| identification of micrornas involved in pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered plant innate immunity. | pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps) trigger plant defenses when perceived by surface-localized immune receptors. pamp-triggered immunity (pti) plays a vital role in the resistance of plants to numerous potential pathogens. microrna (mirna) biogenesis is known to be important for pti, but mirna species involved in this process have not been fully explored. here we show that the arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) mirna effector protein, argonaute1 (ago1), is required for a number of pti ... | 2010 | 20164210 |
| differential innate immune signalling via ca(2+) sensor protein kinases. | innate immunity represents the first line of inducible defence against microbial infection in plants and animals. in both kingdoms, recognition of pathogen- or microbe-associated molecular patterns (pamps or mamps, respectively), such as flagellin, initiates convergent signalling pathways involving mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) cascades and global transcriptional changes to boost immunity. although ca(2+) has long been recognized as an essential and conserved primary mediator in plant ... | 2010 | 20164835 |
| laitor--literature assistant for identification of terms co-occurrences and relationships. | biological knowledge is represented in scientific literature that often describes the function of genes/proteins (bioentities) in terms of their interactions (biointeractions). such bioentities are often related to biological concepts of interest that are specific of a determined research field. therefore, the study of the current literature about a selected topic deposited in public databases, facilitates the generation of novel hypotheses associating a set of bioentities to a common context. | 2010 | 20122157 |
| sequence divergences between cyst nematode effector protein orthologs may contribute to host specificity. | | 2010 | 20173410 |
| functional diversity of the plant glycine-rich proteins superfamily. | the first plant glycine-rich proteins (grps) have been isolated more than 20 years ago based on their specific expression pattern and/or modulation by several biotic and abiotic factors. this superfamily is characterized by the presence of a glycine-rich domain arranged in (gly)(n)-x repeats. the presence of additional motifs, as well as the nature of the glycine repeats, groups them in different classes. the diversity in structure as well as in expression pattern, modulation and sub-cellular lo ... | 2010 | 20009520 |
| do trees grow on money? auxin as the currency of the cellular economy. | auxin plays a role in nearly every aspect of a plant's life. signals from the developmental program, physiological status, and encounters with other organisms all converge on the auxin pathway. the molecular mechanisms facilitating these interactions are diverse; yet, common themes emerge. auxin can be regulated by modulating rates of biosynthesis, conjugation, and transport, as well as sensitivity of a cell to the auxin signal. in this article, we describe some well-studied examples of auxin's ... | 2010 | 20182619 |
| bioinformatic and systems biology tools to generate testable models of signaling pathways and their targets. | | 2010 | 19915012 |
| arabidopsis deadenylases atcaf1a and atcaf1b play overlapping and distinct roles in mediating environmental stress responses. | to maintain homeostasis in an ever-changing environment organisms have evolved mechanisms to reprogram gene expression. one central mechanism regulating gene expression is messenger rna (mrna) degradation, which is initiated by poly(a) tail shortening (deadenylation). the carbon catabolite repressor 4-ccr4 associated factor1 (ccr4-caf1) complex is the major enzyme complex that catalyzes mrna deadenylation and is conserved among eukaryotes. however, the components and functions of this global reg ... | 2010 | 19955262 |
| the arabidopsis wall associated kinase-like 10 gene encodes a functional guanylyl cyclase and is co-expressed with pathogen defense related genes. | second messengers have a key role in linking environmental stimuli to physiological responses. one such messenger, guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cgmp), has long been known to be an essential signaling molecule in many different physiological processes in higher plants, including biotic stress responses. to date, however, the guanylyl cyclase (gc) enzymes that catalyze the formation of cgmp from gtp have largely remained elusive in higher plants. | 2010 | 20126659 |
| jasmonates. | arabidopsis is a superb model for the study of an important subgroup of oxylipins: the jasmonates. jasmonates control many responses to cell damage and invasion and are essential for reproduction. jasmonic acid (ja) is a prohormone and is conjugated to hydrophobic amino acids to produce regulatory ligands. the major receptor for active jasmonate ligands is closely related to auxin receptors and, as in auxin signaling, jasmonate signaling requires the destruction of repressor proteins. this chapt ... | 2010 | 22303255 |
| the inflammasomes: mechanisms of activation and function. | in response to injurious or infectious agents caspase-1 activating multiprotein complexes, termed inflammasomes, assemble in the cytoplasm of cells. activated caspase-1 cleaves the proforms of the interleukin-1 cytokine family members leading to their activation and secretion. the il-1 family cytokines have multiple proinflammatory activities implicating them in the pathogenesis of many inflammatory diseases. while defined ligands have been identified for the nlrp1, ipaf, and aim2 inflammasomes, ... | 2010 | 20060699 |
| role of small rnas in host-microbe interactions. | plant defense responses against pathogens are mediated by activation and repression of a large array of genes. host endogenous small rnas are essential in this gene expression reprogramming process. here, we discuss recent findings on pathogen-regulated host micrornas (mirnas) and small interfering rnas (sirnas) and their roles in plant-microbe interaction. we further introduce small rna pathway components, including dicer-like proteins (dcls), double-stranded rna (dsrna) binding protein, rna-de ... | 2010 | 20687832 |
| gene regulation during cold stress acclimation in plants. | cold stress adversely affects plant growth and development and thus limits crop productivity. diverse plant species tolerate cold stress to a varying degree, which depends on reprogramming gene expression to modify their physiology, metabolism, and growth. cold signal in plants is transmitted to activate cbf-dependent (c-repeat/drought-responsive element binding factor-dependent) and cbf-independent transcriptional pathway, of which cbf-dependent pathway activates cbf regulon. cbf transcription ... | 2010 | 20387039 |
| functional analyses of the clavata2-like proteins and their domains that contribute to clavata2 specificity. | the arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) clavata2 (clv2) gene encodes a leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein (rlp) that is involved in controlling the stem cell population size in the shoot apical meristem. our previous genome-wide functional analysis of 57 atrlp genes revealed only a few phenotypes for mutant alleles, despite screening a wide range of growth and developmental stages and assaying sensitivity to various stress responses, including susceptibility toward pathogens. to gain furth ... | 2010 | 19897604 |
