| hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis atr1 effector is a repeat protein with distributed recognition surfaces. | the in planta association of the hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis effector atr1 with the cognate arabidopsis thaliana rpp1 immune receptor activates a disease-resistance signaling pathway that inhibits pathogen growth. to define the molecular events specifying effector recognition by rpp1, we determined the crystal structure of atr1 and assayed in planta the effects of surface polymorphisms that are critical to activating plant immunity. atr1 adopts an elongated, all-helical, two-domain, seahorse- ... | 2011 | 21788488 |
| perturbation of arabidopsis amino acid metabolism causes incompatibility with the adapted biotrophic pathogen hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. | reliance of biotrophic pathogens on living plant tissues to propagate implies strong interdependence between host metabolism and nutrient uptake by the pathogen. however, factors determining host suitability and establishment of infection are largely unknown. we describe a loss-of-inhibition allele of aspartate kinase2 and a loss-of-function allele of dihydrodipicolinate synthase2 identified in a screen for arabidopsis thaliana mutants with increased resistance to the obligate biotrophic oomycet ... | 2011 | 21784950 |
| a highway for war and peace: the secretory pathway in plant-microbe interactions. | secretion of proteins and other molecules is the primary means by which a cell interacts with its surroundings. the overall organization of the secretory system is remarkably conserved among eukaryotes, and many of the components have been investigated in detail in animal models. plant cells, because of their sessile lifestyle, are uniquely reliant on the secretory pathway to respond to changes in their environments, either abiotic, such as the absence of nutrients, or biotic, such as the presen ... | 2011 | 21742620 |
| identification of lignin genes and regulatory sequences involved in secondary cell wall formation in acacia auriculiformis and acacia mangium via de novo transcriptome sequencing. | acacia auriculiformis × acacia mangium hybrids are commercially important trees for the timber and pulp industry in southeast asia. increasing pulp yield while reducing pulping costs are major objectives of tree breeding programs. the general monolignol biosynthesis and secondary cell wall formation pathways are well-characterized but genes in these pathways are poorly characterized in acacia hybrids. rna-seq on short-read platforms is a rapid approach for obtaining comprehensive transcriptomic ... | 2011 | 21729267 |
| signal processing by protein tyrosine phosphorylation in plants. | protein phosphorylation is a reversible post-translational modification controlling many biological processes. most phosphorylation occurs on serine and threonine, and to a less extend on tyrosine (tyr). in animals, tyr phosphorylation is crucial for the regulation of many responses such as growth or differentiation. only recently with the development of mass spectrometry, it has been reported that tyr phosphorylation is as important in plants as in animals. the genes encoding protein tyr kinase ... | 2011 | 21628997 |
| a coarse-grained approach to protein design: learning from design to understand folding. | computational studies have given a great contribution in building our current understanding of the complex behavior of protein molecules; nevertheless, a complete characterization of their free energy landscape still represents a major challenge. here, we introduce a new coarse-grained approach that allows for an extensive sampling of the conformational space of a large number of sequences. we explicitly discuss its application in protein design, and by studying four representative proteins, we ... | 2011 | 21747930 |
| altered germination and subcellular localization patterns for pub44/saul1 in response to stress and phytohormone treatments. | in plants, the ubiquitin-proteasome system is emerging as a significant regulatory system throughout the plant lifecycle. the ubiquitination of a target protein requires the sequential actions of the e1, e2 and e3 enzymes, with the latter e3 enzyme conferring target selection in this process. there are a large number of predicted e3 enzymes in plant genomes, and very little is known about the functions of many of these predicted genes. here we report here an analysis of two closely-related membe ... | 2011 | 21738636 |
| proteinases as molecular adjuvants in allergic airway disease. | asthma and related respiratory tract allergic diseases are among the most common chronic diseases of adults and children. despite their importance, disease course cannot be predicted and treatment remains non-specific and potentially hazardous, with no means for cure. improved clinical management of asthma will require an improved understanding of the fundamental factors that initiate allergic inflammation, especially t helper type 2 (t(h)2) cell induction. | 2011 | 21712069 |
| context-dependent effects of induced resistance under co-infection in a plant-pathogen interaction. | the ability of a parasite strain to establish and grow on its host may be drastically altered by simultaneous infection by other parasite strains, and dynamics under multiple infection have been suggested to be a major force driving pathogen evolution. here, i studied whether hosts' induced defenses mediate dynamics of multiple infection of the fungal pathogen, podosphaera plantaginis, infecting plantago lanceolata. a laboratory study of sequential infections, where interaction between pathogen ... | 2011 | 25568016 |
| molecular and genetic characterization of the gene family encoding the voltage-dependent anion channel in arabidopsis. | the voltage-dependent anion channel (vdac), a major outer mitochondrial membrane protein, is thought to play an important role in energy production and apoptotic cell death in mammalian systems. however, the function of vdacs in plants is largely unknown. in order to determine the individual function of plant vdacs, molecular and genetic analysis was performed on four vdac genes, vdac1-vdac4, found in arabidopsis thaliana. vdac1 and vdac3 possess the eukaryotic mitochondrial porin signature (mps ... | 2011 | 21705391 |
| structural basis of regiospecificity of a mononuclear iron enzyme in antibiotic fosfomycin biosynthesis. | hydroxypropylphosphonic acid epoxidase (hppe) is an unusual mononuclear iron enzyme that uses dioxygen to catalyze the oxidative epoxidation of (s)-2-hydroxypropylphosphonic acid (s-hpp) in the biosynthesis of the antibiotic fosfomycin. additionally, the enzyme converts the r-enantiomer of the substrate (r-hpp) to 2-oxo-propylphosphonic acid. to probe the mechanism of hppe regiospecificity, we determined three x-ray structures: r-hpp with inert cobalt-containing enzyme (co(ii)-hppe) at 2.1 å res ... | 2011 | 21682308 |
| mitochondrial complex ii has a key role in mitochondrial-derived reactive oxygen species influence on plant stress gene regulation and defense. | mitochondria are both a source of atp and a site of reactive oxygen species (ros) production. however, there is little information on the sites of mitochondrial ros (mros) production or the biological role of such mros in plants. we provide genetic proof that mitochondrial complex ii (complex ii) of the electron transport chain contributes to localized mros that regulates plant stress and defense responses. we identify an arabidopsis mutant in the complex ii subunit, sdh1-1, through a screen for ... | 2011 | 21670306 |
