| cavitary lung disease in aids: etiologies and correlation with immune status. | to investigate the etiology and differential features of cavitary lung disease in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids), chest computed tomography (ct) records from a 2-year period were reviewed to identify all human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-positive patients with cavitary lung disease. medical records were reviewed for the documentation of specific causes of lung cavitation and the cd4 count at the time of imaging. of 25 hiv-positive patients with cavitary lung disease, 2 ... | 2001 | 11483162 |
| infectious complications among 620 consecutive heart transplant patients at stanford university medical center. | a total of 1073 infectious episodes (ies) that occurred in 620 consecutive heart transplantation patients at stanford medical center between 16 december 1980 and 30 june 1996 were reviewed. infectious complications were a major cause of morbidity and mortality, second only to rejection as the cause of early deaths and the most common cause of late deaths. of the ies, 468 (43.6%) were caused by bacteria, 447 (41.7%) by viruses, 109 (10.2%) by fungi, 43 (4.0%) by pneumocystis carinii, and 6 (0.6%) ... | 2001 | 11486285 |
| [cerebral toxoplasmosis in hiv infected patients intolerant of cotrimoxazole]. | using results of a multicentric randomized prospective trial of primary prophylaxis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in hiv-infected patients which compared sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim and pentamidine isethionate, the risk to develop cerebral toxoplasmosis was analyzed in the two assigned groups and in the groups of patients who stopped sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim prophylaxis. the risk to develop cerebral toxoplasmosis appeared significantly higher in the group of patients who stopped sulfa ... | 1998 | 11490526 |
| atovaquone resistance in malaria parasites. | atovaquone is a broad-spectrum antiparasitic agent active against malaria, pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, toxoplasmosis and babesiosis. when used as a single agent, resistance to atovaquone arose rapidly in falciparum malaria, requiring the development of a new antimalarial drug combination of atovaquone and proguanil. recent laboratory investigations have provided insights into the mode of atovaquone action, and identified the molecular basis for the resistance development. mutations within a ... | 2000 | 11498396 |
| early diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary opportunistic infection by using polymerase chain reaction and beta-glucan in patients with hematological neoplasms. | the early diagnosis of 58 patients with hematological neoplasms accompanied by severe pulmonary infections of pneumocystis carini (pc), or cytomegalovirus (cmv) pneumonia was made by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) using sputum samples, and of pulmonary mycosis by measuring blood beta-glucan levels by a limulus test. the effectiveness of early treatment for opportunistic infection based on these early stage diagnosis was evaluated and the results of pathological analyses of the lung at autopsy w ... | 2001 | 11501492 |
| pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in pregnancy. | to report five new cases of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) and to review and analyze the existing reports on the subject. | 2001 | 11502676 |
| a prospective study of discontinuing primary and secondary pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis after cd4 cell count increase to > 200 x 106 /l. | to assess the incidence of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) after discontinuation of either primary or secondary prophylaxis. | 2001 | 11504983 |
| discontinuation of primary pneumocystis carinii prophylaxis after reconstitution of cd4 cell counts in hiv-infected children. | | 2001 | 11504999 |
| pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, pulmonary tuberculosis and visceral leishmaniasis in an adult hiv negative patient. | this is a case report of a 29 year old male with pneumocystis pneumonia and tuberculosis, and who was initially suspected of having hiv infection, based on risk factor analyses, but was subsequently shown to be hiv negative. the patient arrived at the hospital with fever, cough, weight loss, loss of appetite, pallor, and arthralgia. in addition, he was jaundiced and had cervical lymphadenopathy and mild heptosplenomegaly. he had interstitial infiltrates of the lung, sputum smears positive for my ... | 2001 | 11506779 |
| vitronectin and fibronectin function as glucan binding proteins augmenting macrophage responses to pneumocystis carinii. | beta-glucans represent major structural components of fungal cell walls. we recently reported that pneumocystis carinii beta-glucans stimulate alveolar macrophages to release proinflammatory cytokines. macrophage activation by beta-glucan is augmented by serum, implying the presence of circulating factors that interact with beta-glucans and enhance their ability to stimulate macrophages. using beta-glucan-enriched cell wall fractions from p. carinii and saccharomyces cerevisiae, two prominent pr ... | 2001 | 11509330 |
| pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis with atovaquone in trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-intolerant orthotopic liver transplant patients: a preliminary study. | pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) is an opportunistic infection associated with increased morbidity and mortality in solid-organ and bone-marrow transplant recipients. side effects of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp/smx) are frequent; therefore, we performed a preliminary study using atovaquone suspension, 750 mg once daily, for 1 year for the prevention of pcp in liver transplant recipients intolerant to tmp/smx therapy. twenty-eight patients were treated, and data were analyzed for effic ... | 2001 | 11510024 |
| [pulmonary nocardiosis associated with nephrotic syndrome]. | a 70-year-old man treated for 6 months with prednisolone for nephrotic syndrome, was referred to our pulmonary division because of a nodule in the right lower lung field. nocardia asteroides was isolated from the culture of the percutaneous lung aspiration, and the case was diagnosed as pulmonary nocardiosis. the lesion disappeared after 2 months of therapy with sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (1,600 mg/320 mg once a day). though it had been given prophylactically (800 mg/160 mg twice a week) for ... | 2001 | 11510096 |
| imaging of pneumonia: trends and algorithms. | pneumonia is one of the major infectious diseases responsible for significant morbidity and mortality throughout the world. imaging plays a crucial role in the detection and management of patients with pneumonia. this review article discusses the different imaging methods used in the diagnosis and management of suspected pulmonary infections. the imaging examination should always begin with conventional radiography. when the results of routine radiography are inconclusive, computed tomography is ... | 2001 | 11510793 |
| incidence of primary opportunistic infections in two human immunodeficiency virus-infected french clinical cohorts. | clinical guidelines for the prevention of opportunistic infections in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected individuals have been developed on the basis of natural history data collected in the usa. the objective of this study was to estimate the incidence of primary opportunistic infections in hiv-infected individuals in geographically distinct cohorts in france. | 2001 | 11511618 |
| myelodysplasia associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. | two cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome with myelodysplasia are presented. case 1 was admitted because of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. mild anemia, thrombocytopenia and hypersegmented neutrophils were observed. after the administration of trimethoprim-sulfame-thoxazole and antiretroviral therapy, pancytopenia progressed. bone marrow (bm) showed dysplastic hematopoiesis, suggesting human immunodeficiency virus-myelopathy. case 2 was hospitalized due to progressive multifocal leukoencep ... | 2001 | 11518128 |
| pulmonary intravascular lymphoma complicated with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: a case report. | we report a case of intravascular lymphoma (ivl) complicated with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp). a 65-year-old male complaining of dyspnea and dementia was diagnosed to have pulmonary ivl by transbronchial lung biopsy. concomitantly, deoxyribonucleic acid sequence specific to pneumocystis carinii was detected in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid by polymerase chain reaction. differential responses to the sequential treatments for pcp and ivl implied that increased serum lactate dehydrogenase ( ... | 2001 | 11518747 |
| clinical manifestations and management of pediatric hiv infection. | hiv infection has emerged as a colossal problem with epidemic proportions. according to an estimate from unaids about 36.1 million people all over the world are infected at present. in india about 3.5 million people are infected. the infection has evolved into phase ii process of disease evolution, spreading from high-risk population to the general population. the antenatal hiv seropositivity has shown a steady increase from 0.1% to 2% in some tertiary care hospitals in mumbai. pediatric hiv inf ... | 2001 | 11519286 |
| effect of mutations in pneumocystis carinii dihydropteroate synthase gene on outcome of p carinii pneumonia in patients with hiv-1: a prospective study. | investigators have reported that patients infected with pneumocystis carinii containing mutations in the dhps (dihydropteroate synthase) gene have a worse outcome than those infected with p carinii containing wild-type dhps. we investigated patients with hiv-1 infection and p carinii pneumonia to determine if dhps mutations were associated with poor outcomes in these patients. | 2001 | 11520525 |
