| enhanced synthesis of 5-hydroxy-l-tryptophan through tetrahydropterin regeneration. | 5-hydroxy-l-tryptophan (5-htp) is a naturally occurring aromatic amino acid present in the seeds of the african plant griffonia simplicifolia. although 5-htp has therapeutic effects in various symptoms, efficient method of producing 5-htp has not been established. in this study, we developed a novel cofactor regeneration process to achieve enhanced synthesis of 5-htp by using modified l-phenylalanine 4-hydroxylase of chromobacterium violaceum. for the synthesis of 5-htp using escherichia coli wh ... | 2013 | 24321061 |
| rboh1-dependent h2o2 production and subsequent activation of mpk1/2 play an important role in acclimation-induced cross-tolerance in tomato. | h2o2 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) cascades play important functions in plant stress responses, but their roles in acclimation response remain unclear. this study examined the functions of h2o2 and mpk1/2 in acclimation-induced cross-tolerance in tomato plants. mild cold, paraquat, and drought as acclimation stimuli enhanced tolerance to more severe subsequent chilling, photooxidative, and drought stresses. acclimation-induced cross-tolerance was associated with increased transcrip ... | 2013 | 24323505 |
| rboh1-dependent h2o2 production and subsequent activation of mpk1/2 play an important role in acclimation-induced cross-tolerance in tomato. | h2o2 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) cascades play important functions in plant stress responses, but their roles in acclimation response remain unclear. this study examined the functions of h2o2 and mpk1/2 in acclimation-induced cross-tolerance in tomato plants. mild cold, paraquat, and drought as acclimation stimuli enhanced tolerance to more severe subsequent chilling, photooxidative, and drought stresses. acclimation-induced cross-tolerance was associated with increased transcrip ... | 2013 | 24323505 |
| identification of immunity-related genes in arabidopsis and cassava using genomic data. | recent advances in genomic and post-genomic technologies have provided the opportunity to generate a previously unimaginable amount of information. however, biological knowledge is still needed to improve the understanding of complex mechanisms such as plant immune responses. better knowledge of this process could improve crop production and management. here, we used holistic analysis to combine our own microarray and rna-seq data with public genomic data from arabidopsis and cassava in order to ... | 2013 | 24316329 |
| the endoplasmic reticulum binding protein bip displays dual function in modulating cell death events. | the binding protein (bip) has been demonstrated to participate in innate immunity and attenuate endoplasmic reticulum- and osmotic stress-induced cell death. here, we employed transgenic plants with manipulated levels of bip to assess whether bip also controlled developmental and hypersensitive programmed cell death (pcd). under normal conditions, the bip-induced transcriptome revealed a robust down-regulation of developmental pcd genes and an up-regulation of the genes involved in hypersensitiv ... | 2013 | 24319082 |
| the endoplasmic reticulum binding protein bip displays dual function in modulating cell death events. | the binding protein (bip) has been demonstrated to participate in innate immunity and attenuate endoplasmic reticulum- and osmotic stress-induced cell death. here, we employed transgenic plants with manipulated levels of bip to assess whether bip also controlled developmental and hypersensitive programmed cell death (pcd). under normal conditions, the bip-induced transcriptome revealed a robust down-regulation of developmental pcd genes and an up-regulation of the genes involved in hypersensitiv ... | 2013 | 24319082 |
| tcnpr3 from theobroma cacao functions as a repressor of the pathogen defense response. | arabidopsis thaliana (arabidopsis) non-expressor of pr1 (npr1) is a transcription coactivator that plays a central role in regulating the transcriptional response to plant pathogens. developing flowers of homozygous npr3 mutants are dramatically more resistant to infection by the pathogenic bacterium pseudomonas syringae, suggesting a role of npr3 as a repressor of npr1-mediated defense response with a novel role in flower development. | 2013 | 24314063 |
| the pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato type iii effector hopm1 suppresses arabidopsis defenses independent of suppressing salicylic acid signaling and of targeting atmin7. | pseudomonas syringae pv tomato strain dc3000 (pto) delivers several effector proteins promoting virulence, including hopm1, into plant cells via type iii secretion. hopm1 contributes to full virulence of pto by inducing degradation of arabidopsis proteins, including atmin7, an adp ribosylation factor-guanine nucleotide exchange factor. pseudomonas syringae pv phaseolicola strain nps3121 (pph) lacks a functional hopm1 and elicits robust defenses in arabidopsis thaliana, including accumulation of ... | 2013 | 24324742 |
| isolation and characterization of isochorismate synthase and cinnamate 4-hydroxylase during salinity stress, wounding, and salicylic acid treatment in carthamus tinctorius. | salicylic acid (sa) is a prominent signaling molecule during biotic and abiotic stresses in plants biosynthesized via cinnamate and isochorismate pathways. cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (c4h) and isochorismate synthase (ics) are the main enzymes in phenylpropanoid and isochorismate pathways, respectively. to investigate the actual roles of these genes in resistance mechanism to environmental stresses, here, the coding sequences of these enzymes in safflower (carthamus tinctorius), as an oilseed indust ... | 2013 | 24309561 |
| arabidopsis heterotrimeric g-proteins play a critical role in host and nonhost resistance against pseudomonas syringae pathogens. | heterotrimeric g-proteins have been proposed to be involved in many aspects of plant disease resistance but their precise role in mediating nonhost disease resistance is not well understood. we evaluated the roles of specific subunits of heterotrimeric g-proteins using knock-out mutants of arabidopsis gα, gβ and gγ subunits in response to host and nonhost pseudomonas pathogens. plants lacking functional gα, gβ and gγ1gγ2 proteins displayed enhanced bacterial growth and disease susceptibility in ... | 2013 | 24349286 |
| genome sequence of enterobacter turicensis strain 610/05 (lmg 23731), isolated from fruit powder. | we report the draft genome sequence of enterobacter turicensis strain 610/05 (lmg 23731), isolated from fruit powder. the draft genome has a size of 4,182,790 bp and a g+c% content of 58.0. | 2013 | 24309739 |
| the crosstalk between plant microrna biogenesis factors and the spliceosome. | many of the plant microrna (mirna) genes contain introns. the mirna-containing hairpin loop structure is predominantly located within the first exon of such pri-mirnas. we have shown that the downstream intron and its splicing are important for the regulation of the processing of these pri-mirnas. the 5' splice site in mir genes is essential in the process of mirna biogenesis. we postulate that the presence of yet undefined interactions between u1 snrnp and the pri-mirna processing machinery lea ... | 2013 | 24300047 |
| a high-throughput virus-induced gene silencing protocol identifies genes involved in multi-stress tolerance. | understanding the function of a particular gene under various stresses is important for engineering plants for broad-spectrum stress tolerance. although virus-induced gene silencing (vigs) has been used to characterize genes involved in abiotic stress tolerance, currently available gene silencing and stress imposition methodology at the whole plant level is not suitable for high-throughput functional analyses of genes. this demands a robust and reliable methodology for characterizing genes invol ... | 2013 | 24289810 |