| the role of vacuole in plant cell death. | almost all plant cells have large vacuoles that contain both hydrolytic enzymes and a variety of defense proteins. plants use vacuoles and vacuolar contents for programmed cell death (pcd) in two different ways: for a destructive way and for a non-destructive way. destruction is caused by vacuolar membrane collapse, followed by the release of vacuolar hydrolytic enzymes into the cytosol, resulting in rapid and direct cell death. the destructive way is effective in the digestion of viruses prolif ... | 2011 | 21637288 |
| coping with stresses: roles of calcium- and calcium/calmodulin-regulated gene expression. | abiotic and biotic stresses are major limiting factors of crop yields and cause billions of dollars of losses annually around the world. it is hoped that understanding at the molecular level how plants respond to adverse conditions and adapt to a changing environment will help in developing plants that can better cope with stresses. acquisition of stress tolerance requires orchestration of a multitude of biochemical and physiological changes, and most of these depend on changes in gene expressio ... | 2011 | 21642548 |
| plant immunity: evolutionary insights from pbs1, pto, and rin4. | two layers of plant immune systems are used by plants to defend against phytopathogens. the first layer is pathogen-associate molecular patterns (pamps)-triggered immunity (pti), which is activated by plant cell-surface pattern recognition receptors (prrs) upon perception of microbe general elicitors. the second layer is effector-triggered immunity (eti), which is initiated by specific recognition of pathogen type iii secreted effectors (t3ses) with plant intracellular resistance (r) proteins. c ... | 2011 | 21494098 |
| glutathione as a signaling molecule: another challenge to pathogens. | plants harbor a variety of signaling molecules which are members of a vast array of signaling networks in maintaining their physiological balance. the well known members up till now are salicylic acid (sa), jasmonic acid (ja), ethylene (et), abscissic acid (aba) and reactive oxygen species (ros) which are employed by plants for their adaptation to various environmental stresses in order to survive. gsh is gradually gaining importance and becoming a molecule of interest to a number of researchers ... | 2011 | 21969955 |
| cast away, a membrane-associated receptor-like kinase, inhibits organ abscission in arabidopsis. | receptor-like kinase-mediated cell signaling pathways play fundamental roles in many aspects of plant growth and development. a pair of arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (lrr-rlks), haesa (hae) and haesa-like2 (hsl2), have been shown to activate the cell separation process that leads to organ abscission. another pair of lrr-rlks, evershed (evr) and somatic embryogenesis receptor-like kinase1, act as inhibitors of abscission, potentially by modulating ha ... | 2011 | 21628627 |
| prospecting for genes involved in transcriptional regulation of plant defenses, a bioinformatics approach. | in order to comprehend the mechanisms of induced plant defense, knowledge of the biosynthesis and signaling pathways mediated by salicylic acid (sa), jasmonic acid (ja) and ethylene (et) is essential. potentially, many transcription factors could be involved in the regulation of these pathways, although finding them is a difficult endeavor. here we report the use of publicly available arabidopsis microarray datasets to generate gene co-expression networks. | 2011 | 21595873 |
| wrky transcription factors involved in activation of sa biosynthesis genes. | increased defense against a variety of pathogens in plants is achieved through activation of a mechanism known as systemic acquired resistance (sar). the broad-spectrum resistance brought about by sar is mediated through salicylic acid (sa). an important step in sa biosynthesis in arabidopsis is the conversion of chorismate to isochorismate through the action of isochorismate synthase, encoded by the ics1 gene. also avrpphb susceptible 3 (pbs3) plays an important role in sa metabolism, as pbs3 m ... | 2011 | 21595875 |
| the molecular basis for antimicrobial activity of pore-forming cyclic peptides. | the mechanism of action of antimicrobial peptides is, to our knowledge, still poorly understood. to probe the biophysical characteristics that confer activity, we present here a molecular-dynamics and biophysical study of a cyclic antimicrobial peptide and its inactive linear analog. in the simulations, the cyclic peptide caused large perturbations in the bilayer and cooperatively opened a disordered toroidal pore, 1-2 nm in diameter. electrophysiology measurements confirm discrete poration even ... | 2011 | 21575576 |
| the cytosolic/nuclear hsc70 and hsp90 molecular chaperones are important for stomatal closure and modulate abscisic acid-dependent physiological responses in arabidopsis. | cytosolic/nuclear molecular chaperones of the heat shock protein families hsp90 and hsc70 are conserved and essential proteins in eukaryotes. these proteins have essentially been implicated in the innate immunity and abiotic stress tolerance in higher plants. here, we demonstrate that both chaperones are recruited in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) for stomatal closure induced by several environmental signals. plants overexpressing hsc70-1 or with reduced hsp90.2 activity are compromised in t ... | 2011 | 21586649 |
| cytochrome p450 cyp94b3 mediates catabolism and inactivation of the plant hormone jasmonoyl-l-isoleucine. | the phytohormone jasmonoyl-l-isoleucine (ja-ile) signals through the coi1-jaz coreceptor complex to control key aspects of plant growth, development, and immune function. despite detailed knowledge of the ja-ile biosynthetic pathway, little is known about the genetic basis of ja-ile catabolism and inactivation. here, we report the identification of a wound- and jasmonate-responsive gene from arabidopsis that encodes a cytochrome p450 (cyp94b3) involved in ja-ile turnover. metabolite analysis of ... | 2011 | 21576464 |
| role of mirnas and sirnas in biotic and abiotic stress responses of plants. | small, non-coding rnas are a distinct class of regulatory rnas in plants and animals that control a variety of biological processes. in plants, several classes of small rnas with specific sizes and dedicated functions have evolved through a series of pathways. the major classes of small rnas include micrornas (mirnas) and small interfering rnas (sirnas), which differ in their biogenesis. mirnas control the expression of cognate target genes by binding to reverse complementary sequences, resultin ... | 2011 | 21605713 |
| role of mirnas and sirnas in biotic and abiotic stress responses of plants. | small, non-coding rnas are a distinct class of regulatory rnas in plants and animals that control a variety of biological processes. in plants, several classes of small rnas with specific sizes and dedicated functions have evolved through a series of pathways. the major classes of small rnas include micrornas (mirnas) and small interfering rnas (sirnas), which differ in their biogenesis. mirnas control the expression of cognate target genes by binding to reverse complementary sequences, resultin ... | 2011 | 21605713 |