| bacteriophage φ6--structure investigated by fluorescence stokes shift spectroscopy. | the stokes shift of tryptophan (trp) fluorescence from layers of the lipid-containing bacteriophage φ6 is compared to determine the relative effect of the layers on virus hydrophobicity. in the inner most layer, the empty procapsid (pc) which contains 80-90% of the virion trp residues, λ(max) = 339.8 nm. the pc emission is substantially more redshifted than the other φ6 layers and nearer to that of the pseudomonad host cell than the other φ6 layers. the trp emission from the nucleocapsid (nc) wi ... | 2011 | 22181691 |
| bacteriophage φ6--structure investigated by fluorescence stokes shift spectroscopy. | the stokes shift of tryptophan (trp) fluorescence from layers of the lipid-containing bacteriophage φ6 is compared to determine the relative effect of the layers on virus hydrophobicity. in the inner most layer, the empty procapsid (pc) which contains 80-90% of the virion trp residues, λ(max) = 339.8 nm. the pc emission is substantially more redshifted than the other φ6 layers and nearer to that of the pseudomonad host cell than the other φ6 layers. the trp emission from the nucleocapsid (nc) wi ... | 2011 | 22181691 |
| herbivory in the previous generation primes plants for enhanced insect resistance. | inducible defenses, which provide enhanced resistance after initial attack, are nearly universal in plants. this defense signaling cascade is mediated by the synthesis, movement, and perception of jasmonic acid and related plant metabolites. to characterize the long-term persistence of plant immunity, we challenged arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) and tomato (solanum lycopersicum) with caterpillar herbivory, application of methyl jasmonate, or mechanical damage during vegetative growth and ass ... | 2011 | 22209873 |
| herbivory in the previous generation primes plants for enhanced insect resistance. | inducible defenses, which provide enhanced resistance after initial attack, are nearly universal in plants. this defense signaling cascade is mediated by the synthesis, movement, and perception of jasmonic acid and related plant metabolites. to characterize the long-term persistence of plant immunity, we challenged arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) and tomato (solanum lycopersicum) with caterpillar herbivory, application of methyl jasmonate, or mechanical damage during vegetative growth and ass ... | 2011 | 22209873 |
| the chloroplast division mutant caa33 of arabidopsis thaliana reveals the crucial impact of chloroplast homeostasis on stress acclimation and retrograde plastid-to-nucleus signaling. | retrograde plastid-to-nucleus signaling tightly controls and coordinates the nuclear and plastid gene expression that is required for plastid biogenesis and chloroplast activity. as chloroplasts act as sensors of environmental changes, plastid-derived signaling also modulates stress responses of plants by transferring stress-related signals and altering nuclear gene expression. various mutant screens have been undertaken to identify constituents of plastid signaling pathways. almost all mutation ... | 2011 | 22014227 |
| the chloroplast division mutant caa33 of arabidopsis thaliana reveals the crucial impact of chloroplast homeostasis on stress acclimation and retrograde plastid-to-nucleus signaling. | retrograde plastid-to-nucleus signaling tightly controls and coordinates the nuclear and plastid gene expression that is required for plastid biogenesis and chloroplast activity. as chloroplasts act as sensors of environmental changes, plastid-derived signaling also modulates stress responses of plants by transferring stress-related signals and altering nuclear gene expression. various mutant screens have been undertaken to identify constituents of plastid signaling pathways. almost all mutation ... | 2011 | 22014227 |
| the costs of evolving resistance in heterogeneous parasite environments. | the evolution of host resistance to parasites, shaped by associated fitness costs, is crucial for epidemiology and maintenance of genetic diversity. selection imposed by multiple parasites could be a particularly strong constraint, as hosts either accumulate costs of multiple specific resistances or evolve a more costly general resistance mechanism. we used experimental evolution to test how parasite heterogeneity influences the evolution of host resistance. we show that bacterial host populatio ... | 2011 | 22171085 |
| the costs of evolving resistance in heterogeneous parasite environments. | the evolution of host resistance to parasites, shaped by associated fitness costs, is crucial for epidemiology and maintenance of genetic diversity. selection imposed by multiple parasites could be a particularly strong constraint, as hosts either accumulate costs of multiple specific resistances or evolve a more costly general resistance mechanism. we used experimental evolution to test how parasite heterogeneity influences the evolution of host resistance. we show that bacterial host populatio ... | 2011 | 22171085 |
| prediction of antibacterial activity from physicochemical properties of antimicrobial peptides. | consensus is gathering that antimicrobial peptides that exert their antibacterial action at the membrane level must reach a local concentration threshold to become active. studies of peptide interaction with model membranes do identify such disruptive thresholds but demonstrations of the possible correlation of these with the in vivo onset of activity have only recently been proposed. in addition, such thresholds observed in model membranes occur at local peptide concentrations close to full mem ... | 2011 | 22194847 |
| arabidopsis deficient in cutin ferulate encodes a transferase required for feruloylation of ω-hydroxy fatty acids in cutin polyester. | the cuticle is a complex aliphatic polymeric layer connected to the cell wall and covers surfaces of all aerial plant organs. the cuticle prevents nonstomatal water loss, regulates gas exchange, and acts as a barrier against pathogen infection. the cuticle is synthesized by epidermal cells and predominantly consists of an aliphatic polymer matrix (cutin) and intracuticular and epicuticular waxes. cutin monomers are primarily c(16) and c(18) unsubstituted, ω-hydroxy, and α,ω-dicarboxylic fatty ac ... | 2011 | 22158675 |
| arabidopsis deficient in cutin ferulate encodes a transferase required for feruloylation of ω-hydroxy fatty acids in cutin polyester. | the cuticle is a complex aliphatic polymeric layer connected to the cell wall and covers surfaces of all aerial plant organs. the cuticle prevents nonstomatal water loss, regulates gas exchange, and acts as a barrier against pathogen infection. the cuticle is synthesized by epidermal cells and predominantly consists of an aliphatic polymer matrix (cutin) and intracuticular and epicuticular waxes. cutin monomers are primarily c(16) and c(18) unsubstituted, ω-hydroxy, and α,ω-dicarboxylic fatty ac ... | 2011 | 22158675 |
| transcriptional regulation of ribosome components are determined by stress according to cellular compartments in arabidopsis thaliana. | plants have to coordinate eukaryotic ribosomes (cytoribosomes) and prokaryotic ribosomes (plastoribosomes and mitoribosomes) production to balance cellular protein synthesis in response to environmental variations. we identified 429 genes encoding potential ribosomal proteins (rp) in arabidopsis thaliana. because cytoribosome proteins are encoded by small nuclear gene families, plastid rp by nuclear and plastid genes and mitochondrial rp by nuclear and mitochondrial genes, several transcriptiona ... | 2011 | 22164228 |