| fine mapping of the major soybean dwarf virus resistance gene rsdv1 of the soybean cultivar 'wilis'. | soybean dwarf virus (sbdv), a luteoviridae family member, causes dwarfing, yellowing and sterility of soybean (glycine max), leading to one of the most serious problems in soybean production in northern japan. previous studies revealed that the indonesian soybean cultivar 'wilis' is resistant to sbdv and that the resistance can be introduced into japanese cultivars. a major qtl for sbdv resistance has been reported between ssr markers sat_217 and satt211 on chromosome 5. in this study, we named ... | 2013 | 24399914 |
| rescue of maturation off-pathway products in the assembly of pseudomonas phage φ 6. | many complex viruses use an assembly pathway in which their genome is packaged into an empty procapsid which subsequently matures into its final expanded form. we utilized pseudomonas phage 6, a well-established virus assembly model, to probe the plasticity of the procapsid maturation pathway. the 6 packaging nucleoside triphosphatase (ntpase), which powers sequential translocation of the three viral genomic single-stranded rna molecules to the procapsid during capsid maturation, is part of the ... | 2013 | 24089550 |
| prohibitin interacts with envelope proteins of white spot syndrome virus and prevents infection in the red swamp crayfish, procambarus clarkii. | prohibitins (phbs) are ubiquitously expressed conserved proteins in eukaryotes that are associated with apoptosis, cancer formation, aging, stress responses, cell proliferation, and immune regulation. however, the function of phbs in crustacean immunity remains largely unknown. in the present study, we identified a phb in procambarus clarkii red swamp crayfish, which was designated pcphb1. pcphb1 was widely distributed in several tissues, and its expression was significantly upregulated by white ... | 2013 | 24049173 |
| exopolysaccharides from sinorhizobium meliloti can protect against h2o2-dependent damage. | sinorhizobium meliloti requires exopolysaccharides in order to form a successful nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with medicago species. additionally, during early stages of symbiosis, s. meliloti is presented with an oxidative burst that must be overcome. levels of production of the exopolysaccharides succinoglycan (eps-i) and galactoglucan (eps-ii) were found to correlate positively with survival in hydrogen peroxide (h2o2). h2o2 damage is dependent on the presence of iron and is mitigated when eps-i ... | 2013 | 24078609 |
| the roles of intramembrane proteases in protozoan parasites. | intramembrane proteolysis is widely conserved throughout different forms of life, with three major types of proteases being known for their ability to cleave peptide bonds directly within the transmembrane domains of their substrates. although intramembrane proteases have been extensively studied in humans and model organisms, they have only more recently been investigated in protozoan parasites, where they turn out to play important and sometimes unexpected roles. signal peptide peptidases are ... | 2013 | 24099008 |
| glycerol-3-phosphate metabolism in wheat contributes to systemic acquired resistance against puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici. | glycerol-3-phosphate (g3p) is a proposed regulator of plant defense signaling in basal resistance and systemic acquired resistance (sar). the gly1-encoded glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (g3pdh) and gli1-encoded glycerol kinase (gk) are two key enzymes involved in the g3p biosynthesis in plants. however, their physiological importance in wheat defense against pathogens remains unclear. in this study, quantification analysis revealed that g3p levels were significantly induced in wheat leaves c ... | 2013 | 24312351 |
| dual regulation of cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase (apx) by tyrosine nitration and s-nitrosylation. | post-translational modifications (ptms) mediated by nitric oxide (no)-derived molecules have become a new area of research, as they can modulate the function of target proteins. proteomic data have shown that ascorbate peroxidase (apx) is one of the potential targets of ptms mediated by no-derived molecules. using recombinant pea cytosolic apx, the impact of peroxynitrite (onoo-) and s-nitrosoglutathione (gsno), which are known to mediate protein nitration and s-nitrosylation processes, respecti ... | 2013 | 24288182 |
| dual regulation of cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase (apx) by tyrosine nitration and s-nitrosylation. | post-translational modifications (ptms) mediated by nitric oxide (no)-derived molecules have become a new area of research, as they can modulate the function of target proteins. proteomic data have shown that ascorbate peroxidase (apx) is one of the potential targets of ptms mediated by no-derived molecules. using recombinant pea cytosolic apx, the impact of peroxynitrite (onoo-) and s-nitrosoglutathione (gsno), which are known to mediate protein nitration and s-nitrosylation processes, respecti ... | 2013 | 24288182 |
| common and distinct structural features of salmonella injectisome and flagellar basal body. | bacterial pathogens use an injectisome to deliver virulence proteins into eukaryotic host cells. the bacterial flagellum and injectisome export their component proteins for self-assembly. these two systems show high structural similarities and are classified as the type iii secretion system, but it remains elusive how similar they are in situ because the structures of these complexes isolated from cells and visualized by electron cryomicroscopy have shown only the export channel and housing for ... | 2013 | 24284544 |
| pathogen-triggered ethylene signaling mediates systemic-induced susceptibility to herbivory in arabidopsis. | multicellular eukaryotic organisms are attacked by numerous parasites from diverse phyla, often simultaneously or sequentially. an outstanding question in these interactions is how hosts integrate signals induced by the attack of different parasites. we used a model system comprised of the plant host arabidopsis thaliana, the hemibiotrophic bacterial phytopathogen pseudomonas syringae, and herbivorous larvae of the moth trichoplusia ni (cabbage looper) to characterize mechanisms involved in syst ... | 2013 | 24285796 |
| catalase and no catalase activity1 promote autophagy-dependent cell death in arabidopsis. | programmed cell death often depends on generation of reactive oxygen species, which can be detoxified by antioxidative enzymes, including catalases. we previously isolated catalase-deficient mutants (cat2) in a screen for resistance to hydroxyurea-induced cell death. here, we identify an arabidopsis thaliana hydroxyurea-resistant autophagy mutant, atg2, which also shows reduced sensitivity to cell death triggered by the bacterial effector avrrpm1. to test if catalase deficiency likewise affected ... | 2013 | 24285797 |
| comparative metabolite fingerprinting of the rumen system during colonisation of three forage grass (lolium perenne l.) varieties. | the rumen microbiota enable ruminants to degrade complex ligno-cellulosic compounds to produce high quality protein for human consumption. however, enteric fermentation by domestic ruminants generates negative by-products: greenhouse gases (methane) and environmental nitrogen pollution. the current lack of cultured isolates representative of the totality of rumen microbial species creates an information gap about the in vivo function of the rumen microbiota and limits our ability to apply predic ... | 2013 | 24312434 |