| organisation and regulation of the cytoskeleton in plant programmed cell death. | programmed cell death (pcd) involves precise integration of cellular responses to extracellular and intracellular signals during both stress and development. in recent years much progress in our understanding of the components involved in pcd in plants has been made. signalling to pcd results in major reorganisation of cellular components. the plant cytoskeleton is known to play a major role in cellular organisation, and reorganization and alterations in its dynamics is a well known consequence ... | 2011 | 21566662 |
| stars and symbiosis: microrna- and microrna*-mediated transcript cleavage involved in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. | the majority of plants are able to form the arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) symbiosis in association with am fungi. during symbiosis development, plant cells undergo a complex reprogramming resulting in profound morphological and physiological changes. micrornas (mirnas) are important components of the regulatory network of plant cells. to unravel the impact of mirnas and mirna-mediated mrna cleavage on root cell reprogramming during am symbiosis, we carried out high-throughput (illumina) sequencing ... | 2011 | 21571671 |
| regulatory subunit b'gamma of protein phosphatase 2a prevents unnecessary defense reactions under low light in arabidopsis. | light is an important environmental factor that modulates acclimation strategies and defense responses in plants. we explored the functional role of the regulatory subunit b'γ (b'γ) of protein phosphatase 2a (pp2a) in light-dependent stress responses of arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana). the predominant form of pp2a consists of catalytic subunit c, scaffold subunit a, and highly variable regulatory subunit b, which determines the substrate specificity of pp2a holoenzymes. mutant leaves of knock ... | 2011 | 21571669 |
| cell wall damage-induced lignin biosynthesis is regulated by a reactive oxygen species- and jasmonic acid-dependent process in arabidopsis. | the plant cell wall is a dynamic and complex structure whose functional integrity is constantly being monitored and maintained during development and interactions with the environment. in response to cell wall damage (cwd), putatively compensatory responses, such as lignin production, are initiated. in this context, lignin deposition could reinforce the cell wall to maintain functional integrity. lignin is important for the plant's response to environmental stress, for reinforcement during secon ... | 2011 | 21546454 |
| a unified approach to the estimation and interpretation of resistance costs in plants. | plants exhibit a number of adaptive defence traits that endow resistance to past and current abiotic and biotic stresses. it is generally accepted that these adaptations will incur a cost when plants are not challenged by the stress to which they have become adapted--the so-called 'cost of adaptation'. the need to minimise or account for allelic variation at other fitness-related loci (genetic background control) is frequently overlooked when assessing resistance costs associated with plant defe ... | 2011 | 21540885 |
| chalcone synthase and its functions in plant resistance. | chalcone synthase (chs, ec 2.3.1.74) is a key enzyme of the flavonoid/isoflavonoid biosynthesis pathway. besides being part of the plant developmental program the chs gene expression is induced in plants under stress conditions such as uv light, bacterial or fungal infection. chs expression causes accumulation of flavonoid and isoflavonoid phytoalexins and is involved in the salicylic acid defense pathway. this review will discuss chs and its function in plant resistance. | 2011 | 21909286 |
| efficient storage of high throughput dna sequencing data using reference-based compression. | data storage costs have become an appreciable proportion of total cost in the creation and analysis of dna sequence data. of particular concern is that the rate of increase in dna sequencing is significantly outstripping the rate of increase in disk storage capacity. in this paper we present a new reference-based compression method that efficiently compresses dna sequences for storage. our approach works for resequencing experiments that target well-studied genomes. we align new sequences to a r ... | 2011 | 21245279 |
| wrky22 transcription factor mediates dark-induced leaf senescence in arabidopsis. | arabidopsis wrky proteins are plant-specific transcription factors, encoded by a large gene family, which contain the highly conserved amino acid sequence wrkygqk and the zinc-finger-like motifs, cys(2)his(2) or cys(2)hiscys. they can recognize and bind the ttgac(c/t) w-box ciselements found in the promoters of target genes, and are involved in the regulation of gene expression during pathogen defense, wounding, trichome development, and senescence. here we investigated the physiological functio ... | 2011 | 21359674 |
| alien introgressions represent a rich source of genes for crop improvement. | | 2011 | 21527718 |
| phosphorylation-dependent differential regulation of plant growth, cell death, and innate immunity by the regulatory receptor-like kinase bak1. | plants rely heavily on receptor-like kinases (rlks) for perception and integration of external and internal stimuli. the arabidopsis regulatory leucine-rich repeat rlk (lrr-rlk) bak1 is involved in steroid hormone responses, innate immunity, and cell death control. here, we describe the differential regulation of three different bak1-dependent signaling pathways by a novel allele of bak1, bak1-5. innate immune signaling mediated by the bak1-dependent rks fls2 and efr is severely compromised in b ... | 2011 | 21593986 |
| resistance to hemi-biotrophic f. graminearum infection is associated with coordinated and ordered expression of diverse defense signaling pathways. | fusarium species cause serious diseases in cereal staple food crops such as wheat and maize. currently, the mechanisms underlying resistance to fusarium-caused diseases are still largely unknown. in the present study, we employed a combined proteomic and transcriptomic approach to investigate wheat genes responding to f. graminearum infection that causes fusarium head blight (fhb). we found a total of 163 genes and 37 proteins that were induced by infection. these genes and proteins were associa ... | 2011 | 21533105 |
| stem-cell-triggered immunity through clv3p-fls2 signalling. | stem cells in the shoot apical meristem (sam) of plants are the self-renewable reservoir for leaf, stem and flower organogenesis. in nature, disease-free plants can be regenerated from sam despite infections elsewhere, which underlies a horticultural practice for decades. however, the molecular basis of the sam immunity remains unclear. here we show that the clavata3 peptide (clv3p), expressed and secreted from stem cells and functioning as a key regulator of stem-cell homeostasis in the sam of ... | 2011 | 21499263 |
| is host lipidation of pathogen effector proteins a general virulence mechanism? | | 2011 | 21747793 |
| a mathematical model of quorum sensing regulated eps production in biofilm communities. | biofilms are microbial communities encased in a layer of extracellular polymeric substances (eps). the eps matrix provides several functional purposes for the biofilm, such as protecting bacteria from environmental stresses, and providing mechanical stability. quorum sensing is a cell-cell communication mechanism used by several bacterial taxa to coordinate gene expression and behaviour in groups, based on population densities. | 2011 | 21477365 |
