| investigation of phenolic acids in suspension cultures of vitis vinifera stimulated with indanoyl-isoleucine, n-linolenoyl-l-glutamine, malonyl coenzyme a and insect saliva. | vitis vinifera c.v. muscat de frontignan (grape) contains various high valuable bioactive phenolic compounds with pharmaceutical properties and industrial interest which are not fully exploited. the focus of this investigation consists in testing the effects of various biological elicitors on a non-morphogenic callus suspension culture of v. vinifera. the investigated elicitors: indanoyl-isoleucine (in), n-linolenoyl-l-glutamine (lg), insect saliva (is) and malonyl coenzyme a (mcoa) were aimed a ... | 2012 | 24957372 |
| protein-protein interactions as a proxy to monitor conformational changes and activation states of the tomato resistance protein i-2. | plant resistance proteins (r) are involved in pathogen recognition and subsequent initiation of defence responses. their activity is regulated by inter- and intramolecular interactions. in a yeast two-hybrid screen two clones (i2i-1 and i2i-2) specifically interacting with i-2, a fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici resistance protein of the cc-nb-lrr family, were identified. sequence analysis revealed that i2i-1 belongs to the formin gene family (slformin) whereas i2i-2 has homology to transli ... | 2012 | 22345637 |
| the gene encoding arabidopsis acyl-coa-binding protein 3 is pathogen inducible and subject to circadian regulation. | in arabidopsis thaliana, acyl-coa-binding protein 3 ( acbp3), one of six acbps, is unique in terms of the c-terminal location of its acyl-coa-binding domain. it promotes autophagy-mediated leaf senescence and confers resistance to pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000. to understand the regulation of acbp3, a 1.7 kb 5'-flanking region of acbp3 and its deletion derivatives were characterized using β-glucuronidase (gus) fusions. a 374 bp minimal fragment (-151/+223) could drive gus expression whi ... | 2012 | 22345636 |
| crystal structure of a putative isochorismatase hydrolase from oleispira antarctica. | isochorismatase-like hydrolases (ihl) constitute a large family of enzymes divided into five structural families (by scop). ihls are crucial for siderophore-mediated ferric iron acquisition by cells. knowledge of the structural characteristics of these molecules will enhance the understanding of the molecular basis of iron transport, and perhaps resolve which of the mechanisms previously proposed in the literature is the correct one. we determined the crystal structure of the apo-form of a putat ... | 2012 | 22350524 |
| two translation products of yersinia yscq assemble to form a complex essential to type iii secretion. | the bacterial flagellar c-ring is composed of two essential proteins, flim and flin. the smaller protein, flin, is similar to the c-terminus of the larger protein, flim, both being composed of spoa domains. while bacterial type iii secretion (t3s) systems encode many proteins in common with the flagellum, they mostly have a single protein in place of flim and flin. this protein resembles flim at its n-terminus and is as large as flim but is more like flin at its c-terminal spoa domain. we have d ... | 2012 | 22320351 |
| structure-function analysis of the coiled-coil and leucine-rich repeat domains of the rps5 disease resistance protein. | the arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) resistance to pseudomonas syringae5 (rps5) disease resistance protein mediates recognition of the pseudomonas syringae effector protein avrpphb. rps5 belongs to the coiled-coil-nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeat (cc-nbs-lrr) family and is activated by avrpphb-mediated cleavage of the protein kinase pbs1. here, we present a structure-function analysis of the cc and lrr domains of rps5 using transient expression assays in nicotiana benthamiana. we fo ... | 2012 | 22331412 |
| genomic distribution and divergence of levansucrase-coding genes in pseudomonas syringae. | in the plant pathogenic bacterium, pseudomonas syringae, the exopolysaccharide levan is synthesized by extracellular levansucrase (lsc), which is encoded by two conserved 1,296-bp genes termed lscb and lscc in p. syringae strain pg4180. a third gene, lsca, is homologous to the 1,248-bp lsc gene of the bacterium erwinia amylovora, causing fire blight. however, lsca is not expressed in p. syringae strain pg4180. herein, pg4180 lsca was shown to be expressed from its native promoter in the lsc-defi ... | 2012 | 24704846 |
| jaz8 lacks a canonical degron and has an ear motif that mediates transcriptional repression of jasmonate responses in arabidopsis. | the lipid-derived hormone jasmonoyl-l-ile (ja-ile) initiates large-scale changes in gene expression by stabilizing the interaction of jasmonate zim domain (jaz) repressors with the f-box protein coronatine insensitive1 (coi1), which results in jaz degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. recent structural studies show that the jaz1 degradation signal (degron) includes a short conserved lpiar motif that seals ja-ile in its binding pocket at the coi1-jaz interface. here, we show that arabi ... | 2012 | 22327740 |
| identification of innate immunity elicitors using molecular signatures of natural selection. | the innate immune system is an ancient and broad-spectrum defense system found in all eukaryotes. the detection of microbial elicitors results in the up-regulation of defense-related genes and the elicitation of inflammatory and apoptotic responses. these innate immune responses are the front-line barrier against disease because they collectively suppress the growth of the vast majority of invading microbes. despite their critical role, we know remarkably little about the diversity of immune eli ... | 2012 | 22323605 |
| the arabidopsis lectin receptor kinase lecrk-v.5 represses stomatal immunity induced by pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000. | stomata play an important role in plant innate immunity by limiting pathogen entry into leaves but molecular mechanisms regulating stomatal closure upon pathogen perception are not well understood. here we show that the arabidopsis thaliana l-type lectin receptor kinase-v.5 (lecrk-v.5) negatively regulates stomatal immunity. loss of lecrk-v.5 function increased resistance to surface inoculation with virulent bacteria pseudomonas syringae pv tomato dc3000. levels of resistance were not affected a ... | 2012 | 22346749 |
| biochemical and molecular-genetic characterization of sfd1's involvement in lipid metabolism and defense signaling. | the arabidopsis thaliana sfd1 (suppressor of fatty acid desaturase deficiency1) gene (also known as gly1) is required for accumulation of 34:6 (i.e., 18:3-16:3) monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (mgdg) and for the activation of systemic acquired resistance (sar), an inducible defense mechanism that confers resistance against a broad spectrum of pathogens. sfd1, which has been suggested to be involved in lipid-based signaling in sar, contains a putative chloroplast transit peptide and has glycerol-3-p ... | 2012 | 22645576 |
| catabolism and deactivation of the lipid-derived hormone jasmonoyl-isoleucine. | the oxylipin hormone jasmonate controls myriad processes involved in plant growth, development, and immune function. the discovery of jasmonoyl-l-isoleucine (ja-ile) as the major bioactive form of the hormone highlights the need to understand biochemical and cell biological processes underlying ja-ile homeostasis. among the major metabolic control points governing the accumulation of ja-ile in plant tissues are the availability of jasmonic acid, the immediate precursor of ja-ile, and oxidative e ... | 2012 | 22639640 |