| photoautotrophic production of d-lactic acid in an engineered cyanobacterium. | the world faces the challenge to develop sustainable technologies to replace thousands of products that have been generated from fossil fuels. microbial cell factories serve as promising alternatives for the production of diverse commodity chemicals and biofuels from renewable resources. for example, polylactic acid (pla) with its biodegradable properties is a sustainable, environmentally friendly alternative to polyethylene. at present, pla microbial production is mainly dependent on food crops ... | 2013 | 24274114 |
| genomic survey of pathogenicity determinants and vntr markers in the cassava bacterial pathogen xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis strain cio151. | xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis (xam) is the causal agent of bacterial blight of cassava, which is among the main components of human diet in africa and south america. current information about the molecular pathogenicity factors involved in the infection process of this organism is limited. previous studies in other bacteria in this genus suggest that advanced draft genome sequences are valuable resources for molecular studies on their interaction with plants and could provide valuable too ... | 2013 | 24278159 |
| diversity and genetics of nitrogen-induced susceptibility to the blast fungus in rice and wheat. | nitrogen often increases disease susceptibility, a phenomenon that can be observed under controlled conditions and called nis, for nitrogen-induced susceptibility. nis has long been reported in the case of rice blast disease caused by the fungus magnaporthe oryzae. we used an experimental system that does not strongly affect plant development to address the question of nis polymorphism across rice diversity and further explored this phenomenon in wheat. we tested the two major types of resistanc ... | 2013 | 24280346 |
| a comparative hidden markov model analysis pipeline identifies proteins characteristic of cereal-infecting fungi. | fungal pathogens cause devastating losses in economically important cereal crops by utilising pathogen proteins to infect host plants. secreted pathogen proteins are referred to as effectors and have thus far been identified by selecting small, cysteine-rich peptides from the secretome despite increasing evidence that not all effectors share these attributes. | 2013 | 24252298 |
| fungal endopolygalacturonases are recognized as microbe-associated molecular patterns by the arabidopsis receptor-like protein responsiveness to botrytis polygalacturonases1. | plants perceive microbial invaders using pattern recognition receptors that recognize microbe-associated molecular patterns. in this study, we identified responsiveness to botrytis polygalacturonases1 (rbpg1), an arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein, atrlp42, that recognizes fungal endopolygalacturonases (pgs) and acts as a novel microbe-associated molecular pattern receptor. rbpg1 recognizes several pgs from the plant pathogen botrytis cinerea as well as ... | 2013 | 24259685 |
| fungal endopolygalacturonases are recognized as microbe-associated molecular patterns by the arabidopsis receptor-like protein responsiveness to botrytis polygalacturonases1. | plants perceive microbial invaders using pattern recognition receptors that recognize microbe-associated molecular patterns. in this study, we identified responsiveness to botrytis polygalacturonases1 (rbpg1), an arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein, atrlp42, that recognizes fungal endopolygalacturonases (pgs) and acts as a novel microbe-associated molecular pattern receptor. rbpg1 recognizes several pgs from the plant pathogen botrytis cinerea as well as ... | 2013 | 24259685 |
| purification and characterization of aminoglycoside phosphotransferase aph(6)-id, a streptomycin-inactivating enzyme. | as part of an overall project to characterize the streptomycin phosphotransferase enzyme aph(6)-id, which confers bacterial resistance to streptomycin, we cloned, expressed, purified, and characterized the enzyme. when expressed in escherichia coli, the recombinant enzyme increased by up to 70-fold the minimum inhibitory concentration needed to inhibit cell growth. size-exclusion chromatography gave a molecular mass of 31.4 ± 1.3 kda for the enzyme, showing that it functions as a monomer. activi ... | 2013 | 24248535 |
| purification and characterization of aminoglycoside phosphotransferase aph(6)-id, a streptomycin-inactivating enzyme. | as part of an overall project to characterize the streptomycin phosphotransferase enzyme aph(6)-id, which confers bacterial resistance to streptomycin, we cloned, expressed, purified, and characterized the enzyme. when expressed in escherichia coli, the recombinant enzyme increased by up to 70-fold the minimum inhibitory concentration needed to inhibit cell growth. size-exclusion chromatography gave a molecular mass of 31.4 ± 1.3 kda for the enzyme, showing that it functions as a monomer. activi ... | 2013 | 24248535 |
| identification of novel pepper genes involved in bax- or inf1-mediated cell death responses by high-throughput virus-induced gene silencing. | hot pepper is one of the economically important crops in asia. a large number of gene sequences, including expressed sequence tag (est) and genomic sequences are publicly available. however, it is still a daunting task to determine gene function due to difficulties in genetic modification of a pepper plants. here, we show the application of the virus-induced gene silencing (vigs) repression for the study of 459 pepper ests selected as non-host pathogen-induced cell death responsive genes from pe ... | 2013 | 24256816 |
| structural basis for type vi secreted peptidoglycan dl-endopeptidase function, specificity and neutralization in serratia marcescens. | some gram-negative bacteria target their competitors by exploiting the type vi secretion system to extrude toxic effector proteins. to prevent self-harm, these bacteria also produce highly specific immunity proteins that neutralize these antagonistic effectors. here, the peptidoglycan endopeptidase specificity of two type vi secretion-system-associated effectors from serratia marcescens is characterized. these small secreted proteins, ssp1 and ssp2, cleave between γ-d-glutamic acid and l-meso-di ... | 2013 | 24311588 |
| cytokinin cross-talking during biotic and abiotic stress responses. | as sessile organisms, plants have to be able to adapt to a continuously changing environment. plants that perceive some of these changes as stress signals activate signaling pathways to modulate their development and to enable them to survive. the complex responses to environmental cues are to a large extent mediated by plant hormones that together orchestrate the final plant response. the phytohormone cytokinin is involved in many plant developmental processes. recently, it has been established ... | 2013 | 24312105 |
| comparative transcriptome profiling of a resistant vs. susceptible tomato (solanum lycopersicum) cultivar in response to infection by tomato yellow leaf curl virus. | tomato yellow leaf curl virus (tylcv) threatens tomato production worldwide by causing leaf yellowing, leaf curling, plant stunting and flower abscission. the current understanding of the host plant defense response to this virus is very limited. using whole transcriptome sequencing, we analyzed the differential gene expression in response to tylcv infection in the tylcv-resistant tomato breeding line cln2777a (r) and tylcv-susceptible tomato breeding line tmxa48-4-0 (s). the mixed inoculated sa ... | 2013 | 24260487 |