| programmed cell death in the plant immune system. | cell death has a central role in innate immune responses in both plants and animals. besides sharing striking convergences and similarities in the overall evolutionary organization of their innate immune systems, both plants and animals can respond to infection and pathogen recognition with programmed cell death. the fact that plant and animal pathogens have evolved strategies to subvert specific cell death modalities emphasizes the essential role of cell death during immune responses. the hyper ... | 2011 | 21475301 |
| terpene specialized metabolism in arabidopsis thaliana. | terpenes constitute the largest class of plant secondary (or specialized) metabolites, which are compounds of ecological function in plant defense or the attraction of beneficial organisms. using biochemical and genetic approaches, nearly all arabidopsis thaliana (arabidopsis) enzymes of the core biosynthetic pathways producing the 5-carbon building blocks of terpenes have been characterized and closer insight has been gained into the transcriptional and posttranscriptional/translational mechani ... | 2011 | 22303268 |
| gaba accumulation causes cell elongation defects and a decrease in expression of genes encoding secreted and cell wall-related proteins in arabidopsis thaliana. | gaba (γ-aminobutyric acid), a non-protein amino acid, is a signaling factor in many organisms. in plants, gaba is known to accumulate under a variety of stresses. however, the consequence of gaba accumulation, especially in vegetative tissues, remains poorly understood. moreover, gene expression changes as a consequence of gaba accumulation in plants are largely unknown. the pop2 mutant, which is defective in gaba catabolism and accumulates gaba, is a good model to examine the effects of gaba ac ... | 2011 | 21471118 |
| extracellular leucine-rich repeats as a platform for receptor/coreceptor complex formation. | receptor kinases with leucine-rich repeat (lrr) extracellular domains form the largest family of receptors in plants. in the few cases for which there is mechanistic information, ligand binding in the extracellular domain often triggers the recruitment of a lrr-coreceptor kinase. the current model proposes that this recruitment is mediated by their respective kinase domains. here, we show that the extracellular lrr domain of bri1-associated kinase1 (bak1), a coreceptor involved in the disparate ... | 2011 | 21464298 |
| the lectin receptor kinase lecrk-i.9 is a novel phytophthora resistance component and a potential host target for a rxlr effector. | in plants, an active defense against biotrophic pathogens is dependent on a functional continuum between the cell wall (cw) and the plasma membrane (pm). it is thus anticipated that proteins maintaining this continuum also function in defense. the legume-like lectin receptor kinase lecrk-i.9 is a putative mediator of cw-pm adhesions in arabidopsis and is known to bind in vitro to the phytophthora infestans rxlr-deer effector ipi-o via a rgd cell attachment motif present in ipi-o. here we show th ... | 2011 | 21483488 |
| expression of aspartyl protease and c3hc4-type ring zinc finger genes are responsive to ascorbic acid in arabidopsis thaliana. | ascorbate (asa) is a redox buffer and enzyme cofactor with various proposed functions in stress responses and growth. the aim was to identify genes whose transcript levels respond to changes in leaf asa. the asa-deficient arabidopsis mutant vtc2-1 was incubated with the asa precursor l-galactono-1,4-lactone (l-gall) to increase leaf asa concentration. differentially expressed genes screened by dna microarray were further characterized for asa responsiveness in wild-type plants. the analysis of 1 ... | 2011 | 21421703 |
| overexpression of arabidopsis eceriferum1 promotes wax very-long-chain alkane biosynthesis and influences plant response to biotic and abiotic stresses. | land plant aerial organs are covered by a hydrophobic layer called the cuticle that serves as a waterproof barrier protecting plants against desiccation, ultraviolet radiation, and pathogens. cuticle consists of a cutin matrix as well as cuticular waxes in which very-long-chain (vlc) alkanes are the major components, representing up to 70% of the total wax content in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) leaves. however, despite its major involvement in cuticle formation, the alkane-forming pathway ... | 2011 | 21386033 |
| auxin and salicylic acid signalings counteract the regulation of adaptive responses to stress. | in a previous publication, we performed a phenotypic characterization of arabidopsis auxin receptor mutants grown under oxidative and salt stresses. in particular, the double mutant for tir1 and afb2 receptors, tir1 afb2 displayed increased tolerance against salinity measured as germination rate, root elongation and chlorophyll content. here, it is reported that salicylic acid (sa)-treated tir1 afb2 mutant shows enhanced transcript level of a pathogenesis related gene, pr1. in addition, sa-media ... | 2011 | 21358272 |
| the pea sad short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase: quinone reduction, tissue distribution, and heterologous expression. | the pea (pisum sativum) tetrameric short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase-like protein (sad) family consists of at least three highly similar members (sad-a, -b, and -c). according to mrna data, environmental stimuli induce sad expression. the aim of this study was to characterize the sad proteins by examining their catalytic function, distribution in pea, and induction in different tissues. in enzyme activity assays using a range of potential substrates, the sad-c enzyme was shown to reduce one- or ... | 2011 | 21343423 |
| glutathione. | glutathione is a simple sulfur compound composed of three amino acids and the major non-protein thiol in many organisms, including plants. the functions of glutathione are manifold but notably include redox-homeostatic buffering. glutathione status is modulated by oxidants as well as by nutritional and other factors, and can influence protein structure and activity through changes in thiol-disulfide balance. for these reasons, glutathione is a transducer that integrates environmental information ... | 2011 | 22303267 |
| the arabidopsis peptide kiss of death is an inducer of programmed cell death. | programmed cell death (pcd) has a key role in defence and development of all multicellular organisms. in plants, there is a large gap in our knowledge of the molecular machinery involved at the various stages of pcd, especially the early steps. here, we identify kiss of death (kod) encoding a 25-amino-acid peptide that activates a pcd pathway in arabidopsis thaliana. two mutant alleles of kod exhibited a reduced pcd of the suspensor, a single file of cells that support embryo development, and a ... | 2011 | 21326210 |
| ors1, an h₂o₂-responsive nac transcription factor, controls senescence in arabidopsis thaliana. | we report here that ors1, a previously uncharacterized member of the nac transcription factor family, controls leaf senescence in arabidopsis thaliana. overexpression of ors1 accelerates senescence in transgenic plants, whereas its inhibition delays it. genes acting downstream of ors1 were identified by global expression analysis using transgenic plants producing dexamethasone-inducible ors1-gr fusion protein. of the 42 up-regulated genes, 30 (~70%) were previously shown to be up-regulated durin ... | 2011 | 21303842 |
