| phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis e virus isolates from india (1976-1993). | seventeen indian hepatitis e virus (hev) isolates, representing epidemic and sporadic hepatitis e cases during 1976-1991, were sequenced in the rna polymerase (rnap) region. five isolates were also sequenced in the non-structural hypervariable region of open reading frame 1. open reading frames 2 and 3 were sequenced only for the prototype isolate. on the basis of the comparison of all the available sequences of the conserved rnap region, the hev isolates were divided into three genotypes, diffe ... | 1999 | 10423137 |
| seroepidemiology of hepatitis e virus infection in mexican subjects 1 to 29 years of age. | hepatitis e virus (hev) infection causes an acute, self-limited hepatitis associated with high mortality in pregnant women. community-based surveys are scarce and information on hev infection in populations is needed. the aim of this work was to study seroprevalence to hev in young adults and children in mexico, using a community-based survey. | 1999 | 10427876 |
| [suspicion of viral hepatitis e]. | | 1999 | 10429553 |
| serological diagnosis of jaundice epidemics in india. | enterically transmitted non-a, nonb- hepatitis (et-nanbh) is a major public health problem in india, where the endemicity of this disease is high and poor public sanitation coupled with compromised quality of drinking water leads to major and minor outbreaks. sophisticated technics for characterization of hepatitis e virus (hev) are not easily available/affordable, resulting in continuation of the diagnosis of nanbh for most epidemics. this study attempts to serologically determine the etiology ... | 1998 | 10437945 |
| absence of antibody to hepatitis e virus in turkish children. | | 1999 | 10445354 |
| acute pancreatitis associated with viral hepatitis: a report of six cases with review of literature. | association of hepatitis viruses with acute pancreatitis in the setting of nonfulminant viral hepatitis is rare. we report six cases of nonfulminant viral hepatitis complicated by acute pancreatitis, including the first documented case of hepatitis e virus (hev) associated acute pancreatitis. the other five patients had acute viral hepatitis caused by hepatitis a infection. besides features of viral hepatitis, the presence of typical abdominal pain, high serum amylase, and ultrasound or ct scan ... | 1999 | 10445566 |
| antigenic domains of the open reading frame 2-encoded protein of hepatitis e virus. | the antigenic composition of the hepatitis e virus (hev) protein encoded by open reading frame 2 (orf2) was determined by using synthetic peptides. three sets of overlapping 18-, 25-, and 30-mer peptides, with each set spanning the entire orf2 protein of the hev burma strain, were synthesized. all synthetic peptides were tested by enzyme immunoassay against a panel of 32 anti-hev-positive serum specimens obtained from acutely hev-infected persons. six antigenic domains within the orf2 protein we ... | 1999 | 10449466 |
| seroprevalence of antibodies to hepatitis e virus in the normal blood donor population and two aboriginal communities in malaysia. | the prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis e virus (hev) has been examined in many countries, but such studies have generally been limited to majority populations such as those represented in healthy blood donors or cross sections of urban populations. due to its major route of enteric transmission, large differences in hev prevalence might be expected between populations in the same country but with different living conditions. using an elisa based on gst-orf2.1 antigen, the prevalence of igg-cl ... | 1999 | 10459151 |
| pigs with highly prevalent antibodies to human coronavirus and swine haemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus in the tohoku district of japan. | from 1985 to 1988, a total of 2496 swine sera from 60 farms in the tohoku district of the honshu island of japan were examined for antibodies to swine haemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (hev), human coronavirus (hcv) and bovine coronavirus (bcv) by haemagglutination-inhibition (hi) test. antibodies to hev 67n strain and hcv oc43 strain were highly prevalent with positivity rates of 82.1 and 91.4%, respectively, while seropositivity rate to bcv kakegawa strain was 44.2%. no clinical signs ... | 1999 | 10459660 |
| evidence for widespread infection of wild rats with hepatitis e virus in the united states. | hepatitis e is an important medical pathogen in many developing countries but is rarely reported from the united states, although antibody to hepatitis e virus (anti-hev) is found in > 1% of u.s. citizens. zoonotic spread of the virus is suspected. sera obtained from 239 wild rats trapped in widely separated regions of the united states were tested for anti-hev. seventy-seven percent of rats from maryland, 90% from hawaii, and 44% from louisiana were seropositive for anti-hev. rats from urban as ... | 1999 | 10463689 |
| cell culture of sporadic hepatitis e virus in china. | the isolation and identification of the 87a strain of epidemic hepatitis e virus (hev) by means of cell culturing have been described previously. this paper reports the successful isolation of a sporadic hev strain (g93-2) in human lung carcinoma cell (a549) cultures. the etiology, molecular and biological properties, and serological relationship of this new strain to other, epidemic hev strains are described. the propagation of both sporadic and epidemic hev strains in a cell culture system wil ... | 1999 | 10473526 |
| the neurological manifestations of nipah virus encephalitis, a novel paramyxovirus. | a novel hendra-like paramyxovirus named nipah virus (niv) was the cause of an outbreak among workers from one abattoir who had contact with pigs. two patients had only respiratory symptoms, while 9 patients had encephalitis, 7 of whom are described in this report. neurological involvement was diverse and multifocal, including aseptic meningitis, diffuse encephalitis, and focal brainstem involvement. cerebellar signs were relatively common. magnetic resonance imaging scans of the brain showed sca ... | 1999 | 10482278 |
