| clostridium difficile in dutch animals: their presence, characteristics and similarities with human isolates. | clin microbiol infect abstract: the presence and characteristics of clostridium difficile were investigated in 839 faecal samples from seven different animal species in the netherlands. the number of positive samples ranged from 3.4% (cattle) to 25.0% (dogs). twenty-two different pcr ribotypes were identified. among 96 isolates, 53% harboured toxin genes. all c. difficile isolates from pigs, cattle and poultry were toxinogenic, whereas the majority of isolates from pet animals consisted of non-t ... | 2011 | 21919997 |
| Development and characterization of a xylose-inducible gene expression system for Clostridium perfringens. | A xylose-inducible gene expression vector for Clostridium perfringens was developed. Plasmid pXCH contains a chromosomal region from Clostridium difficile (xylR-P(xy)(lB)): xylR, encoding the xylose repressor, xylO, the xyl operator sequence, and P(xylB), the divergent promoter upstream of xylBA encoding xylulo kinase and xylose isomerase. pXCH allows tightly regulated expression of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter and the a-toxin genes in response to the inducer concentration. Thu ... | 2011 | 21965407 |
| Recommendations for probiotic use-2011 update. | This study describes the consensus opinion of the participants of the third Yale Workshop on probiotic use. There were 10 experts participating. The recommendations update those of the first 2 meetings that were published in 2005 and 2008. The workshop presentations and papers in this supplement relate to the involvement of normal microbiota involved in intestinal microecology, how the microbes interact with the intestine to affect our immunologic responses, the stability and natural history of ... | 2011 | 21992958 |
| Potential for aerosolization of Clostridium difficile after flushing toilets: the role of toilet lids in reducing environmental contamination risk. | Toilet facilities in healthcare settings vary widely, but patient toilets are commonly shared and do not have lids. When a toilet is flushed without the lid closed, aerosol production may lead to surface contamination within the toilet environment. | 2012 | 22137761 |
| In vitro evaluation of Lactobacillus gasseri strains of infant origin on adhesion and aggregation of specific pathogens. | Numerous Lactobacillus species are members of the normal healthy human intestinal microbiota, and members of the Lactobacillus family predominate among the current marketed probiotic strains. Most of the current commercial probiotic strains have not been selected for specific applications but rather have been chosen based on their technological properties. Often the ability of such strains to temporarily colonize the gastrointestinal tract may be lacking, and the interactions with intestinal mic ... | 2011 | 21902917 |
| Control of an outbreak of diarrhoea in a vascular surgery unit caused by a high-level clindamycin-resistant Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 106. | This report describes an outbreak of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in a vascular surgery ward in 2009 caused by a high-level clindamycin-resistant ribotype 106. A case of CDI was defined as a patient with diarrhoea, positive for C. difficile toxin and negative for other enteric pathogens. Cultures were sent to the Scottish Salmonella Shigella and Clostridium difficile Reference Laboratory (SSSCDRL) for PCR ribotyping, antibiotic susceptibility testing and PCR detection of ermB. The mean ... | 2011 | 21864938 |
| antibiotic treatment for clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in adults. | clostridium difficile is recognized as a frequent cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and colitis. | 2011 | 21901692 |
| Novel therapy for C. difficile infections. Infusions of donated feces may help those with recurrent infections. | | 2011 | 22121560 |
| [Newly recognized side-effects of proton pump inhibitors : Arguments in favour of fundoplication for GERD?] | Among other indications proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are used as medical treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and are the most frequently prescribed and most frequently used drugs in gastroenterology. Until recently PPIs were regarded as very safe and associated with very few side-effects. However, during recent years study results have revealed many severe adverse events associated especially with long-term PPI use. We review the currently available evidence, regarding the side- ... | 2011 | 21909830 |
| Laboratory diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection can molecular amplification methods move us out of uncertainty? | The laboratory diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) continues to be challenging. Recent guidelines from professional societies in the United States note that enzyme immunoassays for toxins A and B do not have adequate sensitivity to be used alone for detecting CDI, yet the optimal method for diagnosing this infection remains unclear. Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) that target chromosomal toxin genes (usually the toxin B gene, tcdB) show high sensitivity and specificity, p ... | 2011 | 21854871 |
| release of tcda and tcdb from clostridium difficile cdi 630 is not affected by functional inactivation of the tcde gene. | the small open reading frame tcde is located between the genes tcda and tcdb which encode toxin a (tcda) and b (tcdb), respectively, within the pathogenicity locus of clostridium difficile. sequence and structure similarities to bacteriophage-encoded holins have led to the assumption that tcde mediates the release of the toxins from c. difficile into the extracellular environment. a tcde-deficient c. difficile 630 strain was generated by insertional inactivation of the tcde gene. data revealed t ... | 2012 | 22107906 |
| The anti-sigma factor TcdC modulates hypervirulence in an epidemic BI/NAP1/027 clinical isolate of Clostridium difficile. | Nosocomial infections are increasingly being recognised as a major patient safety issue. The modern hospital environment and associated health care practices have provided a niche for the rapid evolution of microbial pathogens that are well adapted to surviving and proliferating in this setting, after which they can infect susceptible patients. This is clearly the case for bacterial pathogens such as Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus (VRE) s ... | 2011 | 22022270 |
| clostridium difficile pouchitis after proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. | | 2011 | 22196625 |