| the role of the plasma membrane h+-atpase in plant-microbe interactions. | plasma membrane (pm) h+-atpases are the primary pumps responsible for the establishment of cellular membrane potential in plants. in addition to regulating basic aspects of plant cell function, these enzymes contribute to signaling events in response to diverse environmental stimuli. here, we focus on the roles of the pm h+-atpase during plant-pathogen interactions. pm h+-atpases are dynamically regulated during plant immune responses and recent quantitative proteomics studies suggest complex sp ... | 2011 | 21300757 |
| common functions or only phylogenetically related? the large family of plac8 motif-containing/pcr genes. | plac8 motif-containing proteins form a large family and members can be found in fungi, algae, higher plants and animals. they include the pcr proteins of plants. the name giving plac8 domain was originally found in a protein residing in the spongiotrophoblast layer of the placenta of mammals. a further motif found in a large number of these proteins including several pcr proteins is the ccxxxxcpc or clxxxxcpc motif. despite their wide distribution our knowledge about the function of these protei ... | 2011 | 21347707 |
| insights from molecular modeling and dynamics simulation of pathogen resistance (r) protein from brinjal. | resistance (r) protein recognizes molecular signature of pathogen infection and activates downstream hypersensitive response signalling in plants. r protein works as a molecular switch for pathogen defence signalling and represent one of the largest plant gene family. hence, understanding molecular structure and function of r proteins has been of paramount importance for plant biologists. the present study is aimed at predicting structure of r proteins signalling domains (cc-nbs) by creating a h ... | 2011 | 21383919 |
| structural interaction between gfp-labeled diazotrophic endophytic bacterium herbaspirillum seropedicae ram10 and pineapple plantlets 'vitória'. | the events involved in the structural interaction between the diazotrophic endophytic bacterium herbaspirillum seropedicae, strain ram10, labeled with green fluorescent protein, and pineapple plantlets 'vitória' were evaluated by means of bright-field and fluorescence microscopy, combined with scanning electron microscopy for 28 days after inoculation. after 6 hours of inoculation, h. seropedicae was already adhered to the roots, colonizing mainly root hair surface and bases, followed by epiderm ... | 2011 | 24031612 |
| the role of the elongator complex in plants. | the multi-subunit complex elongator interacts with elongating rna polymerase ii (rnapii) and is thought to facilitate transcription through histone acetylation. elongator is conserved in eukaryotes, yet functions in diverse kingdom-specific processes. in this mini-review, we discuss the known functions of elongator in plants, including its roles in development and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. we propose that elongator functions in these processes by accelerating gene induction in re ... | 2011 | 21248476 |
| phospholipases in action during plant defense signaling. | eukaryotic organisms rely on intricate signaling networks to connect recognition of microbes with the activation of efficient defense reactions. accumulating evidence indicates that phospholipids are more than mere structural components of biological membranes. indeed, phospholipid-based signal transduction is widely used in plant cells to relay perception of extracellular signals. upon perception of the invading microbe, several phospholipid hydrolyzing enzymes are activated that contribute to ... | 2011 | 21248491 |
| proteome analysis of the albugo candida-brassica juncea pathosystem reveals that the timing of the expression of defence-related genes is a crucial determinant of pathogenesis. | white rust, caused by albugo candida, is a serious pathogen of brassica juncea (indian mustard) and poses a potential hazard to the presently developing canola-quality b. juncea industry worldwide. a comparative proteomic study was undertaken to explore the molecular mechanisms that underlie the defence responses of brassica juncea to white rust disease caused by the biotrophic oomycete albugo candida. nineteen proteins showed reproducible differences in abundance between a susceptible (rh 819) ... | 2011 | 21193577 |
| novel gain of function approaches for vaccine candidate identification in burkholderia pseudomallei. | the gram-negative bacterium burkholderia pseudomallei is a serious environmental pathogen and the causative agent of the often fatal melioidosis. disease occurs following exposure to contaminated water or soil, usually through cuts in the skin or via inhalation. however, the underlying mechanisms of pathogenicity remain poorly understood. b. pseudomallei is endemic to south east asia and northern australia where infections are associated with antibiotic resistance and high mortality rates. categ ... | 2012 | 23316481 |
| novel gain of function approaches for vaccine candidate identification in burkholderia pseudomallei. | the gram-negative bacterium burkholderia pseudomallei is a serious environmental pathogen and the causative agent of the often fatal melioidosis. disease occurs following exposure to contaminated water or soil, usually through cuts in the skin or via inhalation. however, the underlying mechanisms of pathogenicity remain poorly understood. b. pseudomallei is endemic to south east asia and northern australia where infections are associated with antibiotic resistance and high mortality rates. categ ... | 2012 | 23316481 |
| reconsidering the nature and mode of action of metabolite retrograde signals from the chloroplast. | plant organelles produce retrograde signals to alter nuclear gene expression in order to coordinate their biogenesis, maintain homeostasis, or optimize their performance under adverse conditions. many signals of different chemical nature have been described in the past decades, including chlorophyll intermediates, reactive oxygen species (ros), and adenosine derivatives. while the effects of retrograde signaling on gene expression are well understood, the initiation and transport of the signals ... | 2012 | 23316207 |
| reconsidering the nature and mode of action of metabolite retrograde signals from the chloroplast. | plant organelles produce retrograde signals to alter nuclear gene expression in order to coordinate their biogenesis, maintain homeostasis, or optimize their performance under adverse conditions. many signals of different chemical nature have been described in the past decades, including chlorophyll intermediates, reactive oxygen species (ros), and adenosine derivatives. while the effects of retrograde signaling on gene expression are well understood, the initiation and transport of the signals ... | 2012 | 23316207 |
| reverse engineering: a key component of systems biology to unravel global abiotic stress cross-talk. | understanding the global abiotic stress response is an important stepping stone for the development of universal stress tolerance in plants in the era of climate change. although co-occurrence of several stress factors (abiotic and biotic) in nature is found to be frequent, current attempts are poor to understand the complex physiological processes impacting plant growth under combinatory factors. in this review article, we discuss the recent advances of reverse engineering approaches that led t ... | 2012 | 23293646 |
