an 18-month retrospective study to assess the cost/benefit of performing each of these three tests. during the study period nosocomial diarrhea developed in 118 patients. of 452 bacterial stool cultures ordered, only one was positive for campylobacter jejuni and none for ova and parasites. however, of 126 ... | 1988 | 3207206 |
| in vitro activity of flomoxef compared to moxalactam, cefoxitin, cefotaxime, and clindamycin against anaerobes. | to assess the in vitro activity of flomoxef (6315-s), moxalactam, cefoxitin, cefotaxime, and clindamycin against anaerobes 197 clinical isolates (27 bacteroides fragilis, 42 b. thetaiotaomicron, 10 b. vulgatus, 7 b. ovatus, 6 b. uniformis, 6 b. distasonis, 7 bacteroides melaninogenicus group, 11 bacteroides oralis group, 21 clostridium difficile, 7 c. perfringens, 3 c. sporogenes, 3 clostridium spp., 33 propionibacterium acnes, 14 peptococcaceae) were studied by means of agar dilution tests. the ... | 1988 | 3214438 |
| fast protein purification of clostridium difficile cytotoxin. | | 1988 | 3215944 |
| impact of cefixime on the normal intestinal microflora. | the ecological effects on the normal intestinal microflora after cefixime tablets in doses of 200 mg twice daily for 7 days were studied in 10 healthy volunteers. stool specimens were collected before and 2, 4, 7, 14 and 21 days after start of treatment. plasma samples were collected during 12 h after the first dose on day 1 and 1 sample was taken on day 7 for bioassay of cefixime concentration. peak plasma concentration of cefixime occurred after about 4 h with a mean of 3.0 mg/l. the mean auc0 ... | 1988 | 3222669 |
| species-specific oligonucleotide probes for rrna of clostridium difficile and related species. | the large copy number of rrna makes it an appealing target for oligonucleotide probes designed to identify microorganisms. given that nucleotide sequences in rrna are known to reflect phylogeny, species-specific rrna probes should be feasible if the sequences found in closely related species are different. we sequenced portions of the 16s rrna of three closely related clostridia found in the human colonic microflora: clostridium bifermentans, c. sordellii, and c. difficile. the rrnas of these th ... | 1988 | 3230127 |
| [study of an epidemic of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea]. | twenty three clostridium difficile strains isolated from diarrheic faecal samples of 22 patients in a neurosurgical department of the pellegrin hospital in bordeaux between january 1984 and may 1987 (15 isolated in 1984, 2 in 1985, 3 in 1986 and 3 in 1987) and 15 strains isolated from 15 patients in other departments of the same hospital in 1984 have been compared using their antimicrobial susceptibility, cytotoxin production and electrophoretic pattern. twelve of the 15 strains isolated in the ... | 1988 | 3231846 |
| clostridium difficile in acute and long-stay elderly patients. | a recent report suggested that clostridium difficile (cl. difficile) was endemic in chronic-care facilities. we have examined the prevalence of cl. difficile carriage in 67 patients in a large geriatric hospital. cl. difficile was sought by both toxin and culture methods, but was not detected in the stools of any patient. these findings suggest that cl. difficile is not part of the normal faecal flora in elderly in-patients. | 1988 | 3232587 |
| evaluation of a commercial latex test for clostridium difficile for reactivity with c. difficile and cross-reactions with other bacteria. | seventy-eight species of bacteria (739 isolates) were tested for reactivity with a commercial latex test for clostridium difficile. all noncytotoxic as well as cytotoxic strains of c. difficile reacted positively. immuno-specific cross-reactions were found only with c. sporogenes, proteolytic c. botulinum, and peptostreptococcus anaerobius. | 1988 | 3235677 |
| an evaluation of a rapid latex test for the diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | we present here the results of an evaluation of a rapid latex test for detection of cl. stridium difficile-associated in comparison with our standard cytotoxin assay and culture for c. difficile. some 515 diarrheal stools were examined. c. difficile was cultured from 70 specimens (13.5%); 53 specimens (10.2%) were positive with the latex test, and 50 (9.6%) by cytotoxin assay. the latex test did not differ significantly from the cytotoxin assay in sensitivity or specificity compared to culture r ... | 1988 | 3241736 |
| clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea: a report of seven cases. | | 1988 | 3241980 |
| [occurrence of clostridium difficile in the feces of children of rio de janeiro, rj, brazil]. | | 1988 | 3252437 |
| reactive arthritis associated with clostridium difficile enteritis. | reactive arthritis of one or more peripheral joints developed after an enteric infection with clostridium difficile in 2 adult patients. other reactive signs such as conjunctivitis, mucous membrane lesions and urethritis were absent. one patient had the hla-b27 antigen. short term followup showed a benign course of the arthritis. three other cases of arthritis associated with c. difficile were reviewed. | 1988 | 3259987 |
