| a hybrid nrps-pks gene cluster related to the bleomycin family of antitumor antibiotics in alteromonas macleodii strains. | although numerous marine bacteria are known to produce antibiotics via hybrid nrps-pks gene clusters, none have been previously described in an alteromonas species. in this study, we describe in detail a novel hybrid nrps-pks cluster identified in the plasmid of the alteromonasmacleodii strain altde1 and analyze its relatedness to other similar gene clusters in a sequence-based characterization. this is a mobile cluster, flanked by transposase-like genes, that has even been found inserted into t ... | 2013 | 24069455 |
| big roles of small kinases: the complex functions of receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases in plant immunity and development. | plants have evolved a large number of receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (rlcks) that often functionally and physically associate with receptor-like kinases (rlks) to modulate plant growth, development and immune responses. without any apparent extracellular domain, rlcks relay intracellular signaling often via rlk complex-mediated transphosphorylation events. recent advances have suggested essential roles of diverse rlcks in concert with rlks in regulating various cellular and physiological resp ... | 2013 | 23710768 |
| wrky76 is a rice transcriptional repressor playing opposite roles in blast disease resistance and cold stress tolerance. | oswrky76 encodes a group iia wrky transcription factor of rice. the expression of oswrky76 was induced within 48h after inoculation with rice blast fungus (magnaporthe oryzae), and by wounding, low temperature, benzothiadiazole, and abscisic acid. green fluorescent protein-fused oswrky76 localized to the nuclei in rice epidermal cells. oswrky76 showed sequence-specific dna binding to the w-box element in vitro and exhibited w-box-mediated transcriptional repressor activity in cultured rice cells ... | 2013 | 24043853 |
| death be not proud--cell death control in plant fungal interactions. | | 2013 | 24068920 |
| small rna sx13: a multifaceted regulator of virulence in the plant pathogen xanthomonas. | small noncoding rnas (srnas) are ubiquitous posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression. using the model plant-pathogenic bacterium xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (xcv), we investigated the highly expressed and conserved srna sx13 in detail. deletion of sx13 impinged on xcv virulence and the expression of genes encoding components and substrates of the hrp type iii secretion (t3s) system. qrt-pcr analyses revealed that sx13 promotes mrna accumulation of hrpx, a key regulator of the ... | 2013 | 24068933 |
| nitric oxide-sphingolipid interplays in plant signalling: a new enigma from the sphinx? | nitric oxide (no) emerged as one of the major signaling molecules operating during plant development and plant responses to its environment. beyond the identification of the direct molecular targets of no, a series of studies considered its interplay with other actors of signal transduction and the integration of no into complex signaling networks. beside the close relationships between no and calcium or phosphatidic acid signaling pathways that are now well-established, recent reports paved the ... | 2013 | 24062754 |
| pipecolic acid enhances resistance to bacterial infection and primes salicylic acid and nicotine accumulation in tobacco. | distinct amino acid metabolic pathways constitute integral parts of the plant immune system. we have recently identified pipecolic acid (pip), a lysine-derived non-protein amino acid, as a critical regulator of systemic acquired resistance (sar) and basal immunity to bacterial infection in arabidopsis thaliana. in arabidopsis, pip acts as an endogenous mediator of defense amplification and priming. for instance, pip conditions plants for effective biosynthesis of the phenolic defense signal sali ... | 2013 | 24025239 |
| the arabidopsis cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels atcngc2 and atcngc4 work in the same signaling pathway to regulate pathogen defense and floral transition. | arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels (cngcs) form a large family consisting of 20 members and have been implicated in ca(2+) signaling related to various physiological processes, such as pathogen defense, development, and thermotolerance. the null mutant of atcngc2, defense, no death (dnd1), exhibits autoimmune phenotypes, while it is impaired in mounting the hypersensitive response, which is a hallmark of effector-triggered (i.e. resistance-gene mediated) resi ... | 2013 | 24027242 |
| membrane lipid-modulated mechanism of action and non-cytotoxicity of novel fungicide aminoglycoside fg08. | a novel aminoglycoside, fg08, that differs from kanamycin b only by a c8 alkyl chain at the 4″-o position, was previously reported. unlike kanamycin b, fg08 shows broad-spectrum fungicidal but not anti-bacterial activities. to understand its specificity for fungi, the mechanism of action of fg08 was studied using intact cells of the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae and small unilamellar membrane vesicles. with exposure to fg08 (30 µg ml(-1)), 8-fold more cells were stained with fluorescein isothio ... | 2013 | 24040088 |
| proteomic and virus-induced gene silencing (vigs) analyses reveal that gossypol, brassinosteroids, and jasmonic acid contribute to the resistance of cotton to verticillium dahliae. | verticillium wilt causes massive annual losses of cotton yield, but the mechanism of cotton resistance to verticillium dahliae is complex and poorly understood. in this study, a comparative proteomic analysis was performed in resistant cotton (gossypium barbadense cv7124) on infection with v. dahliae. a total of 188 differentially expressed proteins were identified by mass spectrometry (maldi-tof/tof) analysis and could be classified into 17 biological processes based on gene ontology annotation ... | 2013 | 24019146 |
| molecular steps in the immune signaling pathway evoked by plant elicitor peptides: ca2+-dependent protein kinases, nitric oxide, and reactive oxygen species are downstream from the early ca2+ signal. | endogenous plant elicitor peptides (peps) can act to facilitate immune signaling and pathogen defense responses. binding of these peptides to the arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) plasma membrane-localized pep receptors (peprs) leads to cytosolic ca(2+) elevation, an early event in a signaling cascade that activates immune responses. this immune response includes the amplification of signaling evoked by direct perception of pathogen-associated molecular patterns by plant cells under assault. wo ... | 2013 | 24019427 |
| herbivore exploits orally secreted bacteria to suppress plant defenses. | induced plant defenses in response to herbivore attack are modulated by cross-talk between jasmonic acid (ja)- and salicylic acid (sa)-signaling pathways. oral secretions from some insect herbivores contain effectors that overcome these antiherbivore defenses. herbivores possess diverse microbes in their digestive systems and these microbial symbionts can modify plant-insect interactions; however, the specific role of herbivore-associated microbes in manipulating plant defenses remains unclear. ... | 2013 | 24019469 |