| hybrid incompatibility in arabidopsis is determined by a multiple-locus genetic network. | the cross between arabidopsis thaliana and the closely related species arabidopsis arenosa results in postzygotic hybrid incompatibility, manifested as seed death. ecotypes of a. thaliana were tested for their ability to produce live seed when crossed to a. arenosa. the identified genetic variation was used to map quantitative trait loci (qtls) encoded by the a. thaliana genome that affect the frequency of postzygotic lethality and the phenotypes of surviving seeds. seven qtls affecting the a. t ... | 2011 | 22135429 |
| hybrid incompatibility in arabidopsis is determined by a multiple-locus genetic network. | the cross between arabidopsis thaliana and the closely related species arabidopsis arenosa results in postzygotic hybrid incompatibility, manifested as seed death. ecotypes of a. thaliana were tested for their ability to produce live seed when crossed to a. arenosa. the identified genetic variation was used to map quantitative trait loci (qtls) encoded by the a. thaliana genome that affect the frequency of postzygotic lethality and the phenotypes of surviving seeds. seven qtls affecting the a. t ... | 2011 | 22135429 |
| glycoalkaloid metabolism1 is required for steroidal alkaloid glycosylation and prevention of phytotoxicity in tomato. | steroidal alkaloids (sas) are triterpene-derived specialized metabolites found in members of the solanaceae family that provide plants with a chemical barrier against a broad range of pathogens. their biosynthesis involves the action of glycosyltransferases to form steroidal glycoalkaloids (sgas). to elucidate the metabolism of sgas in the solanaceae family, we examined the tomato (solanum lycopersicum) glycoalkaloid metabolism1 (game1) gene. our findings imply that game1 is a galactosyltransfer ... | 2011 | 22180624 |
| a genome-wide survey for arabidopsis leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases implicated in plant immunity. | receptor-like kinases (rlk) are among the largest gene families encoded by plant genomes. common structural features of plant rlks are an extracellular ligand binding domain, a membrane spanning domain, and an intracellular protein kinase domain. the largest subfamily of plant rlks is characterized by extracellular leucine-rich repeat (lrr-rlk) structures that are known biochemical modules for mediating ligand binding and protein-protein interactions. in the frame of the arabidopsis functional g ... | 2011 | 22645555 |
| seaweed polysaccharides and derived oligosaccharides stimulate defense responses and protection against pathogens in plants. | plants interact with the environment by sensing "non-self" molecules called elicitors derived from pathogens or other sources. these molecules bind to specific receptors located in the plasma membrane and trigger defense responses leading to protection against pathogens. in particular, it has been shown that cell wall and storage polysaccharides from green, brown and red seaweeds (marine macroalgae) corresponding to ulvans, alginates, fucans, laminarin and carrageenans can trigger defense respon ... | 2011 | 22363237 |
| type three secretion system in pseudomonas savastanoi pathovars: does timing matter? | pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi is the causal agent of olive knot disease, relying on the type three secretion system (ttss) for its pathogenicity. in this regard, nothing was known about the two other pathovars belonging to this species, pv. nerii and pv. fraxini, characterized by a different host range. here we report on the organization of the entire ttss cluster on the three pathovars, and a phylogenetic analysis including the ttss of those bacteria belonging to the p. syringae complex ... | 2011 | 24710300 |
| experimental sink removal induces stress responses, including shifts in amino acid and phenylpropanoid metabolism, in soybean leaves. | the repeated removal of flower, fruit, or vegetative buds is a common treatment to simulate sink limitation. these experiments usually lead to the accumulation of specific proteins, which are degraded during later stages of seed development, and have thus been designated as vegetative storage proteins. we used oligonucleotide microarrays to assess global effects of sink removal on gene expression patterns in soybean leaves and found an induction of the transcript levels of hundreds of genes with ... | 2011 | 22109846 |
| experimental sink removal induces stress responses, including shifts in amino acid and phenylpropanoid metabolism, in soybean leaves. | the repeated removal of flower, fruit, or vegetative buds is a common treatment to simulate sink limitation. these experiments usually lead to the accumulation of specific proteins, which are degraded during later stages of seed development, and have thus been designated as vegetative storage proteins. we used oligonucleotide microarrays to assess global effects of sink removal on gene expression patterns in soybean leaves and found an induction of the transcript levels of hundreds of genes with ... | 2011 | 22109846 |
| discovery of a potent and highly β1 specific proteasome inhibitor from a focused library of urea-containing peptide vinyl sulfones and peptide epoxyketones. | syringolins, a class of natural products, potently and selectively inhibit the proteasome and show promising antitumour activity. to gain insight in the mode of action of syringolins, the ureido structural element present in syringolins is incorporated in oligopeptide vinyl sulfones and peptide epoxyketones yielding a focused library of potent new proteasome inhibitors. the distance of the ureido linkage with respect to the electrophilic trap strongly influences subunit selectivity within the pr ... | 2011 | 22105930 |
| discovery of a potent and highly β1 specific proteasome inhibitor from a focused library of urea-containing peptide vinyl sulfones and peptide epoxyketones. | syringolins, a class of natural products, potently and selectively inhibit the proteasome and show promising antitumour activity. to gain insight in the mode of action of syringolins, the ureido structural element present in syringolins is incorporated in oligopeptide vinyl sulfones and peptide epoxyketones yielding a focused library of potent new proteasome inhibitors. the distance of the ureido linkage with respect to the electrophilic trap strongly influences subunit selectivity within the pr ... | 2011 | 22105930 |
| transcriptional analysis of late ripening stages of grapevine berry. | the composition of grapevine berry at harvest is a major determinant of wine quality. optimal oenological maturity of berries is characterized by a high sugar/acidity ratio, high anthocyanin content in the skin, and low astringency. however, harvest time is still mostly determined empirically, based on crude biochemical composition and berry tasting. in this context, it is interesting to identify genes that are expressed/repressed specifically at the late stages of ripening and which may be used ... | 2011 | 22098939 |