| prophylaxis failure is associated with a specific pneumocystis carinii genotype. | to investigate the possible association between pneumocystis carinii types and various clinical and demographic parameters, we used molecular typing to analyze 93 bronchoalveolar lavage specimens from patients with p. carinii pneumonia (pcp). multivariate regression analysis revealed an association between being infected with a specific p. carinii genotype and receiving anti-pcp prophylaxis (odds ratio, 4.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.0-18.6; p=.05), although no association with a specific drug ... | 2001 | 11528584 |
| update on hiv/aids in thailand. | thailand experienced its first case of aids in 1984. approximately 800,000 thais were infected with hiv in 1995 and 1 million thais became infected by the year 2000. there have been 5 major epidemic waves: among male homosexuals (started 1984-5), intravenous drug users (started 1988), female commercial sex workers (started 1989), male clients (started 1990), and housewives and the newborn (started 1991). approximately 96 per cent of hiv-1 infected thais carried recombinant subtype a/e, the rest ... | 2001 | 11529320 |
| pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a patient with active untreated systemic lupus erythematosus. | pneumonias due to pneumocystis carinii (pcp) commonly occur in immunocompromised hosts. although a treatable infection, it is associated with high mortality. a case of pcp presenting in an untreated case of systemic lupus erythematosus is reported, in view of the rarity of this association. | 2001 | 11529437 |
| successful prophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in hiv-infected children using smaller than recommended dosages of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. | prophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) is an essential part of the management of children with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids). no dose-ranging studies were ever performed; therefore, the amount of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smx) needed to suppress pcp in children with hiv/aids is not known. the dose recommended by the centers for disease control (cdc) has been thought to be just above the threshold needed for ... | 2001 | 11530767 |
| independent risk of mechanical ventilation for aids-related pneumocystis carinii pneumonia associated with bronchoalveolar lavage neutrophilia. | the use of mechanical ventilation (mv) for aids-related pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) has varied over time. the introduction of adjunctive corticosteroid therapy has changed the pathophysiology of pcp. in the present study, we attempted to identify factors predictive of severe respiratory failure requiring mv amongst patients with pcp treated in the era of adjunctive corticosteroid therapy. furthermore, we studied factors associated with survival in relation to mv. of 170 consecutive pati ... | 2001 | 11530954 |
| the changing pattern of aids-defining illnesses with the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart)in a london clinic. | to quantify the progressive impact of combination antiretroviral therapy (art) on the incidence of aids-defining illnesses (adis) over a 9-year period. | 2001 | 11531320 |
| risk factors for post-transplant tuberculosis. | post-transplant tuberculosis (post-txtb) occurs in 12 to 20% of patients in india and results in the death of 20 to 25% of those patients. prospective studies on post-txtb are few. | 2001 | 11532111 |
| practical issues in the management of hypersensitivity reactions: sulfonamides. | approximately 3% of the general population and 60% of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection have adverse reactions when treated with sulfonamide antimicrobials. the most common clinical manifestations of sulfonamide hypersensitivity are fever and a maculopapular rash 7 to 14 days after initiating therapy, though a variety of more severe manifestations may occur. the sulfonamide chemical moiety is present in many medications that are not antimicrobials, and fortunately hypers ... | 2001 | 11549195 |
| acute respiratory failure following haart introduction in patients treated for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. | cases of paradoxical worsening of opportunistic infections shortly after the beginning of highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) prompted questions on the optimal timing of introduction of haart in patients with inaugural aids-related opportunistic infections. we describe three cases of acute respiratory failure after early introduction of haart in patients treated for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp). the three patients had severe pcp that initially improved with anti-pcp and adjuncti ... | 2001 | 11549544 |