| a prodrug approach to the use of coumarins as potential therapeutics for superficial mycoses. | superficial mycoses are fungal infections of the outer layers of the skin, hair and nails that affect 20-25% of the world's population, with increasing incidence. treatment of superficial mycoses, predominantly caused by dermatophytes, is by topical and/or oral regimens. new therapeutic options with improved efficacy and/or safety profiles are desirable. there is renewed interest in natural product-based antimicrobials as alternatives to conventional treatments, including the treatment of superf ... | 2013 | 24260474 |
| involvement of a novel genistein-inducible multidrug efflux pump of bradyrhizobium japonicum early in the interaction with glycine max (l.) merr. | the early molecular dialogue between soybean and the bacterium bradyrhizobium japonicum is crucial for triggering their symbiotic interaction. here we found a single large genomic locus that is widely separated from the symbiosis island and was conspicuously induced within minutes after the addition of genistein. this locus (named bjg30) contains genes for the multidrug efflux pump, tetr family transcriptional regulator, and polyhydroxybutyrate (phb) metabolism. the induction of bjg30 by geniste ... | 2013 | 24225224 |
| recognition of the protein kinase avrpphb susceptible1 by the disease resistance protein resistance to pseudomonas syringae5 is dependent on s-acylation and an exposed loop in avrpphb susceptible1. | the recognition of pathogen effector proteins by plants is typically mediated by intracellular receptors belonging to the nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (nlr) family. nlr proteins often detect pathogen effector proteins indirectly by detecting modification of their targets. how nlr proteins detect such modifications is poorly understood. to address these questions, we have been investigating the arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) nlr protein resistance to pseudomonas syringae5 (rps5), wh ... | 2013 | 24225654 |
| recognition of the protein kinase avrpphb susceptible1 by the disease resistance protein resistance to pseudomonas syringae5 is dependent on s-acylation and an exposed loop in avrpphb susceptible1. | the recognition of pathogen effector proteins by plants is typically mediated by intracellular receptors belonging to the nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (nlr) family. nlr proteins often detect pathogen effector proteins indirectly by detecting modification of their targets. how nlr proteins detect such modifications is poorly understood. to address these questions, we have been investigating the arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) nlr protein resistance to pseudomonas syringae5 (rps5), wh ... | 2013 | 24225654 |
| association analysis identifies melampsora ×columbiana poplar leaf rust resistance snps. | populus species are currently being domesticated through intensive time- and resource-dependent programs for utilization in phytoremediation, wood and paper products, and conversion to biofuels. poplar leaf rust disease can greatly reduce wood volume. genetic resistance is effective in reducing economic losses but major resistance loci have been race-specific and can be readily defeated by the pathogen. developing durable disease resistance requires the identification of non-race-specific loci. ... | 2013 | 24236018 |
| sensitivity to flg22 is modulated by ligand-induced degradation and de novo synthesis of the endogenous flagellin-receptor flagellin-sensing2. | flagellin-sensing2 (fls2) is the plant cell surface receptor that perceives bacterial flagellin or flg22 peptide, initiates flg22-signaling responses, and contributes to bacterial growth restriction. flg22 elicitation also leads to ligand-induced endocytosis and degradation of fls2 within 1 h. why plant cells remove this receptor precisely at the time during which its function is required remains mainly unknown. here, we assessed in planta flg22-signaling competency in the context of ligand-indu ... | 2013 | 24220680 |
| sensitivity to flg22 is modulated by ligand-induced degradation and de novo synthesis of the endogenous flagellin-receptor flagellin-sensing2. | flagellin-sensing2 (fls2) is the plant cell surface receptor that perceives bacterial flagellin or flg22 peptide, initiates flg22-signaling responses, and contributes to bacterial growth restriction. flg22 elicitation also leads to ligand-induced endocytosis and degradation of fls2 within 1 h. why plant cells remove this receptor precisely at the time during which its function is required remains mainly unknown. here, we assessed in planta flg22-signaling competency in the context of ligand-indu ... | 2013 | 24220680 |
| roles of jnrap2.6-like from the transition zone of black walnut in hormone signaling. | an est sequence, designated jnrap2-like, was isolated from tissue at the heartwood/sapwood transition zone (tz) in black walnut (juglans nigra l). the deduced amino acid sequence of jnrap2-like protein consists of a single ap2-containing domain with significant similarity to conserved ap2/erf dna-binding domains in other species. based on multiple sequence alignment, jnrap2-like appears to be an ortholog of rap2.6l (at5g13330), which encodes an ethylene response element binding protein in arabid ... | 2013 | 24265672 |
| application of genomic and quantitative genetic tools to identify candidate resistance genes for brown rot resistance in peach. | the availability of a complete peach genome assembly and three different peach genome sequences created by our group provide new opportunities for application of genomic data and can improve the power of the classical quantitative trait loci (qtl) approaches to identify candidate genes for peach disease resistance. brown rot caused by monilinia spp., is the most important fungal disease of stone fruits worldwide. improved levels of peach fruit rot resistance have been identified in some cultivar ... | 2013 | 24244329 |
| aging and cell death in the other yeasts, schizosaccharomyces pombe and candida albicans. | how do cells age and die? for the past 20 years, the budding yeast, saccharomyces cerevisiae, has been used as a model organism to uncover the genes that regulate lifespan and cell death. more recently, investigators have begun to interrogate the other yeasts, the fission yeast, schizosaccharomyces pombe, and the human fungal pathogen, candida albicans, to determine if similar longevity and cell death pathways exist in these organisms. after summarizing the longevity and cell death phenotypes in ... | 2013 | 24205865 |
| aging and cell death in the other yeasts, schizosaccharomyces pombe and candida albicans. | how do cells age and die? for the past 20 years, the budding yeast, saccharomyces cerevisiae, has been used as a model organism to uncover the genes that regulate lifespan and cell death. more recently, investigators have begun to interrogate the other yeasts, the fission yeast, schizosaccharomyces pombe, and the human fungal pathogen, candida albicans, to determine if similar longevity and cell death pathways exist in these organisms. after summarizing the longevity and cell death phenotypes in ... | 2013 | 24205865 |
| recent achievement in gene cloning and functional genomics in soybean. | soybean is a model plant for photoperiodism as well as for symbiotic nitrogen fixation. however, a rather low efficiency in soybean transformation hampers functional analysis of genes isolated from soybean. in comparison, rapid development and progress in flowering time and photoperiodic response have been achieved in arabidopsis and rice. as the soybean genomic information has been released since 2008, gene cloning and functional genomic studies have been revived as indicated by successfully ch ... | 2013 | 24311973 |