| the role of nitric oxide in the interaction of arabidopsis thaliana with the biotrophic fungi, golovinomyces orontii and erysiphe pisi. | powdery mildews are a diverse group of pathogenic fungi that can infect a large number of plant species, including many economically important crops. however, basic and applied research on these devastating diseases has been hampered by the obligate biotrophic lifestyle of the pathogens, which require living host cells for growth and reproduction, and lacking genetic and molecular tools for important host plants. the establishment of arabidopsis thaliana as a host of different powdery mildew spe ... | 2013 | 24058365 |
| the outer membrane tolc-like channel hgdd is part of tripartite resistance-nodulation-cell division (rnd) efflux systems conferring multiple-drug resistance in the cyanobacterium anabaena sp. pcc7120. | the tolc-like protein hgdd of the filamentous, heterocyst-forming cyanobacterium anabaena sp. pcc 7120 is part of multiple three-component "ab-d" systems spanning the inner and outer membranes and is involved in secretion of various compounds, including lipids, metabolites, antibiotics, and proteins. several components of hgdd-dependent tripartite transport systems have been identified, but the diversity of inner membrane energizing systems is still unknown. here we identified six putative resis ... | 2013 | 24014018 |
| copper response regulator1-dependent and -independent responses of the chlamydomonas reinhardtii transcriptome to dark anoxia. | anaerobiosis is a stress condition for aerobic organisms and requires extensive acclimation responses. we used rna-seq for a whole-genome view of the acclimation of chlamydomonas reinhardtii to anoxic conditions imposed simultaneously with transfer to the dark. nearly 1.4 × 10(3) genes were affected by hypoxia. comparing transcript profiles from early (hypoxic) with those from late (anoxic) time points indicated that cells activate oxidative energy generation pathways before employing fermentati ... | 2013 | 24014546 |
| recent advances in calcium/calmodulin-mediated signaling with an emphasis on plant-microbe interactions. | | 2013 | 24014576 |
| small rnas in plant defense responses during viral and bacterial interactions: similarities and differences. | small non-coding rnas constitute an important class of gene expression regulators that control different biological processes in most eukaryotes. in plants, several small rna (srna) silencing pathways have evolved to produce a wide range of small rnas with specialized functions. evidence for the diverse mode of action of the small rna pathways has been highlighted during plant-microbe interactions. host srnas and small rna silencing pathways have been recognized as essential components of plant ... | 2013 | 24046772 |
| generalized bacterial genome editing using mobile group ii introns and cre-lox. | efficient bacterial genetic engineering approaches with broad-host applicability are rare. we combine two systems, mobile group ii introns ('targetrons') and cre/lox, which function efficiently in many different organisms, into a versatile platform we call getr (genome editing via targetrons and recombinases). the introns deliver lox sites to specific genomic loci, enabling genomic manipulations. efficiency is enhanced by adding flexibility to the rna hairpins formed by the lox sites. we use the ... | 2013 | 24002656 |
| roles of nac transcription factors in the regulation of biotic and abiotic stress responses in plants. | nac transcription factors are one of the largest families of transcriptional regulators in plants, and members of the nac gene family have been suggested to play important roles in the regulation of the transcriptional reprogramming associated with plant stress responses. a phylogenetic analysis of nac genes, with a focus on rice and arabidopsis, was performed. herein, we present an overview of the regulation of the stress responsive nac snac/(ix) group of genes that are implicated in the resist ... | 2013 | 24058359 |
| the role of arabidopsis heterotrimeric g-protein subunits in mlo2 function and mamp-triggered immunity. | heterotrimeric g-proteins, composed of gα, gβ, and gγ subunits, regulate many fundamental processes in plants. in animals, ligand binding to seven transmembrane (7tm) cell surface receptors designated g-protein coupled receptors (gpcr) leads to heterotrimeric g-protein activation. because the plant g-protein complex is constitutively active, the exact role of plant 7tm proteins in this process is unclear. members of the mildew resistance locus o (mlo) family represent the best-characterized 7tm ... | 2013 | 23656333 |
| systemic induction of the small antibacterial compound in the leaf exudate during benzothiadiazole-elicited systemic acquired resistance in pepper. | plants protect themselves from diverse potential pathogens by induction of the immune systems such as systemic acquired resistance (sar). most bacterial plant pathogens thrive in the intercellular space (apoplast) of plant tissues and cause symptoms. the apoplastic leaf exudate (le) is believed to contain nutrients to provide food resource for phytopathogenic bacteria to survive and to bring harmful phytocompounds to protect plants against bacterial pathogens. in this study, we employed the pepp ... | 2013 | 25288963 |
| what a difference a dalton makes: bacterial virulence factors modulate eukaryotic host cell signaling systems via deamidation. | pathogenic bacteria commonly deploy enzymes to promote virulence. these enzymes can modulate the functions of host cell targets. while the actions of some enzymes can be very obvious (e.g., digesting plant cell walls), others have more subtle activities. depending on the lifestyle of the bacteria, these subtle modifications can be crucially important for pathogenesis. in particular, if bacteria rely on a living host, subtle mechanisms to alter host cellular function are likely to dominate. sever ... | 2013 | 24006474 |
| detection and characterization of miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements in “candidatus liberibacter asiaticus”. | miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements (mites) are nonautonomous transposons (devoid of the transposase gene tps) that affect gene functions through insertion/deletion events. no transposon has yet been reported to occur in “candidatus liberibacter asiaticus,” an alphaproteobacterium associated with citrus huanglongbing (hlb, yellow shoot disease). in this study, two mites, mclas-a and mclas-b, in “ca. liberibacter asiaticus” were detected, and the genome was characterized using 326 iso ... | 2013 | 23813735 |
| functional features of tonb energy transduction systems of acinetobacter baumannii. | acinetobacter baumannii is an opportunistic pathogen that causes severe nosocomial infections. strain atcc 19606(t) utilizes the siderophore acinetobactin to acquire iron under iron-limiting conditions encountered in the host. accordingly, the genome of this strain has three tonb genes encoding proteins for energy transduction functions needed for the active transport of nutrients, including iron, through the outer membrane. phylogenetic analysis indicates that these tonb genes, which are presen ... | 2013 | 23817614 |
| new type of antimicrobial protein produced by the plant pathogen clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. | it has previously been shown that the tomato pathogen clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis secretes a 14-kda protein, c. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis amp-i (cmmamp-i), that inhibits growth of clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus, the causal agent of bacterial ring rot of potato. using sequences obtained from tryptic fragments, we have identified the gene encoding cmmamp-i and we have recombinantly produced the protein with an n-terminal intein tag. the gene sequence showe ... | 2013 | 23851100 |