| mda5 cooperatively forms dimers and atp-sensitive filaments upon binding double-stranded rna. | melanoma differentiation-associated gene-5 (mda5) detects viral double-stranded rna in the cytoplasm. rna binding induces mda5 to activate the signalling adaptor mavs through interactions between the caspase recruitment domains (cards) of the two proteins. the molecular mechanism of mda5 signalling is not well understood. here, we show that mda5 cooperatively binds short rna ligands as a dimer with a 16-18-basepair footprint. a crystal structure of the mda5 helicase-insert domain demonstrates an ... | 2012 | 22314235 |
| a peroxidase-dependent apoplastic oxidative burst in cultured arabidopsis cells functions in mamp-elicited defense. | perception by plants of so-called microbe-associated molecular patterns (mamps) such as bacterial flagellin, referred to as pattern-triggered immunity, triggers a rapid transient accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ros). we previously identified two cell wall peroxidases, prx33 and prx34, involved in apoplastic hydrogen peroxide (h2o2) production in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana). here, we describe the generation of arabidopsis tissue culture lines in which the expression of prx33 and p ... | 2012 | 22319074 |
| type iii secretion and effectors shape the survival and growth pattern of pseudomonas syringae on leaf surfaces. | the bacterium pseudomonas syringae pv syringae b728a (psyb728a) uses a type iii secretion system (t3ss) to inject effector proteins into plant cells, a process that modulates the susceptibility of different plants to infection. analysis of green fluorescent protein-expressing psyb728a after spray inoculation without additives under moderate relative humidity conditions permitted (1) a detailed analysis of this strain's survival and growth pattern on host (nicotiana benthamiana) and nonhost (toma ... | 2012 | 22319072 |
| rna silencing as a tool to uncover gene function and engineer novel traits in soybean. | rna silencing refers collectively to diverse rna-mediated pathways of nucleotide-sequence-specific inhibition of gene expression. it has been used to analyze gene function and engineer novel traits in various organisms. here, we review the application of rna silencing in soybean. to produce soybean lines, in which a particular gene is stably silenced, researchers have frequently used a transgene that transcribes inverted repeats of a target gene segment. suppression of gene expression in develop ... | 2012 | 23136487 |
| arabidopsis growth and defense are modulated by bacterial quorum sensing molecules. | n-acyl-homoserine lactones (ahls) play an important role in the communication within the rhizosphere; they serve as a chemical base for interactions within and between different species of gram-negative bacteria. not only bacteria, also plants perceive and react to ahls with diverse responses. here we describe a negative correlation between the length of ahls' lipid chains and the observed growth promotion in arabidopsis thaliana. moreover, we speculate on a positive correlation between the rein ... | 2012 | 22307043 |
| role of glutathione in plant signaling under biotic stress. | glutathione (gsh) is a non-protein thiol compound which has been repeatedly reported to play an important role in plant responses during biotic stresses. however, our knowledge of glutathione-related molecular mechanisms underlying plant defense responses still remains limited. we first discovered that the arabidopsis thaliana phytoalexin deficient 2-1 (pad2-1) mutant was linked to glutathione deficiency since the mutation was identified in the gsh1 gene encoding the first enzyme of glutathione ... | 2012 | 22353869 |
| role of phytohormones in insect-specific plant reactions. | the capacity to perceive and respond is integral to biological immune systems, but to what extent can plants specifically recognize and respond to insects? recent findings suggest that plants possess surveillance systems that are able to detect general patterns of cellular damage as well as highly specific herbivore-associated cues. the jasmonate (ja) pathway has emerged as the major signaling cassette that integrates information perceived at the plant-insect interface into broad-spectrum defens ... | 2012 | 22305233 |
| prime time for transgenerational defense. | | 2012 | 22308198 |
| novel transporter required for biogenesis of cbb3-type cytochrome c oxidase in rhodobacter capsulatus. | the acquisition, delivery, and incorporation of metals into their respective metalloproteins are important cellular processes. these processes are tightly controlled in order to prevent exposure of cells to free-metal concentrations that could yield oxidative damage. copper (cu) is one such metal that is required as a cofactor in a variety of proteins. however, when present in excessive amounts, cu is toxic due to its oxidative capability. cytochrome c oxidases (coxs) are among the metalloprotei ... | 2012 | 22294680 |
| loss of function of fatty acid desaturase7 in tomato enhances basal aphid resistance in a salicylate-dependent manner. | we report here that disruption of function of the ω-3 fatty acid desaturase7 (fad7) enhances plant defenses against aphids. the suppressor of prosystemin-mediated responses2 (spr2) mutation in tomato (solanum lycopersicum), which eliminates the function of fad7, reduces the settling behavior, survival, and fecundity of the potato aphid (macrosiphum euphorbiae). likewise, the antisense suppression of lefad7 expression in wild-type tomato plants reduces aphid infestations. aphid resistance in the ... | 2012 | 22291202 |
| plant stress surveillance monitored by aba and disease signaling interactions. | abiotic and biotic stresses are the major factors that negatively impact plant growth. in response to abiotic environmental stresses such as drought, plants generate resistance responses through abscisic acid (aba) signal transduction. in addition to the major role of aba in abiotic stress signaling, aba signaling was reported to downregulate biotic stress signaling. conversely recent findings provide evidence that initial activation of plant immune signaling inhibits subsequent aba signal trans ... | 2012 | 22314325 |
| proteasome inhibitors: an expanding army attacking a unique target. | proteasomes are large, multisubunit proteolytic complexes presenting multiple targets for therapeutic intervention. the 26s proteasome consists of a 20s proteolytic core and one or two 19s regulatory particles. the 20s core contains three types of active sites. many structurally diverse inhibitors of these active sites, both natural product and synthetic, have been discovered in the last two decades. one, bortezomib, is used clinically for treatment of multiple myeloma, mantle cell lymphoma, and ... | 2012 | 22284358 |
| glycolate oxidase modulates reactive oxygen species-mediated signal transduction during nonhost resistance in nicotiana benthamiana and arabidopsis. | in contrast to gene-for-gene disease resistance, nonhost resistance governs defense responses to a broad range of potential pathogen species. to identify specific genes involved in the signal transduction cascade associated with nonhost disease resistance, we used a virus-induced gene-silencing screen in nicotiana benthamiana, and identified the peroxisomal enzyme glycolate oxidase (gox) as an essential component of nonhost resistance. gox-silenced n. benthamiana and arabidopsis thaliana gox t-d ... | 2012 | 22286136 |