| Group VIA PLA2 (iPLA2ß) is Activated Upstream of p38 MAP Kinase in Pancreatic Islet Beta Cell Signaling. | Group VIA Phospholipase A(2) (iPLA(2)ß) in pancreatic islet ß-cells participates in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and Sarco(endo)plasmic Reticulum ATPase (SERCA) inhibitor-induced apoptosis, and both are attenuated by pharmacologic or genetic reductions in iPLA(2)ß activity and amplified by iPLA(2)ß overexpression. While exploring signaling events that occur downstream of iPLA(2)ß activation, we found that p38 MAP Kinase (MAPK) is activated by phosphorylation in INS-1 insulinoma cells and ... | 2011 | 22194610 |
| preventing downstream clostridium difficile infections with upstream antibiotic management. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) remains a devastating cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea. treatment modalities have centered traditionally on two antibiotics, metronidazole and oral vancomycin. both drugs, however, have been associated with variable relapse rates up to 20%. fidaxomicin, a new oral agent with targeted c. difficile activity, may reduce the chance of relapse, but has not yet entered mainstream clinical practice. cdi is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. in ... | 2012 | 22079651 |
| molecular analysis of relapses or reinfections of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | recurrence is a major complication of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and occurs in 15 to 20% of patients after discontinuation of therapy. strains from 53 patients with clostridium difficile recurrences were fingerprinted by pcr ribotyping. reinfection with a different strain occurred in 15 out of 53 patients (28,3%), while 38 patients relapsed. these data suggest the need to perform molecular typing for implementation of infection control procedures and for a more appropriate therape ... | 2011 | 22143813 |
| Surface proteins from Lactobacillus kefir antagonize in vitro cytotoxic effect of Clostridium difficile toxins. | In this work, the ability of S-layer proteins from kefir-isolated Lactobacillus kefir strains to antagonize the cytophatic effects of toxins from Clostridium difficile (TcdA and TcdB) on eukaryotic cells in vitro was tested by cell detachment assay. S-layer proteins from eight different L. kefir strains were able to inhibit the damage induced by C. difficile spent culture supernatant to Vero cells. Besides, same protective effect was observed by F-actin network staining. S-layer proteins from ag ... | 2011 | 22126976 |
| Detection of Clostridium difficile Toxin A/B Genes by Multiplex Real-Time PCR for the Diagnosis of C. difficile infection. | Toxigenic Clostridium difficile culture is considered to be a reference diagnostic method for C. difficile infection (CDI), but it is time-consuming. Enzyme immunoassay is rapid and ease-to-use, but has low sensitivity. We evaluated a real-time PCR kit, AdvanSure CD real-time PCR (RT-PCR; LG Life Sciences), which can simultaneously detect C. difficile toxins A and B. A total of 127 fresh diarrheal stool specimens submitted to the clinical microbiology laboratory for C. difficile culture were tes ... | 2011 | 21959205 |
| effects of adenosine a2a receptor activation and alanyl-glutamine in clostridium difficile toxin-induced ileitis in rabbits and cecitis in mice. | abstract: background: severe clostridium difficile toxin-induced enteritis is characterized by exuberant intestinal tissue inflammation, epithelial disruption and diarrhea. adenosine, through its action on the adenosine a2a receptor, prevents neutrophillic adhesion and oxidative burst and inhibits inflammatory cytokine production. alanyl-glutamine enhances intestinal mucosal repair and decreases apoptosis of enterocytes. this study investigates the protection from enteritis by combination thera ... | 2012 | 22264229 |
| characterization of shiga toxin producing (stec) and enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec) in raw yak (poephagus grunniens) milk and milk products. | thirty-one shiga toxin-producing (stec) and 6 enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec) were isolated from 87 raw yak milk and 63 'churpi' samples. of 18 stx(1) positive isolates (48.6%), 14 carried stx(1c) (77.7%). subtyping of 28 stx(2) positive isolates (75.7%) revealed the presence of stx(2c) (9, 32.1%), stx(2d) (3, 10.7%), stx(2e) (1, 3.57%) and stx(2f) (3, 10.7%) variants. furthermore, intimin (eaea), enterohaemolysin (ehxa), autoagglutinating adhesin (saa), iha (adherence conferring protei ... | 2012 | 22226073 |
| editorial: not so nosocomial anymore: the growing threat of community-acquired clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile infection is widely accepted to be the leading cause of nosocomial infection-related morbidity and mortality, outpacing both antibiotic-resistant staphylococcus and enterococcus. the existence and prevalence of community-acquired clostridium difficile infection, on the other hand, is much less well appreciated. growing evidence now suggests that community-acquired clostridium difficile infection may account for more than a third of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea ... | 2012 | 22218031 |
| systems analysis of the transcriptional response of human ileocecal epithelial cells to clostridium difficile toxins and effects on cell cycle control. | abstract: | 2012 | 22225989 |
| clostridium difficile infection in older adults: a review and update on its management. | background: clostridium difficile is a main cause of health care-associated infections. the incidence and severity have been increasing. elderly persons are at an increased risk of morbidity and mortality from c. difficile infection (cdi). relatively few advances have been made in the treatment of cdi since it was first identified as a cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea more than 30 years ago. objective: this article reviews cdi and provides an update on its treatment, including recently pu ... | 2012 | 22260856 |
| fecal transplant via retention enema for refractory or recurrent clostridium difficile infection. | | 2012 | 22271132 |
| gef-h1/rhoa signalling pathway mediates lipopolysaccharide-induced intercellular adhesion molecular-1 expression in endothelial cells via activation of p38 and nf-κb. | the purpose of study is to investigate the effects of gef-h1/rhoa pathway in regulating intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (icam-1) expression in lipopolysaccharide (lps)-activated endothelial cells. exposure of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (huvecs) to lps induced gef-h1 and icam-1 expression in dose- and time-dependent up-regulating manners. pretreatment with clostridium difficile toxin b-10463 (tcdb-10463), an inhibitor of rho activity, reduced lps-related phosphorylation of p65 at se ... | 2012 | 22226621 |