| discovery of plant phenolic compounds that act as type iii secretion system inhibitors or inducers of the fire blight pathogen, erwinia amylovora. | erwinia amylovora causes a devastating disease called fire blight in rosaceous plants. the type iii secretion system (t3ss) is one of the important virulence factors utilized by e. amylovora in order to successfully infect its hosts. by using a green fluorescent protein (gfp) reporter construct combined with a high-throughput flow cytometry assay, a library of phenolic compounds and their derivatives was studied for their ability to alter the expression of the t3ss. based on the effectiveness of ... | 2013 | 23770912 |
| the template specificity of bacteriophage phi6 rna polymerase. | bacteriophage φ6 contains three double-stranded rna (dsrna) genomic segments, l, m, and s. the rna is located inside a core particle composed of multiple copies of a major structural protein, an rna-dependent rna polymerase, a hexameric ntpase, and an auxiliary protein. the virion rna polymerase in the core particle transcribes segments m and s in vitro. segment l is transcribed poorly because its transcript starts with gu instead of gg found on segments s and m. transcription in vivo is modifie ... | 2013 | 23864621 |
| increasing vitamin c content in plant foods to improve their nutritional value-successes and challenges. | vitamin c serves as a cofactor in the synthesis of collagen needed to support cardiovascular function, maintenance of cartilage, bones, and teeth, as well as being required in wound healing. although vitamin c is essential, humans are one of the few mammalian species unable to synthesize the vitamin and must obtain it through dietary sources. only low levels of the vitamin are required to prevent scurvy but subclinical vitamin c deficiency can cause less obvious symptoms such as cardiovascular i ... | 2013 | 23999762 |
| the role of autophagy in chloroplast degradation and chlorophagy in immune defenses during pst dc3000 (avrrps4) infection. | chlorosis of leaf tissue normally observed during pathogen infection may result from the degradation of chloroplasts. there is a growing evidence to suggest that the chloroplast plays a significant role during pathogen infection. although most degradation of the organelles and cellular structures in plants is mediated by autophagy, its role in chloroplast catabolism during pathogen infection is largely unknown. | 2013 | 24023671 |
| a comparison of the molecular organization of genomic regions associated with resistance to common bacterial blight in two phaseolus vulgaris genotypes. | resistance to common bacterial blight, caused by xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli, in phaseolus vulgaris is conditioned by several loci on different chromosomes. previous studies with oac-rex, a cbb-resistant, white bean variety of mesoamerican origin, identified two resistance loci associated with the molecular markers pv-ctt001 and su91, on chromosome 4 and 8, respectively. resistance to cbb is assumed to be derived from an interspecific cross with phaseolus acutifolius in the pedigree of o ... | 2013 | 24009615 |
| interaction between two rice mitogen activated protein kinases and its possible role in plant defense. | the canonical mitogen activated protein kinase (mapk) signaling pathway plays a vital role in carrying out the normal growth and development of the plant. the pathway, connecting the upstreams signal with the downstream target is considered to be linear, mostly starting with a mapkkk and ending in a mapk. | 2013 | 23984709 |
| identification of mirna from eggplant (solanum melongena l.) by small rna deep sequencing and their response to verticillium dahliae infection. | mirnas are a class of non-coding small rnas that play important roles in the regulation of gene expression. although plant mirnas have been extensively studied in model systems, less is known in other plants with limited genome sequence data, including eggplant (solanum melongena l.). to identify mirnas in eggplant and their response to verticillium dahliae infection, a fungal pathogen for which clear understanding of infection mechanisms and effective cure methods are currently lacking, we deep ... | 2013 | 24015279 |
| vigs-mediated forward genetics screening for identification of genes involved in nonhost resistance. | nonhost disease resistance of plants against bacterial pathogens is controlled by complex defense pathways. understanding this mechanism is important for developing durable disease-resistant plants against wide range of pathogens. virus-induced gene silencing (vigs)-based forward genetics screening is a useful approach for identification of plant defense genes imparting nonhost resistance. tobacco rattle virus (trv)-based vigs vector is the most efficient vigs vector to date and has been efficie ... | 2013 | 23995956 |
| plasmodesmata dynamics are coordinated by intracellular signaling pathways. | membrane-lined channels called plasmodesmata (pd) connect the cytoplasts of adjacent plant cells across the cell wall, permitting intercellular movement of small molecules, proteins, and rna. recent genetic screens for mutants with altered pd transport identified genes suggesting that chloroplasts play crucial roles in coordinating pd transport. complementing this discovery, studies manipulating expression of pd-localized proteins imply that changes in pd transport strongly impact chloroplast bi ... | 2013 | 23978390 |
| the secreted antifungal protein thionin 2.4 in arabidopsis thaliana suppresses the toxicity of a fungal fruit body lectin from fusarium graminearum. | plants possess active defense systems and can protect themselves from pathogenic invasion by secretion of a variety of small antimicrobial or antifungal proteins such as thionins. the antibacterial and antifungal properties of thionins are derived from their ability to induce open pore formation on cell membranes of phytopathogens, resulting in release of potassium and calcium ions from the cell. wheat thionin also accumulates in the cell walls of fusarium-inoculated plants, suggesting that it m ... | 2013 | 23990790 |
| lesion simulating disease1 interacts with catalases to regulate hypersensitive cell death in arabidopsis. | lesion simulating disease1 (lsd1) is an important negative regulator of programmed cell death (pcd) in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana). the loss-of-function mutations in lsd1 cause runaway cell death triggered by reactive oxygen species. lsd1 encodes a novel zinc finger protein with unknown biochemical activities. here, we report the identification of catalase3 (cat3) as an lsd1-interacting protein by affinity purification and mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis. the arabidopsis genome ... | 2013 | 23958864 |
| salicylic acid 3-hydroxylase regulates arabidopsis leaf longevity by mediating salicylic acid catabolism. | the plant hormone salicylic acid (sa) plays critical roles in plant defense, stress responses, and senescence. although sa biosynthesis is well understood, the pathways by which sa is catabolized remain elusive. here we report the identification and characterization of an sa 3-hydroxylase (s3h) involved in sa catabolism during leaf senescence. s3h is associated with senescence and is inducible by sa and is thus a key part of a negative feedback regulation system of sa levels during senescence. t ... | 2013 | 23959884 |