| non-host defense response in a novel arabidopsis-xanthomonas citri subsp. citri pathosystem. | citrus canker, caused by xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (xcc), is one of the most destructive diseases of citrus. progress of breeding citrus canker-resistant varieties is modest due to limited resistant germplasm resources and lack of candidate genes for genetic manipulation. the objective of this study is to establish a novel heterologous pathosystem between xcc and the well-established model plant arabidopsis thaliana for defense mechanism dissection and resistance gene identification. our re ... | 2012 | 22299054 |
| the spliceosome-activating complex: molecular mechanisms underlying the function of a pleiotropic regulator. | correct interpretation of the coding capacity of rna polymerase ii transcribed eukaryotic genes is determined by the recognition and removal of intronic sequences of pre-mrnas by the spliceosome. our current knowledge on dynamic assembly and subunit interactions of the spliceosome mostly derived from the characterization of yeast, drosophila, and human spliceosomal complexes formed on model pre-mrna templates in cell extracts. in addition to sequential structural rearrangements catalyzed by atp- ... | 2012 | 22639636 |
| two-component elements mediate interactions between cytokinin and salicylic acid in plant immunity. | recent studies have revealed an important role for hormones in plant immunity. we are now beginning to understand the contribution of crosstalk among different hormone signaling networks to the outcome of plant-pathogen interactions. cytokinins are plant hormones that regulate development and responses to the environment. cytokinin signaling involves a phosphorelay circuitry similar to two-component systems used by bacteria and fungi to perceive and react to various environmental stimuli. in thi ... | 2012 | 22291601 |
| identification of genes required for cf-dependent hypersensitive cell death by combined proteomic and rna interfering analyses. | identification of hypersensitive cell death (hcd) regulators is essential to dissect the molecular mechanisms underlying plant disease resistance. in this study, combined proteomic and rna interfering (rnai) analyses were employed to identify genes required for the hcd conferred by the tomato resistance gene cf-4 and the cladosporium fulvum avirulence gene avr4. forty-nine proteins differentially expressed in the tomato seedlings mounting and those not mounting cf-4/avr4-dependent hcd were ident ... | 2012 | 22275387 |
| the rolb gene suppresses reactive oxygen species in transformed plant cells through the sustained activation of antioxidant defense. | the rolb (for rooting locus of agrobacterium rhizogenes) oncogene has previously been identified as a key player in the formation of hairy roots during the plant-a. rhizogenes interaction. in this study, using single-cell assays based on confocal microscopy, we demonstrated reduced levels of reactive oxygen species (ros) in rolb-expressing rubia cordifolia, panax ginseng, and arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) cells. the expression of rolb was sufficient to inhibit excessive elevations of ros in ... | 2012 | 22271748 |
| the progeny of arabidopsis thaliana plants exposed to salt exhibit changes in dna methylation, histone modifications and gene expression. | plants are able to acclimate to new growth conditions on a relatively short time-scale. recently, we showed that the progeny of plants exposed to various abiotic stresses exhibited changes in genome stability, methylation patterns and stress tolerance. here, we performed a more detailed analysis of methylation patterns in the progeny of arabidopsis thaliana (arabidopsis) plants exposed to 25 and 75 mm sodium chloride. we found that the majority of gene promoters exhibiting changes in methylation ... | 2012 | 22291972 |
| wrky54 and wrky70 co-operate as negative regulators of leaf senescence in arabidopsis thaliana. | the plant-specific wrky transcription factor (tf) family with 74 members in arabidopsis thaliana appears to be involved in the regulation of various physiological processes including plant defence and senescence. wrky53 and wrky70 were previously implicated as positive and negative regulators of senescence, respectively. here the putative function of other wrky group iii proteins in arabidopsis leaf senescence has been explored and the results suggest the involvement of two additional wrky tfs, ... | 2012 | 22268143 |
| overexpression of the aspartic protease aspg1 gene confers drought avoidance in arabidopsis. | drought is one of the most severe environmental stresses affecting plant growth and limiting crop production. although many genes involved in adaptation to drought stress have been disclosed, the relevant molecular mechanisms are far from understood. this study describes an arabidopsis gene, aspg1 (aspartic protease in guard cell 1), that may function in drought avoidance through abscisic acid (aba) signalling in guard cells. overexpression of the aspg1 gene enhanced aba sensitivity in guard cel ... | 2012 | 22268147 |
| microrna response to listeria monocytogenes infection in epithelial cells. | micrornas represent a family of very small non-coding rnas that control several physiologic and pathologic processes, including host immune response and cancer by antagonizing a number of target mrnas. there is limited knowledge about cell expression and the regulatory role of micrornas following bacterial infections. we investigated whether infection with a gram-positive bacterium leads to altered expression of micrornas involved in the host cell response in epithelial cells. caco-2 cells were ... | 2012 | 22312311 |
| shade avoidance. | the presence of neighboring vegetation modifies the light environment experienced by plants, generating signals that are perceived by phytochromes and cryptochromes. these signals cause large changes in plant body form and function, including enhanced growth of the hypocotyl and petioles, a more erect position of the leaves and early flowering in arabidopsis thaliana. collectively, these so-called shade-avoidance responses tend to reduce the degree of current or future shade by neighbors. shade ... | 2012 | 22582029 |
| the apoplastic oxidative burst peroxidase in arabidopsis is a major component of pattern-triggered immunity. | in plants, reactive oxygen species (ros) associated with the response to pathogen attack are generated by nadph oxidases or apoplastic peroxidases. antisense expression of a heterologous french bean (phaseolus vulgaris) peroxidase (fbp1) cdna in arabidopsis thaliana was previously shown to diminish the expression of two arabidopsis peroxidases (peroxidase 33 [prx33] and prx34), block the oxidative burst in response to a fungal elicitor, and cause enhanced susceptibility to a broad range of funga ... | 2012 | 22247251 |
| pseudomonas syringae naturally lacking the canonical type iii secretion system are ubiquitous in nonagricultural habitats, are phylogenetically diverse and can be pathogenic. | the type iii secretion system (t3ss) is an important virulence factor of pathogenic bacteria, but the natural occurrence of variants of bacterial plant pathogens with deficiencies in their t3ss raises questions about the significance of the t3ss for fitness. previous work on t3ss-deficient plant pathogenic bacteria has focused on strains from plants or plant debris. here we have characterized t3ss-deficient strains of pseudomonas syringae from plant and nonplant substrates in pristine nonagricul ... | 2012 | 22237542 |