| [a study of patients with clostridium difficile infection hospitalized at brno clinic of infectious diseases in 2007-2010.] | background: to describe a set of patients hospitalized at the clinic of infectious diseases of the university hospital brno with clostridium difficile infection (cdi), to interpret clinical and epidemiological data, and to determine the risk factors for the disease and its complications. material and methods: a retrospective study of 284 patients with confirmed diagnosis of clostridium difficile infection hospitalized between 1 january 2007 and 31 december 2010. epidemiological, clinical and lab ... | 2011 | 22247031 |
| longitudinal study comparing the dynamics of clostridium difficile in conventional and antimicrobial free pigs at farm and slaughter. | clostridium difficile is the leading cause of nosocomial diarrhea in humans and a major cause of enteritis in neonatal piglets, foals and calves. the aim of this longitudinal study was to determine and compare the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility, and toxinotype profiles of c. difficile isolated from pigs and their environment in the indoor conventional and outdoor antimicrobial free (abf) production systems. ten conventional and eight abf cohorts of 35 pigs each and their environment we ... | 2011 | 22243897 |
| hospital-acquired infections. | health-acquired infection (hai) is defined as a localized or systemic condition resulting from an adverse reaction to the presence of infectious agents or its toxins. this article focuses on hais that are well studied, common, and costly (direct, indirect, and intangible). the hais reviewed are catheter-related bloodstream infection, ventilator-associated pneumonia, surgical site infection, and catheter-associated urinary tract infection. this article excludes discussion of clostridium difficile ... | 2012 | 22269261 |
| identification of the cellular receptor of clostridium spiroforme toxin. | clostridium spiroforme produces the binary actin-adp-ribosylating toxin cst (c. spiroforme toxin), which has been proposed to be responsible for diarrhea, enterocolitis and, eventually, death especially in rabbits. here, we report on the recombinant production of the enzyme component (csta) and the binding component (cstb) of c. spiroforme toxin in bacillus megaterium. by using the recombinant toxin components we show that cst enters target cells via the lipolysis-stimulated lipoprotein receptor ... | 2012 | 22252869 |
| high proportion of false-positive clostridium difficile enzyme immunoassays for toxin a and b in pediatric patients. | objectives. to determine the frequency of false-positive clostridium difficile toxin enzyme immunoassay (eia) results in hospitalized children and to examine potential reasons for this false positivity. design. nested case-control. setting. two tertiary care pediatric hospitals. methods. as part of a natural history study, prospectively collected eia-positive stools were cultured for toxigenic c. difficile, and characteristics of children with false-positive and true-positive eia results were ... | 2012 | 22227987 |
| epidemiology of clostridium difficile-associated disease in internal medicine wards in northern italy. | clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) is a growing health care problem. elderly patients with multiple comorbidities and repeated hospitalization are at high risk for developing the disease. few data are available on epidemiology of cdad in italy and no studies have focused on cdad burden in internal medicine wards. we retrospectively analysed all cdad cases in four internal medicine wards of a city hospital in northern italy and reviewed the medical records of patients who developed c ... | 2012 | 22249916 |
| health care and socioeconomic impact of falls in the elderly. | background: elderly falls are associated with long hospital stays, major morbidity, and mortality. we sought to examine the fate of patients ≥75 years of age admitted after falls. methods: we reviewed all fall admissions in 2008. causes, comorbidities, injuries, procedures, mortality, readmission, and costs were analyzed. results: seven hundred eight patients ≥75 years old were admitted after a fall, with 89% being simple falls. short-term mortality was 6%. male sex, atrial fibrillation, acute m ... | 2012 | 22257741 |
| structural determinants of the clostridium difficile toxin a glucosyltransferase activity. | the principle virulence factors in clostridium difficile pathogenesis are tcda and tcdb, homologous glucosyltransferases capable of inactivating small gtpases within the host cell. we present crystal structures of the tcda glucosyltransferase domain (gtd) in the presence and absence of the co-substrate udp-glucose. while the enzymatic core is similar to that of tcdb, the proposed gtpase-binding surface differs significantly. we show that tcda is comparable to tcdb in its modification of rho-fa ... | 2012 | 22267739 |
| risk factors associated with clostridium difficile infection in adult oncology patients with a history of recent hospitalization for febrile neutropenia. | | 2012 | 22221036 |
| behaviour and target site selection of the conjugative transposon tn916 in two different strains of toxigenic clostridium difficile. | the insertion sites of the conjugative transposon tn916 in the anaerobic pathogen clostridium difficile were determined using illumina solexa high-throughput dna sequencing of tn916 insertion libraries in two different clinical isolates: 630δe, an erythromycin-sensitive derivative of 630 (ribotype 012) and the ribotype 027 isolate r20291 which was responsible for a severe outbreak of c. difficile disease. a consensus fifteen base pair tn916 insertion sequence was identified which was similar in ... | 2012 | 22267673 |
| one-day point prevalence of emerging bacterial pathogens in four secondary and five tertiary care german hospitals - results from a pilot study of the german society for hospital hygiene (deutsche gesellschaft für krankenhaushygiene, dgkh). | objective: data on the prevalence of emerging bacterial pathogens like extended-spectrum-lactamase-building (esbl) gram negative organisms, multiresistant pseudomonas and acinetobacter species or toxin-building clostridium difficile in german hospitals are sparse. to provide data for different regions in germany, a one-day point prevalence study with five tertiary care hospitals and four secondary care hospitals was conducted on the 10(th) of february 2010.method: for participating hospitals, th ... | 2011 | 22242101 |