| the 'green revolution' dwarfing genes play a role in disease resistance in triticum aestivum and hordeum vulgare. | the green revolution dwarfing genes, rht-b1b and rht-d1b, encode mutant forms of della proteins and are present in most modern wheat varieties. della proteins have been implicated in the response to biotic stress in the model plant, arabidopsis thaliana. using defined wheat rht near-isogenic lines and barley sln1 gain of function (gof) and loss of function (lof) lines, the role of della in response to biotic stress was investigated in pathosystems representing contrasting trophic styles (biotrop ... | 2011 | 22090435 |
| the 'green revolution' dwarfing genes play a role in disease resistance in triticum aestivum and hordeum vulgare. | the green revolution dwarfing genes, rht-b1b and rht-d1b, encode mutant forms of della proteins and are present in most modern wheat varieties. della proteins have been implicated in the response to biotic stress in the model plant, arabidopsis thaliana. using defined wheat rht near-isogenic lines and barley sln1 gain of function (gof) and loss of function (lof) lines, the role of della in response to biotic stress was investigated in pathosystems representing contrasting trophic styles (biotrop ... | 2011 | 22090435 |
| accelerated cell death 2 suppresses mitochondrial oxidative bursts and modulates cell death in arabidopsis. | the arabidopsis accelerated cell death 2 (acd2) protein protects cells from programmed cell death (pcd) caused by endogenous porphyrin-related molecules like red chlorophyll catabolite or exogenous protoporphyrin ix. we previously found that during bacterial infection, acd2, a chlorophyll breakdown enzyme, localizes to both chloroplasts and mitochondria in leaves. additionally, acd2 cells show mitochondrial dysfunction. in plants with acd2 and acd2 (+) sectors, acd2 functions cell autonomously, ... | 2011 | 21988537 |
| accelerated cell death 2 suppresses mitochondrial oxidative bursts and modulates cell death in arabidopsis. | the arabidopsis accelerated cell death 2 (acd2) protein protects cells from programmed cell death (pcd) caused by endogenous porphyrin-related molecules like red chlorophyll catabolite or exogenous protoporphyrin ix. we previously found that during bacterial infection, acd2, a chlorophyll breakdown enzyme, localizes to both chloroplasts and mitochondria in leaves. additionally, acd2 cells show mitochondrial dysfunction. in plants with acd2 and acd2 (+) sectors, acd2 functions cell autonomously, ... | 2011 | 21988537 |
| brassinosteroids modulate the efficiency of plant immune responses to microbe-associated molecular patterns. | metazoans and plants use pattern recognition receptors (prrs) to sense conserved microbial-associated molecular patterns (mamps) in the extracellular environment. in plants, the bacterial mamps flagellin and elongation factor tu (ef-tu) activate distinct, phylogenetically related cell surface pattern recognition receptors of the leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase (lrr-rk) family called fls2 and ef-tu receptor, respectively. bak1 is an lrr-rk coreceptor for both fls2 and ef-tu receptor. bak1 is ... | 2011 | 22087001 |
| brassinosteroids modulate the efficiency of plant immune responses to microbe-associated molecular patterns. | metazoans and plants use pattern recognition receptors (prrs) to sense conserved microbial-associated molecular patterns (mamps) in the extracellular environment. in plants, the bacterial mamps flagellin and elongation factor tu (ef-tu) activate distinct, phylogenetically related cell surface pattern recognition receptors of the leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase (lrr-rk) family called fls2 and ef-tu receptor, respectively. bak1 is an lrr-rk coreceptor for both fls2 and ef-tu receptor. bak1 is ... | 2011 | 22087001 |
| expressing the erwinia amylovora type iii effector dspa/e in the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae strongly alters cellular trafficking. | erwinia amylovora is responsible for fire blight, a necrotic disease of apples and pears. e. amylovora relies on a type iii secretion system (t3ss) to induce disease on host plants. dspa/e belongs to the avre family of type iii effector. effectors of the avre family are injected via the t3ss in plant cell and are important to promote bacterial growth following infection and to suppress plant defense responses. their mode of action in the plant cells is unknown. here we study the physiological ef ... | 2011 | 23650572 |
| repression of sucrose/ultraviolet b light-induced flavonoid accumulation in microbe-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity in arabidopsis. | recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns (mamps) leads to the generation of mamp-triggered immunity (mti), which restricts the invasion and propagation of potentially infectious microbes. it has been described that the perception of different bacterial and fungal mamps causes the repression of flavonoid induction upon light stress or sucrose application. however, the functional significance of this mti-associated signaling output remains unknown. in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) ... | 2011 | 22080602 |
| repression of sucrose/ultraviolet b light-induced flavonoid accumulation in microbe-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity in arabidopsis. | recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns (mamps) leads to the generation of mamp-triggered immunity (mti), which restricts the invasion and propagation of potentially infectious microbes. it has been described that the perception of different bacterial and fungal mamps causes the repression of flavonoid induction upon light stress or sucrose application. however, the functional significance of this mti-associated signaling output remains unknown. in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) ... | 2011 | 22080602 |
| transcriptional plant responses critical for resistance towards necrotrophic pathogens. | plant defenses aimed at necrotrophic pathogens appear to be genetically complex. despite the apparent lack of a specific recognition of such necrotrophs by products of major r genes, biochemical, molecular, and genetic studies, in particular using the model plant arabidopsis, have uncovered numerous host components critical for the outcome of such interactions. although the ja signaling pathway plays a central role in plant defense toward necrotrophs additional signaling pathways contribute to t ... | 2011 | 22639610 |
| a highly conserved nb-lrr encoding gene cluster effective against setosphaeria turcica in sorghum. | the fungal pathogen setosphaeria turcica causes turcicum or northern leaf blight disease on maize, sorghum and related grasses. a prevalent foliar disease found worldwide where the two host crops, maize and sorghum are grown. the aim of the present study was to find genes controlling the host defense response to this devastating plant pathogen. a cdna-aflp approach was taken to identify candidate sequences, which functions were further validated via virus induced gene silencing (vigs), and real- ... | 2011 | 22050783 |
| information management of genome enabled data streams for pseudomonas syringae on the pseudomonas-plant interaction (ppi) website. | genome enabled research has led to a large and ever-growing body of data on pseudomonas syringae genome variation and characteristics, though systematic capture of this information to maximize access by the research community remains a significant challenge. major p. syringae data streams include genome sequence data, newly identified type iii effectors, biological characterization data for type iii effectors, and regulatory feature characterization. to maximize data access, the pseudomonas-plan ... | 2011 | 24710295 |