| in vitro activity of cefotaxime against clinically significant pathogens. | the present in vitro antibacterial activities of cefotaxime and 8 other cephalosporins (cefoperazone, cefmenoxime, cefpiramide, latamoxef, cefamandole, cefmetazole, cefotiam and cephazolin) were evaluated simultaneously in 384 strains of gram-positive cocci, 595 strains of enterobacteriaceae, 240 strains of non-fermenters and 143 strains of anaerobes and miscellaneous organisms. the results were expressed as minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) range, mic50 and mic90. of the beta-lactams, cefo ... | 1988 | 3260852 |
| hemorrhagic necrotizing enterocolitis associated with clostridium difficile infection in four foals. | severe hemorrhagic necrotizing enterocolitis was determined to be the cause of death for 4 foals. toxigenic clostridium difficile was isolated form the intestine of each foal, and large, gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria lined the surface of necrotic villi. this finding of toxigenic c difficile associated with enteritis in foals adds another possible cause to the list of infectious agents that should be considered when evaluating foals with enteritis. definitive diagnosis requires a thorough di ... | 1988 | 3262102 |
| antimicrobial susceptibility of clostridium difficile determined by disc diffusion and breakpoint methods. | the susceptibility of 160 isolates of clostridium difficile to eight antimicrobial agents was studied by two methods. there was generally good agreement between the results obtained with the disc diffusion and breakpoint methods. more than 90% of isolates studied were considered sensitive by both methods. however there was a major difference between the results obtained with the two methods for penicillin g and clindamycin, resistance to both agents being overestimated by the disc diffusion meth ... | 1988 | 3263353 |
| [epidemiological study of the pathogenicity of clostridium difficile using a new serogrouping method]. | | 1988 | 3272512 |
| identification and molecular cloning of a 70 kda species-specific antigen common to clostridium difficile. | three common antigens (cb 1, 2 and 3), characteristic of clostridium difficile species were identified by immunoblot analysis using homologous and heterologous rabbit antisera, raised against whole cells from 9 distinct strains of c. difficile. a gene library of c. difficile genomic dna was constructed in escherichia coli by cloning in sau 3a-cleaved clostridial dna fragments into the bacteriophage vector lambda embl3. out of 3000 plaques screened using the whole cell antisera, 27 clones were po ... | 1988 | 3273466 |
| prospective study comparing imipenem-cilastatin with clindamycin and gentamicin for the treatment of serious surgical infections. | surgical infection remains a leading cause of hospital morbidity and mortality. we compared the efficacy and toxicity of imipenem-cilastatin sodium in 32 patients with that of clindamycin phosphate and gentamicin sulfate in 25 patients. in the imipenem-cilastatin group, 87.5% had a favorable outcome, with a 12.5% failure rate and 13 adverse reactions. in the clindamycin-gentamicin group, 80% had a favorable outcome, with a 20% failure rate and ten adverse reactions. two significant superinfectio ... | 1988 | 3277587 |
| comparison of api zym system with api an-ident, api 20a, minitek anaerobe ii, and rapid-ana systems for identification of clostridium difficile. | the api zym system was compared with four anaerobe identification systems for the definitive identification of clostridium difficile by using 88 cultures of c. difficile grown on mueller-hinton blood agar medium. the api zym system yielded a distinct and consistent enzyme profile for all test strains, whereas the sensitivities of the other systems in identifying c. difficile ranged from 78 to 96% (an-ident, 77.9%; rapid-ana, 88.6%; minitek anaerobe ii, 90.9%; and api 20a, 95.5%). the api zym sys ... | 1988 | 3277989 |
| effect of inoculum size on detection and recovery of clostridium difficile in selective broth cultures. | | 1988 | 3278014 |
| infections after experimental cadaver bone marrow transplantation in beagle dogs. transplantations with and without selective gastrointestinal decontamination. | experimental transplantations of cadaver bone marrow (bmt) in beagle dogs were performed to evaluate the problems and potentials in a preclinical setting. the effectiveness of selective decontamination of the gut (sd) and gnotobiotic surveillance in preventing infections during longer aplastic periods was investigated. three groups of dogs were compared. group a: controls. group b: dogs with bmt, without sd and irregular gnotobiotic surveillance. group c: dogs with bmt, with sd and regular gnoto ... | 1988 | 3283036 |
| cloning and expression of secreted antigens of clostridium difficile in escherichia coli. | the feasibility of the cloning and expression of clostridium difficile antigens in escherichia coli was investigated. the expression of a limited number of cloned clostridial antigens under the control of clostridial promoter elements in e. coli was observed. | 1988 | 3286505 |