| the hsf-like transcription factor tbf1 is a major molecular switch for plant growth-to-defense transition. | induction of plant immune responses involves significant transcription reprogramming that prioritizes defense over growth-related cellular functions. despite intensive forward genetic screens and genome-wide expression-profiling studies, a limited number of transcription factors have been found that regulate this transition. | 2012 | 22244999 |
| quantitative interactor screening with next-generation sequencing (qis-seq) identifies arabidopsis thaliana mlo2 as a target of the pseudomonas syringae type iii effector hopz2. | identification of protein-protein interactions is a fundamental aspect of understanding protein function. a commonly used method for identifying protein interactions is the yeast two-hybrid system. | 2012 | 22230763 |
| rootstock-regulated gene expression patterns associated with fire blight resistance in apple. | desirable apple varieties are clonally propagated by grafting vegetative scions onto rootstocks. rootstocks influence many phenotypic traits of the scion, including resistance to pathogens such as erwinia amylovora, which causes fire blight, the most serious bacterial disease of apple. the purpose of the present study was to quantify rootstock-mediated differences in scion fire blight susceptibility and to identify transcripts in the scion whose expression levels correlated with this response. | 2012 | 22229964 |
| determining degradation and synthesis rates of arabidopsis proteins using the kinetics of progressive 15n labeling of two-dimensional gel-separated protein spots. | the growth and development of plant tissues is associated with an ordered succession of cellular processes that are reflected in the appearance and disappearance of proteins. the control of the kinetics of protein turnover is central to how plants can rapidly and specifically alter protein abundance and thus molecular function in response to environmental or developmental cues. however, the processes of turnover are largely hidden during periods of apparent steady-state protein abundance, and ev ... | 2012 | 22215636 |
| quantitative proteomics reveals dynamic changes in the plasma membrane during arabidopsis immune signaling. | the plant plasma membrane is a crucial mediator of the interaction between plants and microbes. understanding how the plasma membrane proteome responds to diverse immune signaling events will lead to a greater understanding of plant immunity and uncover novel targets for crop improvement. here we report the results from a large scale quantitative proteomics study of plasma membrane-enriched fractions upon activation of the arabidopsis thaliana immune receptor rps2. more than 2300 proteins were i ... | 2012 | 22215637 |
| first description of natural and experimental conjugation between mycobacteria mediated by a linear plasmid. | in a previous study, we detected the presence of a mycobacterium avium species-specific insertion sequence, is1245, in mycobacterium kansasii. both species were isolated from a mixed m. avium-m. kansasii bone marrow culture from an hiv-positive patient. the transfer mechanism of this insertion sequence to m. kansasii was investigated here. | 2012 | 22235347 |
| low antioxidant concentrations impact on multiple signalling pathways in arabidopsis thaliana partly through npr1. | production of reactive oxygen species (ros) is linked to signalling in both developmental and stress responses. the level of ros is controlled by both production and removal through various scavengers including ascorbic acid and glutathione. here, the role of low ascorbic acid or glutathione concentrations was investigated on ozone-induced cell death, defence signalling, and developmental responses. low ascorbic acid concentrations in vtc1 activated expression of salicylic acid (sa)-regulated ge ... | 2012 | 22213815 |
| isolation and profiling of protein-associated small rnas. | small rnas are short noncoding rnas with important regulatory roles in many cellular processes. small rnas are generated by dicer or dicer-like proteins and then incorporated into rnai effector -proteins argonautes (agos) for silencing of their targets. in plants, small rnas regulate host innate immunity against various pathogens, but their mode of action and associated protein factors that facilitate their function remain to be elucidated. here, we describe an efficient method to isolate -ago-a ... | 2012 | 22589133 |
| recombineering: a powerful tool for modification of bacteriophage genomes. | recombineering, a recently developed technique for efficient genetic manipulation of bacteria, is facilitated by phage-derived recombination proteins and has the advantage of using dna substrates with short regions of homology. this system was first developed in e. coli but has since been adapted for use in other bacteria. it is now widely used in a number of different systems for a variety of purposes, and the construction of chromosomal gene knockouts, deletions, insertions, point mutations, a ... | 2012 | 22666652 |
| characterization of the membrane-associated harxl17 hpa effector candidate. | we examined changes to subcellular architecture during the compatible interaction between the biotroph pathogen hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (hpa) and its host arabidopsis. live-cell imaging highlighted rearrangements in plant cell membranes upon infection. in particular, the tonoplast appeared close to the extrahaustorial membrane surrounding the haustorium. we investigated the subcellular localization patterns of hpa rxlr effector candidates (harxls) in planta. this subcellular localization ... | 2012 | 22301983 |
| student internships at the university hawai'i cancer center. | | 2012 | 22413103 |
| allelic variation in salmonella: an underappreciated driver of adaptation and virulence. | salmonella enterica causes substantial morbidity and mortality in humans and animals. infection and intestinal colonization by s. enterica require virulence factors that mediate bacterial binding and invasion of enterocytes and innate immune cells. some s. enterica colonization factors and their alleles are host restricted, suggesting a potential role in regulation of host specificity. recent data also suggest that colonization factors promote horizontal gene transfer of antimicrobial resistance ... | 2013 | 24454310 |
| allelic variation in salmonella: an underappreciated driver of adaptation and virulence. | salmonella enterica causes substantial morbidity and mortality in humans and animals. infection and intestinal colonization by s. enterica require virulence factors that mediate bacterial binding and invasion of enterocytes and innate immune cells. some s. enterica colonization factors and their alleles are host restricted, suggesting a potential role in regulation of host specificity. recent data also suggest that colonization factors promote horizontal gene transfer of antimicrobial resistance ... | 2013 | 24454310 |
| colorado potato beetle manipulates plant defenses in local and systemic leaves. | herbivore microbial associates can affect diverse interactions between plants and insect herbivores. some insect symbionts enable herbivores to expand host plant range or to facilitate host plant use by modifying plant physiology. however, little attention has been paid to the role of herbivore-associated microbes in manipulating plant defenses. we have recently shown that colorado potato beetle secrete the symbiotic bacteria to suppress plant defenses. the bacteria in oral secretions from the b ... | 2013 | 24390091 |