| clostridium difficile toxins: mediators of inflammation. | clostridium difficile is a significant problem in hospital settings as the most common cause of nosocomial diarrhea worldwide. c. difficile infections (cdis) are characterized by an acute intestinal inflammatory response with neutrophil infiltration. these symptoms are primarily caused by the glucosylating toxins, tcda and tcdb. in the past decade, the frequency and severity of cdis have increased markedly due to the emergence of so-called hypervirulent strains that overproduce cytotoxic glucosy ... | 2012 | 22237401 |
| the patient presenting with acute dysentery - a systematic review. | objectives: the etiologies, clinical presentations and diagnosis of acute pathogen-specific dysentery in children and adults in industrialized and developing regions is described to help develop recommendations for therapy. methods: we conducted a systematic review of literature published between january 2000 and june 2011 to determine the frequency of occurrence of pathogen-specific dysentery. results: shigella, salmonella, and campylobacter remain the most frequent bacterial causes of dysenter ... | 2012 | 22266388 |
| high prevalence of clostridium difficile colonization among nursing home residents in hesse, germany. | clostridium difficile is the most common cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in hospitals and other healthcare facilities. the elderly are particularly susceptible and at increased risk for adverse outcome as a result of c. difficile infection. the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of c. difficile colonization among residents of nursing homes in hesse and to compare it with the prevalence in the general population living outside long-term care facilities (ltcf). we assessed ... | 2012 | 22253917 |
| high occurrence of various clostridium difficile pcr ribotypes in pigs arriving at the slaughterhouse. | background: clostridium difficile is recognized as an important cause of nosocomial diarrhoea in humans, especially in association with the administration of antibiotics. furthermore, c. difficile can not only cause neonatal enteritis in pigs but can also be found in pigs without any clinical disease symptoms. clostridium difficile had been found on pork samples destined for human consumption. however, little is known about the risk of food-borne transmission. objective: to elaborate the risk ... | 2012 | 22235856 |
| clostridium difficile infection is associated with poor outcomes in end-stage renal disease. | to investigate the association of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) with the outcomes of hospitalized patients with end-stage renal disease (esrd). | 2012 | 22222233 |
| intestinal superinfections in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. | intestinal superinfections may occur in the setting of inflammatory bowel diseases (ibd), complicating the clinical picture and triggering flares of disease. | 2011 | 22325169 |
| loop-mediated amplification accelerated by stem primers. | isothermal nucleic acid amplifications (inaats) have become an important alternative to pcr for in vitro molecular diagnostics in all fields. amongst inaats loop-mediated amplification (lamp) has gained much attention over the last decade because of the simplicity of hardware requirements. lamp demonstrates performance equivalent to that of pcr, but its application has been limited by the challenging primer design. the design of six primers in lamp requires a selection of eight priming sites wit ... | 2011 | 22272122 |
| how a bowel tumour led to meningitis. | this report summarises a case history in which a 75-year-old man was admitted with bacterial meningitis caused by streptococcus bovis. a subsequent abdominal investigation in the light of the known association between invasive s bovis infection and colonic cancer confirmed the suspicion of a cancer located to the rectum. the patient died from clostridium difficile enterocolitis with sepsis and multi-organ failure. this is a highly relevant and interesting case presentation, which besides providi ... | 2011 | 22692778 |
| management and prevention of recurrent clostridium difficile infection in patients after total joint arthroplasty: a review. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is the most common infectious cause of nosocomial diarrhea in elderly patients, accounting for 15% to 25% of all cases of antibiotic-induced diarrhea in those patients. virulent forms of this organism have developed, increasing the associated morbidity, mortality, and complication rates. the average patient undergoing total joint arthroplasty is at particular risk of cdi because of advanced age, the use of prophylactic antibiotic coverage in the perioperativ ... | 2012 | 23569710 |
| clinical and microbiological profile of hiv/aids cases with diarrhea in north india. | intestinal infections are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in people living with hiv/aids (plwha) especially in developing countries. the present study was conducted to assess the clinical and microbiological spectrum in hiv/aids cases with diarrhea and to correlate the occurrence of such pathogens with stool characters, hiv seropositivity status, and cd4 counts. stools from 154 hiv seropositive subjects and 50 hiv negative controls were examined by direct microscopy, fecal culture ... | 2012 | 23326669 |
| using rapid diagnostic tests to optimize antimicrobial selection in antimicrobial stewardship programs. | new advances in rapid diagnostic tests provide several collaborative opportunities for stewardship teams, particularly in processes where delay in the initiation of appropriate therapy has significant consequences for patient outcomes. rapid molecular tests enhance one of the key functions of microbiology laboratories, which is to produce accurate organism identification and timely antimicrobial susceptibility testing data. these data are used to guide the choice of antimicrobial agents for trea ... | 2012 | 23307517 |
| approaching zero: temporal effects of a restrictive antibiotic policy on hospital-acquired clostridium difficile, extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing coliforms and meticillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus. | a restrictive antibiotic policy banning routine use of ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin was implemented in a 450-bed district general hospital following an educational campaign. monthly consumption of nine antibiotics was monitored in defined daily doses (ddds) per 1000 patient-occupied bed-days (1000 pt-bds) 9 months before until 16 months after policy introduction. hospital-acquired clostridium difficile, meticillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (esbl)-p ... | 2012 | 23276500 |