| natural variation in small molecule-induced tir-nb-lrr signaling induces root growth arrest via eds1- and pad4-complexed r protein victr in arabidopsis. | in a chemical genetics screen we identified the small-molecule [5-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)furan-2-yl]-piperidine-1-ylmethanethione (dfpm) that triggers rapid inhibition of early abscisic acid signal transduction via phytoalexin deficient4 (pad4)- and enhanced disease susceptibility1 (eds1)-dependent immune signaling mechanisms. however, mechanisms upstream of eds1 and pad4 in dfpm-mediated signaling remain unknown. here, we report that dfpm generates an arabidopsis thaliana accession-specific root g ... | 2012 | 23275581 |
| plastid located whirly1 enhances the responsiveness of arabidopsis seedlings toward abscisic acid. | whirly1 is a protein that can be translocated from the plastids to the nucleus, making it an ideal candidate for communicating information between these two compartments. mutants of arabidopsis thaliana lacking whirly1 (why1) were shown to have a reduced sensitivity toward salicylic acid (sa) and abscisic acid (aba) during germination. germination assays in the presence of abamine, an inhibitor of aba biosynthesis, revealed that the effect of sa on germination was in fact caused by a concomitant ... | 2012 | 23269926 |
| assessing the diverse functions of bak1 and its homologs in arabidopsis, beyond br signaling and pti responses. | plants possess a variety of extracellular leucine-rich repeats receptor-like kinases (lrr-rlks) to coordinate developmental programs with responses to environmental changes. out of sixteen families of lrr-rlks in arabidopsis, the lrr-rlkii family consists of fourteen individual members, including five arabidopsis thaliana somatic embryogenesis receptor kinases (atserks). bak1/atserk3 was first identified as a dual co-receptor of bri1 and fls2, mediating br signaling and pathogen-associated molec ... | 2012 | 23269431 |
| assessing the diverse functions of bak1 and its homologs in arabidopsis, beyond br signaling and pti responses. | plants possess a variety of extracellular leucine-rich repeats receptor-like kinases (lrr-rlks) to coordinate developmental programs with responses to environmental changes. out of sixteen families of lrr-rlks in arabidopsis, the lrr-rlkii family consists of fourteen individual members, including five arabidopsis thaliana somatic embryogenesis receptor kinases (atserks). bak1/atserk3 was first identified as a dual co-receptor of bri1 and fls2, mediating br signaling and pathogen-associated molec ... | 2012 | 23269431 |
| secreted pitfall-trap fluid of carnivorous nepenthes plants is unsuitable for microbial growth. | carnivorous plants of the genus nepenthes possess modified leaves that form pitfall traps in order to capture prey, mainly arthropods, to make additional nutrients available for the plant. these pitchers contain a digestive fluid due to the presence of hydrolytic enzymes. in this study, the composition of the digestive fluid was further analysed with regard to mineral nutrients and low molecular-weight compounds. a potential contribution of microbes to the composition of pitcher fluid was invest ... | 2012 | 23264234 |
| secreted pitfall-trap fluid of carnivorous nepenthes plants is unsuitable for microbial growth. | carnivorous plants of the genus nepenthes possess modified leaves that form pitfall traps in order to capture prey, mainly arthropods, to make additional nutrients available for the plant. these pitchers contain a digestive fluid due to the presence of hydrolytic enzymes. in this study, the composition of the digestive fluid was further analysed with regard to mineral nutrients and low molecular-weight compounds. a potential contribution of microbes to the composition of pitcher fluid was invest ... | 2012 | 23264234 |
| nitric oxide in plants: an assessment of the current state of knowledge. | after a series of seminal works during the last decade of the 20th century, nitric oxide (no) is now firmly placed in the pantheon of plant signals. nitric oxide acts in plant-microbe interactions, responses to abiotic stress, stomatal regulation and a range of developmental processes. by considering the recent advances in plant no biology, this review will highlight certain key aspects that require further attention. | 2012 | 23372921 |
| nitric oxide in plants: an assessment of the current state of knowledge. | after a series of seminal works during the last decade of the 20th century, nitric oxide (no) is now firmly placed in the pantheon of plant signals. nitric oxide acts in plant-microbe interactions, responses to abiotic stress, stomatal regulation and a range of developmental processes. by considering the recent advances in plant no biology, this review will highlight certain key aspects that require further attention. | 2012 | 23372921 |
| relocalization of late blight resistance protein r3a to endosomal compartments is associated with effector recognition and required for the immune response. | an important objective of plant-pathogen interactions research is to determine where resistance proteins detect pathogen effectors to mount an immune response. many nucleotide binding-leucine-rich repeat (nb-lrr) resistance proteins accumulate in the plant nucleus following effector recognition, where they initiate the hypersensitive response (hr). here, we show that potato (solanum tuberosum) resistance protein r3a relocates from the cytoplasm to endosomal compartments only when coexpressed wit ... | 2012 | 23243124 |
| defense activated by 9-lipoxygenase-derived oxylipins requires specific mitochondrial proteins. | 9-lipoxygenases (9-loxs) initiate fatty acid oxygenation, resulting in the formation of oxylipins activating plant defense against hemibiotrophic pathogenic bacteria. previous studies using nonresponding to oxylipins (noxy), a series of arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) mutants insensitive to the 9-lox product 9-hydroxy-10,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid (9-hot), have demonstrated the importance of cell wall modifications as a component of 9-lox-induced defense. here, we show that a majority (71%) ... | 2012 | 23370715 |
| defense activated by 9-lipoxygenase-derived oxylipins requires specific mitochondrial proteins. | 9-lipoxygenases (9-loxs) initiate fatty acid oxygenation, resulting in the formation of oxylipins activating plant defense against hemibiotrophic pathogenic bacteria. previous studies using nonresponding to oxylipins (noxy), a series of arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) mutants insensitive to the 9-lox product 9-hydroxy-10,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid (9-hot), have demonstrated the importance of cell wall modifications as a component of 9-lox-induced defense. here, we show that a majority (71%) ... | 2012 | 23370715 |
| plant glandular trichomes as targets for breeding or engineering of resistance to herbivores. | glandular trichomes are specialized hairs found on the surface of about 30% of all vascular plants and are responsible for a significant portion of a plant's secondary chemistry. glandular trichomes are an important source of essential oils, i.e., natural fragrances or products that can be used by the pharmaceutical industry, although many of these substances have evolved to provide the plant with protection against herbivores and pathogens. the storage compartment of glandular trichomes usually ... | 2012 | 23235331 |