| the arabidopsis thaliana mob1a gene is required for organ growth and correct tissue patterning of the root tip. | the mob1 family includes a group of kinase regulators conserved throughout eukaryotes. in multicellular organisms, mob1 is involved in cell proliferation and apoptosis, thus controlling appropriate cell number and organ size. these functions are also of great importance for plants, which employ co-ordinated growth processes to explore the surrounding environment and respond to changing external conditions. therefore, this study set out to investigate the role of two arabidopsis thaliana mob1-lik ... | 2013 | 24201137 |
| evolution of rxlr-class effectors in the oomycete plant pathogen phytophthora ramorum. | phytophthora plant pathogens contain many hundreds of effectors potentially involved in infection of host plants. comparative genomic analyses have shown that these effectors evolve rapidly and have been subject to recent expansions. we examined the recent sequence evolution of rxlr-class effector gene families in the sudden oak death pathogen, p. ramorum. we found that p. ramorum rxlr effectors have taken multiple evolutionary paths, including loss or gain of repeated domains, recombination or ... | 2013 | 24244484 |
| terpene down-regulation triggers defense responses in transgenic orange leading to resistance against fungal pathogens. | terpenoid volatiles are isoprene compounds that are emitted by plants to communicate with the environment. in addition to their function in repelling herbivores and attracting carnivorous predators in green tissues, the presumed primary function of terpenoid volatiles released from mature fruits is the attraction of seed-dispersing animals. mature oranges (citrus sinensis) primarily accumulate terpenes in peel oil glands, with d-limonene accounting for approximately 97% of the total volatile ter ... | 2013 | 24192451 |
| terpene down-regulation triggers defense responses in transgenic orange leading to resistance against fungal pathogens. | terpenoid volatiles are isoprene compounds that are emitted by plants to communicate with the environment. in addition to their function in repelling herbivores and attracting carnivorous predators in green tissues, the presumed primary function of terpenoid volatiles released from mature fruits is the attraction of seed-dispersing animals. mature oranges (citrus sinensis) primarily accumulate terpenes in peel oil glands, with d-limonene accounting for approximately 97% of the total volatile ter ... | 2013 | 24192451 |
| an hplc-ms characterization of the changes in sweet orange leaf metabolite profile following infection by the bacterial pathogen candidatus liberibacter asiaticus. | huanglongbing (hlb) presumably caused by candidatus liberibacter asiaticus (clas) threatens the commercial u.s. citrus crop of an annual value of $3 billion. the earliest shift in metabolite profiles of leaves from greenhouse-grown sweet orange trees infected with clas, and of healthy leaves, was characterized by hplc-ms concurrently with pcr testing for the presence of clas bacteria and observation of disease symptoms. twenty, 8-month-old 'valencia' and 'hamlin' trees were grafted with budwood ... | 2013 | 24223954 |
| enhanced methanol production in plants provides broad spectrum insect resistance. | plants naturally emit methanol as volatile organic compound. methanol is toxic to insect pests; but the quantity produced by most of the plants is not enough to protect them against invading insect pests. in the present study, we demonstrated that the over-expression of pectin methylesterase, derived from arabidopsis thaliana and aspergillus niger, in transgenic tobacco plants enhances methanol production and resistance to polyphagous insect pests. methanol content in the leaves of transgenic pl ... | 2013 | 24223989 |
| s-nitrosoglutathione reductases are low-copy number, cysteine-rich proteins in plants that control multiple developmental and defense responses in arabidopsis. | s-nitrosoglutathione reductase (gsnor) is believed to modulate effects of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species through catabolism of s-nitrosoglutathione (gsno). we combined bioinformatics of plant gsnor genes, localization of gsnor in arabidopsis thaliana, and microarray analysis of a gsnor null mutant to gain insights into the function and regulation of this critical enzyme in nitric oxide (no) homeostasis. gsnor-encoding genes are known to have high homology across diverse eukaryotic taxa, bu ... | 2013 | 24204370 |
| a phenomics approach to the analysis of the influence of glutathione on leaf area and abiotic stress tolerance in arabidopsis thaliana. | reduced glutathione (gsh) is an abundant low molecular weight plant thiol. it fulfills multiple functions in plant biology, many of which remain poorly characterized. a phenomics approach was therefore used to investigate the effects of glutathione homeostasis on growth and stress tolerance in arabidopsis thaliana. rosette leaf area was compared in mutants that are either defective in gsh synthesis (cad2, pad2, and rax1) or the export of γ-glutamylcysteine and gsh from the chloroplast (clt) and ... | 2013 | 24204368 |
| tomato fruit and seed colonization by clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis through external and internal routes. | the gram-positive bacterium clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, causal agent of bacterial wilt and canker of tomato, is an economically devastating pathogen that inflicts considerable damage throughout all major tomato-producing regions. annual outbreaks continue to occur in new york, where c. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis spreads via infected transplants, trellising stakes, tools, and/or soil. globally, new outbreaks can be accompanied by the introduction of contaminated seed s ... | 2013 | 24014525 |
| antimicrobial nodule-specific cysteine-rich peptides induce membrane depolarization-associated changes in the transcriptome of sinorhizobium meliloti. | leguminous plants establish symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing alpha- and betaproteobacteria, collectively called rhizobia, which provide combined nitrogen to support plant growth. members of the inverted repeat-lacking clade of legumes impose terminal differentiation on their endosymbiotic bacterium partners with the help of the nodule-specific cysteine-rich (ncr) peptide family composed of close to 600 members. among the few tested ncr peptides, cationic ones had antirhizobial activity measured by ... | 2013 | 23995935 |
| identification of five structurally unrelated quorum-sensing inhibitors of pseudomonas aeruginosa from a natural-derivative database. | bacteria communicate by means of small signal molecules in a process termed quorum sensing (qs). qs enables bacteria to organize their activities at the population level, including the coordinated secretion of virulence factors. certain small-molecule compounds, known as quorum-sensing inhibitors (qsis), have been shown to effectively block qs and subsequently attenuate the virulence of pseudomonas aeruginosa, as well as increasing its susceptibility to both antibiotics and the immune system. in ... | 2013 | 24002091 |
| high-level pacidamycin resistance in pseudomonas aeruginosa is mediated by an opp oligopeptide permease encoded by the opp-fabi operon. | pacidamycins (or uridyl peptide antibiotics) possess selective in vivo activity against pseudomonas aeruginosa. an important limitation for the therapeutic use of pacidamycins with p. aeruginosa is the high frequency (10(-6) to 10(-7)) at which resistant mutants emerge. to elucidate the mechanism(s) of this resistance, pacidamycin-resistant p. aeruginosa mutants were isolated. two types of mutants were obtained. type 1, or high-level resistance mutants with a pacidamycin mic of 512 μg/ml, were m ... | 2013 | 23979749 |