| mapk-activated protein kinase 2 contributes to clostridium difficile-associated inflammation. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) results in toxin-induced epithelial injury and marked intestinal inflammation. fecal markers of intestinal inflammation correlate with cdi disease severity, but regulation of the inflammatory response is poorly understood. previous studies demonstrated that c. difficile toxin tcda activates p38 kinase in tissue culture cells and mouse ilium, resulting in interleukin-8 (il-8) release. here, we investigated the role of phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein ... | 2012 | 23264053 |
| clostridium difficile infection outbreak in a male rehabilitation ward, hong kong special administrative region (china), 2011. | | 2012 | 23908942 |
| incidence of clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea in a tertiary care hospital. | rampant and injudicious use of broad spectrum antibiotics in hospitalized patients has increased the incidence of clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea (cdad). though antibiotic use is the best known risk factor for cdad, the occurrence of community acquired c. difficile suggests the presence of other risk factors too. however cdad is still under-recognized in india and asia. therefore we undertook a prospective study to determine the incidence of clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea ... | 2012 | 23767199 |
| clostridium difficile infection--is it coming at us? | | 2012 | 23767195 |
| fecal transplant for clostridium difficile-reply. | | 2012 | 23752359 |
| control of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea by antibiotic stewardship in a small community hospital. | | 2012 | 23730314 |
| [a case of diarrhoea by clostridium difficile]. | we present a patient who developed a pseudomembranous colitis due to clostridium difficile with a prolonged course. the diarrhoea symptoms worsened after two hospitalisations, but there was an improvement with outpatient treatment. the first diagnosis was made in primary care. we summarise the preventive measures, and present the severity criteria of this condition, as well as the failure antibiotic treatment with metronidazole and the possible aggravation by the use of other antibiotics in thes ... | 2012 | 23726735 |
| clostridium difficile infection in children: current state and unanswered questions. | the incidence of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in children has increased over the past decade. in recent years, new and intriguing data on pediatric cdi have emerged. community-onset infections are increasingly recognized, even in children who have not previously received antibiotics. a hypervirulent strain is responsible for up to 20% of pediatric cdi cases. unique risk factors for cdi in children have been identified. advances in diagnostic testing strategies, including the use of nucl ... | 2012 | 23687578 |
| effects of nisin and reutericyclin on resistance of endospores of clostridium spp. to heat and high pressure. | the effects of high pressure, temperature, and antimicrobial compounds on endospores of clostridium spp. were examined. minimal inhibitory concentrations (mic) of nisin and reutericyclin were determined for vegetative cells and endospores of clostridium sporogenes atcc 7955, clostridium beijerinckii atcc 8260, and clostridium difficile 3195. endospores of c. sporogenes atcc 7955 and c. beijerinckii atcc 8260 were exposed to 90 °c and 90 °c/600 mpa in the presence of 16 mg l(-1) nisin or 6.4 mg l ... | 2012 | 23498177 |
| portal vein thrombosis following laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy for morbid obesity. | portal vein thrombosis has been documented after laparoscopic general surgery and has been uncommonly observed after laparoscopic bariatric surgery. among bariatric operations, the sleeve gastrectomy is being performed with ever-increasing frequency. here we report the case of a man who presented with portal vein thrombosis after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. | 2012 | 23484577 |
| glutamine and alanyl-glutamine increase rhoa expression and reduce clostridium difficile toxin-a-induced intestinal epithelial cell damage. | clostridium difficile is a major cause of antibiotic-associated colitis and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. glutamine (gln) is a major fuel for the intestinal cell population. alanyl-glutamine (ala-gln) is a dipeptide that is highly soluble and well tolerated. iec-6 cells were used in the in vitro experiments. cell morphology was evaluated by atomic force microscopy (afm) and scanning electron microscopy (sem). cell proliferation was assessed by wst-1 and ki-67 and apopto ... | 2012 | 23484083 |
| clostridium difficile infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. | | 2012 | 23483861 |
| deadly diarrhea: clostridium difficile infection. | diarrhea is often only a minor inconvenience, but sometimes it can be deadly--especially if it results from a clostridium difficile infection. clostridium difficile colitis is becoming increasingly common and more virulent, and patients with kidney failure are at increased risk for development of a clostridium disfficile infection. this article provides information about clostridium difficile infection, its incidence, diagnosis, and treatment. in addition, the article discusses how to combat the ... | 2012 | 23469412 |
| detection of clostridium difficile in retail ground meat products in manitoba. | the aim of the present study was to determine whether clostridium difficile was present in uncooked retail ground beef and ground pork products sold in winnipeg, manitoba. using an alcohol treatment protocol and inoculation of cultures on c difficile moxalactam norfloxacin (cdmn), toxigenic c difficile was found in 6.3% of 48 meat samples. the c difficile isolates belonged to different pulsotypes, all of which had been previously isolated from the stool of manitoba patients with c difficile dise ... | 2012 | 23450202 |
| genetically diverse clostridium difficile strains harbouring abundant prophages in an estuarine environment. | clostridium difficile is the leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhoeal disease in healthcare settings across the world. despite its pathogenic capacity, it can be carried asymptomatically and has been found in terrestrial and marine ecosystems outside hospital environments. less is known about these environmental strains and few studies have been conducted on estuarine systems. although prophage abundance and diversity is known within in clinical strains, prophage carriage within environ ... | 2013 | 23913427 |
| norovirus gastroenteritis after fecal microbiota transplantation for treatment of clostridium difficile infection despite asymptomatic donors and lack of sick contacts. | | 2013 | 23912408 |