| relative abundance of integral plasma membrane proteins in arabidopsis leaf and root tissue determined by metabolic labeling and mass spectrometry. | metabolic labeling of proteins with a stable isotope ((15)n) in intact arabidopsis plants was used for accurate determination by mass spectrometry of differences in protein abundance between plasma membranes isolated from leaves and roots. in total, 703 proteins were identified, of which 188 were predicted to be integral membrane proteins. major classes were transporters, receptors, proteins involved in membrane trafficking and cell wall-related proteins. forty-one of the integral proteins, incl ... | 2013 | 23990937 |
| high-quality draft genome sequence of pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae strain sm, isolated from wheat. | pseudomonas syringae is one of the most widespread plant pathogens that can cause significant damage to crop plantations. here, we announce a noncontiguous finished genome sequence of pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae strain sm, isolated from hexaploid wheat. the genome sequence revealed the smallest described complement of type iii effectors. | 2013 | 23950121 |
| relevance of trehalose in pathogenicity: some general rules, yet many exceptions. | | 2013 | 23966851 |
| genus-optimized strategy for the identification of chlamydial type iii secretion substrates. | among chlamydial virulence factors are the type iii secretion (t3s) system and its effectors. t3s effectors target host proteins to benefit the infecting chlamydiae. the assortment of effectors, each with a unique function, varies between species. this variation likely contributes to differences in host specificity and disease severity. a dozen effectors of chlamydia trachomatis have been identified; however, estimates suggest that more exist. a t3s prediction algorithm, svm-based identification ... | 2013 | 23873765 |
| development of synechocystis sp. pcc 6803 as a phototrophic cell factory. | cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) play profound roles in ecology and biogeochemistry. one model cyanobacterial species is the unicellular cyanobacterium synechocystis sp. pcc 6803. this species is highly amenable to genetic modification. its genome has been sequenced and many systems biology and molecular biology tools are available to study this bacterium. recently, researchers have put significant efforts into understanding and engineering this bacterium to produce chemicals and biofuels from s ... | 2013 | 23945601 |
| de-novo design of antimicrobial peptides for plant protection. | this work describes the de-novo design of peptides that inhibit a broad range of plant pathogens. four structurally different groups of peptides were developed that differ in size and position of their charged and hydrophobic clusters and were assayed for their ability to inhibit bacterial growth and fungal spore germination. several peptides are highly active at concentrations between 0,1 and 1 µg/ml against plant pathogenic bacteria, such as pseudomonas syringae, pectobacterium carotovorum, an ... | 2013 | 23951222 |
| rosmeter: a bioinformatic tool for the identification of transcriptomic imprints related to reactive oxygen species type and origin provides new insights into stress responses. | the chemical identity of the reactive oxygen species (ros) and its subcellular origin will leave a specific imprint on the transcriptome response. in order to facilitate the appreciation of ros signaling, we developed a tool that is tuned to qualify this imprint. transcriptome data from experiments in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) for which the ros type and organelle origin are known were compiled into indices and made accessible by a web-based interface called rosmeter. the rosmeter algori ... | 2013 | 23922270 |
| copper-containing amine oxidases contribute to terminal polyamine oxidation in peroxisomes and apoplast of arabidopsis thaliana. | polyamines (pas) are oxidatively deaminated at their primary or secondary amino-groups by copper-containing amine oxidases (cuaos) or fad-dependent amine oxidases (paos), respectively. both enzymes have long been considered to be apoplastic proteins. however, three out of five pao isoforms in arabidopsis thaliana are localized in peroxisomes, while the other two paos are predicted to be cytosolic. interestingly, most of these paos do not contribute to terminal pa oxidation, but instead are invol ... | 2013 | 23915037 |
| design, synthesis, evaluation and thermodynamics of 1-substituted pyridylimidazo[1,5-a]pyridine derivatives as cysteine protease inhibitors. | targeting papain family cysteine proteases is one of the novel strategies in the development of chemotherapy for a number of diseases. novel cysteine protease inhibitors derived from 1-pyridylimidazo[1,5-a]pyridine representing pharmacologically important class of compounds are being reported here for the first time. the derivatives were initially designed and screened in silico by molecular docking studies against papain to explore the possible mode of action. the molecular interaction between ... | 2013 | 23940536 |
| ethylene response factor 6 is a regulator of reactive oxygen species signaling in arabidopsis. | reactive oxygen species (ros) are produced in plant cells in response to diverse biotic and abiotic stresses as well as during normal growth and development. although a large number of transcription factor (tf) genes are up- or down-regulated by ros, currently very little is known about the functions of these tfs during oxidative stress. in this work, we examined the role of erf6 (ethylene response factor6), an ap2/erf domain-containing tf, during oxidative stress responses in arabidopsis. mutan ... | 2013 | 23940555 |
| calmodulin-related proteins step out from the shadow of their namesake. | | 2013 | 23908390 |
| conserved versatile master regulators in signalling pathways in response to stress in plants. | from the first land plants to the complex gymnosperms and angiosperms of today, environmental conditions have forced plants to develop molecular strategies to surpass natural obstacles to growth and proliferation, and these genetic gains have been transmitted to the following generations. in this long natural process, novel and elaborate mechanisms have evolved to enable plants to cope with environmental limitations. elements in many signalling cascades enable plants to sense different, multiple ... | 2013 | 24147216 |
| l-amino acid ligase from pseudomonas syringae producing tabtoxin can be used for enzymatic synthesis of various functional peptides. | functional peptides are expected to be beneficial compounds that improve our quality of life. to address the growing need for functional peptides, we have examined peptide synthesis by using microbial enzymes. l-amino acid ligase (lal) catalyzes the condensation of unprotected amino acids in an atp-dependent manner and is applicable to fermentative production. hence, lal is a promising enzyme to achieve cost-effective synthesis. to obtain a lal with novel substrate specificity, we focused on the ... | 2013 | 23770908 |
| an improved method for orit-directed cloning and functionalization of large bacterial genomic regions. | we have made significant improvements to a broad-host-range system for the cloning and manipulation of large bacterial genomic regions based on site-specific recombination between directly repeated orit sites during conjugation. using two suicide capture vectors carrying flanking homology regions, orit sites are recombined on either side of the target region. using a broad-host-range conjugation helper plasmid, the region between the orit sites is conjugated into an escherichia coli recipient st ... | 2013 | 23747708 |