| evidence that the genomic rna of hepatitis e virus is capped. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is an unclassified virus with a positive-sense rna genome and an undefined replication strategy. in order to determine whether the hev genome is capped or not, we developed a reverse transcription-pcr assay that is based on the ability of a monoclonal antibody to recognize 7-methylguanosine (m(7)g). antibody to m(7)g bound rna extracted from virions of two different hev genotypes. the cap analog competitively inhibited the binding of virion rnas, demonstrating that hev ha ... | 1999 | 10482642 |
| epidemiology of hepatitis b, c, e, and g virus infections and molecular analysis of hepatitis g virus isolates in bolivia. | prevalence of hepatitis b virus (hbv), hepatitis c virus (hcv), hepatitis g virus (hgv), and hepatitis e virus (hev) was investigated among 574 healthy blood donors in bolivia. hcv rna and hgv rna in the serum were identified by a nested reverse transcription-pcr using primers derived from the 5' untranslated region (5' utr). we also tested for hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag) and for the antibody to hev. the results revealed that hgv rna was present in 84 of 574 (14.6%) tested blood donors, ... | 1999 | 10488194 |
| [preparation of recombinant polypeptides containing antigenic determinants of hepatitis e virus]. | dna fragments complementary to hepatitis e burma strain orf2 and orf3 obtained by oligonucleotide synthesis were cloned in expressing bacterial system. recombinant polypeptides isolated from e. coli producer strains, immobilized on solid phase (polystyrene plates and nitrocellulose membranes), are studied in enzyme immunoassay to detect their ability to react with sera of patients with acute viral hepatitis from an uzbekistan region endemic for hepatitis e. two polypeptides reacting with the gre ... | 1998 | 10488530 |
| rapid detection of hepatitis e virus rna by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction using universal oligonucleotide primers. | a rapid reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) procedure for the detection of hepatitis e virus (hev) rna in serum is described. total nucleic acids are extracted from a small volume of human serum and reverse transcribed using random hexamers. an aliquot of cdna is then utilized in nested pcr employing degenerate hev consensus primers. these primers are designed to sequences conserved between the burma, mexico, and us hev strains, generating amplicons within each of the three ... | 1999 | 10488768 |
| elisa for igg-class antibody to hepatitis e virus based on a highly conserved, conformational epitope expressed in escherichia coli. | in assays based on most recombinant hepatitis e virus (hev) antigens, the igg antibody responses to hev are observed commonly to wane or disappear after the acute phase of infection. such igg assays have therefore been used for the diagnosis of acute hev infection, but they have limited usefulness in seroepidemiological studies. using western immunoblotting, it was shown previously that the open reading frame (orf) 2.1 antigen, representing the carboxy-terminal 267 amino acids (aa) of the capsid ... | 1999 | 10488771 |
| pcr for specific detection of haemorrhagic enteritis virus of turkeys, an avian adenovirus. | a hexon gene based pcr was developed for specific amplification of dna sequences from the haemorrhagic enteritis virus (hev) of turkeys. the hexon genes of different avian adenoviruses were compared for primer construction. two regions with low sequence homology between hev and fowl adenovirus (fav) hexon genes were selected for primer localisation. in correlation with the known sequence data a fragment of 1647 bp was amplified from a live vaccine and spleens of turkeys suffering from haemorrhag ... | 1999 | 10488779 |
| the unique riverine ecology of hepatitis e virus transmission in south-east asia. | the ecology of hepatitis e virus (hev) transmission in south-east asia was assessed from a review of 6 published and 3 unpublished namru-2 reports of hepatitis outbreak investigations, cross-sectional prevalence studies, and hospital-based case-control studies. findings from indonesia and viet nam show epidemic foci centred in jungle, riverine environments. in contrast, few cases of acute, clinical hepatitis from cities in indonesia, viet nam and laos could be attributed to hev. when communities ... | 1999 | 10492753 |
| [serologic markers to hepatitis e virus in residents in nonendemic regions]. | hepatitis e is a disease endemic for countries with tropical and subtropical climate with developing national economy. antibodies to hepatitis e virus (anti-hev) were detected in the population of other regions of the world, including european and north american countries with well-developed economy, where anti-hev are regularly detected in 1-3% normal subjects. the number of seropositive subjects is the highest among patients with liver diseases and with some diseases without primary involvemen ... | 1999 | 10500981 |
| newly discovered viruses of flying foxes. | flying foxes have been the focus of research into three newly described viruses from the order mononegavirales, namely hendra virus (hev), menangle virus and australian bat lyssavirus (abl). early investigations indicate that flying foxes are the reservoir host for these viruses. in 1994, two outbreaks of a new zoonotic disease affecting horses and humans occurred in queensland. the virus which was found to be responsible was called equine morbillivirus (emv) and has since been renamed hev. inve ... | 1999 | 10501164 |
| serological evidence for swine hepatitis e virus infection in australian pig herds. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is an enterically transmitted human pathogen, with some similarities to caliciviruses. a variant of hev was recently identified in pigs in the usa, infecting almost 100% of animals in commercial herds. phylogenetic analysis suggests that this is a true 'swine hev' distinct from the human virus, but the swine virus may also infect man. using an in-house elisa based on a highly conserved, recombinant hev protein, we have examined collections of sera from australian pigs for ... | 1999 | 10501166 |