| alternative splicing at the intersection of biological timing, development, and stress responses. | high-throughput sequencing for transcript profiling in plants has revealed that alternative splicing (as) affects a much higher proportion of the transcriptome than was previously assumed. as is involved in most plant processes and is particularly prevalent in plants exposed to environmental stress. the identification of mutations in predicted splicing factors and spliceosomal proteins that affect cell fate, the circadian clock, plant defense, and tolerance/sensitivity to abiotic stress all poin ... | 2013 | 24179132 |
| bacterial effector activates jasmonate signaling by directly targeting jaz transcriptional repressors. | gram-negative bacterial pathogens deliver a variety of virulence proteins through the type iii secretion system (t3ss) directly into the host cytoplasm. these type iii secreted effectors (t3ses) play an essential role in bacterial infection, mainly by targeting host immunity. however, the molecular basis of their functionalities remains largely enigmatic. here, we show that the pseudomonas syringae t3se hopz1a, a member of the widely distributed yopj effector family, directly interacts with jasm ... | 2013 | 24204266 |
| gdsl lipase1 modulates plant immunity through feedback regulation of ethylene signaling. | ethylene is a key signal in the regulation of plant defense responses. it is required for the expression and function of gdsl lipase1 (glip1) in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana), which plays an important role in plant immunity. here, we explore molecular mechanisms underlying the relationship between glip1 and ethylene signaling by an epistatic analysis of ethylene response mutants and glip1-overexpressing (35s:glip1) plants. we show that glip1 expression is regulated by ethylene signaling com ... | 2013 | 24170202 |
| the arabidopsis zed1 pseudokinase is required for zar1-mediated immunity induced by the pseudomonas syringae type iii effector hopz1a. | plant and animal pathogenic bacteria can suppress host immunity by injecting type iii secreted effector (t3se) proteins into host cells. however, t3ses can also elicit host immunity if the host has evolved a means to recognize the presence or activity of specific t3ses. the diverse yopj/hopz/avrrxv t3se superfamily, which is found in both animal and plant pathogens, provides examples of t3ses playing this dual role. the t3se hopz1a is an acetyltransferase carried by the phytopathogen pseudomonas ... | 2013 | 24170858 |
| nitric oxide, antioxidants and prooxidants in plant defence responses. | in plant cells the free radical nitric oxide (no) interacts both with anti- as well as prooxidants. this review provides a short survey of the central roles of ascorbate and glutathione-the latter alone or in conjunction with s-nitrosoglutathione reductase-in controlling no bioavailability. other major topics include the regulation of antioxidant enzymes by no and the interplay between no and reactive oxygen species (ros). under stress conditions no regulates antioxidant enzymes at the level of ... | 2013 | 24198820 |
| transcriptome-wide mapping of pea seed ageing reveals a pivotal role for genes related to oxidative stress and programmed cell death. | understanding of seed ageing, which leads to viability loss during storage, is vital for ex situ plant conservation and agriculture alike. yet the potential for regulation at the transcriptional level has not been fully investigated. here, we studied the relationship between seed viability, gene expression and glutathione redox status during artificial ageing of pea (pisum sativum) seeds. transcriptome-wide analysis using microarrays was complemented with qrt-pcr analysis of selected genes and a ... | 2013 | 24205239 |
| chromosomal targeting by crispr-cas systems can contribute to genome plasticity in bacteria. | the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (crispr) and their associated (cas) proteins form adaptive immune systems in bacteria to combat phage and other foreign genetic elements. typically, short spacer sequences are acquired from the invader dna and incorporated into crispr arrays in the bacterial genome. small rnas are generated that contain these spacer sequences and enable sequence-specific destruction of the foreign nucleic acids. occasionally, spacers are acquired from ... | 2013 | 24251073 |
| salicylic acid activates dna damage responses to potentiate plant immunity. | dna damage is normally detrimental to living organisms. here we show that it can also serve as a signal to promote immune responses in plants. we found that the plant immune hormone salicylic acid (sa) can trigger dna damage in the absence of a genotoxic agent. the dna damage sensor proteins rad17 and atr are required for effective immune responses. these sensor proteins are negatively regulated by a key immune regulator, sni1 (suppressor of npr1-1, inducible 1), which we found is a subunit of t ... | 2013 | 24207055 |
| isolation and characterization of a novel wheat cysteine-rich receptor-like kinase gene induced by rhizoctonia cerealis. | cysteine-rich receptor kinases (crks) belong to the receptor-like kinase family. little is known about crk genes in wheat. we isolated a wheat crk gene tacrk1 from rhizoctonia cerealis-resistant wheat ci12633 based on a differentially expressed sequence identified by rna-sequencing (rna-seq) analysis. tacrk1 was more highly expressed in ci12633 than in susceptible wenmai 6. transcription of tacrk1 in wheat was induced in ci12633 after r. cerealis infection and exogenous abscisic acid (aba) treat ... | 2013 | 24149340 |
| direct effect of two naphthalene-sulfonyl-indole compounds on toxoplasma gondii tachyzoite. | past studies have stated that the parasitostatic effect of ifn-γ is most likely due to the starvation of toxoplasma gondii for tryptophan in the host cell. the aim of this study was to evaluate the direct effect of two new naphthalene-sulfonyl-indole compounds as competitive molecules for tryptophan on viability and infectivity of toxoplasma tachyzoites. tachyzoites of rh strain were incubated in various concentrations (25-800 μm) of 1-(naphthalene-2-sulfonyl)-2,3-dihydro-1h-indole and 1-[5-(2,3 ... | 2013 | 24228173 |
| an s-domain receptor-like kinase, ossik2, confers abiotic stress tolerance and delays dark-induced leaf senescence in rice. | receptor-like kinases play important roles in plant development and defense responses; however, their functions in other processes remain unclear. here, we report that ossik2, an s-domain receptor-like kinase from rice (oryza sativa), is involved in abiotic stress and the senescence process. ossik2 is a plasma membrane-localized protein with kinase activity in the presence of mn(2+). ossik2 is expressed mainly in rice leaf and sheath and can be induced by nacl, drought, cold, dark, and abscisic ... | 2013 | 24143807 |
| the calmodulin-binding protein60 family includes both negative and positive regulators of plant immunity. | two members of the eight-member calmodulin-binding protein60 (cbp60) gene family, cbp60g and systemic acquired resistance deficient1 (sard1), encode positive regulators of plant immunity that promote the production of salicylic acid (sa) and affect the expression of sa-dependent and sa-independent defense genes. here, we investigated the other six family members in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana). only cbp60a mutations affected growth of the bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv maculico ... | 2013 | 24134885 |
| rna biology in fungal phytopathogens. | | 2013 | 24146612 |
| the current status of the elemental defense hypothesis in relation to pathogens. | metal hyperaccumulating plants are able to accumulate exceptionally high concentrations of metals, such as zinc, nickel, or cadmium, in their aerial tissues. these metals reach concentrations that would be toxic to most other plant species. this trait has evolved multiple times independently in the plant kingdom. recent studies have provided new insight into the ecological and evolutionary significance of this trait, by showing that some metal hyperaccumulating plants can use high concentrations ... | 2013 | 24137169 |