| ml3 is a nedd8- and ubiquitin-modified protein. | nedd8 (neural precursor cell-expressed, developmentally down-regulated protein8) is an evolutionarily conserved 8-kd protein that is closely related to ubiquitin and that can be conjugated like ubiquitin to specific lysine residues of target proteins in eukaryotes. in contrast to ubiquitin, for which a broad range of substrate proteins are known, only a very limited number of nedd8 target proteins have been identified to date. best understood, and also evolutionarily conserved, is the nedd8 modi ... | 2013 | 23903439 |
| the tomato calcium sensor cbl10 and its interacting protein kinase cipk6 define a signaling pathway in plant immunity. | ca(2+) signaling is an early and necessary event in plant immunity. the tomato (solanum lycopersicum) kinase pto triggers localized programmed cell death (pcd) upon recognition of pseudomonas syringae effectors avrpto or avrptob. in a virus-induced gene silencing screen in nicotiana benthamiana, we independently identified two components of a ca(2+)-signaling system, cbl10 (for calcineurin b-like protein) and cipk6 (for calcineurin b-like interacting protein kinase), as their silencing inhibited ... | 2013 | 23903322 |
| non contiguous-finished genome sequence of pseudomonas syringae pathovar syringae strain b64 isolated from wheat. | the gram-negative gammaproteobacterium pseudomonas syringae is one of the most wide-spread plant pathogens and has been repeatedly reported to cause significant damage to crop plantations. research on this pathogen is very intensive, but most of it is done on isolates that are pathogenic to arabidopsis, tomato, and bean. here, we announce a high-quality draft genome sequence of pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae b64 which is the first published genome of a p. syringae strain isolated from wheat u ... | 2013 | 24501627 |
| osap65, a rice aspartic protease, is essential for male fertility and plays a role in pollen germination and pollen tube growth. | aspartic proteases (aps) comprise a large proteolytic enzyme family widely distributed in animals, microbes, viruses, and plants. the rice genome encodes 96 aps, of which only a few have been functionally characterized. here, the identification and characterization of a novel ap gene, osap65, which plays an indispensable role in pollen tube growth in rice, is reported. the t-dna insertion line of osap65 caused severe segregation distortion. in the progeny derived from an individual heterozygous ... | 2013 | 23918968 |
| submergence confers immunity mediated by the wrky22 transcription factor in arabidopsis. | transcriptional control plays an important role in regulating submergence responses in plants. although numerous genes are highly induced during hypoxia, their individual roles in hypoxic responses are still poorly understood. here, we found that expression of genes that encode members of the wrky transcription factor family was rapidly and strongly induced upon submergence in arabidopsis thaliana, and this induction correlated with induction of a large portion of innate immunity marker genes. f ... | 2013 | 23897923 |
| loss of function in mlo orthologs reduces susceptibility of pepper and tomato to powdery mildew disease caused by leveillula taurica. | powdery mildew disease caused by leveillula taurica is a serious fungal threat to greenhouse tomato and pepper production. in contrast to most powdery mildew species which are epiphytic, l. taurica is an endophytic fungus colonizing the mesophyll tissues of the leaf. in barley, arabidopsis, tomato and pea, the correct functioning of specific homologues of the plant mlo gene family has been found to be required for pathogenesis of epiphytic powdery mildew fungi. the aim of this study was to inves ... | 2013 | 23923019 |
| overexpression of atshn1/win1 provokes unique defense responses. | the plant cell cuticle serves as the first barrier protecting plants from mechanical injury and invading pathogens. the cuticle can be breached by cutinase-producing pathogens and the degradation products may activate pathogenesis signals in the invading pathogens. cuticle degradation products may also trigger the plant's defense responses. botrytis cinerea is an important plant pathogen, capable of attacking and causing disease in a wide range of plant species. arabidopsis thaliana shn1-1d is a ... | 2013 | 23922943 |
| purification, characterization and preliminary x-ray diffraction analysis of a cold-active lipase (cpslip) from the psychrophilic bacterium colwellia psychrerythraea 34h. | the putative lipase cpslip from the psychrophilic bacterium colwellia psychrerythraea 34h encodes a 34,538 da, 308-amino-acid protein. in this study, cpslip (uniprotkb code q486t5) was expressed as an n-terminal hexahistidine fusion protein in escherichia coli and purified by affinity and size-exclusion chromatography. the expression and purification of cpslip enabled characterization of the lipase enzymatic properties of the protein. the optimal activity temperature and ph of the recombinant pr ... | 2013 | 23908044 |
| phenotypic diversification by gene silencing in phytophthora plant pathogens. | advances in genome sequencing technologies have enabled generation of unprecedented information on genome content and organization. eukaryote genomes in particular may contain large populations of transposable elements (tes) and other repeated sequences. active tes can result in insertional mutations, altered transcription levels and ectopic recombination of dna. the genome of the oomycete plant pathogen, phytophthora infestans, contains vast numbers of te sequences. there are also hundreds of p ... | 2013 | 24563702 |
| the formation and function of plant cuticles. | the plant cuticle is an extracellular hydrophobic layer that covers the aerial epidermis of all land plants, providing protection against desiccation and external environmental stresses. the past decade has seen considerable progress in assembling models for the biosynthesis of its two major components, the polymer cutin and cuticular waxes. most recently, two breakthroughs in the long-sought molecular bases of alkane formation and polyester synthesis have allowed construction of nearly complete ... | 2013 | 23893170 |
| the fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol can inhibit plant apoptosis-like programmed cell death. | the fusarium genus of fungi is responsible for commercially devastating crop diseases and the contamination of cereals with harmful mycotoxins. fusarium mycotoxins aid infection, establishment, and spread of the fungus within the host plant. we investigated the effects of the fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (don) on the viability of arabidopsis cells. although it is known to trigger apoptosis in animal cells, don treatment at low concentrations surprisingly did not kill these cells. on the con ... | 2013 | 23922734 |
| identification and candidate gene analysis of a novel phytophthora resistance gene rps10 in a chinese soybean cultivar. | resistance to phytophthora sojae isolate psmc1 was evaluated in 102 f2∶3 families derived from a cross between the resistant soybean cultivar wandou 15 and the susceptible cultivar williams and genotyped using simple sequence repeat (ssr) markers. the segregation ratio of resistant, segregating, and susceptible phenotypes in the population suggested that the resistance in wandou 15 was dominant and monogenic. twenty-six polymorphic ssr markers were identified on soybean chromosome 17 (molecular ... | 2013 | 23936102 |