| caveolae in the uptake and targeting of infectious agents and secreted toxins. | a variety of microbial pathogens, including viruses, intracellular bacteria, and prions, as well as certain secreted bacterial toxins, can now be added to the list of ligands that enter cells via caveolae or caveolae-like membrane domains. in general, the caveolae-mediated entry pathway results in transport of these microbes and toxins to intracellular destinations that are different from that of cargo entering by other means. as a result, the caveolae-mediated entry pathway can profoundly affec ... | 2001 | 11551401 |
| an epidemiological study of hiv-infections in frankfurt/main and other major cities in germany. | epidemiological studies can help to understand the effects of medical treatment of hiv infections. accordingly, this study was designed to discuss the most important parameters in frankfurt/main and other big german cities from 1984 to 2000. the number of hiv tests performed by frankfurt's virology has been decreasing continually since 1991. a decrease of new infections in men could be registered, whereas the number of hiv infected women rose. from 1985 to 2000 an annual mean value of 478 hiv in ... | 2001 | 11556143 |
| primary care for patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: a randomized controlled trial. | to measure the impact of a teaching intervention and to compare process and outcomes of care for hiv-infected patients randomly assigned to a general medicine clinic (gmc) or an infectious disease clinic (idc) for primary care. | 2001 | 11556937 |
| hiv-related pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in older patients hospitalized in the early haart era. | to determine whether older age continues to influence patterns of care and in-hospital mortality for hospitalized persons with hiv-related pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp), as determined in our prior study from the 1980s. | 2001 | 11556938 |
| animal pharmacokinetics and interspecies scaling of sordarin derivatives following intravenous administration. | sordarin derivatives constitute a new group of synthetic antifungal agents that selectively inhibit fungal protein synthesis. they have demonstrated in vitro activity against the most important fungal pathogens, both yeast and filamentous. this new family of compounds has also shown in vivo activity against murine candida albicans, histoplasma capsulatum, and coccidioides immitis experimental infections, as well as against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in rats. after intravenous dosing in anima ... | 2001 | 11557470 |
| a severe case of pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis with massive accumulation of gas outside the gastrointestinum. | we report an unusually severe case of pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis in an adult female patient undergoing chemotherapy for lymphoblastic crisis in chronic myelogenous leukemia. an impressive accumulation of gas was not only detected within the intestinal wall and mesentery but also in the peritoneum, retroperitoneum, mediastinum and cervical subcutaneous tissue. the patient was almost asymptomatic and fully recovered within a few days of treatment. in addition to chemotherapy, the patient w ... | 2001 | 11558072 |
| autopsy case of alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis treated with corticosteroids and affected by pneumocystis carinii and cytomegalovirus pneumonia. | a case of the very early phase of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-negative man with alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis treated with steroids is presented. a 40-year-old man with a 10-year history of alcohol abuse was admitted to hospital with jaundice, fever and macrohematuria. laboratory examinations revealed neutrophilic leukocytosis and a serum bilirubin level of 13.9 mg/dl. the serum bilirubin level rose to 28.5 mg/dl over 1 month. prednisolone administe ... | 2001 | 11564218 |
| prevention of infection caused by pneumocystis carinii in transplant recipients. | pneumocystis carinii remains an important pathogen in patients who undergo solid-organ and hematopoietic transplantation. infection results from reactivation of latent infection and via de novo acquisition of infection from environmental sources. the risk of infection depends on the intensity and duration of immunosuppression and underlying immune deficits. the risk is greatest after lung transplants, in individuals with invasive cytomegalovirus disease, during intensive immunosuppression for al ... | 2001 | 11565082 |
| pneumocystis carinii infection presenting as an intra-abdominal cystic mass in a child with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. | we describe the case of a pediatric patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) with an unusual large, fluid-filled intra-abdominal cystic lesion in which pneumocystis carinii trophozoites were identified. extrapulmonary p. carinii infection should be considered in the differential diagnosis of an intra-abdominal cystic mass in a child with aids. | 2001 | 11565084 |