| inhibitory activity of fecal flora against the multiplication of clostridium difficile. | | 1986 | 3296983 |
| [activity of fusidic acid on strictly anaerobic bacteria]. | fusidic acid is a well known antimicrobial agent due to its narrow spectrum of activity against gram positive bacteria and especially staphylococci. therefore, it is after used preventively against bacterial infection in traumatology, but the susceptibility of anaerobic bacteria is not well known. we have studied, the in vitro activity of sodium fusidate against 147 strains of anaerobic bacteria. this antibiotic has a moderate activity against bacteroides, more significant against clostridium, p ... | 1987 | 3302863 |
| [implantation of clostridium difficile in infants during antibiotherapy]. | in the adults, it is known that antibiotics allow colonization by c. difficile and its multiplication, in infants this facts is discussed. to study the influence of antibiotic treatment on the colonization of infants' intestinal tract by c. difficile, we searched this bacteria twice a week in hospitalized newborns since their birth. the population was divided in 2 groups: one never received any antibiotic, the other was treated with beta-lactams. c. difficile was isolated on appropriated selecti ... | 1987 | 3302865 |
| [experiences with ceftazidime in the therapy of neonatal infections]. | our experience of ceftazidime during the last three years has in almost every respect been favourable. as monotherapy it has resulted in clinical responses at least as good as those from gentamicin and ampicillin. the pharmacokinetics and activity of ceftazidime are far superior to those of gentamicin. we have not been able to demonstrate any significant haematological or biochemical side effects of ceftazidime therapy nor does it adversely affect neonatal blood clotting mechanisms. the incidenc ... | 1987 | 3312037 |
| automation in clinical microbiology: a new approach to identifying micro-organisms by automated pattern matching of proteins labelled with 35s-methionine. | a new rapid automated method for the identification and classification of microorganisms is described. it is based on the incorporation of 35s-methionine into cellular proteins and subsequent separation of the radiolabelled proteins by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page). the protein patterns produced were species specific and reproducible, permitting discrimination between the species. a large number of gram negative and gram positive aerobic and anaerobic orga ... | 1987 | 3312300 |
| symposium on antimicrobial agents. metronidazole. | metronidazole, a nitroimidazole derivative, is a unique antimicrobial agent that is active against both bacterial and parasitic organisms, although only the anaerobic members of these groups are susceptible. it has been used for the treatment of trichomoniasis for almost 30 years and is also effective in amebiasis and giardiasis. more recently, metronidazole has emerged as a principal agent for the treatment of anaerobic infections. it is highly effective against all species of anaerobes except ... | 1987 | 3312851 |
| [implantation of a mutant of escherichia coli requiring diaminopimelic acid in the digestive tract of gnotobiotic mice]. | a dap- auxotroph mutant of escherichia coli dp50 requiring dap and thymidine for growth was used as the receptor strain in genetic engineering. it failed to be implanted in axenic mice. however, when an inoculum containing more than 10(7) bacteria/ml was used, the dap+ reverse mutant devoid of requirement for dap became implanted. when axenic mice were previously associated with clostridium difficile containing dap in the cell wall, the strain dap- became implanted even when the inoculum was too ... | 1986 | 3314677 |
| comparison of alcohol shock enrichment and selective enrichment for the isolation of clostridium difficile. | two enrichment methods were compared for their ability to recover clostridium difficile from stool samples. one method used selective enrichment in an antibiotic-containing broth followed by detection with a latex particle agglutination (lpa) reagent. the other used enrichment in a non-selective broth following treatment of the specimen with alcohol. with clinical specimens enrichment culture was significantly more successful at detecting c. difficile than direct plating. alcohol shock enrichmen ... | 1987 | 3315708 |
| side effects of cephalosporins. | cephalosporins generally cause few side effects. hypersensitivity reactions are less common than with the penicillins and modern studies have presented data contradicting a true cross-reactivity to cephalosporins in patients who have previously reacted to penicillins. other hypersensitivity reactions to cephalosporins include fever, arthralgia and exanthema observed in two clusters of children who had been given cefaclor. nephrotoxicity is not a problem with modern cephalosporins, although sligh ... | 1987 | 3319495 |