| the exocyst subunit exo70b1 is involved in the immune response of arabidopsis thaliana to different pathogens and cell death. | components of the vesicle trafficking machinery are central to the immune response in plants. the role of vesicle trafficking during pre-invasive penetration resistance has been well documented. however, emerging evidence also implicates vesicle trafficking in early immune signaling. here we report that exo70b1, a subunit of the exocyst complex which mediates early tethering during exocytosis is involved in resistance. we show that exo70b1 mutants display pathogen-specific immuno-compromised phe ... | 2013 | 24389869 |
| knocking-down meloidogyne incognita proteases by plant-delivered dsrna has negative pleiotropic effect on nematode vigor. | the root-knot nematode meloidogyne incognita causes serious damage and yield losses in numerous important crops worldwide. analysis of the m. incognita genome revealed a vast number of proteases belonging to five different catalytic classes. several reports indicate that m. incognita proteases could play important roles in nematode parasitism, besides their function in ordinary digestion of giant cell contents for feeding. the precise roles of these proteins during parasitism however are still u ... | 2013 | 24392004 |
| mir482 regulation of nbs-lrr defense genes during fungal pathogen infection in cotton. | in this study, we characterized the mir482 family in cotton using existing small rna datasets and the recently released draft genome sequence of gossypium raimondii, a diploid cotton species whose progenitor is the putative contributor of the dt (representing the d genome of tetraploid) genome of the cultivated tetraploid cotton species g. hirsutum and g. barbadense. of the three ghr-mir482 members reported in g. hirsutum, ghr-mir482a has no homolog in g. raimondii, ghr-mir482b and ghr-mir482c e ... | 2013 | 24391949 |
| plant virus differentially alters the plant's defense response to its closely related vectors. | the whitefly, bemisia tabaci (hemiptera: aleyrodidae), is one of the most widely distributed agricultural pests. in recent years, b. tabaci q has invaded china, and q has displaced b in many areas now. in a number of regions of the world, invasion by b and/or q has been followed by outbreaks of tomato yellow leaf curl virus (tylcv). our previous study showed tylcv directly and indirectly modified the feeding behavior of b. tabaci in favor of q rather than b. | 2013 | 24391779 |
| plant rna binding proteins for control of rna virus infection. | plant rna viruses have effective strategies to infect host plants through either direct or indirect interactions with various host proteins, thus suppressing the host immune system. when plant rna viruses enter host cells exposed rnas of viruses are recognized by the host immune system through processes such as sirna-dependent silencing. interestingly, some host rna binding proteins have been involved in the inhibition of rna virus replication, movement, and translation through rna-specific bind ... | 2013 | 24427141 |
| the transcriptional regulator bzr1 mediates trade-off between plant innate immunity and growth. | the molecular mechanisms underlying the trade-off between plant innate immunity and steroid-mediated growth are controversial. here, we report that activation of the transcription factor bzr1 is required and sufficient for suppression of immune signaling by brassinosteroids (br). bzr1 induces the expression of several wrky transcription factors that negatively control early immune responses. in addition, bzr1 associates with wrky40 to mediate the antagonism between br and immune signaling. we re ... | 2013 | 24381244 |
| head-group acylation of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol is a common stress response, and the acyl-galactose acyl composition varies with the plant species and applied stress. | formation of galactose-acylated monogalactosyldiacylglycerols has been shown to be induced by leaf homogenization, mechanical wounding, avirulent bacterial infection and thawing after snap-freezing. here, lipidomic analysis using mass spectrometry showed that galactose-acylated monogalactosyldiacylglycerols, formed in wheat (triticum aestivum) and tomato (solanum lycopersicum) leaves upon wounding, have acyl-galactose profiles that differ from those of wounded arabidopsis thaliana, indicating th ... | 2013 | 24286212 |
| head-group acylation of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol is a common stress response, and the acyl-galactose acyl composition varies with the plant species and applied stress. | formation of galactose-acylated monogalactosyldiacylglycerols has been shown to be induced by leaf homogenization, mechanical wounding, avirulent bacterial infection and thawing after snap-freezing. here, lipidomic analysis using mass spectrometry showed that galactose-acylated monogalactosyldiacylglycerols, formed in wheat (triticum aestivum) and tomato (solanum lycopersicum) leaves upon wounding, have acyl-galactose profiles that differ from those of wounded arabidopsis thaliana, indicating th ... | 2013 | 24286212 |
| apoplastic diffusion barriers in arabidopsis. | during the development of arabidopsis and other land plants, diffusion barriers are formed in the apoplast of specialized tissues within a variety of plant organs. while the cuticle of the epidermis is the primary diffusion barrier in the shoot, the casparian strips and suberin lamellae of the endodermis and the periderm represent the diffusion barriers in the root. different classes of molecules contribute to the formation of extracellular diffusion barriers in an organ- and tissue-specific man ... | 2013 | 24465172 |
| escrt-i mediates fls2 endosomal sorting and plant immunity. | the plant immune receptor flagellin sensing 2 (fls2) is present at the plasma membrane and is internalized following activation of its ligand flagellin (flg22). we show that endosomal sorting complex required for transport (escrt)-i subunits play roles in fls2 endocytosis in arabidopsis. vps37-1 co-localizes with fls2 at endosomes and immunoprecipitates with the receptor upon flg22 elicitation. vps37-1 mutants are reduced in flg22-induced fls2 endosomes but not in endosomes labeled by rab5 gtpas ... | 2013 | 24385929 |
| initial characterization of fom3 from streptomyces wedmorensis: the methyltransferase in fosfomycin biosynthesis. | fosfomycin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is useful against multi-drug resistant bacteria. although its biosynthesis was first studied over 40 years ago, characterization of the penultimate methyl transfer reaction has eluded investigators. the enzyme believed to catalyze this reaction, fom3, has been identified as a radical s-adenosyl-l-methionine (sam) superfamily member. radical sam enzymes use sam and a four-iron, four-sulfur ([4fe-4s]) cluster to catalyze complex chemical transformatio ... | 2013 | 24370735 |
| initial characterization of fom3 from streptomyces wedmorensis: the methyltransferase in fosfomycin biosynthesis. | fosfomycin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is useful against multi-drug resistant bacteria. although its biosynthesis was first studied over 40 years ago, characterization of the penultimate methyl transfer reaction has eluded investigators. the enzyme believed to catalyze this reaction, fom3, has been identified as a radical s-adenosyl-l-methionine (sam) superfamily member. radical sam enzymes use sam and a four-iron, four-sulfur ([4fe-4s]) cluster to catalyze complex chemical transformatio ... | 2013 | 24370735 |