| sequence data suggests big liver and spleen disease virus (blsv) is genetically related to hepatitis e virus. | a monoclonal antibody (mab) that reacted specifically with a 16 kda big liver and spleen disease virus (blsv) protein was used to identify the protein in western immunoblots of infected liver extracts and enable partial amino acid sequence analysis of the protein. based on this sequence, a degenerate primer was designed that was used in conjunction with random hexamers in a reverse transcriptase-por (rt pcr), to amplify a 523 bp product from rna extracted from homogenates of blsv-infected livers ... | 1999 | 10501168 |
| prevalence of antibodies to the hepatitis e virus in pigs from countries where hepatitis e is common or is rare in the human population. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is a very important public health concern in many developing countries where epidemics of hepatitis e are common. sporadic cases of clinical hepatitis e not only occur in these countries but also occur uncommonly in patients with no known epidemiological exposure to hev in industrialized countries. the source of infection in industrialized countries is unknown but it has been suggested that animals might serve as a reservoir for hev in both settings. we recently identifie ... | 1999 | 10502259 |
| hepatitis e virus seroprevalence in children living in rural ghana. | large outbreaks of hepatitis e virus have been reported in warm climates with poor sanitation although it exists in endemic form in these areas too. this oro-fecally transmitted infection has been described mainly in adults with very little data from children. this study looked at seroprevalence in children resident in a rural district in ghana with very little pipe-borne water supply. sera from 803 randomly selected pupils aged 6-18 years were evaluated for anti-hev. the overall seroprevalence ... | 1999 | 10504860 |
| [severe viral hepatitis]. | | 1999 | 10506864 |
| factors in spread of hepatitis e. | | 1999 | 10509491 |
| antiserum generated by dna vaccine binds to hepatitis e virus (hev) as determined by pcr and immune electron microscopy (iem): application for hev detection by affinity-capture rt-pcr. | previously, we have described that injection of an expression vector containing hepatitis e virus (hev) open reading frame 2 (hev-orf-2) generated a strong antibody response in mice. to characterize the reaction of this antiserum with native hev and to evaluate its potential diagnostic application, we tested the antiserum's ability to bind hev using immune electron microscope (iem) and affinity-capture reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) amplification. antiserum to orf-2 agg ... | 1999 | 10513287 |
| caliciviruses: an overview. | several caliciviruses are known to cause diseases in animal and man. amongst them are vesicular exanthema virus of swine (vesv), feline calicivirus, rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv), and norwalk and sapporo-like viruses; the latter viruses cause gastroenteritis in man. in this paper, an overview of caliciviruses is presented, with particular emphasis on the molecular aspects. the unique properties as compared to other related families of positive-stranded rna viruses will be discussed. ma ... | 1999 | 10515270 |
| hepatitis e virus. advances in hev biology and hev vaccine approaches. | hepatitis e, previously known as enterically transmitted, enteric, or epidemic hepatitis, is a worldwide public health problem. the causative agent, the hepatitis e virus, is involved in epidemic, sporadic, and fulminant hepatitis cases worldwide. this review describes the advances in the biology of the hepatitis e virus and the progress made to develop simple and robust serologic assays for the diagnosis of hev infection. genomic sequence comparisons with a recently identified us isolate now su ... | 1999 | 10516473 |
| hepatitis e virus infection in travelers. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is a major cause of clinical hepatitis in regions of endemicity, affecting primarily young adults and travelers to these areas. we present 5 cases of acute hev infection in travelers and review 143 cases of hev infection found by a literature search that were contracted in areas of endemicity. fulminant hepatitis occurred in 2.7% of the reported cases; 2 of these were fatal. the destination of most of the travelers with acute hev infection was the indian subcontinent. the ... | 1999 | 10524982 |
| hepatitis e virus in end-stage renal disease. | | 1999 | 10532427 |
| prevalence of antibodies against hepatitis a and e viruses among rural populations of the chaco region, south-eastern bolivia. | we conducted a cross-sectional study to determine the seroprevalence of antibodies against hepatitis a and hepatitis e viruses (hav and hev) in the population of two rural areas, camiri and villa montes, of the chaco region, south-eastern bolivia. hav antibodies were detected in 461 (94.1%) of 490 serum samples tested, not differing significantly between sexes and study areas. the hav seropositivity rate (64.7%) was high even in the youngest age group (1-5 years). the prevalence of hev was 7.3%, ... | 1999 | 10540299 |
| hav and hev infection in hospitalised hepatitis patients in alexandria, egypt. | a total of 202 serum and stool samples from acute hepatitis patients attending the fever hospital of alexandria, egypt, have been studied to reveal markers of hepatitis virus infection. anti-hav igm were detected in 21 out of 202 sera (10.4%), whereas 201 sera (99.5%) had anti-hav igg. the first age attack was in the class-age 0-9 years with 64.7% of anti-hav igm positive sera. among 202 patients, anti-hepatitis e igg (sample/over cut off > 1.0) was identified in 90 patients (44.5%). the anti-he ... | 1999 | 10543349 |
| hepatitis e virus infection prevalence among selected populations in iowa. | hev causes an enteric infectious disease endemic in developing areas with hot climate. a case of endogenous hev infection has been reported in the us. recently, hev-like virus was isolated from swine in iowa. swine production is a major industry in iowa with the potential for human exposure to swine in and around industrial and family farm operations. | 1999 | 10548130 |