| adaptive strategies and pathogenesis of clostridium difficile from in vivo transcriptomics. | clostridium difficile is currently the major cause of nosocomial intestinal diseases associated with antibiotic therapy in adults. in order to improve our knowledge of c. difficile-host interactions, we analyzed the genome-wide temporal expression of c. difficile 630 genes during the first 38 h of mouse colonization to identify genes whose expression is modulated in vivo, suggesting that they may play a role in facilitating the colonization process. in the ceca of the c. difficile-monoassociated ... | 2013 | 23897605 |
| cyclic di-gmp riboswitch-regulated type iv pili contribute to aggregation of clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile is an anaerobic gram-positive bacterium that causes intestinal infections with symptoms ranging from mild diarrhea to fulminant colitis. cyclic diguanosine monophosphate (c-di-gmp) is a bacterial second messenger that typically regulates the switch from motile, free-living to sessile and multicellular behaviors in gram-negative bacteria. increased intracellular c-di-gmp concentration in c. difficile was recently shown to reduce flagellar motility and to increase cell aggreg ... | 2014 | 25512308 |
| fever and cardiac arrest in a patient with a left ventricular assist device. | a 68-year-old avid deer hunter with ischemic cardiomyopathy underwent left ventricular assist device (lvad) implantation for destination therapy two years ago. he was living an active lifestyle, tracking deer and fishing in a midwestern forest in november. his wife removed an engorged tick on his thorax. a few days later, he experienced fever, confusion, and ataxia and was hospitalized with septic shock and ventricular fibrillation. the lvad site had no signs of trauma, drainage, warmth, or tend ... | 2015 | 26380334 |
| new role for fda-approved drugs in combating antibiotic-resistant bacteria. | antibiotic resistance in medically relevant bacterial pathogens, coupled with a paucity of novel antimicrobial discoveries, represents a pressing global crisis. traditional drug discovery is an inefficient and costly process; however, systematic screening of food and drug administration (fda)-approved therapeutics for other indications in humans offers a rapid alternative approach. in this study, we screened a library of 780 fda-approved drugs to identify molecules that rendered raw 264.7 murine ... | 2016 | 27067323 |
| fecal microbiota transplantation in relapsing clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection rates are climbing in frequency and severity, and the spectrum of susceptible patients is expanding beyond the traditional scope of hospitalized patients receiving antibiotics. fecal microbiota transplantation is becoming increasingly accepted as an effective and safe intervention in patients with recurrent disease, likely due to the restoration of a disrupted microbiome. cure rates of > 90% are being consistently reported from multiple centers. transplantation ca ... | 2012 | 23152734 |
| fecal microbiota transplantation: the state of the art. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is an emerging problem in terms of incidence, morbidity and mortality. currently available treatment options are not always effective, especially in cases of recurrent/refractory or complicated cdi. the gut microbiota transplantation is a technique that has been sporadically practiced since the '50s, but its clinical efficacy has only recently been supported by scientific evidence. in the present article, we report the pathophysiological basis and the clinic ... | 2013 | 24470963 |
| treatment of clostridium difficile infection: recent trial results. | clostridium difficile is a major cause of infection worldwide and is associated with increasing morbidity and mortality in vulnerable patient populations. metronidazole and oral vancomycin are the currently recommended therapies for the treatment of c. difficile infection (cdi) but are associated with unacceptably high rates of disease recurrence. novel therapies for the treatment of cdi and prevention of recurrent cdi are urgently needed. important developments in the treatment of cdi are curre ... | 2013 | 25525499 |
| fecal microbiota transplant for relapsing clostridium difficile infection using a frozen inoculum from unrelated donors: a randomized, open-label, controlled pilot study. | recurrent clostridium difficile infection (cdi) with poor response to standard antimicrobial therapy is a growing medical concern. we aimed to investigate the outcomes of fecal microbiota transplant (fmt) for relapsing cdi using a frozen suspension from unrelated donors, comparing colonoscopic and nasogastric tube (ngt) administration. | 2014 | 24762631 |
| gastrointestinal dysbiosis and the use of fecal microbial transplantation in clostridium difficile infection. | the impact of antibiotics on the human gut microbiota is a significant concern. antibiotic-associated diarrhea has been on the rise for the past few decades with the increasing usage of antibiotics. clostridium difficile infections (cdi) have become one of the most prominent types of infectious diarrheal disease, with dramatically increased incidence in both the hospital and community setting worldwide. studies show that variability in the innate host response may in part impact upon cdi severit ... | 2015 | 26600975 |
| experience with cultivated microbiota transplant: ongoing treatment of clostridium difficile patients in sweden. | | 2015 | 26031676 |
| fecal microbiota transplantation as novel therapy in gastroenterology: a systematic review. | to study the clinical efficacy and safety of fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt). we systematically reviewed fmt used as clinical therapy. | 2015 | 25954111 |
| extensive identification of bacterial riboflavin transporters and their distribution across bacterial species. | riboflavin, the precursor for the cofactors flavin mononucleotide (fmn) and flavin adenine dinucleotide, is an essential metabolite in all organisms. while the functions for de novo riboflavin biosynthesis and riboflavin import may coexist in bacteria, the extent of this co-occurrence is undetermined. the ribm, ribn, rfuabcd and the energy-coupling factor-ribu bacterial riboflavin transporters have been experimentally characterized. in addition, impx, rfnt and ribxy are proposed as riboflavin tr ... | 2015 | 25938806 |
| an assessment of antimicrobial resistant disease threats in canada. | antimicrobial resistance (amr) of infectious agents is a growing concern for public health organizations. given the complexity of this issue and how widespread the problem has become, resources are often insufficient to address all concerns, thus prioritization of amr pathogens is essential for the optimal allocation of risk management attention. since the epidemiology of amr pathogens differs between countries, country-specific assessments are important for the determination of national priorit ... | 2015 | 25905797 |