| jimena: efficient computing and system state identification for genetic regulatory networks. | boolean networks capture switching behavior of many naturally occurring regulatory networks. for semi-quantitative modeling, interpolation between on and off states is necessary. the high degree polynomial interpolation of boolean genetic regulatory networks (grns) in cellular processes such as apoptosis or proliferation allows for the modeling of a wider range of node interactions than continuous activator-inhibitor models, but suffers from scaling problems for networks which contain nodes with ... | 2013 | 24118878 |
| an rxlr effector from phytophthora infestans prevents re-localisation of two plant nac transcription factors from the endoplasmic reticulum to the nucleus. | the potato late blight pathogen phytophthora infestans secretes an array of effector proteins thought to act in its hosts by disarming defences and promoting pathogen colonisation. however, little is known about the host targets of these effectors and how they are manipulated by the pathogen. this work describes the identification of two putative membrane-associated nac transcription factors (tf) as the host targets of the rxlr effector pitg_03192 (pi03192). the effector interacts with nac targe ... | 2013 | 24130484 |
| the rna-binding protein fpa regulates flg22-triggered defense responses and transcription factor activity by alternative polyadenylation. | rna-binding proteins (rbps) play an important role in plant host-microbe interactions. in this study, we show that the plant rbp known as fpa, which regulates 3'-end mrna polyadenylation, negatively regulates basal resistance to bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae in arabidopsis. a custom microarray analysis reveals that flg22, a peptide derived from bacterial flagellins, induces expression of alternatively polyadenylated isoforms of mrna encoding the defence-related transcriptional represso ... | 2013 | 24104185 |
| arabidopsis receptor-like protein30 and receptor-like kinase suppressor of bir1-1/evershed mediate innate immunity to necrotrophic fungi. | effective plant defense strategies rely in part on the perception of non-self determinants, so-called microbe-associated molecular patterns (mamps), by transmembrane pattern recognition receptors leading to mamp-triggered immunity. plant resistance against necrotrophic pathogens with a broad host range is complex and yet not well understood. particularly, it is unclear if resistance to necrotrophs involves pattern recognition receptors. here, we partially purified a novel proteinaceous elicitor ... | 2013 | 24104566 |
| partitioning, repressing and derepressing: dynamic regulations in mla immune receptor triggered defense signaling. | plants and animals have evolved intracellular nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing immune receptors (nlrs) to perceive non-self and trigger immune responses. plant nlrs detect strain-specific pathogen effectors and activate immune signaling leading to extensive transcriptional reprogramming and termination of pathogen infection. here we review the recent findings in barley mla immune receptor mediated immune responses against the barley powdery mildew fungus. we focus on ... | 2013 | 24115952 |
| novel applications of motif-directed profiling to identify disease resistance genes in plants. | molecular profiling of gene families is a versatile tool to study diversity between individual genomes in sexual crosses and germplasm. nucleotide binding site (nbs) profiling, in particular, targets conserved nucleotide binding site-encoding sequences of resistance gene analogs (rgas), and is widely used to identify molecular markers for disease resistance (r) genes. | 2013 | 24099459 |
| transcriptome changes associated with anaerobic growth in yersinia intermedia (atcc29909). | the yersiniae (enterobacteriaceae) occupy a variety of niches, including some in human and flea hosts. metabolic adaptations of the yersiniae, which contribute to their success in these specialized environments, remain largely unknown. we report results of an investigation of the transcriptome under aerobic and anaerobic conditions for y. intermedia, a non-pathogenic member of the genus that has been used as a research surrogate for y. pestis. y. intermedia shares characteristics of pathogenic y ... | 2013 | 24116118 |
| explaining bacterial dispersion on leaf surfaces with an individual-based model (phyllosim). | we developed the individual-based model phyllosim to explain observed variation in the size of bacterial clusters on plant leaf surfaces (the phyllosphere). specifically, we tested how different 'waterscapes' impacted the diffusion of nutrients from the leaf interior to the surface and the growth of individual bacteria on these nutrients. in the 'null' model or more complex 'patchy' models, the surface was covered with a continuous water film or with water drops of equal or different volumes, re ... | 2013 | 24124501 |
| incorporating motif analysis into gene co-expression networks reveals novel modular expression pattern and new signaling pathways. | understanding of gene regulatory networks requires discovery of expression modules within gene co-expression networks and identification of promoter motifs and corresponding transcription factors that regulate their expression. a commonly used method for this purpose is a top-down approach based on clustering the network into a range of densely connected segments, treating these segments as expression modules, and extracting promoter motifs from these modules. here, we describe a novel bottom-up ... | 2013 | 24098147 |
| type i j-domain nbmip1 proteins are required for both tobacco mosaic virus infection and plant innate immunity. | tm-2² is a coiled coil-nucleotide binding-leucine rich repeat resistance protein that confers durable extreme resistance against tomato mosaic virus (tomv) and tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) by recognizing the viral movement protein (mp). here we report that the nicotiana benthamiana j-domain mip1 proteins (nbmip1s) associate with tobamovirus mp, tm-2² and sgt1. silencing of nbmip1s reduced tmv movement and compromised tm-2²-mediated resistance against tmv and tomv. furthermore, silencing of nbmip1s ... | 2013 | 24098120 |
| identification of factors for improved ethylene production via the ethylene forming enzyme in chemostat cultures of saccharomyces cerevisiae. | biotechnological production of the traditional petrochemical ethylene is presently being explored using yeasts as well as bacteria. in this study we quantify the specific ethylene production levels at different conditions in continuous (chemostat) cultivation of saccharomyces cerevisae expressing the ethylene forming enzyme (efe) from pseudomonas syringae. | 2013 | 24083346 |
| physiological and transcriptional responses to osmotic stress of two pseudomonas syringae strains that differ in epiphytic fitness and osmotolerance. | the foliar pathogen pseudomonas syringae is a useful model for understanding the role of stress adaptation in leaf colonization. we investigated the mechanistic basis of differences in the osmotolerance of two p. syringae strains, b728a and dc3000. consistent with its higher survival rates following inoculation onto leaves, b728a exhibited superior osmotolerance over dc3000 and higher rates of uptake of plant-derived osmoprotective compounds. a global transcriptome analysis of b728a and dc3000 f ... | 2013 | 23955010 |