| osrap2.6 transcription factor contributes to rice innate immunity through its interaction with receptor for activated kinase-c 1 (rack1). | the rice small gtpase osrac1 is a molecular switch in rice innate immunity. the receptor for activated kinase c-1 (rack1) interacts with osrac1 to suppress the growth of the rice blast fungus, magnaporthe oryzae. rack1 has two homologs in rice, rack1a and rack1b. overexpressing rack1a enhances resistance to the rice blast fungus. however, rack1a downstream signals are largely unknown. | 2012 | 24280008 |
| transcriptome response analysis of arabidopsis thaliana to leafminer (liriomyza huidobrensis). | plants have evolved a complicated resistance system and exhibit a variety of defense patterns in response to different attackers. previous studies have shown that responses of plants to chewing insects and phloem-feeding insects are significantly different. less is known, however, regarding molecular responses to leafminer insects. to investigate plant transcriptome response to leafminers, we selected the leafminer liriomyza huidobrensis, which has a special feeding pattern more similar to patho ... | 2012 | 23231622 |
| crp is a global regulator of antibiotic production in streptomyces. | cyclic amp receptor protein (crp) is a transcription regulator controlling diverse cellular processes in many bacteria. in streptomyces coelicolor, it is well established that crp plays a critical role in spore germination and colony development. here, we demonstrate that crp is a key regulator of secondary metabolism and antibiotic production in s. coelicolor and show that it may additionally coordinate precursor flux from primary to secondary metabolism. we found that crp deletion adversely af ... | 2012 | 23232715 |
| the form of nitrogen nutrition affects resistance against pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola in tobacco. | different forms of nitrogen (n) fertilizer affect disease development; however, this study investigated the effects of n forms on the hypersensitivity response (hr)-a pathogen-elicited cell death linked to resistance. hr-eliciting pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola was infiltrated into leaves of tobacco fed with either no₃⁻ or nh₄⁺. the speed of cell death was faster in no₃⁻-fed compared with nh₄⁺-fed plants, which correlated, respectively, with increased and decreased resistance. nitric oxid ... | 2012 | 23230025 |
| the form of nitrogen nutrition affects resistance against pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola in tobacco. | different forms of nitrogen (n) fertilizer affect disease development; however, this study investigated the effects of n forms on the hypersensitivity response (hr)-a pathogen-elicited cell death linked to resistance. hr-eliciting pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola was infiltrated into leaves of tobacco fed with either no₃⁻ or nh₄⁺. the speed of cell death was faster in no₃⁻-fed compared with nh₄⁺-fed plants, which correlated, respectively, with increased and decreased resistance. nitric oxid ... | 2012 | 23230025 |
| in silico approach to predict candidate r proteins and to define their domain architecture. | plant resistance genes, which encode r-proteins, constitute one of the most important and widely investigated gene families. thanks to the use of both genetic and molecular approaches, more than 100 r genes have been cloned so far. analysis of resistance proteins and investigation of domain properties may afford insights into their role and function. moreover, genomic experiments and availability of high-throughput sequence data are very useful for discovering new r genes and establish hypothese ... | 2012 | 23216678 |
| pipecolic acid, an endogenous mediator of defense amplification and priming, is a critical regulator of inducible plant immunity. | metabolic signals orchestrate plant defenses against microbial pathogen invasion. here, we report the identification of the non-protein amino acid pipecolic acid (pip), a common lys catabolite in plants and animals, as a critical regulator of inducible plant immunity. following pathogen recognition, pip accumulates in inoculated arabidopsis thaliana leaves, in leaves distal from the site of inoculation, and, most specifically, in petiole exudates from inoculated leaves. defects of mutants in agd ... | 2012 | 23221596 |
| the signaling role of a mitochondrial superoxide burst during stress. | plant mitochondria are proposed to act as signaling organelles in the orchestration of defense responses to biotic stress and acclimation responses to abiotic stress. however, the primary signal(s) being generated by mitochondria and then interpreted by the cell are largely unknown. recently, we showed that mitochondria generate a sustained burst of superoxide (o 2(-)) during particular plant-pathogen interactions. this o 2(-) burst appears to be controlled by mitochondrial components that influ ... | 2012 | 23221746 |
| the signaling role of a mitochondrial superoxide burst during stress. | plant mitochondria are proposed to act as signaling organelles in the orchestration of defense responses to biotic stress and acclimation responses to abiotic stress. however, the primary signal(s) being generated by mitochondria and then interpreted by the cell are largely unknown. recently, we showed that mitochondria generate a sustained burst of superoxide (o 2(-)) during particular plant-pathogen interactions. this o 2(-) burst appears to be controlled by mitochondrial components that influ ... | 2012 | 23221746 |
| role of lysm receptors in chitin-triggered plant innate immunity. | recent research findings clearly indicate that lysin motif (lysm)-containing cell surface receptors are involved in the recognition of specific oligosaccharide elicitors (chitin and peptidoglycan), which trigger an innate immunity response in plants. these receptors are either lysm-containing receptor-like kinases (lyks) or lysm-containing receptor proteins (lyps). in arabidopsis, five lyks (atcerk1/atlyk1 and atlyk2-5) and three lyps (atlyp1-3) are likely expressed on the plasma membrane. in th ... | 2012 | 23221760 |
| role of lysm receptors in chitin-triggered plant innate immunity. | recent research findings clearly indicate that lysin motif (lysm)-containing cell surface receptors are involved in the recognition of specific oligosaccharide elicitors (chitin and peptidoglycan), which trigger an innate immunity response in plants. these receptors are either lysm-containing receptor-like kinases (lyks) or lysm-containing receptor proteins (lyps). in arabidopsis, five lyks (atcerk1/atlyk1 and atlyk2-5) and three lyps (atlyp1-3) are likely expressed on the plasma membrane. in th ... | 2012 | 23221760 |
| constitutively active mpk4 helps to clarify its role in plant immunity. | mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) modules are often involved in stress responses and plant developmental processes. among these mapks, mpk4 has a complex role in biotic stress signaling, cell division control and cytoskeletal organization. mpk4 knockout (ko) plants are dwarfed and very sick, making it difficult to distinguish between cause and effect of its phenotype. to overcome this difficulty, we developed mutations triggering constitutive mpk4 activity and created transgenic lines allo ... | 2012 | 23221776 |
| constitutively active mpk4 helps to clarify its role in plant immunity. | mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) modules are often involved in stress responses and plant developmental processes. among these mapks, mpk4 has a complex role in biotic stress signaling, cell division control and cytoskeletal organization. mpk4 knockout (ko) plants are dwarfed and very sick, making it difficult to distinguish between cause and effect of its phenotype. to overcome this difficulty, we developed mutations triggering constitutive mpk4 activity and created transgenic lines allo ... | 2012 | 23221776 |