| at the frontier; rxlr effectors crossing the phytophthora-host interface. | plants are constantly beset by pathogenic organisms. to successfully infect their hosts, plant pathogens secrete effector proteins, many of which are translocated to the inside of the host cell where they manipulate normal physiological processes and undermine host defense. the way by which effectors cross the frontier to reach the inside of the host cell varies among different classes of pathogens. for oomycete plant pathogens - like the potato late blight pathogen phytophthora infestans - it h ... | 2011 | 22645549 |
| high throughput chemical screening supports the involvement of ca2+ in cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel-mediated programmed cell death in arabidopsis. | recently, we reported the role of arabidopsis cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel (atcngc) 11 and 12 in ca2+-dependent physiological responses. atcngc11 and 12 have been reported to be involved in plant immunity, but whether these channels play additional physiological roles was not clear before. using single and double knockout mutants, we have found that these channels play significant roles in ca2+ signaling, which mediates several physiological processes, such as gravitropic bending and sene ... | 2011 | 22041991 |
| genetic dissection of salicylic acid-mediated defense signaling networks in arabidopsis. | properly coordinated defense signaling networks are critical for the fitness of plants. one hub of the defense networks is centered on salicylic acid (sa), which plays a key role in activating disease resistance in plants. however, while a number of genes are known to affect sa-mediated defense, relatively little is known about how these gene interact genetically with each other. here we exploited the unique defense-sensitized arabidopsis mutant accelerated cell death (acd) 6-1 to dissect functi ... | 2011 | 21900271 |
| mutations in an atypical tir-nb-lrr-lim resistance protein confer autoimmunity. | in order to defend against microbial infection, plants employ a complex immune system that relies partly on resistance (r) proteins that initiate intricate signaling cascades upon pathogen detection. the resistance signaling network utilized by plants is only partially characterized. a genetic screen conducted to identify novel defense regulators involved in this network resulted in the isolation of the snc6-1d mutant. positional cloning revealed that this mutant contained a molecular lesion in ... | 2011 | 22639607 |
| brassinosteroids inhibit pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immune signaling independent of the receptor kinase bak1. | plants and animals use innate immunity as a first defense against pathogens, a costly yet necessary tradeoff between growth and immunity. in arabidopsis, the regulatory leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase (lrr-rlk) bak1 combines with the lrr-rlks fls2 and efr in pathogen-associated molecular pattern (pamp)-triggered immunity (pti) and the lrr-rlk bri1 in brassinosteroid (br)-mediated growth. therefore, a potential tradeoff between these pathways mediated by bak1 is often postulated. here, w ... | 2011 | 22087006 |
| brassinosteroids inhibit pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immune signaling independent of the receptor kinase bak1. | plants and animals use innate immunity as a first defense against pathogens, a costly yet necessary tradeoff between growth and immunity. in arabidopsis, the regulatory leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase (lrr-rlk) bak1 combines with the lrr-rlks fls2 and efr in pathogen-associated molecular pattern (pamp)-triggered immunity (pti) and the lrr-rlk bri1 in brassinosteroid (br)-mediated growth. therefore, a potential tradeoff between these pathways mediated by bak1 is often postulated. here, w ... | 2011 | 22087006 |
| arabidopsis actin depolymerizing factor4 modulates the stochastic dynamic behavior of actin filaments in the cortical array of epidermal cells. | actin filament arrays are constantly remodeled as the needs of cells change as well as during responses to biotic and abiotic stimuli. previous studies demonstrate that many single actin filaments in the cortical array of living arabidopsis thaliana epidermal cells undergo stochastic dynamics, a combination of rapid growth balanced by disassembly from prolific severing activity. filament turnover and dynamics are well understood from in vitro biochemical analyses and simple reconstituted systems ... | 2011 | 22010035 |
| glutathione deficiency of the arabidopsis mutant pad2-1 affects oxidative stress-related events, defense gene expression, and the hypersensitive response. | the arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) phytoalexin-deficient mutant pad2-1 displays enhanced susceptibility to a broad range of pathogens and herbivorous insects that correlates with deficiencies in the production of camalexin, indole glucosinolates, and salicylic acid (sa). the pad2-1 mutation is localized in the glutamate-cysteine ligase (gcl) gene encoding the first enzyme of glutathione biosynthesis. while pad2-1 glutathione deficiency is not caused by a decrease in gcl transcripts, analysis ... | 2011 | 22007023 |
| rna-seq for plant pathogenic bacteria. | the throughput and single-base resolution of rna-sequencing (rna-seq) have contributed to a dramatic change in transcriptomic-based inquiries and resulted in many new insights into the complexities of bacterial transcriptomes. rna-seq could contribute to similar advances in our understanding of plant pathogenic bacteria but it is still a technology under development with limitations and unknowns that need to be considered. here, we review some new developments for rna-seq and highlight recent fi ... | 2011 | 24710287 |
| fast scaffolding with small independent mixed integer programs. | assembling genomes from short read data has become increasingly popular, but the problem remains computationally challenging especially for larger genomes. we study the scaffolding phase of sequence assembly where preassembled contigs are ordered based on mate pair data. | 2011 | 21998153 |
| separable fragments and membrane tethering of arabidopsis rin4 regulate its suppression of pamp-triggered immunity. | rpm1-interacting protein 4 (rin4) is a multifunctional arabidopsis thaliana protein that regulates plant immune responses to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps) and bacterial type iii effector proteins (t3es). rin4, which is targeted by multiple defense-suppressing t3es, provides a mechanistic link between pamp-triggered immunity (pti) and effector-triggered immunity and effector suppression of plant defense. here we report on a structure-function analysis of rin4-mediated suppression ... | 2011 | 21984695 |
| cytochromes p450. | there are 244 cytochrome p450 genes (and 28 pseudogenes) in the arabidopsis genome. p450s thus form one of the largest gene families in plants. contrary to what was initially thought, this family diversification results in very limited functional redundancy and seems to mirror the complexity of plant metabolism. p450s sometimes share less than 20% identity and catalyze extremely diverse reactions leading to the precursors of structural macromolecules such as lignin, cutin, suberin and sporopolle ... | 2011 | 22303269 |