| the salmonella type iii effector ssph2 specifically exploits the nlr co-chaperone activity of sgt1 to subvert immunity. | to further its pathogenesis, s. typhimurium delivers effector proteins into host cells, including the novel e3 ubiquitin ligase (nel) effector ssph2. using model systems in a cross-kingdom approach we gained further insight into the molecular function of this effector. here, we show that ssph2 modulates innate immunity in both mammalian and plant cells. in mammalian cell culture, ssph2 significantly enhanced nod1-mediated il-8 secretion when transiently expressed or bacterially delivered. in add ... | 2013 | 23935490 |
| genomic analysis of the kiwifruit pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae provides insight into the origins of an emergent plant disease. | the origins of crop diseases are linked to domestication of plants. most crops were domesticated centuries--even millennia--ago, thus limiting opportunity to understand the concomitant emergence of disease. kiwifruit (actinidia spp.) is an exception: domestication began in the 1930s with outbreaks of canker disease caused by p. syringae pv. actinidiae (psa) first recorded in the 1980s. based on snp analyses of two circularized and 34 draft genomes, we show that psa is comprised of distinct clade ... | 2013 | 23935484 |
| the bhlh subgroup iiid factors negatively regulate jasmonate-mediated plant defense and development. | plants have evolved sophisticated systems for adaptation to their natural habitat. in response to developmental and environmental cues, plants produce and perceive jasmonate (ja) signals, which induce degradation of jasmonate-zim-domain (jaz) proteins and derepress the jaz-repressed transcription factors to regulate diverse aspects of defense responses and developmental processes. here, we identified the bhlh subgroup iiid transcription factors (bhlh3, bhlh13, bhlh14 and bhlh17) as novel targets ... | 2013 | 23935516 |
| identification and phylogenetic analysis of a cc-nbs-lrr encoding gene assigned on chromosome 7b of wheat. | hexaploid wheat displays limited genetic variation. as a direct a and b genome donor of hexaploid wheat, tetraploid wheat represents an important gene pool for cultivated bread wheat. many disease resistant genes express conserved domains of the nucleotide-binding site and leucine-rich repeats (nbs-lrr). in this study, we isolated a cc-nbs-lrr gene locating on chromosome 7b from durum wheat variety italy 363, and designated it tdrga-7ba. its open reading frame was 4014 bp, encoding a 1337 amino ... | 2013 | 23887654 |
| dynamic chemical communication between plants and bacteria through airborne signals: induced resistance by bacterial volatiles. | certain plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (pgpr) elicit induced systemic resistance (isr) and plant growth promotion in the absence of physical contact with plants via volatile organic compound (voc) emissions. in this article, we review the recent progess made by research into the interactions between pgpr vocs and plants, focusing on voc emission by pgpr strains in plants. particular attention is given to the mechanisms by which these bacterial vocs elicit isr. we provide an overview of rec ... | 2013 | 23881442 |
| source-to-sink transport of sugar and regulation by environmental factors. | source-to-sink transport of sugar is one of the major determinants of plant growth and relies on the efficient and controlled distribution of sucrose (and some other sugars such as raffinose and polyols) across plant organs through the phloem. however, sugar transport through the phloem can be affected by many environmental factors that alter source/sink relationships. in this paper, we summarize current knowledge about the phloem transport mechanisms and review the effects of several abiotic (w ... | 2013 | 23898339 |
| phased, secondary, small interfering rnas in posttranscriptional regulatory networks. | plant genomes are the source of large numbers of small rnas, generated via a variety of genetically separable pathways. several of these pathways converge in the production of phased, secondary, small interfering rnas (phasirnas), originally designated as trans-acting small interfering rnas or tasirnas. phasirna biogenesis requires the involvement of micrornas as well as the cellular machinery for the production of sirnas. phasirnas in arabidopsis thaliana have been well described for their abil ... | 2013 | 23881411 |
| when outgroups fail; phylogenomics of rooting the emerging pathogen, coxiella burnetii. | rooting phylogenies is critical for understanding evolution, yet the importance, intricacies and difficulties of rooting are often overlooked. for rooting, polymorphic characters among the group of interest (ingroup) must be compared to those of a relative (outgroup) that diverged before the last common ancestor (lca) of the ingroup. problems arise if an outgroup does not exist, is unknown, or is so distant that few characters are shared, in which case duplicated genes originating before the lca ... | 2013 | 23736103 |
| twin-arginine translocation system (tat) mutants of salmonella are attenuated due to envelope defects, not respiratory defects. | the twin-arginine translocation system (tat) transports folded proteins across the cytoplasmic membrane and is critical to virulence in salmonella and other pathogens. experimental and bioinformatic data indicate that 30 proteins are exported via tat in salmonella typhimurium. however, there are no data linking specific tat substrates with virulence. we inactivated every tat-exported protein and determined the virulence phenotype of mutant strains. although a tat mutant is highly attenuated, no ... | 2013 | 23822642 |
| elucidation of the fe(iv)=o intermediate in the catalytic cycle of the halogenase syrb2. | mononuclear non-haem iron (nhfe) enzymes catalyse a broad range of oxidative reactions, including halogenation, hydroxylation, ring closure, desaturation and aromatic ring cleavage reactions. they are involved in a number of biological processes, including phenylalanine metabolism, the production of neurotransmitters, the hypoxic response and the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. the reactive intermediate in the catalytic cycles of these enzymes is a high-spin s = 2 fe(iv)=o species, which ... | 2013 | 23868262 |
| phosphonate biosynthesis and catabolism: a treasure trove of unusual enzymology. | natural product biosynthesis has proven a fertile ground for the discovery of novel chemistry. herein we review the progress made in elucidating the biosynthetic pathways of phosphonate and phosphinate natural products such as the antibacterial compounds dehydrophos and fosfomycin, the herbicidal phosphinothricin-containing peptides, and the antimalarial compound fr-900098. in each case, investigation of the pathway has yielded unusual, and often unprecedented, biochemistry. likewise, recent inv ... | 2013 | 23870698 |
| elongator subunit 3 positively regulates plant immunity through its histone acetyltransferase and radical s-adenosylmethionine domains. | pathogen infection triggers a large-scale transcriptional reprogramming in plants, and the speed of this reprogramming affects the outcome of the infection. our understanding of this process has significantly benefited from mutants that display either delayed or accelerated defense gene induction. in our previous work we demonstrated that the arabidopsis elongator complex subunit 2 (atelp2) plays an important role in both basal immunity and effector-triggered immunity (eti), and more recently sh ... | 2013 | 23856002 |