| improved outcome with organs from carbon monoxide poisoned donors for intrathoracic transplantation. | the success of intrathoracic organ transplantation has lead to a growing imbalance between the demand and supply of donor organs. accordingly, there has been an expansion in the use of organs from nonconventional donors such as those who died from carbon monoxide poisoning. we describe our experience with 7 patients who were transplanted using organs after fatal carbon monoxide poisoning. | 2001 | 11565645 |
| killer anti-idiotypes in the control of fungal infections. | killer anti-idiotypes (ktantild) bear the internal image of a pichia anomala toxin (kt), characterized by microbicidal activity against prokaryotic and eukaryotic pathogenic microorganisms presenting specific cell wall receptors (ktr). ktantiid produced by idiotypic vaccination with a kt-neutralizing monoclonal antibody confer active and passive immunoprotection in experimental models of systemic and vaginal candidiasis. ktantild-like human natural anti-ktr antibodies are produced in natural inf ... | 2001 | 11566002 |
| distribution of pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis types in the lung of a child dying of pneumocystis pneumonia. | pneumocystis f. sp. hominis causes pneumonia in immunocompromised persons. in order to determine the types and distribution of p. carinii organisms within a single human lung, multiple samples were obtained from the lung of a child who died of p. carinii pneumonia. p. carinii dna was detected in all of the samples and 2 different genotypes of p. carinii were identified, with uneven distribution in the lung, demonstrating that infection of the human lung is not necessarily clonal, and that differ ... | 2001 | 11568852 |
| pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in heart transplant recipients. | in spite of the high prevalence of pneumocystis carinii (pc) pneumonia in immunocompromised patients, little is known about the epidemiological characteristics of this infection, and whether the cases of pc pneumonia in immunosuppressed patients are the result of a reactivation of a latent infection or a due to a recent infection is unknown. the aim of this study was to provide information about the epidemiological characteristics of pc pneumonia in a cohort of heart transplant (ht) recipients w ... | 2001 | 11574228 |
| widespread occurrence of pneumocystis carinii in commercial rat colonies detected using targeted pcr and oral swabs. | the genus pneumocystis contains a family of fungal organisms that infect a wide variety of mammalian species. although it is a cause of pneumonia in immunocompromised hosts, recent evidence suggests that these organisms colonize nonimmunosuppressed hosts. detection of cryptic colonization with pneumocystis becomes important in animal studies when infection-free animals are necessary. provocation by chronic immunosuppression, histology, and serology has been widely used to detect the presence of ... | 2001 | 11574552 |
| rapid identification of dimorphic and yeast-like fungal pathogens using specific dna probes. | specific oligonucleotide probes were developed to identify medically important fungi that display yeast-like morphology in vivo. universal fungal primers its1 and its4, directed to the conserved regions of ribosomal dna, were used to amplify dna from histoplasma capsulatum, blastomyces dermatitidis, coccidioides immitis, paracoccidioides brasiliensis, penicillium marneffei, sporothrix schenckii, cryptococcus neoformans, five candida species, and pneumocystis carinii. specific oligonucleotide pro ... | 2001 | 11574564 |
| heterogeneity and compartmentalization of pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis genotypes in autopsy lungs. | the extent and importance of genotype heterogeneity of pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis within lungs have not previously been investigated. two hundred forty pcr clones obtained from respiratory specimens and lung segments from three patients with fatal p. carinii pneumonia were investigated to detect genetic diversity in the internal transcribed spacer (its) region of the nuclear rrna operon, the mitochondrial large-subunit (mtlsu) rrna gene, and the dihydropteroate synthase-encoding gene. f ... | 2001 | 11574620 |
| trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smz) dose escalation versus direct rechallenge for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with previous adverse reaction to tmp-smz. | trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smz) is the most effective pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) prophylactic agent, but adverse reactions are common among human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients and limit its use. this randomized, double-blind controlled trial compared 2 methods of tmp-smz reintroduction, 6-day dose escalation and direct rechallenge, for pcp prophylaxis in hiv-infected patients who had experienced previous treatment-limiting reactions. the primary end point was t ... | 2001 | 11574913 |