| enterically transmitted hepatitis. hepatitis a and e viruses. | enterically-transmitted hepatitis is caused by hepatitis a virus and hepatitis e virus. the most important agent is hepatitis a virus, which is distributed worldwide and infects all age groups. most infections in children are minimally symptomatic and immunity is long-lasting, so severe disease tends to occur in nonimmune adults. hepatitis e virus is found in the developing world and has a greater propensity for symptomatic infection of children. both agents are transmitted via contaminated wate ... | 1999 | 10549431 |
| hepatitis c virus infection in sporadic fulminant viral hepatitis in north india: cause or co-factor? | the role of hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection in fulminant hepatitis (fh) is poorly understood and the available data are conflicting. we have examined the aetiological role of hcv in 50 consecutive patients with sporadic fh by employing serology and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). | 1999 | 10563532 |
| identity of a novel swine hepatitis e virus in taiwan forming a monophyletic group with taiwan isolates of human hepatitis e virus. | recently, we found that more than 10% of the cases of acute non-a, non-b, non-c hepatitis in taiwan were caused by a novel strain of hepatitis e virus (hev). since none of these patients had a history of travel to areas where hev is endemic, the source of transmission remains unclear. the recent discovery of a swine hev in herd pigs in the united states has led us to speculate that hev may also circulate in herd pigs in taiwan and may serve as a reservoir for hev in taiwan. of 275 herd pigs obta ... | 1999 | 10565892 |
| hepatitis e virus: an update on its molecular, clinical and epidemiological characteristics. | the present overview gives a summary of hev infection comprising its discovery, a characterisation of the virus, its diagnosis, epidemiology, course of the disease, and finally its prevention. | 1999 | 10567844 |
| [geographical distribution of hepatitis e virus genotypes]. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is the major agent of acute hepatitis in developing countries where the infection occurs sporadically or in large waterborne epidemics. hev, classified in the caliciviridae, is not culturable. the detection of hev rna by rt-pcr in serum and stool samples is reliable during the 7 to 15 days following the onset of the disease. restriction endonuclease analysis, cloning and sequencing of pcr products allow a phylogenetic analysis of hev isolates. although they belong to a si ... | 1999 | 10572664 |
| [gene analysis of acute sporadic hev in the southern areas of china]. | to investigate the existing different gene sequences of hepatitis e virus (hev) in the southern areas of china. | 1999 | 10572683 |
| remote village survey for agents causing hepatosplenic disease in the republic of yemen. | the objective of this study was to epidemiologically describe potential infectious agents among rural people in the republic of yemen. this would aid clinicians in designing empirical therapy and public health officials in planning disease prevention. we sought to examine evidence for the geographical distribution of pathogens causing human hepatic and splenic disease among villagers and domestic animals living in three remote areas with differing altitudes. in june 1992, a cross-sectional surve ... | 1999 | 10578634 |
| hepatitis e seroconversion in united states travelers abroad. | sporadic cases of symptomatic hepatitis e virus (hev) infection have been reported in united states travelers to developing countries, including mexico and pakistan. to evaluate the risk of exposure in united states travelers, 356 patients seen in our travel clinics were tested for antibodies to hev before and 6 weeks after traveling. samples obtained 6 months after traveling were available for 211 travelers. igg and igm antibodies to hev were assayed with hev elisa diagnostic kits containing 3 ... | 1999 | 10586918 |
| clinical and epidemiological implications of swine hepatitis e virus infection. | in nonendemic areas, most patients with acute hepatitis e were infected through traveling to endemic areas. however, some patients did not have a history of foreign travel before infection. furthermore, high seroprevalence rates of antibody to hepatitis e virus (anti-hev) were found in the general adult population in some countries without any recorded outbreak of hepatitis e. the significance of anti-hev assay in these subjects remains obscure. to study if swine might be a source of hev infecti ... | 2000 | 10596016 |
| [the role of hev in acute non-a, non-c hepatitis and the identification of a new variant hev in italy]. | | 1999 | 10596434 |
| storage of viruses on filter paper for genetic analysis. | the purpose of this study was to develop a method to store viruses on filter paper without the need for special conditions for future use of the genetic material. two non-enveloped viruses were used as models. infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv), a double-stranded rna virus that infects chickens, belongs to the birnaviridae family. hemorrhagic enteritis virus (hev), with double-stranded dna, belongs to the adenoviridae family. three different solutions were found suitable for loading the viru ... | 1999 | 10598079 |
| recombinant hepatitis e capsid protein self-assembles into a dual-domain t = 1 particle presenting native virus epitopes. | the three-dimensional structure of a self-assembled, recombinant hepatitis e virus particle has been solved to 22-a resolution by cryo-electron microscopy and three-dimensional image reconstruction. the single subunit of 50 kda is derived from a truncated version of the open reading frame-2 gene of the virus expressed in a baculovirus system. this is the first structure of a t = 1 particle with protruding dimers at the icosahedral two-fold axes solved by cryo-electron microscopy. the protein she ... | 1999 | 10603315 |
| hepatitis e virus: can it be transmitted parenterally? | of 200 voluntary blood donors screened for hepatitis e virus (hev) rna, employing the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr), three were found to be positive (1.5%). none of the hev rna-positive blood donors had any symptoms at the time of blood donation or during subsequent follow-up. one donor was positive for immunoglobulin m (igm) antibodies to hev, with a raised serum alanine aminotransferase (alt) level, whereas the other two donors were negative for both immunoglobulin g ... | 1999 | 10607228 |