| an improved method for tal effectors dna-binding sites prediction reveals functional convergence in tal repertoires of xanthomonas oryzae strains. | transcription activators-like effectors (tales) belong to a family of virulence proteins from the xanthomonas genus of bacterial plant pathogens that are translocated into the plant cell. in the nucleus, tales act as transcription factors inducing the expression of susceptibility genes. a code for tale-dna binding specificity and high-resolution three-dimensional structures of tale-dna complexes were recently reported. accurate prediction of tal effector binding elements (ebes) is essential to e ... | 2013 | 23869221 |
| reprogramming of plants during systemic acquired resistance. | genome-wide microarray analyses revealed that during biological activation of systemic acquired resistance (sar) in arabidopsis, the transcript levels of several hundred plant genes were consistently up- (sar(+) genes) or down-regulated (sar(-) genes) in systemic, non-inoculated leaf tissue. this transcriptional reprogramming fully depended on the sar regulator flavin-dependent monooxygenase1 (fmo1). functional gene categorization showed that genes associated with salicylic acid (sa)-associated ... | 2013 | 23874348 |
| pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity and resistance to the root pathogen phytophthora parasitica in arabidopsis. | the cellulose binding elicitor lectin (cbel) of the genus phytophthora induces necrosis and immune responses in several plant species, including arabidopsis thaliana. however, the role of cbel-induced responses in the outcome of the interaction is still unclear. this study shows that some of cbel-induced defence responses, but not necrosis, required the receptor-like kinase bak1, a general regulator of basal immunity in arabidopsis, and the production of a reactive oxygen burst mediated by respi ... | 2013 | 23851194 |
| receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases are pivotal components in pattern recognition receptor-mediated signaling in plant immunity. | innate immunity is generally initiated with recognition of conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps). pamps are perceived by pattern recognition receptors (prrs), leading to activation of a series of immune responses, including the expression of defense genes, ros production and activation of map kinase. recent progress has indicated that receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (rlcks) are directly activated by ligand-activated prrs and initiate pattern-triggered immunity (pti) in both ... | 2013 | 23857358 |
| function and evolution of channels and transporters in photosynthetic membranes. | chloroplasts from land plants and algae originated from an endosymbiotic event, most likely involving an ancestral photoautotrophic prokaryote related to cyanobacteria. both chloroplasts and cyanobacteria have thylakoid membranes, harboring pigment-protein complexes that perform the light-dependent reactions of oxygenic photosynthesis. the composition, function and regulation of these complexes have thus far been the major topics in thylakoid membrane research. for many decades, we have also acc ... | 2013 | 23835835 |
| function and evolution of channels and transporters in photosynthetic membranes. | chloroplasts from land plants and algae originated from an endosymbiotic event, most likely involving an ancestral photoautotrophic prokaryote related to cyanobacteria. both chloroplasts and cyanobacteria have thylakoid membranes, harboring pigment-protein complexes that perform the light-dependent reactions of oxygenic photosynthesis. the composition, function and regulation of these complexes have thus far been the major topics in thylakoid membrane research. for many decades, we have also acc ... | 2013 | 23835835 |
| effect of external and internal factors on the expression of reporter genes driven by the n resistance gene promoter. | the role of resistance (r) genes in plant pathogen interaction has been studied extensively due to its economical impact on agriculture. interaction between tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) and the n protein from tobacco is one of the most widely used models to understand various aspects of pathogen resistance. the transcription activity governed by n gene promoter is one of the least understood elements of the model. in this study, the n gene promoter was cloned and fused with two different reporter ... | 2013 | 23656874 |
| modulation of phytoalexin biosynthesis in engineered plants for disease resistance. | phytoalexins are antimicrobial substances of low molecular weight produced by plants in response to infection or stress, which form part of their active defense mechanisms. starting in the 1950's, research on phytoalexins has begun with biochemistry and bio-organic chemistry, resulting in the determination of their structure, their biological activity as well as mechanisms of their synthesis and their catabolism by microorganisms. elucidation of the biosynthesis of numerous phytoalexins has perm ... | 2013 | 23880860 |
| perception of conserved pathogen elicitors at the plasma membrane leads to relocalization of the arabidopsis pen3 transporter. | the arabidopsis penetration resistance 3 (pen3) atp binding cassette transporter participates in nonhost resistance to fungal and oomycete pathogens and is required for full penetration resistance to the barley powdery mildew blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei. pen3 resides in the plasma membrane and is recruited to sites of attempted penetration by invading fungal appressoria, where the transporter shows strong focal accumulation. we report that recruitment of pen3 to sites of pathogen detection i ... | 2013 | 23836668 |
| arabidopsis heat shock transcription factora1b overexpression enhances water productivity, resistance to drought, and infection. | heat-stressed crops suffer dehydration, depressed growth, and a consequent decline in water productivity, which is the yield of harvestable product as a function of lifetime water consumption and is a trait associated with plant growth and development. heat shock transcription factor (hsf) genes have been implicated not only in thermotolerance but also in plant growth and development, and therefore could influence water productivity. here it is demonstrated that arabidopsis thaliana plants with ... | 2013 | 23828547 |
| long distance movement of dir1 and investigation of the role of dir1-like during systemic acquired resistance in arabidopsis. | dir1 is a lipid transfer protein (ltp) postulated to complex with and/or chaperone a signal(s) to distant leaves during systemic acquired resistance (sar) in arabidopsis. dir1 was detected in phloem sap-enriched petiole exudates collected from wild-type leaves induced for sar, suggesting that dir1 gains access to the phloem for movement from the induced leaf. occasionally the defective in induced resistance1 (dir1-1) mutant displayed a partially sar-competent phenotype and a dir1-sized band in p ... | 2013 | 23847635 |
| overexpression of atalmt1 in the arabidopsis thaliana ecotype columbia results in enhanced al-activated malate excretion and beneficial bacterium recruitment. | atalmt1 (arabidopsis thaliana aluminum activated malate transporter 1) encodes an arabidopsis thaliana malate transporter that has a pleiotropic role in arabidopsis stress tolerance. malate released through atalmt1 protects the root tip from al rhizotoxicity, and recruits beneficial rhizobacteria that induce plant immunity. to examine whether the overexpression of atalmt1 can improve these traits, the gene, driven by the cauliflower mosaic virus 35s promoter, was introduced into the arabidopsis ... | 2013 | 23857348 |