| pharmacokinetic properties of the cephalosporins. | most cephalosporins can only be administered parenterally. among agents that are absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, those with bioavailabilities of 85 to 90% include cefroxadine, cefadroxil, cefsumide, cephalexin, cephradine, cephacetrile, and cefazaflur. most cephalosporins are eliminated rapidly, with serum half-lives (t1/2s) of 1 to 2 hours. exceptions are cefonicid with a t1/2 of 4.4 hours, cefpiramide with a t1/2 of 5.0 hours, and cefotetan with a t1/2 of 3.5 hours. the longest half- ... | 1987 | 3319507 |
| purification and immunochemical properties of a wall protein antigen from clostridium difficile atcc 11011. | a wall-surface protein antigen, designated 32k antigen, was extracted from whole cells of clostridium difficile strain atcc 11011 with phosphate buffered saline and purified by ion-exchange chromatography, gel filtration, and chromatofocusing. the 32k antigen preparation was determined to be highly homogeneous by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. the amino acid composition of the antigen was characteristic in the predominance of the acidic amino acids, the very low conte ... | 1987 | 3320689 |
| [reactive arthritis in enteral infections]. | certain gastrointestinal tract infections can trigger reactive arthritis. the best known triggering agents are yersinia, salmonella, shigella, campylobacter jejuni, and possibly clostridium difficile. the clinical findings show a subacute onset of mono- or oligoarthritis, less often of asymmetric polyarthritis with predominance of the lower limbs. the clinical picture is somewhat modified by the genetic constitution (hla type) of the patient. hla-b27-positive patients appear to have more severe ... | 1987 | 3326361 |
| infectious complications in four long-term recipients of the jarvik-7 artificial heart. | this article describes the infectious complications that occurred among four of the longest-term recipients of the jarvik-7 artificial heart. infection arising from the drive lines, with spread to the mediastinal periprosthetic space, was the major limiting factor in long-term use of the device in these patients. periprosthetic infections were due to coagulase-negative staphylococci, staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas aeruginosa, and other pseudomonas species. other infectious complications incu ... | 1988 | 3336199 |
| clostridium difficile in neonates: serogrouping and epidemiology. | a typing scheme for clostridium difficile based on serogrouping, toxigenicity and sorbitol fermentation was applied to 270 strains isolated in one neonatal ward during a 6-month prospective study. two hundred and twenty-three strains were isolated from 377 faecal samples of 114 neonates and 47 from 92 environmental specimens. the isolates were distributed among five different types; 87% of the faecal and 85% of the environmental isolates belonged to two of these types (toxigenic, sorbitol negati ... | 1988 | 3338476 |
| evaluation of a latex agglutination test for diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated colitis. | current methods for diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated colitis (cac) based on detection of cytotoxin b by a tissue culture assay (tca) require technical expertise and up to 48 hours incubation. recently, a latex agglutination (la) test (marion laboratories) for rapid diagnosis of cac has become available. although early evaluations have been favorable, new evidence suggests that the la reagent binds a soluble bacterial antigen that is not unique to toxigenic strains of c. difficile. t ... | 1988 | 3341282 |
| effects of clostridium difficile toxins a and b in rabbit small and large intestine in vivo and on cultured cells in vitro. | clostridium difficile is recognized as the major cause of antibiotic-associated colitis. c. difficile produces two toxins, a (enterotoxin) and b (cytotoxin), that are implicated in the pathogenesis of the colitis. we examined the dose responses, time course, and synergism of these two toxins in ligated rabbit intestinal loops and in tissue culture. in rabbit small intestinal loops, toxin a caused histologically demonstrable intestinal tissue damage as early as 2 h. the secretory response greater ... | 1988 | 3343050 |
| immunoblots and plasmid fingerprints compared with serotyping and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for typing clostridium difficile. | two new methods for typing clostridium difficile, immunoblotting and plasmid fingerprinting, were compared with serotyping and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (page). of these methods, immunoblotting was found to be the most valuable for use in a comprehensive typing system. more groups could be distinguished by immunoblotting than by serotyping or page. immunoblotting results were also more reproducible and distinctive than results by page. plasmid fingerprinting was an excellent marker for ... | 1988 | 3343314 |
| absence of diarrhea in toxic megacolon complicating clostridium difficile pseudomembranous colitis. | we describe a patient with clostridium difficile-associated pseudomembranous colitis who presented with toxic megacolon without diarrhea. the discussion includes a brief review of the literature, and suggests an important role for endoscopy in the diagnosis of pseudomembranous colitis and, possibly, as part of the therapy for toxic megacolon associated with clostridium difficile colitis. the unusual combination of toxic megacolon without antecedent diarrhea should be recognized as a possible man ... | 1988 | 3344734 |