| gene-counter: a computational pipeline for the analysis of rna-seq data for gene expression differences. | gene-counter is a complete perl-based computational pipeline for analyzing rna-sequencing (rna-seq) data for differential gene expression. in addition to its use in studying transcriptomes of eukaryotic model organisms, gene-counter is applicable for prokaryotes and non-model organisms without an available genome reference sequence. for alignments, gene-counter is configured for cashx, bowtie, and bwa, but an end user can use any sequence alignment/map (sam)-compliant program of preference. to a ... | 2011 | 21998647 |
| the stem cell state in plant development and in response to stress. | stem cells are commonly defined by their developmental capabilities, namely, self-renewal and multitype differentiation, yet the biology of stem cells and their inherent features both in plants and animals are only beginning to be elucidated. in this review article we highlight the stem cell state in plants with reference to animals and the plastic nature of plant somatic cells often referred to as totipotency as well as the essence of cellular dedifferentiation. based on recent published data, ... | 2011 | 22645540 |
| reactive oxygen species as transducers of sphinganine-mediated cell death pathway. | long chain bases or sphingoid bases are building blocks of complex sphingolipids that display a signaling role in programmed cell death in plants. so far, the type of programmed cell death in which these signaling lipids have been demonstrated to participate is the cell death that occurs in plant immunity, known as the hypersensitive response. the few links that have been described in this pathway are: mpk6 activation, increased calcium concentrations, and reactive oxygen species (ros) generatio ... | 2011 | 21921699 |
| for security and stability: sgt1 in plant defense and development. | sgt1 (suppressor of g-two allele of skp1) is highly conserved among all eukaryotes. in plants, sgt1 interacts with various proteins, including molecular chaperones (hsp70 and hsp90) and certain scf ubiquitin ligases, and hence sgt1 likely functions in protein folding and stability. since these protein complexes are involved in many aspects of plant biology, plants with a defective sgt1 display a plethora of phenotypic alterations. in this review we highlight the interaction between sgt1 with oth ... | 2011 | 21897126 |
| revealing plant defense signaling: getting more sophisticated with phosphoproteomics. | the regulation mechanisms of any plant-pathogen interaction are complex and dynamic. a proteomic approach is necessary in understanding regulatory networks because it identifies new proteins in relation to their function and ultimately aims to clarify how their expression, accumulation and modification is controlled. one of the major control mechanisms for protein activity in plant-pathogen interactions is protein phosphorylation, and an understanding of the significance of protein phosphorylati ... | 2011 | 21897123 |
| identification of quantitative trait loci controlling gene expression during the innate immunity response of soybean. | microbe-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity (mti) is an important component of the plant innate immunity response to invading pathogens. however, most of our knowledge of mti comes from studies of model systems with relatively little work done with crop plants. in this work, we report on variation in both the microbe-associated molecular pattern-triggered oxidative burst and gene expression across four soybean (glycine max) genotypes. variation in mti correlated with the level of pat ... | 2011 | 21963820 |
| the jaz proteins: a crucial interface in the jasmonate signaling cascade. | jasmonates are phytohormones that regulate many aspects of plant growth, development, and defense. within the signaling cascades that are triggered by jasmonates, the jasmonate-zim domain (jaz) repressor proteins play a central role. the endogenous bioactive ja-ile conjugate mediates the binding of jaz proteins to the f-box protein coronatine insensitive1 (coi1), part of the skp1/cullin/f-box scf(coi1) ubiquitin e3 ligase complex. upon the subsequent destruction of the jaz proteins by the 26s pr ... | 2011 | 21963667 |
| a conserved phd finger protein and endogenous rnai modulate insulin signaling in caenorhabditis elegans. | insulin signaling has a profound effect on longevity and the oxidative stress resistance of animals. inhibition of insulin signaling results in the activation of daf-16/foxo and skn-1/nrf transcription factors and increased animal fitness. by studying the biological functions of the endogenous rna interference factor rde-4 and conserved phd zinc finger protein zfp-1 (af10), which regulate overlapping sets of genes in caenorhabditis elegans, we identified an important role for these factors in th ... | 2011 | 21980302 |
| the nac domain-containing protein, gmnac6, is a downstream component of the er stress- and osmotic stress-induced nrp-mediated cell-death signaling pathway. | the endoplasmic reticulum (er) is a major signaling organelle, which integrates a variety of responses against physiological stresses. in plants, one such stress-integrating response is the n-rich protein (nrp)-mediated cell death signaling pathway, which is synergistically activated by combined er stress and osmotic stress signals. despite the potential of this integrated signaling to protect plant cells against different stress conditions, mechanistic knowledge of the pathway is lacking, and d ... | 2011 | 21943253 |
| arabidopsis rtnlb1 and rtnlb2 reticulon-like proteins regulate intracellular trafficking and activity of the fls2 immune receptor. | receptors localized at the plasma membrane are critical for the recognition of pathogens. the molecular determinants that regulate receptor transport to the plasma membrane are poorly understood. in a screen for proteins that interact with the flagelin-sensitive2 (fls2) receptor using arabidopsis thaliana protein microarrays, we identified the reticulon-like protein rtnlb1. we showed that fls2 interacts in vivo with both rtnlb1 and its homolog rtnlb2 and that a ser-rich region in the n-terminal ... | 2011 | 21949153 |
| a plasmodesmata-localized protein mediates crosstalk between cell-to-cell communication and innate immunity in arabidopsis. | plasmodesmata (pd) are thought to play a fundamental role in almost every aspect of plant life, including normal growth, physiology, and developmental responses. however, how specific signaling pathways integrate pd-mediated cell-to-cell communication is not well understood. here, we present experimental evidence showing that the arabidopsis thaliana plasmodesmata-located protein 5 (pdlp5; also known as hopw1-1-induced gene1) mediates crosstalk between pd regulation and salicylic acid-dependent ... | 2011 | 21934146 |
| inhibitor of apoptosis (iap)-like protein lacks a baculovirus iap repeat (bir) domain and attenuates cell death in plant and animal systems. | a novel arabidopsis thaliana inhibitor of apoptosis was identified by sequence homology to other known inhibitor of apoptosis (iap) proteins. arabidopsis iap-like protein (atilp) contained a c-terminal ring finger domain but lacked a baculovirus iap repeat (bir) domain, which is essential for anti-apoptotic activity in other iap family members. the expression of atilp in hela cells conferred resistance against tumor necrosis factor (tnf)-α/actd-induced apoptosis through the inactivation of caspa ... | 2011 | 21926169 |
| exploring protein lipidation with chemical biology. | | 2011 | 21919527 |