| cellular chaperones and folding enzymes are vital contributors to membrane bound replication and movement complexes during plant rna virus infection. | cellular chaperones and folding enzymes play central roles in the formation of positive-strand and negative-strand rna virus infection. this article examines the key cellular chaperones and discusses evidence that these factors are diverted from their cellular functions to play alternative roles in virus infection. for most chaperones discussed, their primary role in the cell is to ensure protein quality control. they are system components that drive substrate protein folding, complex assembly o ... | 2012 | 23230447 |
| biotic stress in plants: life lessons from your parents and grandparents. | | 2012 | 23230448 |
| multivalent display of the antimicrobial peptides bp100 and bp143. | carbohydrates are considered as promising templates for the display of multiple copies of antimicrobial peptides. herein, we describe the design and synthesis of chimeric structures containing two or four copies of the antimicrobial peptides kklfkkilkyl-nh(2) (bp100) and kklfkkilkyl-nh(2) (bp143) attached to the carbohydrate template cyclodithioerythritol (cdte) or α-d-galactopyranoside (galp). the synthesis involved the preparation of the corresponding peptide aldehyde followed by coupling to a ... | 2012 | 23243472 |
| learning virulent proteins from integrated query networks. | methods of weakening and attenuating pathogens' abilities to infect and propagate in a host, thus allowing the natural immune system to more easily decimate invaders, have gained attention as alternatives to broad-spectrum targeting approaches. the following work describes a technique to identifying proteins involved in virulence by relying on latent information computationally gathered across biological repositories, applicable to both generic and specific virulence categories. | 2012 | 23198735 |
| the tomato rlk superfamily: phylogeny and functional predictions about the role of the lrrii-rlk subfamily in antiviral defense. | receptor-like kinases (rlks) play key roles during development and in responses to the environment. despite the relevance of the rlk family and the completion of the tomato genome sequencing, the tomato rlk family has not yet been characterized, and a framework for functional predictions of the members of the family is lacking. | 2012 | 23198823 |
| imprimatins a and b: novel plant activators targeting salicylic acid metabolism in arabidopsis thaliana. | plant activators are agrochemicals that protect plants from a broad range of pathogens by activating the plant immune system. unlike pesticides, they do not target pathogens; therefore, plant activators provide durable effects that are not overcome by pathogenic microbes. although certain plant activators have been applied to paddy fields for more than 30 years, the molecular basis of the underlying immune induction are unclear. from the screening of 10,000 diverse chemicals by a high-throughput ... | 2012 | 23073003 |
| reactive oxygen species generation and signaling in plants. | the introduction of molecular oxygen into the atmosphere was accompanied by the generation of reactive oxygen species (ros) as side products of many biochemical reactions. ros are permanently generated in plastids, peroxisomes, mitochiondria, the cytosol and the apoplast. imbalance between ros generation and safe detoxification generates oxidative stress and the accumulating ros are harmful for the plants. on the other hand, specific ros function as signaling molecules and activate signal transd ... | 2012 | 23072988 |
| wired to the roots: impact of root-beneficial microbe interactions on aboveground plant physiology and protection. | often, plant-pathogenic microbe interactions are discussed in a host-microbe two-component system, however very little is known about how the diversity of rhizospheric microbes that associate with plants affect host performance against pathogens. there are various studies, which specially direct the importance of induced systemic defense (isr) response in plants interacting with beneficial rhizobacteria, yet we don't know how rhizobacterial associations modulate plant physiology. in here, we hig ... | 2012 | 23073006 |
| isolation and characterization of the plant immune-priming compounds imprimatin b3 and -b4, potentiators of disease resistance in arabidopsis thaliana. | plant activators are chemical crop protectants that fortify the immune system in plants. unlike pesticides that target pathogens, plant activators provide durable effects against a broad spectrum of diseases, which have not been overcome by pathogenic microbes. plant activators are not only useful agrochemicals, but can also help to elucidate the details of the plant immune system. using an established high-throughput screening procedure, we previously identified 5 compounds, designated as impri ... | 2012 | 23073018 |
| fur-mediated global regulatory circuits in pathogenic neisseria species. | the ferric uptake regulator (fur) protein has been shown to function as a repressor of transcription in a number of diverse microorganisms. however, recent studies have established that fur can function at a global level as both an activator and a repressor of transcription through both direct and indirect mechanisms. fur-mediated indirect activation occurs via the repression of additional repressor proteins, or small regulatory rnas, thereby activating transcription of a previously silent gene. ... | 2012 | 22885296 |
| a new bacterial disease on mandevilla sanderi, caused by pseudomonas savastanoi: lessons learned for bacterial diversity studies. | leaf lesions of mandevilla sanderi were shown to be caused by pseudomonas savastanoi. while box fingerprints were similar for p. savastanoi isolates from different host plants, plasmid restriction patterns and sequencing of plasmid-located pathogenicity determinants revealed that mandevilla isolates contained similar plasmids distinct from those of other isolates. a repa-based detection method was established. | 2012 | 23023746 |
| the coronatine toxin of pseudomonas syringae is a multifunctional suppressor of arabidopsis defense. | the phytotoxin coronatine (cor) promotes various aspects of pseudomonas syringae virulence, including invasion through stomata, growth in the apoplast, and induction of disease symptoms. cor is a structural mimic of active jasmonic acid (ja) conjugates. known activities of cor are mediated through its binding to the f-box-containing ja coreceptor coronatine insensitive1. by analyzing the interaction of p. syringae mutants with arabidopsis thaliana mutants, we demonstrate that, in the apoplastic ... | 2012 | 23204405 |
| substrate and target sequence length influence recte(psy) recombineering efficiency in pseudomonas syringae. | we are developing a new recombineering system to assist experimental manipulation of the pseudomonas syringae genome. p. syringae is a globally dispersed plant pathogen and an important model species used to study the molecular biology of bacteria-plant interactions. we previously identified orthologs of the lambda red bet/exo and rac recet genes in p. syringae and confirmed that they function in recombineering using ssdna and dsdna substrates. here we investigate the properties of dsdna substra ... | 2012 | 23226333 |