| wheels within wheels: the plant circadian system. | circadian clocks integrate environmental signals with internal cues to coordinate diverse physiological outputs so that they occur at the most appropriate season or time of day. recent studies using systems approaches, primarily in arabidopsis, have expanded our understanding of the molecular regulation of the central circadian oscillator and its connections to input and output pathways. similar approaches have also begun to reveal the importance of the clock for key agricultural traits in crop ... | 2013 | 24373845 |
| wheels within wheels: the plant circadian system. | circadian clocks integrate environmental signals with internal cues to coordinate diverse physiological outputs so that they occur at the most appropriate season or time of day. recent studies using systems approaches, primarily in arabidopsis, have expanded our understanding of the molecular regulation of the central circadian oscillator and its connections to input and output pathways. similar approaches have also begun to reveal the importance of the clock for key agricultural traits in crop ... | 2013 | 24373845 |
| purification, crystallization and preliminary x-ray diffraction analysis of a novel keto-deoxy-d-galactarate (kdg) dehydratase from agrobacterium tumefaciens. | d-galacturonic acid is the main component of pectin. it could be used to produce affordable renewable fuels, chemicals and materials through biotechnical conversion. keto-deoxy-d-galactarate (kdg) dehydratase is an enzyme in the oxidative pathway of d-galacturonic acid in agrobacterium tumefaciens (at). it converts 3-deoxy-2-keto-l-threo-hexarate to α-ketoglutaric semialdehyde. at kdg dehydratase was crystallized by the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method. the crystals belonged to the monoclini ... | 2013 | 24419616 |
| purification, crystallization and preliminary x-ray diffraction analysis of a novel keto-deoxy-d-galactarate (kdg) dehydratase from agrobacterium tumefaciens. | d-galacturonic acid is the main component of pectin. it could be used to produce affordable renewable fuels, chemicals and materials through biotechnical conversion. keto-deoxy-d-galactarate (kdg) dehydratase is an enzyme in the oxidative pathway of d-galacturonic acid in agrobacterium tumefaciens (at). it converts 3-deoxy-2-keto-l-threo-hexarate to α-ketoglutaric semialdehyde. at kdg dehydratase was crystallized by the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method. the crystals belonged to the monoclini ... | 2013 | 24419616 |
| arabidopsis pectin methylesterases contribute to immunity against pseudomonas syringae. | pectins, major components of dicot cell walls, are synthesized in a heavily methylesterified form in the golgi and are partially deesterified by pectin methylesterases (pmes) upon export to the cell wall. pme activity is important for the virulence of the necrotrophic fungal pathogen botrytis cinerea. here, the roles of arabidopsis pmes in pattern-triggered immunity and immune responses to the necrotrophic fungus alternaria brassicicola and the bacterial hemibiotroph pseudomonas syringae pv macu ... | 2013 | 24367018 |
| arabidopsis pectin methylesterases contribute to immunity against pseudomonas syringae. | pectins, major components of dicot cell walls, are synthesized in a heavily methylesterified form in the golgi and are partially deesterified by pectin methylesterases (pmes) upon export to the cell wall. pme activity is important for the virulence of the necrotrophic fungal pathogen botrytis cinerea. here, the roles of arabidopsis pmes in pattern-triggered immunity and immune responses to the necrotrophic fungus alternaria brassicicola and the bacterial hemibiotroph pseudomonas syringae pv macu ... | 2013 | 24367018 |
| pinewood nematode-associated bacteria contribute to oxidative stress resistance of bursaphelenchus xylophilus. | pine wilt disease (pwd) caused by the pinewood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus is one of the most serious forest diseases in the world. the role of b. xylophilus-associated bacteria in pwd and their interaction with the nematode, have recently been under substantial investigation. several studies report a potential contribution of the bacteria for the pwd development, either as a helper to enhance the pathogenicity of the nematode or as a pathogenic agent expressing interesting traits relate ... | 2013 | 24365493 |
| derivatives of the antimicrobial peptide bp100 for expression in plant systems. | production of antimicrobial peptides in plants constitutes an approach for obtaining them in high amounts. however, their heterologous expression in a practical and efficient manner demands some structural requirements such as a minimum size, the incorporation of retention signals to assure their accumulation in specific tissues, and the presence of protease cleavage amino acids and of target sequences to facilitate peptide detection. since any sequence modification may influence the biological ... | 2013 | 24376887 |
| rarge ii: an integrated phenotype database of arabidopsis mutant traits using a controlled vocabulary. | arabidopsis thaliana is one of the most popular experimental plants. however, only 40% of its genes have at least one experimental gene ontology (go) annotation assigned. systematic observation of mutant phenotypes is an important technique for elucidating gene functions. indeed, several large-scale phenotypic analyses have been performed and have generated phenotypic data sets from many arabidopsis mutant lines and overexpressing lines, which are freely available online. since each arabidopsis ... | 2013 | 24272250 |
| rarge ii: an integrated phenotype database of arabidopsis mutant traits using a controlled vocabulary. | arabidopsis thaliana is one of the most popular experimental plants. however, only 40% of its genes have at least one experimental gene ontology (go) annotation assigned. systematic observation of mutant phenotypes is an important technique for elucidating gene functions. indeed, several large-scale phenotypic analyses have been performed and have generated phenotypic data sets from many arabidopsis mutant lines and overexpressing lines, which are freely available online. since each arabidopsis ... | 2013 | 24272250 |
| identification of novel qtls for isolate-specific partial resistance to plasmodiophora brassicae in brassica rapa. | plasmodiophora brassicae, the causal agent of clubroot disease of the brassica crops, is widespread in the world. quantitative trait loci (qtls) for partial resistance to 4 different isolates of p. brassicae (pb2, pb4, pb7, and pb10) were investigated using a bc1f1 population from a cross between two subspecies of brassica rapa, i.e. chinese cabbage inbred line c59-1 as a susceptible recurrent parent and turnip inbred line ecd04 as a resistant donor parent. the bc1f2 families were assessed for r ... | 2013 | 24376876 |
| differentially expressed proteins associated with fusarium head blight resistance in wheat. | fusarium head blight (fhb), mainly caused by fusarium graminearum, substantially reduces wheat grain yield and quality worldwide. proteins play important roles in defense against the fungal infection. this study characterized differentially expressed proteins between near-isogenic lines (nils) contrasting in alleles of fhb1, a major fhb resistance gene in wheat, to identify proteins underlining fhb resistance of fhb1. | 2013 | 24376514 |