| shift of hepatitis e virus rna from hepatocytes to biliary epithelial cells during acute infection of rhesus monkey. | hepatitis e virus (hev) has been considered to be the major cause of enterically transmitted non-a, non-b hepatitis in developing countries. however, little is known about viral replication and localization in the liver. the aim of this study was to examine the distribution of hev-infected cells in experimentally infected animals. seven captured wild rhesus monkeys were inoculated intravenously with faecal extract derived from a myanmar strain of hev. animals were killed at different time-points ... | 1999 | 10607243 |
| retrospective serological analysis of hepatitis e patients: a long-term follow-up study. | the aim of this study was to evaluate the persistence and protective role of antibodies to hepatitis e virus (anti-hev) after natural hepatitis e infection. a retrospective analysis of immunoglobulin g (igg) anti-hev was performed in 37 patients followed-up for 5 years after epidemics of hev. two patients with sporadic hepatitis e (he) were followed-up for 12 and 8 years. all patients infected during epidemics of he were positive for igg anti-hev at 5 years of follow-up (geometric mean titre: 17 ... | 1999 | 10607264 |
| cloning, sequencing, and expression of the hepatitis e virus (hev) nonstructural open reading frame 1 (orf1). | hepatitis e virus (hev) causes enterically transmitted epidemic and sporadic viral hepatitis affecting millions of people in the developing world. different geographical isolates of hev show a high degree of homology at the nucleotide and amino acid levels. the approximately 7.2 kb rna genome has three open reading frames of which orf1 is predicted to code for the viral nonstructural polyprotein. the expression, processing and properties of the nonstructural orf1 polyprotein have not been report ... | 2000 | 10630959 |
| [hepatitis e virus]. | | 1999 | 10635857 |
| epidemic hepatitis e: serological evidence for lack of intrafamilial spread. | hepatitis e presents as epidemic as well as sporadic disease. fecal contamination of drinking water results in epidemics of hepatitis e. the extent of intrafamilial spread needs to be assessed employing serological assays. | 2000 | 10659484 |
| the in vitro-synthesized rna from a cdna clone of hepatitis e virus is infectious. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is an important etiological agent of epidemic and sporadic hepatitis, which is endemic to the indian subcontinent and prevalent in most of the developing parts of the world. the infection is often associated with acute liver failure and high mortality, particularly in pregnant women. in order to develop methods of intervention, it is essential to understand the biology of the virus. this is particularly important as no reliable in vitro culture system is available. we hav ... | 2000 | 10666275 |
| prevalence of antibody to hepatitis e virus among rodents in the united states. | the recent identification of antibody to hepatitis e virus (hev) in pigs, sheep, and cattle and characterization of an hev isolated from domestic pigs suggest animal reservoirs for this virus. to investigate whether rodents might be a natural reservoir of hev, the prevalence of anti-hev was determined among a variety of species throughout the united states. serum samples were obtained from 806 rodents of 26 species in 15 genera. anti-hev prevalence was assessed by 2 eias (mosaic protein- and 55- ... | 2000 | 10669325 |
| hepatitis e virus in cuba. | the hepatitis e virus (hev) has a global distribution and is known to have caused large waterborne epidemics of icteric hepatitis. the transmission is primarily fecal-oral. some reports have suggested parenteral transmission of hev from its association to hepatitis b or hepatitis c infection, or due to the development of hepatitis e after blood transfusion. though most of the developing countries in asia and africa have been shown to be endemic for hev infection, studies in the latin american co ... | 2000 | 10680744 |
| hepatitis e: an emerging infectious disease. | | 1999 | 10682255 |
| hepatitis e virus infection. | | 2000 | 10683033 |
| experimental hendra virus infectionin pregnant guinea-pigs and fruit bats (pteropus poliocephalus). | antibodies to hendra virus (hev) have been found in a high percentage of fruit bats (pteropus spp.) in australia, indicating a possible reservoir for the virus. the aim of the experiments reported here was to investigate transplacental infection as a possible mode of transmission of the virus in fruit bats and other animals. in a first experiment, 18 pregnant guinea-pigs in the mid-stage of gestation were inoculated with hev, as an experimental model in a conventional laboratory animal. nine dev ... | 2000 | 10684689 |
| recombinant subunit orf2.1 antigen and induction of antibody against immunodominant epitopes in the hepatitis e virus capsid protein. | a recombinant subunit antigen (orf2.1), representing the carboxy-terminal 267 amino acids of the 660-amino-acid hepatitis e virus (hev) capsid protein, was expressed in escherichia coli and used for the immunisation of rats. purified antigen formulated with either aluminium hydroxide gel adjuvant (alum) or titermax gave high and equivalent levels of antibody after three doses. responses to two doses of 15, 75, or 150 microg antigen, formulated with alum and given at 0 and 4 weeks, were also equi ... | 2000 | 10686019 |
| a four year review of acute viral hepatitis cases in the east coast of peninsular malaysia (1994-1997). | a total of 1,157 sera from jaundiced patients with clinical and biochemical evidence of liver disease received from government hospital in kelantan and terengganu, during the period from 1994 to 1997, were investigated to determine the cause. hepatitis a virus was found to be the main cause in 26.1% (24/92) of symptomatic clinical hepatitis cases in 1994, 47.8% (63/132) in 1995, 66.4% (613/923) in 1996 and 20% (2/10) in 1997. sera received in 1996 were also tested for hepatitis b, hepatitis c, h ... | 1999 | 10695797 |
| the 20th united states-japan joint hepatitis panel meeting. | | 2000 | 10706578 |