| effectiveness of fecal-derived microbiota transfer using orally administered capsules for recurrent clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi), a complication of antibiotic-induced injury to the gut microbiome, is a prevalent and dangerous cause of infectious diarrhea. antimicrobial therapy for cdi is typically effective for acute symptoms, but up to one third of patients later experience recurrent cdi. fecal-derived microbiota transplantation (fmt) can ameliorate the underlying dysbiosis and is highly effective for recurrent cdi. traditional methods of fmt are limited by patient discomfort, risk a ... | 2015 | 25885020 |
| fecal microbiota transplantation and successful resolution of multidrug-resistant-organism colonization. | we report a case in which fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) utilized for relapsing clostridium difficile colitis successfully eradicated colonization with several multidrug-resistant organisms (mdros). fmt may have an additive benefit of reducing mdro carriage and should be further investigated as a potential measure to eradicate additional potentially virulent organisms beyond c. difficile. | 2015 | 25878340 |
| complicated fecal microbiota transplantation in a tetraplegic patient with severe clostridium difficile infection. | a 65-year-old male suffering from acute spinal cord injury leading to incomplete tetraplegia presented with severe recurrent clostridium difficile (c. difficile) infection subsequent to antibiotic treatment for pneumonia. after a history of ineffective antimicrobial therapies, including metronidazole, vancomycin, fidaxomicin, rifaximin and tigecycline, leading to several relapses, the patient underwent colonoscopic fecal microbiota transplantation from his healthy son. four days subsequent to th ... | 2015 | 25834343 |
| fecal microbiota transplant protocol for clostridium difficile infection. | fecal microbiota transplant has become more acceptable as a therapeutic for recurrent clostridium difficile infection. the fda has an enforcement discretion policy for practitioner's performing this therapy, which includes informed consent for this experimental treatment. this manuscript describes a typical procedure that can be followed that includes the important aspects of this preparation and treatment. | 2015 | 25805532 |
| long-term effects on luminal and mucosal microbiota and commonly acquired taxa in faecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent clostridium difficile infection. | faecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) is an effective treatment for recurrent clostridium difficile infection (rcdi). it restores the disrupted intestinal microbiota and subsequently suppresses c. difficile. the long-term stability of the intestinal microbiota and the recovery of mucosal microbiota, both of which have not been previously studied, are assessed herein. further, the specific bacteria behind the treatment efficacy are also investigated. | 2016 | 27724956 |
| fecal microbiota transplantation by freeze-dried oral capsules for recurrent clostridium difficile infection. | | 2016 | 27822485 |
| fecal transplantation indications in ulcerative colitis. preliminary study. | fecal microbiota transplantation is used with success in persistent (more than two episodes) clostridium difficile infection; it has also gained importance and started to be used in inflammatory bowel disease. there are theoretical arguments that justify its use in ulcerative colitis or crohn's disease. based on our clinical cases we tried to evaluate the indications of fecal microbiota transplantation young patients with ulcerative colitis and multiple relapses, in which biological or immunosup ... | 2016 | 27152073 |
| detection of zoonotic pathogens and characterization of novel viruses carried by commensal rattus norvegicus in new york city. | norway rats (rattus norvegicus) are globally distributed and concentrate in urban environments, where they live and feed in closer proximity to human populations than most other mammals. despite the potential role of rats as reservoirs of zoonotic diseases, the microbial diversity present in urban rat populations remains unexplored. in this study, we used targeted molecular assays to detect known bacterial, viral, and protozoan human pathogens and unbiased high-throughput sequencing to identify ... | 2014 | 25316698 |
| carriage of clostridium difficile by wild urban norway rats (rattus norvegicus) and black rats (rattus rattus). | clostridium difficile is an important cause of enteric infections in humans. recently, concerns have been raised regarding whether animals could be a source of c. difficile spores. although colonization has been identified in a number of domestic species, the ability of commensal pests to serve as a reservoir for c. difficile has not been well investigated. the objective of this study was to determine whether urban rats (rattus spp.) from vancouver, canada, carry c. difficile. clostridium diffic ... | 2014 | 24317079 |
| effects of probiotics and antibiotics on the intestinal homeostasis in a computer controlled model of the large intestine. | antibiotic associated diarrhea and clostridium difficile infection are frequent complications of broad spectrum antibiotic therapy. probiotic bacteria are used as therapeutic and preventive agents in these disorders, but the exact functional mechanisms and the mode of action are poorly understood. the effects of clindamycin and the probiotic mixture vsl#3 (containing the 8 bacterial strains streptococcus thermophilus, bifidobacterium breve, bifidobacterium longum, bifidobacterium infantis, lacto ... | 2012 | 22452835 |
| a laboratory-developed taqman array card for simultaneous detection of 19 enteropathogens. | the taqman array card (tac) system is a 384-well singleplex real-time pcr format that has been used to detect multiple infection targets. here we developed an enteric taqman array card to detect 19 enteropathogens, including viruses (adenovirus, astrovirus, norovirus gii, rotavirus, and sapovirus), bacteria (campylobacter jejuni/c. coli, clostridium difficile, salmonella, vibrio cholerae, diarrheagenic escherichia coli strains including enteroaggregative e. coli [eaec], enterotoxigenic e. coli [ ... | 2013 | 23175269 |
| comparison of maldi-tof ms, gene sequencing and the vitek 2 for identification of seventy-three clinical isolates of enteropathogens. | this study was performed to evaluate the analytical and practical performance of the matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) compared to the sequencing method and the vitek 2 system for identification of enteropathogens in the clinical microbiology laboratory. | 2014 | 24822116 |