| [preventing opportunistic infections in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus]. | highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart), which has been provided since 1995 to patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), has produced noticeable results in regard to preventing opportunistic infections in this population. nevertheless, it is still useful to administer specific prophylactic treatment against opportunistic infections in patients treated with haart and also in patients who do not respond to haart or who cannot or do not wish to take that treatment. prophylacti ... | 2001 | 11575240 |
| [guidelines for prevention of pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis in children and adolescents with cancer]. | pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis (pcp) is one of the most important opportunistic infections in children and adolescents with cancer. its high frequency and a considerable mortality have led to primary chemoprophylaxis in patients with hematological malignancies and following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. although less well characterized, patients with autologous stem cell transplantation and patients with dose-intensive chemotherapy for pediatric solid tumors may have a si ... | 2001 | 11577363 |
| pneumocystis carinii pneumonia after cessation of secondary prophylaxis in a patient on highly active antiretroviral therapy with a cd4 cell count greater than 200/mm3. | | 2001 | 11579267 |
| influence of injection drug use behavior on reported antiretroviral therapy use among women in the hiv epidemiology research study: on-site versus referral care. | hiv-infected injection drug users consistently report poor antiretroviral therapy use and little contact with health care providers. it has been suggested that the clinical setting where patients are seen affects the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy. | 2001 | 11579274 |
| [a case of acute progressive pulmonary cystic disease associated with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a non-hiv-infected patient]. | we report a case of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in which acute lung tissue destruction progressed within a few days to form multiple bullae in a patient with no hiv-1 infection. a 59-year-old man with mild pulmonary emphysema had been followed for two years. he had smoked 40 cigarettes per day for forty years. six months before, bronchogenic carcinoma had been diagnosed in the lower right lung. after chemotherapy and radiotherapy, he had a sudden onset of high fever with respiratory fai ... | 2001 | 11579532 |
| pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients being registered for smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis in malawi. | the national tb control programme of malawi registers and treats large numbers of patients with chronic cough for smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis (ptb). smear-negative ptb is diagnosed according to clinical and radiographic criteria, as mycobacterial cultures are not routinely available. in an area of high hiv seroprevalence there is a concern that other opportunistic infections apart from tb, such as pneumocystis carinii, may be missed owing to lack of diagnostic facilities. the aims of t ... | 2001 | 11579884 |
| induced sputum: opening a new window to the lung. | the interest in sputum assessment as a non-invasive technique to retrieve cells and soluble material from the lung has increased and gained momentum during the last decade. as a marker of inflammation in airway diseases, induced sputum (is) is a particularly promising procedure since it provides specific information on both the cellular and molecular constituents in inflammation. from 1950-1970, sputum cells had been examined on stained smears, with the procedure having been applied in both rese ... | 2001 | 11587097 |
| n,n'-bis[4-(n-alkylamidino)phenyl]homopiperazines as anti-pneumocystis carinii agents. | the synthesis, anti-pneumocystis carinii activity and dna binding properties of eight new n,n'-bis[4-(n-alkylamidino)phenyl]homopiperazines are reported. compounds 2 and 8 were the most potent and caused about 70% inhibition of pneumocystis carinii growth in a cell culture model at 1 microm concentrations. | 2001 | 11591500 |
| fiberoptic bronchoscopy in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: findings in the era of serum cytomegalovirus antigen surveillance. | pulmonary complications occur in half of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (bmt) patients. the incidence of these complications has been reduced by prophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, preemptive therapy in patients at high risk for cytomegalovirus (cmv) reactivation, and, more recently, screening for serum cmv antigen. since fiberoptic bronchoscopy (fob) has historically been the primary diagnostic test to evaluate bmt patients with pulmonary disease, a review was performed ... | 2001 | 11591544 |