| immunopathogenesis of haemorrhagic enteritis virus (hev) in turkeys. | infection of turkeys with the haemorrhagic enteritis virus (hev), a type ii avian adenovirus, results in varying rates of morbidity and mortality. the disease is characterised by splenomegaly, intestinal haemorrhage, sudden death and immunosuppression. the mechanisms of hev immunopathogenesis and immunosuppression are not fully understood. recent studies indicate that immune responses play a central role in disease pathogenesis. hev infects b cells and macrophages and induces necrosis as well as ... | 2000 | 10717290 |
| hepatitis e: an overview and recent advances in clinical and laboratory research. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is a non-enveloped rna (7.5 kb) virus that is responsible for large epidemics of acute hepatitis and a proportion of sporadic hepatitis cases in southeast and central asia, the middle east, parts of africa and mexico. hepatitis e virus infection spreads by the faecal-oral route (usually through contaminated water) and presents after an incubation period of 8-10 weeks with a clinical illness resembling other forms of acute viral hepatitis. clinical attack rates are the hig ... | 2000 | 10719741 |
| acute hepatitis e infection acquired in california. | | 2000 | 10722465 |
| identification of a novel hepatitis e virus in nigeria. | sporadic cases of acute hepatitis e among ten native nigerian adults were reported in port-harcourt (nigeria). hepatitis e virus (hev) was detected in serum and/or faecal samples of seven patients by rt-pcr of the open reading frame (orf)-1 polymerase region and the 3'-end of orf2. restriction analysis widely used to distinguish genotypes i and iii showed that all nigerian strains have a pattern similar to the mexican strain (noti, nt 286; smai, nt 397; no kpni restriction site) but displayed a ... | 2000 | 10725415 |
| fulminant hepatic failure: etiology, viral markers and outcome. | to investigate the etiology and outcome of fulminant hepatic failure (fhf) in children. | 1999 | 10745331 |
| comparison of the prevalence of igg antibodies to hepatitis e virus and hepatitis a virus in members of households in the mekong delta region of vietnam. | | 2000 | 10761716 |
| sporadic acute hepatitis e in the united kingdom: an underdiagnosed phenomenon? | hepatitis e (hev) is the primary cause of enterically transmitted non-a non-b hepatitis worldwide. case reports of hev in individuals in the united kingdom relate to travel to endemic areas or contact with individuals who have visited these areas. | 2000 | 10764721 |
| identification and phylogenetic comparison of salem virus, a novel paramyxovirus of horses. | a virus that could not be identified as a previously known equine virus was isolated from the mononuclear cells of a horse. electron microscopy revealed enveloped virions with nucleocapsid structures characteristic of viruses in the paramyxoviridae family. the virus failed to hemabsorb chicken or guinea pig red blood cells and lacked neuraminidase activity. two viral genes were isolated from a cdna expression library. multiple sequence alignments of one gene indicated an average identity of 45% ... | 2000 | 10793001 |
| taxonomy of the caliciviruses. | the international committee on taxonomy of viruses (ictv) has recently approved several proposals submitted by the present caliciviridae study group. these proposals include the division of the family into 4 new genera designated lagovirus, vesivirus, "norwalk-like viruses (nlvs), and "sapporo-like viruses (slvs); the latter 2 genera were assigned temporary names until acceptable names can be determined by the scientific community. the genera have been further divided into the following species: ... | 2000 | 10804145 |
| short report: phylogenetically distinct hepatitis e viruses in pakistan. | hepatitis e, which is enterically transmitted, is the most common cause of acute hepatitis in much of asia. phylogenetic analysis of several isolates of hepatitis e virus (hev) from asia suggests that transmission of this virus is geographically restricted. in sarghoda, pakistan, hev sar-55 was isolated from a 1987 outbreak. it belongs to the central-asian cluster of the asian sub-genotype. we now report the complete sequence of a second pakistan hev from a 1988 outbreak in abbottabad. the abbot ... | 2000 | 10813471 |
| nepal calls the shots in hepatitis e virus vaccine trial. | | 2000 | 10821375 |
| identification by phage display and characterization of two neutralizing chimpanzee monoclonal antibodies to the hepatitis e virus capsid protein. | two monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against the orf2 protein of the sar-55 strain of hepatitis e virus (hev) were isolated by phage display from a cdna library of chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) gamma1/kappa antibody genes. both mabs, hev#4 and hev#31, bound to reduced, denatured open reading frame 2 (orf2) protein in a western blot, suggesting that they recognize linear epitopes. the affinities (equilibrium dissociation constants, k(d)) for the sar-55 orf2 protein were 1.7 nm for hev#4 and 5.4 nm for ... | 2000 | 10823861 |
| prevalence of hepatitis e antibodies in immigrants from developing countries. | the aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of anti-hepatitis e virus (hev) antibodies among indigenous spanish blood donors and immigrants from developing countries in order to determine whether immigrants pose a significant risk for the transmission of hev to the healthy spanish population. the seroprevalence of hev was determined in a cohort of 90 asymptomatic immigrants (mostly from countries in sub-saharan africa) who had recently arrived in madrid, spain, and in 863 bloo ... | 2000 | 10834823 |
| prevalence of hepatitis e virus as a causative agent of acute hepatitis. | | 2000 | 10835866 |
| anti-hev in blood donors: what is test and what is virus? | | 2000 | 10838522 |
| prevalence of hepatitis viruses in an anti-human immunodeficiency virus-positive population from argentina. a multicentre study. | the objectives of this study were to investigate the prevalence of infections with hepatotrophic viruses in an anti-human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-positive population from buenos aires and to compare it among the main risk groups for hiv infection. four hundred and eighty-four consecutive patients attending the hiv outpatients clinic were studied: 359 men and 125 women, median age 29 years (range 16-67 years); 35.5% had presented acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids)-defining conditions ... | 1999 | 10847130 |