| mucosal association by clostridium difficile in the hamster gastrointestinal tract. | for many organisms, mucosal association is an important virulence determinant. although studied in detail for other intestinal pathogens, this aspect of pathogenicity has not been studied for clostridium difficile. we compared the ability of an avirulent non-toxigenic strain (m-1), a highly virulent toxigenic strain (b-1), and a poorly virulent toxigenic strain (bat) of c. difficile to adhere to different regions of the gastrointestinal tract of hamsters pre-treated with clindamycin. strain b-1 ... | 1988 | 3346902 |
| stool caproic acid for screening of clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile is the prime etiologic agent in the production of pseudomembranous colitis by its powerful cytotoxin. the most common test for the toxin is a tissue culture method with neutralization of cytopathic effect by a c. difficile antiserum. this method is expensive and requires a minimum of 72 hours before results can be obtained. attempts to create a rapid method, counterimmunoelectrophoresis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent, latex agglutination, and fluorescent antibody test are fra ... | 1988 | 3354506 |
| electrophoretic characterization of clostridium difficile strains isolated from antibiotic-associated colitis and other conditions. | clostridium difficile has been recognized as the cause of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis and of less severe diarrheal diseases associated with the use of antimicrobial agents. however, healthy carriers of this microorganism have been found, particularly healthy neonates and small children. various typing systems have been used to clarify the epidemiology of c. difficile. we used the electrophoretic patterns of edta-extracted proteins to characterize c. difficile strains from vari ... | 1988 | 3356792 |
| emergence in gnotobiotic mice of nontoxinogenic clones of clostridium difficile from a toxinogenic one. | in previous studies, we showed that diet composition or saccharomyces boulardii ingestion could protect gnotobiotic mice against lethal clostridium difficile infection. using an original method, we detected nontoxinogenic clones from feces of protected mice challenged with a toxinogenic clone of c. difficile. these clones became established at the same level as the toxinogenic one after about 30 days. in these protected mice bearing nontoxinogenic clones, no enterotoxin production could be detec ... | 1988 | 3372017 |
| in vitro activity of flomoxef in comparison to other cephalosporins. | flomoxef and cefazolin had nearly the same activity against staphylococci, which was stronger than that of other cephalosporins. against streptococcus pyogenes, streptococcus agalactiae and streptococcus pneumoniae, cefotaxime and cefazolin were more active than flomoxef, but the other cephamycins were less active than flomoxef. in comparison to the other cephalosporins, latamoxef and flomoxef had higher activity against branhamella catarrhalis, whereas cefotaxime, latamoxef and cefotetan were m ... | 1988 | 3372024 |
| studies on the resistance of clostridium difficile to antimicrobial agents. | the susceptibility of c. difficile isolated at the department of medical microbiology of the university of zurich to a wide selection of antibacterial, antimycobacterial and antifungal agents was tested in vitro. great differences in susceptibility were found against chloramphenicol, clindamycin, erythromycin, rifamycin, and tetracycline. resistance to clindamycin and erythromycin could always be transferred jointly to a susceptible c. difficile strain by mixed culture on filters at low frequenc ... | 1988 | 3376619 |
| in vitro activities of two oxazolidinone antimicrobial agents, dup 721 and dup 105. | the antibacterial activities of dup 105 and dup 721, new oxazolidinone antimicrobial agents, were compared with those of beta-lactams and glycopeptides. ninety percent of staphylococcus aureus and staphylococcus epidermidis isolates, including methicillin-resistant isolates, were inhibited by 4 micrograms of dup 105 and 1 microgram of dup 721 per ml. dup 721 inhibited hemolytic streptococcus groups a, b, c, f, and g at a concentration of less than or equal to 1 microgram/ml, and it inhibited vir ... | 1988 | 3377467 |
| vertebral osteomyelitis caused by clostridium difficile. a case report and review of the literature. | | 1988 | 3381119 |
| purification and characterization of toxin b from clostridium difficile. | toxin b from clostridium difficile was purified to homogeneity and characterized. purification of toxin b was achieved by gel filtration, chromatography on two consecutive anion-exchange columns, and chromatography on a high-resolution anion-exchange column in the presence of 50 mm cacl2. the molecular weight of toxin b was estimated to be 250,000 by denaturing sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) and 500,000 by gel filtration. no subunits were apparent when the t ... | 1988 | 3384474 |