| comparative genomics of erwinia amylovora and related erwinia species-what do we learn? | erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of fire blight disease of apples and pears, is one of the most important plant bacterial pathogens with worldwide economic significance. recent reports on the complete or draft genome sequences of four species in the genus erwinia, including e. amylovora, e. pyrifoliae, e. tasmaniensis, and e. billingiae, have provided us near complete genetic information about this pathogen and its closely-related species. this review describes in silico subtractive hybridiza ... | 2011 | 24710213 |
| genes involved in the production of antimetabolite toxins by pseudomonas syringae pathovars. | pseudomonas syringae is pathogenic in a wide variety of plants, causing diseases with economic impacts. pseudomonas syringae pathovars produce several toxins that can function as virulence factors and contribute to disease symptoms. these virulence factors include antimetabolite toxins, such as tabtoxin, phaseolotoxin and mangotoxin, which target enzymes in the pathways of amino acid metabolism. the antimetabolite toxins are generally located in gene clusters present in the flexible genomes of s ... | 2011 | 24710214 |
| expanded functions for a family of plant intracellular immune receptors beyond specific recognition of pathogen effectors. | plants and animals deploy intracellular immune receptors that perceive specific pathogen effector proteins and microbial products delivered into the host cell. we demonstrate that the adr1 family of arabidopsis nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (nb-lrr) receptors regulates accumulation of the defense hormone salicylic acid during three different types of immune response: (i) adrs are required as "helper nb-lrrs" to transduce signals downstream of specific nb-lrr receptor activation during e ... | 2011 | 21911370 |
| brush and spray: a high-throughput systemic acquired resistance assay suitable for large-scale genetic screening. | systemic acquired resistance (sar) is a defense mechanism induced in the distal parts of plants after primary infection. it confers long-lasting protection against a broad spectrum of microbial pathogens. lack of high-throughput assays has hampered the forward genetic analysis of sar. here, we report the development of an easy and efficient assay for sar and its application in a forward genetic screen for sar-deficient mutants in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana). using the new assay for sar, w ... | 2011 | 21900483 |
| evaluation of methods for de novo genome assembly from high-throughput sequencing reads reveals dependencies that affect the quality of the results. | recent developments in high-throughput sequencing technology have made low-cost sequencing an attractive approach for many genome analysis tasks. increasing read lengths, improving quality and the production of increasingly larger numbers of usable sequences per instrument-run continue to make whole-genome assembly an appealing target application. in this paper we evaluate the feasibility of de novo genome assembly from short reads (≤100 nucleotides) through a detailed study involving genomic se ... | 2011 | 21915294 |
| antimicrobial peptides: modes of mechanism, modulation of defense responses. | complicated schemes of classical breeding and their drawbacks, environmental risks imposed by agrochemicals, decrease of arable land, and coincident escalating damages of pests and pathogens have accentuated the necessity for highly efficient measures to improve crop protection. during co-evolution of host-microbe interactions, antimicrobial peptides (amps) have exhibited a brilliant history in protecting host organisms against devastation by invading pathogens. since the 1980s, a plethora of am ... | 2011 | 21847025 |
| oligogalacturonide-auxin antagonism does not require posttranscriptional gene silencing or stabilization of auxin response repressors in arabidopsis. | α-1-4-linked oligogalacturonides (ogs) derived from plant cell walls are a class of damage-associated molecular patterns and well-known elicitors of the plant immune response. early transcript changes induced by ogs largely overlap those induced by flg22, a peptide derived from bacterial flagellin, a well-characterized microbe-associated molecular pattern, although responses diverge over time. ogs also regulate growth and development of plant cells and organs, due to an auxin-antagonistic activi ... | 2011 | 21880931 |
| a special pair of phytohormones controls excitability, slow closure, and external stomach formation in the venus flytrap. | venus flytrap's leaves can catch an insect in a fraction of a second. since the time of charles darwin, scientists have struggled to understand the sensory biology and biomechanics of this plant, dionaea muscipula. here we show that insect-capture of dionaea traps is modulated by the phytohormone abscisic acid (aba) and jasmonates. water-stressed dionaea, as well as those exposed to the drought-stress hormone aba, are less sensitive to mechanical stimulation. in contrast, application of 12-oxo-p ... | 2011 | 21896747 |
| silencing β1,2-xylosyltransferase in transgenic tomato fruits reveals xylose as constitutive component of ige-binding epitopes. | complex plant n-glycans containing β1,2-xylose and core α1,3-fucose are regarded as the major class of the so-called "carbohydrate cross-reactive determinants" reactive with ige antibodies in sera of many allergic patients, but their clinical relevance is still under debate. plant glycosyltransferases, β1,2-xylosyltransferase (xylt), and core α1,3-fucosyltransferase (fuct) are responsible for the transfer of β1,2-linked xylose and core α1,3-linked fucose residues to n-glycans of glycoproteins, r ... | 2011 | 22639593 |
| gebp/gpl transcription factors regulate a subset of cpr5-dependent processes. | the constitutive expressor of pathogenesis-related genes5 (cpr5) gene of arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) encodes a putative membrane protein of unknown biochemical function and displays highly pleiotropic functions, particularly in pathogen responses, cell proliferation, cell expansion, and cell death. here, we demonstrate a link between cpr5 and the glabra1 enhancer binding protein (gebp) family of transcription factors. we investigated the primary role of the gebp/gebp-like (gpl) genes usin ... | 2011 | 21875893 |
| the glutamine synthetase gene family in populus. | glutamine synthetase (gs; ec: 6.3.1.2, l-glutamate: ammonia ligase adp-forming) is a key enzyme in ammonium assimilation and metabolism of higher plants. the current work was undertaken to develop a more comprehensive understanding of molecular and biochemical features of gs gene family in poplar, and to characterize the developmental regulation of gs expression in various tissues and at various times during the poplar perennial growth. | 2011 | 21867507 |
| modes of action of microbially-produced phytotoxins. | some of the most potent phytotoxins are synthesized by microbes. a few of these share molecular target sites with some synthetic herbicides, but many microbial toxins have unique target sites with potential for exploitation by the herbicide industry. compounds from both non-pathogenic and pathogenic microbes are discussed. microbial phytotoxins with modes of action the same as those of commercial herbicides and those with novel modes of action of action are covered. examples of the compounds dis ... | 2011 | 22069756 |