| disassembly of the cystovirus ϕ6 envelope by montmorillonite clay. | prior studies of clay-virus interactions have focused on the stability and infectivity of nonenveloped viruses, yielding contradictory results. we hypothesize that the surface charge distribution of the clay and virus envelope dictates how the components react and affect aggregation, viral stability, and infectivity. the bacteriophage cystoviridae species φ6 used in this study is a good model for enveloped pathogens. the interaction between φ6 and montmorillonite (mmt) clay (the primary componen ... | 2013 | 24357622 |
| disassembly of the cystovirus ϕ6 envelope by montmorillonite clay. | prior studies of clay-virus interactions have focused on the stability and infectivity of nonenveloped viruses, yielding contradictory results. we hypothesize that the surface charge distribution of the clay and virus envelope dictates how the components react and affect aggregation, viral stability, and infectivity. the bacteriophage cystoviridae species φ6 used in this study is a good model for enveloped pathogens. the interaction between φ6 and montmorillonite (mmt) clay (the primary componen ... | 2013 | 24357622 |
| ambient temperature enhanced freezing tolerance of chrysanthemum dichrum cdice1 arabidopsis via mir398. | ice (inducer of cbf expression) family genes play an important role in the regulation of cold tolerance pathways. in an earlier study, we isolated the gene cdice1 from chrysanthemum dichrum and demonstrated that freezing tolerance was enhanced by cdice1 overexpression. therefore, we sought to determine the mechanism by which ice1 family genes participate in freezing tolerance. | 2013 | 24350981 |
| engineering microbial surfaces to degrade lignocellulosic biomass. | renewable lignocellulosic plant biomass is a promising feedstock from which to produce biofuels, chemicals, and materials. one approach to cost-effectively exploit this resource is to use consolidating bioprocessing (cbp) microbes that directly convert lignocellulose into valuable end products. because many promising cbp-enabling microbes are non-cellulolytic, recent work has sought to engineer them to display multi-cellulase containing minicellulosomes that hydrolyze biomass more efficiently th ... | 2013 | 24430239 |
| engineering microbial surfaces to degrade lignocellulosic biomass. | renewable lignocellulosic plant biomass is a promising feedstock from which to produce biofuels, chemicals, and materials. one approach to cost-effectively exploit this resource is to use consolidating bioprocessing (cbp) microbes that directly convert lignocellulose into valuable end products. because many promising cbp-enabling microbes are non-cellulolytic, recent work has sought to engineer them to display multi-cellulase containing minicellulosomes that hydrolyze biomass more efficiently th ... | 2013 | 24430239 |
| aluminum induces cross-resistance of potato to phytophthora infestans. | the phenomenon of cross-resistance allows plants to acquire resistance to a broad range of stresses after previous exposure to one specific factor. although this stress-response relationship has been known for decades, the sequence of events that underpin cross-resistance remains unknown. our experiments revealed that susceptible potato (solanum tuberosum l. cv. bintje) undergoing aluminum (al) stress at the root level showed enhanced defense responses correlated with reduced disease symptoms af ... | 2013 | 24346311 |
| aluminum induces cross-resistance of potato to phytophthora infestans. | the phenomenon of cross-resistance allows plants to acquire resistance to a broad range of stresses after previous exposure to one specific factor. although this stress-response relationship has been known for decades, the sequence of events that underpin cross-resistance remains unknown. our experiments revealed that susceptible potato (solanum tuberosum l. cv. bintje) undergoing aluminum (al) stress at the root level showed enhanced defense responses correlated with reduced disease symptoms af ... | 2013 | 24346311 |
| agrobacterium infection and plant defense-transformation success hangs by a thread. | the value of agrobacterium tumefaciens for plant molecular biologists cannot be appreciated enough. this soil-borne pathogen has the unique capability to transfer dna (t-dna) into plant systems. gene transfer involves both bacterial and host factors, and it is the orchestration of these factors that determines the success of transformation. some plant species readily accept integration of foreign dna, while others are recalcitrant. the timing and intensity of the microbially activated host defen ... | 2013 | 24391655 |
| a chemical genetic approach demonstrates that mpk3/mpk6 activation and nadph oxidase-mediated oxidative burst are two independent signaling events in plant immunity. | plant recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps) such as bacterial flagellin-derived flg22 triggers rapid activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks) and generation of reactive oxygen species (ros). arabidopsis has at least four pamp/pathogen-responsive mapks: mpk3, mpk6, mpk4 and mpk11. it was speculated that these mapks may function downstream of ros in plant immunity because of their activation by exogenously added h2 o2 . mpk3/mpk6 or their orthologs in other p ... | 2013 | 24245741 |
| a chemical genetic approach demonstrates that mpk3/mpk6 activation and nadph oxidase-mediated oxidative burst are two independent signaling events in plant immunity. | plant recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps) such as bacterial flagellin-derived flg22 triggers rapid activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks) and generation of reactive oxygen species (ros). arabidopsis has at least four pamp/pathogen-responsive mapks: mpk3, mpk6, mpk4 and mpk11. it was speculated that these mapks may function downstream of ros in plant immunity because of their activation by exogenously added h2 o2 . mpk3/mpk6 or their orthologs in other p ... | 2013 | 24245741 |
| the arabidopsis pepr pathway couples local and systemic plant immunity. | recognition of microbial challenges leads to enhanced immunity at both the local and systemic levels. in arabidopsis, efr and pepr1/pepr2 act as the receptor for the bacterial elongation factor ef-tu (elf18 epitope) and for the endogenous propep-derived pep epitopes, respectively. the pepr pathway has been described to mediate defence signalling following microbial recognition. here we show that propep2/propep3 induction upon pathogen challenges is robust against jasmonate, salicylate, or ethyle ... | 2013 | 24357608 |
| the arabidopsis pepr pathway couples local and systemic plant immunity. | recognition of microbial challenges leads to enhanced immunity at both the local and systemic levels. in arabidopsis, efr and pepr1/pepr2 act as the receptor for the bacterial elongation factor ef-tu (elf18 epitope) and for the endogenous propep-derived pep epitopes, respectively. the pepr pathway has been described to mediate defence signalling following microbial recognition. here we show that propep2/propep3 induction upon pathogen challenges is robust against jasmonate, salicylate, or ethyle ... | 2013 | 24357608 |
| thermostable alkaline phytase from alcaligenes sp. in improving bioavailability of phosphorus in animal feed: in vitro analysis. | a bacterial isolate, alcaligenes sp. secreting phytase (ec 3.1.3.8), was isolated and characterized. the optimum conditions for the production of phytase included a fermentation period of 96 h, ph 8.0, and the addition of 1% (w/v) maltose and 1% (w/v) beef extract to the culture medium. this enzyme was purified to homogeneity and had an apparent molecular mass of 41 kda. the optimum ph range and temperature for the activity of phytase were found to be 7.0-8.0 and 60°c, respectively. this enzyme ... | 2013 | 25969790 |