| an outbreak of enterically transmitted non-a, non-e viral hepatitis. | patients with isolated serum transaminase elevations of unknown cause are common in china. an outbreak of such disease took place in a technicians' school during 1996. to define the epidemic and determine the etiology, a study was carried out, which included investigation of epidemiological, clinical and histological features. the symptoms of this disease were mild. the major clinical feature was transaminase elevation, and all serum markers of known hepatitis viruses were negative. although the ... | 1999 | 10847131 |
| acute hepatic failure in india: a perspective from the east. | acute hepatic failure (ahf) in india almost always presents with encephalopathy within 4 weeks of the onset of acute hepatitis. further subclassification of ahf into hyperacute, acute and subacute forms may not be necessary in this geographical area, where the rapidity of onset of encephalopathy does not seem to influence survival. viral hepatitis is the cause in approximately 95-100% of patients, who therefore constitute a more homogeneous population than ahf patients in the west. in india, hep ... | 2000 | 10847431 |
| [viral hepatitis e: its epidemiological characteristics in the republic of tajikistan]. | the characteristic feature of the republic of tajikistan, as well as other republics of central asia, is the wide spread of virus hepatitis e. the epidemiology of this grave disease, recently known as virus hepatitis non a, non b with the fecal-oral mechanism of transmission of this infection, has been yet insufficiently studied. the article points out to the specific character of this infection which essentially differs, both epidemiologically and clinically, from other enteric hepatitis (hepat ... | 1999 | 10852045 |
| genetic variability of hepatitis e virus within and between three epidemics in india. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is an important cause of epidemic and sporadic acute viral hepatitis in many developing countries, including india. we evaluated the genetic variability within two regions (a 476-nt long orf1 segment and a 304-nt long orf2 segment) from specimens collected during three outbreaks in the cities of karnal (1987), yamunanagar (1989), and meerut (1996), india, and from one patient, residing in lucknow, india, who had a case of sporadic hepatitis (1996). within an outbreak, seq ... | 1999 | 10854164 |
| the complete sequence of hepatitis e virus genotype 4 reveals an alternative strategy for translation of open reading frames 2 and 3. | isolates of hepatitis e virus (hev) have recently been described from china that are distinct from burmese, mexican and us viruses and constitute a novel genotype (genotype 4). here, the complete genomic sequence of a representative isolate of genotype 4 hev, amplified directly from the stool of an acutely infected patient, is presented. analysis of the entire sequence confirms our previous conclusion, based upon partial sequence data, that these chinese isolates belong to a novel genotype. typi ... | 2000 | 10859372 |
| 93g, a novel sporadic strain of hepatitis e virus in south china isolated by cell culture. | the nucleotide sequence of hepatitis e virus (hev) serous isolates (g-9 and g-20) from guangzhou, south china, which has been reported previously, are divergent significantly from those of other reported hev isolates. in order to investigate more extensively the guangzhou isolate, the 93g strain was isolated from the faecal sample of the same individual as g-9 by a549 cell culture and identified immunologically and by molecular biological techniques. the results showed that strain 93g could be p ... | 2000 | 10861638 |
| the inhibitory effect of the imidazoquinolinamine s-28828 on the pathogenesis of a type ii adenovirus in turkeys. | in this study we show that a type i-ifn inducing compound, s-28828, modulated the pathogenesis of an avian type ii adenovirus in turkeys. by itself, s-28828 induced a strong reaction in the spleen characterized by hyperplasia of the red and white pulps as well as an increase in lymphoid cell aggregations. oral administration of s-28828 before the time of virus inoculation suppressed significantly (p<0.05) the replication of hemorrhagic enteritis virus (hev) in turkeys. two doses of 5 or 50 mg of ... | 2000 | 10867157 |
| hepatitis e virus: recent advances. | | 2000 | 10881621 |
| identification of 2 novel isolates of hepatitis e virus in argentina. | hepatitis e virus (hev) has been identified in 2 argentine patients with acute hepatitis who reported no history of travel to regions in which hev is considered endemic. these isolates are the first to be identified in south america. by use of degenerate primers from open reading frames 1 and 2, hev sequences were obtained from these patients' serum and compared with published hev sequences. the argentine isolates are different from all previously identified hev isolates and are most closely rel ... | 2000 | 10882610 |
| augmentation of immune responses to hepatitis e virus orf2 dna vaccination by codelivery of cytokine genes. | dna vaccines encoding a viral structural protein have been shown to induce antiviral immune responses and provide protection against subsequent viral challenge. in the present study we show that dna immunization with a plasmid expressing the hepatitis e virus orf2 structural protein (pcdna-orf2) induced low levels of long-lasting antibody responses in the murine model. the use of plasmids expressing interleukin-2 (il-2) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating-factor (gm-csf) in conjunction ... | 2000 | 10892997 |
| molecular characterization of a hepatitis e virus isolate from namibia. | hepatitis e virus (hev) causes sporadic and epidemic acute viral hepatitis in many developing countries. in africa, hepatitis e has been documented by virus detection (reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, rt-pcr) in egypt, chad, algeria, morocco and tunisia. cases of presumptive hepatitis e also have been documented by detection of antibody to hev in the sudan, kenya, ethiopia, somalia, djibouti and south africa. recently, we reported the recovery of 9 isolates of hev from feces coll ... | 2000 | 10895057 |