| cis- and trans-zeatin differentially modulate plant immunity. | phytohormones are essential regulators of various processes in plant growth and development. several phytohormones are also known to regulate plant responses to environmental stress and pathogens. only recently, cytokinins have been demonstrated to play an important role in plant immunity. increased levels of cytokinins such as trans-zeatin, which are considered highly active, induced resistance against mainly (hemi)biotrophic pathogens in different plant species. in contrast, cis-zeatin is comm ... | 2013 | 23656869 |
| prediction of the origin of french legionella pneumophila strains using a mixed-genome microarray. | legionella is a water and soil bacterium that can infect humans, causing a pneumonia known as legionnaires' disease. the pneumonia is almost exclusively caused by the species l. pneumophila, of which serogroup 1 is responsible for 90% of patients. within serogroup 1, large differences in prevalence in clinical isolates have been described. a recent study, using a dutch legionella strain collection, identified five virulence associated markers. in our study, we verify whether these five dutch mar ... | 2013 | 23815549 |
| the receptor-like protein remax of arabidopsis detects the microbe-associated molecular pattern emax from xanthomonas. | as part of their immune system, plants have pattern recognition receptors (prrs) that can detect a broad range of microbe-associated molecular patterns (mamps). here, we identified a prr of arabidopsis thaliana with specificity for the bacterial mamp emax from xanthomonads. response to emax seems to be restricted to the brassicaceae family and also varied among different accessions of arabidopsis. in crosses between sensitive accessions and the insensitive accession shakhdara, emax perception ma ... | 2013 | 23898033 |
| identification and functional characterization of the soybean gmappo12 promoter conferring phytophthora sojae induced expression. | identification of pathogen-inducible promoters largely lags behind cloning of the genes for disease resistance. here, we cloned the soybean gmappo12 gene and found that it was rapidly and strongly induced by phytophthorasojae infection. computational analysis revealed that its promoter contained many known cis-elements, including several defense related transcriptional factor-binding boxes. we showed that the promoter could mediate induction of gus expression upon infection in both transient exp ... | 2013 | 23840763 |
| a vacuolar processing enzyme rsvpe1 gene of radish is involved in floral bud abortion under heat stress. | radish floral bud abortion (fba) is an adverse biological phenomenon that occurs during reproduction. although fba is a frequent occurrence, its molecular mechanism remains unknown. a transcript-derived fragment (tdf72), which was obtained by cdna amplified fragment length polymorphism (cdna-aflp), was up-regulated in the aborted buds and exhibited 89% sequence homology with the atγvpe gene. in this study, tdf72 was used to clarify the role of vpe in fba by isolation of the vpe gene rsvpe1 from ... | 2013 | 23807498 |
| abscisic acid promotes susceptibility to the rice leaf blight pathogen xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae by suppressing salicylic acid-mediated defenses. | the plant hormone abscisic acid (aba) is involved in a wide variety of plant processes, including the initiation of stress-adaptive responses to various environmental cues. recently, aba also emerged as a central factor in the regulation and integration of plant immune responses, although little is known about the underlying mechanisms. aiming to advance our understanding of aba-modulated disease resistance, we have analyzed the impact, dynamics and interrelationship of aba and the classic defen ... | 2013 | 23826294 |
| integrating nitric oxide into salicylic acid and jasmonic acid/ ethylene plant defense pathways. | plant defense against pests and pathogens is known to be conferred by either salicylic acid (sa) or jasmonic acid (ja)/ethylene (et) pathways, depending on infection or herbivore-grazing strategy. it is well attested that sa and ja/et pathways are mutually antagonistic allowing defense responses to be tailored to particular biotic stresses. nitric oxide (no) has emerged as a major signal influencing resistance mediated by both signaling pathways but no attempt has been made to integrate no into ... | 2013 | 23818890 |
| natural antisense transcripts in plants: a review and identification in soybean infected with phakopsora pachyrhizi supersage library. | natural antisense ranscripts (nat) are rna molecules complementary to other endogenous rnas. they are capable of regulating the expression of target genes at different levels (transcription, mrna stability, translation, etc.). such a property makes them ideal for interventions in organisms' metabolism. the present study reviewed plant nat aspects, including features, availability and genesis, conservation and distribution, coding capacity, nat pair expression, and functions. besides, an in silic ... | 2013 | 23878522 |
| identification of genes involved in the response of arabidopsis to simultaneous biotic and abiotic stresses. | in field conditions, plants may experience numerous environmental stresses at any one time. research suggests that the plant response to multiple stresses is different from that for individual stresses, producing nonadditive effects. in particular, the molecular signaling pathways controlling biotic and abiotic stress responses may interact and antagonize one another. the transcriptome response of arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) to concurrent water deficit (abiotic stress) and infection with ... | 2013 | 23800991 |
| late embryogenesis abundant (lea) proteins in legumes. | plants are exposed to different external conditions that affect growth, development, and productivity. water deficit is one of these adverse conditions caused by drought, salinity, and extreme temperatures. plants have developed different responses to prevent, ameliorate or repair the damage inflicted by these stressful environments. one of these responses is the activation of a set of genes encoding a group of hydrophilic proteins that typically accumulate to high levels during seed dehydration ... | 2013 | 23805145 |
| the circadian clock goes genomic. | large-scale biology among plant species, as well as comparative genomics of circadian clock architecture and clock-regulated output processes, have greatly advanced our understanding of the endogenous timing system in plants. | 2013 | 23796230 |
| deciphering the hormonal signalling network behind the systemic resistance induced by trichoderma harzianum in tomato. | root colonization by selected trichoderma isolates can activate in the plant a systemic defense response that is effective against a broad-spectrum of plant pathogens. diverse plant hormones play pivotal roles in the regulation of the defense signaling network that leads to the induction of systemic resistance triggered by beneficial organisms [induced systemic resistance (isr)]. among them, jasmonic acid (ja) and ethylene (et) signaling pathways are generally essential for isr. however, trichod ... | 2013 | 23805146 |
| mos2 has redundant function with its homolog mos2h and is required for proper splicing of snc1. | plant immunity is essential for plant survival and resistance (r) proteins serve essential roles in pathogen detection and defense signal initiation. a gain-of-function mutation in snc1, a tir-type r gene, results in a characteristic autoimmune phenotype in arabidopsis. from a forward genetic suppressor screen using snc1, mos2 (modifier of snc1), which encodes an rna-binding protein, was identified. when mos2 function is lost, the autoimmunity caused by snc1 is abolished and basal resistance aga ... | 2013 | 23803746 |