| non-coding rnas as direct and indirect modulators of epigenetic regulation. | epigenetic regulation of gene expression is an increasingly well-understood concept that explains much of the contribution of an organism's environment and experience to its biology. however, discussion persists as to which mechanisms can be classified as epigenetic. ongoing research continues to uncover novel pathways, including the important role of non-protein coding rna transcripts in epigenetic gene regulation. we know that the majority of human and other mammalian transcripts are not trans ... | 2013 | 24739571 |
| non-coding rnas as direct and indirect modulators of epigenetic regulation. | epigenetic regulation of gene expression is an increasingly well-understood concept that explains much of the contribution of an organism's environment and experience to its biology. however, discussion persists as to which mechanisms can be classified as epigenetic. ongoing research continues to uncover novel pathways, including the important role of non-protein coding rna transcripts in epigenetic gene regulation. we know that the majority of human and other mammalian transcripts are not trans ... | 2013 | 24739571 |
| multiple rice micrornas are involved in immunity against the blast fungus magnaporthe oryzae. | micrornas (mirnas) are indispensable regulators for development and defense in eukaryotes. however, the mirna species have not been explored for rice (oryza sativa) immunity against the blast fungus magnaporthe oryzae, the most devastating fungal pathogen in rice production worldwide. here, by deep sequencing small rna libraries from susceptible and resistant lines in normal conditions and upon m. oryzae infection, we identified a group of known rice mirnas that were differentially expressed upo ... | 2013 | 24335508 |
| multiple rice micrornas are involved in immunity against the blast fungus magnaporthe oryzae. | micrornas (mirnas) are indispensable regulators for development and defense in eukaryotes. however, the mirna species have not been explored for rice (oryza sativa) immunity against the blast fungus magnaporthe oryzae, the most devastating fungal pathogen in rice production worldwide. here, by deep sequencing small rna libraries from susceptible and resistant lines in normal conditions and upon m. oryzae infection, we identified a group of known rice mirnas that were differentially expressed upo ... | 2013 | 24335508 |
| prophage-mediated dynamics of 'candidatus liberibacter asiaticus' populations, the destructive bacterial pathogens of citrus huanglongbing. | prophages are highly dynamic components in the bacterial genome and play an important role in intraspecies variations. there are at least two prophages in the chromosomes of candidatus liberibacter asiaticus' (las) floridian isolates. las is both unculturable and the most prevalent species of liberibacter pathogens that cause huanglongbing (hlb), a worldwide destructive disease of citrus. in this study, seven new prophage variants resulting from two hyper-variable regions were identified by scre ... | 2013 | 24349235 |
| dual regulation of gene expression mediated by extended mapk activation and salicylic acid contributes to robust innate immunity in arabidopsis thaliana. | network robustness is a crucial property of the plant immune signaling network because pathogens are under a strong selection pressure to perturb plant network components to dampen plant immune responses. nevertheless, modulation of network robustness is an area of network biology that has rarely been explored. while two modes of plant immunity, effector-triggered immunity (eti) and pattern-triggered immunity (pti), extensively share signaling machinery, the network output is much more robust ag ... | 2013 | 24348271 |
| defense responses in two ecotypes of lotus japonicus against non-pathogenic pseudomonas syringae. | lotus japonicus is a model legume broadly used to study many important processes as nitrogen fixing nodule formation and adaptation to salt stress. however, no studies on the defense responses occurring in this species against invading microorganisms have been carried out at the present. understanding how this model plant protects itself against pathogens will certainly help to develop more tolerant cultivars in economically important lotus species as well as in other legumes. in order to uncove ... | 2013 | 24349460 |
| a trio of viral proteins tunes aphid-plant interactions in arabidopsis thaliana. | virus-induced deterrence to aphid feeding is believed to promote plant virus transmission by encouraging migration of virus-bearing insects away from infected plants. we investigated the effects of infection by an aphid-transmitted virus, cucumber mosaic virus (cmv), on the interaction of arabidopsis thaliana, one of the natural hosts for cmv, with myzus persicae (common names: 'peach-potato aphid', 'green peach aphid'). | 2013 | 24349433 |
| dynamics of defense responses and cell fate change during arabidopsis-pseudomonas syringae interactions. | plant-pathogen interactions involve sophisticated action and counteraction strategies from both parties. plants can recognize pathogen derived molecules, such as conserved pathogen associated molecular patterns (pamps) and effector proteins, and subsequently activate pamp-triggered immunity (pti) and effector-triggered immunity (eti), respectively. however, pathogens can evade such recognitions and suppress host immunity with effectors, causing effector-triggered susceptibility (ets). the differ ... | 2013 | 24349466 |
| a downy mildew effector attenuates salicylic acid-triggered immunity in arabidopsis by interacting with the host mediator complex. | plants are continually exposed to pathogen attack but usually remain healthy because they can activate defences upon perception of microbes. however, pathogens have evolved to overcome plant immunity by delivering effectors into the plant cell to attenuate defence, resulting in disease. recent studies suggest that some effectors may manipulate host transcription, but the specific mechanisms by which such effectors promote susceptibility remain unclear. we study the oomycete downy mildew pathogen ... | 2013 | 24339748 |
| the pseudomonas syringae effector hopf2 suppresses arabidopsis immunity by targeting bak1. | pseudomonas syringae delivers a plethora of effector proteins into host cells to sabotage immune responses and modulate physiology to favor infection. the p. syringae pv. tomato dc3000 effector hopf2 suppresses arabidopsis innate immunity triggered by multiple microbe-associated molecular patterns (mamp) at the plasma membrane. we show here that hopf2 possesses distinct mechanisms for suppression of two branches of mamp-activated map kinase (mapk) cascades. in addition to blocking mkk5 (mapk kin ... | 2013 | 24237140 |
| the pseudomonas syringae effector hopf2 suppresses arabidopsis immunity by targeting bak1. | pseudomonas syringae delivers a plethora of effector proteins into host cells to sabotage immune responses and modulate physiology to favor infection. the p. syringae pv. tomato dc3000 effector hopf2 suppresses arabidopsis innate immunity triggered by multiple microbe-associated molecular patterns (mamp) at the plasma membrane. we show here that hopf2 possesses distinct mechanisms for suppression of two branches of mamp-activated map kinase (mapk) cascades. in addition to blocking mkk5 (mapk kin ... | 2013 | 24237140 |