| distribution of hammerhead and hammerhead-like rna motifs through the genbank. | hammerhead ribozymes previously were found in satellite rnas from plant viroids and in repetitive dna from certain species of newts and schistosomes. to determine if this catalytic rna motif has a wider distribution, we decided to scrutinize the genbank database for rnas that contain hammerhead or hammerhead-like motifs. the search shows a widespread distribution of this kind of rna motif in different sequences suggesting that they might have a more general role in rna biology. the frequency of ... | 2000 | 10899150 |
| isolation of hendra virus from pteropid bats: a natural reservoir of hendra virus. | since it was first described in australia in 1994, hendra virus (hev) has caused two outbreaks of fatal disease in horses and humans, and an isolated fatal horse case. our preliminary studies revealed a high prevalence of neutralizing antibodies to hev in bats of the genus pteropus:, but it was unclear whether this was due to infection with hev or a related virus. we developed the hypothesis that hev excretion from bats might be related to the birthing process and we targeted the reproductive tr ... | 2000 | 10900029 |
| acute and chronic viral hepatitis. | viral hepatitis is the most common cause of acute and chronic hepatitis. the term viral hepatitis generally refers to infections resulting from one of the hepatotrophic viruses: hepatitis a, b, c, d, and e. the last 10 years have brought many important advances in understanding the epidemiology, pathogenesis, molecular biology, and immunoprophylaxis of infections caused by hepatotrophic viruses. development of sensitive and specific immunoassays has enabled detection of specific agents. this has ... | 2000 | 10916125 |
| [dynamics of anti-hev orf2, orf3, igm and igg in serial sera of patients with hepatitis e and their clinical significance]. | to study the dynamics of anti-hev orf2, orf3, igm and igg in serial sera of patients with hepatitis e. | 1998 | 10923456 |
| viral hepatitis: recent experiences from serological studies in bangladesh. | infections due to hepatitis a (hav), hepatitis b (hbv), hepatitis c (hcv) and hepatitis e (hev) viruses are the major causes of hepatitis and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality in developing countries like bangladesh. the present study was carried out to determine the prevalence of hbsag, anti-hcv antibody, anti-hav antibody and anti-hev antibody in patients suspected of having infection by hbv, hcv, hav and hev, respectively. antibody to hav was detected in 39% of subjects ... | 2000 | 10928622 |
| identification of immunodominant and conformational epitopes in the capsid protein of hepatitis e virus by using monoclonal antibodies. | antibody to the capsid (porf2) protein of hepatitis e virus (hev) is sufficient to confer immunity, but knowledge of b-cell epitopes in the intact capsid is limited. a panel of murine monoclonal antibodies (mabs) was generated following immunization with recombinant orf2.1 protein, representing the c-terminal 267 amino acids (aa) of the 660-aa capsid protein. two mabs reacted exclusively with the conformational orf2.1 epitope (f. li, j. torresi, s. a. locarnini, h. zhuang, w. zhu, x. guo, and d. ... | 2000 | 10933710 |
| expression of the hepatitis e virus orf1. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is an unclassified, plus-strand rna virus whose genome contains three open reading frames (orfs). orf1, the 5' proximal orf of hev, encodes nonstructural proteins involved in rna replication which share homology with the products of the corresponding orf of members of the alphavirus-like superfamily of plus-strand rna viruses. among animal virus members of this superfamily (the alphavirus and rubivirus genera of the family togaviridae), the product of this orf is a nonstr ... | 2000 | 10963340 |
| reclassification of the caliciviridae into distinct genera and exclusion of hepatitis e virus from the family on the basis of comparative phylogenetic analysis. | caliciviridae and picornaviridae belong to the same subphylum and genera within picornaviridae are well characterized. until 1998, caliciviridae included one genus calicivirus, containing strains with distinct structural and genomic features. phylogenetic analyses of capsid genes revealed five clusters within caliciviridae corresponding to differences in genome organization. in order to determine to what taxonomic level these clusters correspond, genomic sequences of caliciviruses, picornavirus ... | 2000 | 10963346 |
| hepatitis e virus immunoglobulin g antibodies in different populations in campinas, brazil. | the seroprevalence of anti-hepatitis e virus (hev) antibodies was investigated by enzyme immunoassay in 205 volunteer blood donors, 214 women who attended a center for anonymous testing for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection, and 170 hospital employees in campinas, a city in southeastern brazil. the prevalence of anti-hev antibodies ranged from 2.6% (3 of 117) in health care professionals to 17.7% (38 of 214) in women who considered themselves at risk for hiv. the prevalence of anti-he ... | 2000 | 10973460 |
| [sequential antibody determination in hepatitis e virus]. | twenty-four patients with presumptive diagnosis of hve with a mean age of 37.7 years are presented. a qualitative antihve by elisa was performed in all of them, and repeated at monthly intervals during a 6 month period, and 18 gave a positive result for acute hve. the majority were detected 60 days after the initiation of their signosintomatology. clinical characterization are outlined. | 2000 | 10975019 |
| hepatitis e. | hepatitis e, previously known as enterically transmitted non-a, non-b hepatitis, is an infectious viral disease with clinical and morphologic features of acute hepatitis. its causative agent, hepatitis e virus, consists of small, 32- to 34-nm diameter, icosahedral, nonenveloped particles with a single-stranded, positive-sense, 7.5-kb rna. the virus has two main geographically distinct strains, asian and mexican; recently, novel isolates from nonendemic areas and a genetically related swine hev h ... | 2000 | 10987115 |