| stability of plant immune-receptor resistance proteins is controlled by skp1-cullin1-f-box (scf)-mediated protein degradation. | the nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeats containing proteins (nlrs) serve as immune receptors in both plants and animals. overaccumulation of nlrs often leads to autoimmune responses, suggesting that the levels of these immune receptors must be tightly controlled. however, the mechanism by which nlr protein levels are regulated is unknown. here we report that the f-box protein cpr1 controls the stability of plant nlr resistance proteins. loss-of-function mutations in cpr1 lead to h ... | 2011 | 21873230 |
| transcription dynamics in plant immunity. | plant cells maintain sophisticated gene transcription programs to regulate their development, communication, and response to the environment. environmental stress cues, such as pathogen encounter, lead to dramatic reprogramming of transcription to favor stress responses over normal cellular functions. transcription reprogramming is conferred by the concerted action of myriad transcription (co)factors that function directly or indirectly to recruit or release rna polymerase ii. to establish an ef ... | 2011 | 21841124 |
| chromatin configuration as a battlefield in plant-bacteria interactions. | | 2011 | 21825106 |
| the moss physcomitrella patens as a model system to study interactions between plants and phytopathogenic fungi and oomycetes. | the moss physcomitrella patens has a great potential as a model system to perform functional studies of plant interacting with microbial pathogens. p. patens is susceptible to fungal and oomycete infection, which colonize and multiply in plant tissues generating disease symptoms. in response to infection, p. patens activates defense mechanisms similar to those induced in flowering plants, including the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, cell death with hallmarks of programmed cell death, c ... | 2011 | 22567339 |
| enzymatic timing and tailoring of macrolactamization in syringolin biosynthesis. | the enzymatic activation of 3,4-dehydrolysine and subsequent formation of the 12-membered syringolin macrolactam were investigated. the timing of the desaturation was elucidated through the analysis of the initial adenylation domain of syld. the syld-tte didomain was characterized and demonstrated to be the catalyst for formation of 12-membered macrocycles. when the syld thioesterase domain was reacted with a family of acyclic coa both natural and unnatural macrocycles were generated. | 2011 | 21812451 |
| genome-wide comparison of nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeat-encoding genes in arabidopsis. | plants, like animals, use several lines of defense against pathogen attack. prominent among genes that confer disease resistance are those encoding nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeat (nb-lrr) proteins. likely due to selection pressures caused by pathogens, nb-lrr genes are the most variable gene family in plants, but there appear to be species-specific limits to the number of nb-lrr genes in a genome. allelic diversity within an individual is also increased by obligatory outcrossing, wh ... | 2011 | 21810963 |
| rna-binding proteins in plant immunity. | plant defence responses against pathogen infection are crucial to plant survival. the high degree of regulation of plant immunity occurs both transcriptionally and posttranscriptionally. once transcribed, target gene rna must be processed prior to translation. this includes polyadenylation, 5'capping, editing, splicing, and mrna export. rna-binding proteins (rbps) have been implicated at each level of rna processing. previous research has primarily focused on structural rna-binding proteins of y ... | 2011 | 22567326 |
| the role of ndr1 in pathogen perception and plant defense signaling. | the biochemical and cellular function of ndr1 in plant immunity and defense signaling has long remained elusive. herein, we describe a novel role for ndr1 in both pathogen perception and plant defense signaling, elucidated by exploring a broader, physiological role for ndr1 in general stress responses and cell wall adhesion. based on our predictive homology modeling, coupled with a structure-function approach, we found that ndr1 shares a striking similarity to mammalian integrins, well-character ... | 2011 | 21758001 |
| bik1 function in plant growth and defense signaling. | | 2011 | 21862709 |
| the role of cellular objectives and selective pressures in metabolic pathway evolution. | evolution results from molecular-level changes in an organism, thereby producing novel phenotypes and, eventually novel species. however, changes in a single gene can lead to significant changes in biomolecular networks through the gain and loss of many molecular interactions. thus, significant insights into microbial evolution have been gained through the analysis and comparison of reconstructed metabolic networks. however, challenges remain from reconstruction incompleteness and the inability ... | 2011 | 21481583 |
| the functions of rna-dependent rna polymerases in arabidopsis. | one recently identified mechanism that regulates mrna abundance is rna silencing, and pioneering work in arabidopsis thaliana and other genetic model organisms helped define this process. rna silencing pathways are triggered by either self-complementary fold-back structures or the production of double-stranded rna (dsrna) that gives rise to small rnas (smrnas) known as micrornas (mirnas) or small-interfering rnas (sirnas). these smrnas direct sequence-specific regulation of various gene transcri ... | 2011 | 22303271 |
| recent advances of metabolomics in plant biotechnology. | biotechnology, including genetic modification, is a very important approach to regulate the production of particular metabolites in plants to improve their adaptation to environmental stress, to improve food quality, and to increase crop yield. unfortunately, these approaches do not necessarily lead to the expected results due to the highly complex mechanisms underlying metabolic regulation in plants. in this context, metabolomics plays a key role in plant molecular biotechnology, where plant ce ... | 2011 | 22308170 |
| recent advances of metabolomics in plant biotechnology. | biotechnology, including genetic modification, is a very important approach to regulate the production of particular metabolites in plants to improve their adaptation to environmental stress, to improve food quality, and to increase crop yield. unfortunately, these approaches do not necessarily lead to the expected results due to the highly complex mechanisms underlying metabolic regulation in plants. in this context, metabolomics plays a key role in plant molecular biotechnology, where plant ce ... | 2011 | 22308170 |
| analysis of a range of catabolic mutants provides evidence that phytanoyl-coenzyme a does not act as a substrate of the electron-transfer flavoprotein/electron-transfer flavoprotein:ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex in arabidopsis during dark-induced senescence. | the process of dark-induced senescence in plants is not fully understood, however, the functional involvement of an electron-transfer flavoprotein/electron-transfer flavoprotein:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (etf/etfqo), has been demonstrated. recent studies have revealed that the enzymes isovaleryl-coenzyme a (coa) dehydrogenase and 2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase act as important electron donors to this complex. in addition both enzymes play a role in the breakdown of cellular carbon storage rese ... | 2011 | 21788362 |