| a new lab developed real time pcr assay for direct detection of c. difficle from stool sample without dna extraction. | clostridium difficile is a major cause of nosocomial antibiotic-associated infectious diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. detection of c. difficile by anaerobic bacterial culture and/or cytotoxicity assays has been largely replaced by rapid enzyme immunoassays (eia). however, due to the lack of sensitivity of stool eia, we developed a multiplex real-time pcr assay targeting the c. difficile toxin genes tcdb. stool samples from hospitalized pediatric patients suspected of having c. difficile-a ... | 2016 | 27829823 |
| evaluation of luminex xtag gastrointestinal pathogen panel assay for detection of multiple diarrheal pathogens in fecal samples in vietnam. | diarrheal disease is a complex syndrome that remains a leading cause of global childhood morbidity and mortality. the diagnosis of enteric pathogens in a timely and precise manner is important for making treatment decisions and informing public health policy, but accurate diagnosis is a major challenge in industrializing countries. multiplex molecular diagnostic techniques may represent a significant improvement over classical approaches. we evaluated the luminex xtag gastrointestinal pathogen p ... | 2016 | 26865681 |
| analysis of a clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 078 100 kilobase island reveals the presence of a novel transposon, tn6164. | clostridium difficile is the main cause of antibiotic associated diarrhea. in the past decade, the number of c. difficile patients has increased dramatically, coinciding with the emergence of two pcr ribotypes 027 and 078. pcr ribotype 078 is also frequently found during c. difficile outbreaks in pigfarms. previously, the genome of the pcr ribotype 078 strain m120, a human isolate, was described to contain a unique insert of 100 kilobases. | 2012 | 22747711 |
| evaluation of luminex xtag gastrointestinal pathogen analyte-specific reagents for high-throughput, simultaneous detection of bacteria, viruses, and parasites of clinical and public health importance. | acute diarrheal disease (add) can be caused by a range of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites. conventional diagnostic methods, such as culture, microscopy, biochemical assays, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisa), are laborious and time-consuming and lack sensitivity. combined, the array of tests performed on a single specimen can increase the turnaround time (tat) significantly. we validated a 19plex laboratory-developed gastrointestinal pathogen panel (gpp) using l ... | 2013 | 23850948 |
| dielectrophoretic monitoring and interstrain separation of intact clostridium difficile based on their s(surface)-layers. | clostridium difficile (c. difficile) infection (cdi) rates have exhibited a steady rise worldwide over the last two decades and the infection poses a global threat due to the emergence of antibiotic resistant strains. interstrain antagonistic interactions across the host microbiome form an important strategy for controlling the emergence of cdi. the current diagnosis method for cdi, based on immunoassays for toxins produced by pathogenic c. difficile strains, is limited by false negatives due to ... | 2014 | 25343746 |
| targeting surface-layer proteins with single-domain antibodies: a potential therapeutic approach against clostridium difficile-associated disease. | clostridium difficile is a leading cause of death from gastrointestinal infections in north america. antibiotic therapy is effective, but the high incidence of relapse and the rise in hypervirulent strains warrant the search for novel treatments. surface layer proteins (slps) cover the entire c. difficile bacterial surface, are composed of high-molecular-weight (hmw) and low-molecular-weight (lmw) subunits, and mediate adherence to host cells. passive and active immunization against slps has enh ... | 2015 | 25936376 |
| microevolutionary analysis of clostridium difficile genomes to investigate transmission. | the control of clostridium difficile infection is a major international healthcare priority, hindered by a limited understanding of transmission epidemiology for these bacteria. however, transmission studies of bacterial pathogens are rapidly being transformed by the advent of next generation sequencing. | 2012 | 23259504 |
| hemolytic uremic syndrome and clostridium difficile colitis. | hemolytic uremic syndrome (hus) can be associated with different infectious etiologies, but the relationship between pseudomembranous colitis and hus was first described in the 1970s in some childhood patients. there is very limited published literature on clostridium difficile-associated hus. we report a case of c. difficile-related hus in an adult patient and provide a review of the literature. | 2012 | 23882375 |
| modulation of toxin production by the flagellar regulon in clostridium difficile. | we show in this study that toxin production in clostridium difficile is altered in cells which can no longer form flagellar filaments. the impact of inactivation of flic, cd0240, flif, flig, flim, and flhb-flir flagellar genes upon toxin levels in culture supernatants was assessed using cell-based cytotoxicity assay, proteomics, immunoassay, and immunoblotting approaches. each of these showed that toxin levels in supernatants were significantly increased in a flic mutant compared to that in the ... | 2012 | 22851750 |
| amixicile, a novel inhibitor of pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase, shows efficacy against clostridium difficile in a mouse infection model. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a serious diarrheal disease that often develops following prior antibiotic usage. one of the major problems with current therapies (oral vancomycin and metronidazole) is the high rate of recurrence. nitazoxanide (ntz), an inhibitor of pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (pfor) in anaerobic bacteria, parasites, helicobacter pylori, and campylobacter jejuni, also shows clinical efficacy against cdi. from a library of ∼250 analogues of ntz, we identified lead ... | 2012 | 22585229 |
| automated detection of toxigenic clostridium difficile in clinical samples: isothermal tcdb amplification coupled to array-based detection. | clostridium difficile can carry a genetically variable pathogenicity locus (paloc), which encodes clostridial toxins a and b. in hospitals and in the community at large, this organism is increasingly identified as a pathogen. to develop a diagnostic test that combines the strengths of immunoassays (cost) and dna amplification assays (sensitivity/specificity), we targeted a genetically stable paloc region, amplifying tcdb sequences and detecting them by hybridization capture. the assay employs a ... | 2012 | 22675134 |