| high-throughput rna sequencing of pseudomonas-infected arabidopsis reveals hidden transcriptome complexity and novel splice variants. | we report the results of a genome-wide analysis of transcription in arabidopsis thaliana after treatment with pseudomonas syringae pathovar tomato. our time course rna-seq experiment uses over 500 million read pairs to provide a detailed characterization of the response to infection in both susceptible and resistant hosts. the set of observed differentially expressed genes is consistent with previous studies, confirming and extending existing findings about genes likely to play an important role ... | 2013 | 24098335 |
| pest and disease management: why we shouldn't go against the grain. | given the wide range of scales and mechanisms by which pest or disease agents disperse, it is unclear whether there might exist a general relationship between scale of host heterogeneity and spatial spread that could be exploited by available management options. in this model-based study, we investigate the interaction between host distributions and the spread of pests and diseases using an array of models that encompass the dispersal and spread of a diverse range of economically important speci ... | 2013 | 24098739 |
| a double sorlip1 element is required for high light induction of elip genes in arabidopsis thaliana. | promoter elements that contribute to high light (hl) induction of the arabidopsis elip1 gene were defined using a transgenic promoter-reporter system. two adjacent sorlip1 elements (double sorlip1, dsl) were found to be essential for hl induction of a gus reporter gene. the dsl element was also found to be essential for hl induction conferred by the elip2 promoter. sorlip1 elements were enriched in elip promoters throughout the plant kingdom, and showed a clade-specific pattern of gain or loss t ... | 2013 | 24072326 |
| a double sorlip1 element is required for high light induction of elip genes in arabidopsis thaliana. | promoter elements that contribute to high light (hl) induction of the arabidopsis elip1 gene were defined using a transgenic promoter-reporter system. two adjacent sorlip1 elements (double sorlip1, dsl) were found to be essential for hl induction of a gus reporter gene. the dsl element was also found to be essential for hl induction conferred by the elip2 promoter. sorlip1 elements were enriched in elip promoters throughout the plant kingdom, and showed a clade-specific pattern of gain or loss t ... | 2013 | 24072326 |
| genome mining reveals the genus xanthomonas to be a promising reservoir for new bioactive non-ribosomally synthesized peptides. | various bacteria can use non-ribosomal peptide synthesis (nrps) to produce peptides or other small molecules. conserved features within the nrps machinery allow the type, and sometimes even the structure, of the synthesized polypeptide to be predicted. thus, bacterial genome mining via in silico analyses of nrps genes offers an attractive opportunity to uncover new bioactive non-ribosomally synthesized peptides. xanthomonas is a large genus of gram-negative bacteria that cause disease in hundred ... | 2013 | 24069909 |
| the tomato fni3 lysine-63-specific ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme and suv ubiquitin e2 variant positively regulate plant immunity. | the activation of an immune response in tomato (solanum lycopersicum) against pseudomonas syringae relies on the recognition of e3 ligase-deficient forms of avrptob by the host protein kinase, fen. to investigate the mechanisms by which fen-mediated immunity is regulated, we characterize in this study a fen-interacting protein, fni3, and its cofactor, s. lycoperiscum uev (suv). fni3 encodes a homolog of the ubc13-type ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme that catalyzes exclusively lys-63-linked ubiquiti ... | 2013 | 24076975 |
| arabidopsis clade i tga factors regulate apoplastic defences against the bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae through endoplasmic reticulum-based processes. | during the plant immune response, large-scale transcriptional reprogramming is modulated by numerous transcription (co) factors. the arabidopsis basic leucine zipper transcription factors tga1 and tga4, which comprise the clade i tga factors, have been shown to positively contribute to disease resistance against virulent strains of the bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae. despite physically interacting with the key immune regulator, non-expressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1 (npr1), follo ... | 2013 | 24086773 |
| jasmonate zim-domain (jaz) protein regulates host and nonhost pathogen-induced cell death in tomato and nicotiana benthamiana. | the nonhost-specific phytotoxin coronatine (cor) produced by several pathovars of pseudomonas syringae functions as a jasmonic acid-isoleucine (ja-ile) mimic and contributes to disease development by suppressing plant defense responses and inducing reactive oxygen species in chloroplast. it has been shown that the f-box protein coronatine insensitive 1 (coi1) is the receptor for cor and ja-ile. jasmonate zim domain (jaz) proteins act as negative regulators for ja signaling in arabidopsis. howeve ... | 2013 | 24086622 |
| electrophoretic mobility confirms reassortment bias among geographic isolates of segmented rna phages. | sex presents evolutionary costs and benefits, leading to the expectation that the amount of genetic exchange should vary in conditions with contrasting cost-benefit equations. like eukaryotes, viruses also engage in sex, but the rate of genetic exchange is often assumed to be a relatively invariant property of a particular virus. however, the rates of genetic exchange can vary within one type of virus according to geography, as highlighted by phylogeographic studies of cystoviruses. here we merg ... | 2013 | 24059872 |
| transcriptome and expression profile analysis of highly resistant and susceptible banana roots challenged with fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4. | banana wilt disease, caused by the fungal pathogen fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense 4 (foc4), is regarded as one of the most devastating diseases worldwide. cavendish cultivar 'yueyoukang 1' was shown to have significantly lower disease severity and incidence compared with susceptible cultivar 'brazilian' in greenhouse and field trials. de novo sequencing technology was previously performed to investigate defense mechanism in middle resistant 'nongke no 1' banana, but not in highly resistant cu ... | 2013 | 24086302 |
| surface display of recombinant proteins on escherichia coli by bcla exosporium of bacillus anthracis. | the anchoring motif is one of the most important aspects of cell surface display as well as efficient and stable display of target proteins. thus, there is currently a need for the identification and isolation of novel anchoring motifs. | 2013 | 24053632 |
| synthesis of redox-active molecules and their signaling functions during the expression of plant disease resistance. | activation of immune responses in plants is associated with a parallel burst of both reactive oxygen intermediates (rois) and nitric oxide (no). the mechanisms by which these small redox-active molecules are synthesized and their signaling functions are critical for plants to defend themselves against pathogen infection. | 2013 | 23725342 |
| proline mechanisms of stress survival. | the imino acid proline is utilized by different organisms to offset cellular imbalances caused by environmental stress. the wide use in nature of proline as a stress adaptor molecule indicates that proline has a fundamental biological role in stress response. understanding the mechanisms by which proline enhances abiotic/biotic stress response will facilitate agricultural crop research and improve human health. | 2013 | 23581681 |