| plasminogen activator production in a rat model of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. | several studies have indicated that the serine protease urokinase-plasminogen-activator (upa) is an important factor in host defense against pulmonary pathogens. to gain a better insight into the role of upa in pneumocystis carinii (p. carinii) pneumonia (pcp), we evaluated pa production in alveolar macrophages (ams) obtained from rats with steroid-induced pcp. treatment with cortisone acetate favored pcp in 91% of rats. in the bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) samples of immunosuppressed rats both w ... | 2001 | 11592634 |
| analysis of the antigen specific t cell repertoires in hiv infection. | in addition to hiv infection, several acquired immunodeficiencies lead to depletion of cd4 lymphocytes. these include immunosuppression resulting from high dose cancer chemotherapy or induced to control graft rejection, as well as in autoimmune diseases. the consequence of this depletion is an increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections or the inability to control primary infection in the case of hiv infection. in all instances a full or partial immunoreconstitution is desirable. in ord ... | 2001 | 11595293 |
| severe pneumocystis carinii pneumonia increases the infectious titre of hiv-1 in blood and can promote the expansion of viral chemokine co-receptor tropism. | determine the in vivo effect of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) on: (a) the titre of infectious virus circulating in blood; and (b) the chemokine co-receptor usage of these viruses. | 2001 | 11597147 |
| synthesis of 2,4-diamino-6-(thioarylmethyl)pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines as dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors. | six 2,4-diaminopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines with a 6-methylthio bridge to an aryl group were synthesized and biologically evaluated as inhibitors of pneumocystis carinii (pc) and toxoplasma gondii (tg) dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr). the syntheses of analogues 3-8 were achieved by nucleophilic displacement of 2,4-diamino-6-bromomethylpyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine 14 with various arylthiols. the alpha-naphthyl analogue 4 showed the highest selectivity ratios of 3.6 and 8.7 against pcdhfr and tgdhfr, respec ... | 2001 | 11597474 |
| antifungal activities and cytotoxicity studies of six new azasordarins. | gw 471552, gw 471558, gw 479821, gw 515716, gw 570009, and gw 587270 are members of a new family of sordarin derivatives called azasordarins. the in vitro activities of these compounds were evaluated against clinical isolates of yeasts, including candida albicans, candida non-albicans, and cryptococcus neoformans strains. activities against pneumocystis carinii, aspergillus spp., less common molds, and dermatophytes were also investigated. azasordarin derivatives displayed significant activities ... | 2001 | 11600368 |
| genetic analysis of multiple loci suggests that mutations in the pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis dihydropteroate synthase gene arose independently in multiple strains. | to determine if mutations in the dihydropteroate synthase (dhps) gene of pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis arose in a single strain that was subsequently widely disseminated, we examined four genomic regions of 22 p. carinii clinical isolates selected based on the absence or presence of mutations in the dhps gene. by single-strand conformation polymorphism and dna sequencing, we found varying genotypes for each of the four regions in isolates with dhps mutations, suggesting that these mutation ... | 2001 | 11600382 |
| in vitro and in vivo effects of quinupristin-dalfopristin against pneumocystis carinii. | quinupristin-dalfopristin (q-d), which is active against bacteria and toxoplasma gondii, was examined for its activity against pneumocystis carinii. after 72 h of incubation with rat p. carinii in an atp cytotoxicity assay, the 50% inhibitory concentration of q-d was 10.6 microg/ml, a level that can be achieved in serum with high-dose administration. q-d administered intraperitoneally at doses of 50 to 200 mg per kg of body weight per day in the treatment and 100 mg/kg/day three times per week i ... | 2001 | 11600389 |
| effect of case management on unmet needs and utilization of medical care and medications among hiv-infected persons. | although case management has been advocated as a method for improving the care of chronically ill persons, its effectiveness is poorly understood. | 2001 | 11601927 |
| mycobacterial and nonbacterial pulmonary complications in hospitalized patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection: a prospective, cohort study. | a prospective observational study was done to describe nonbacterial pulmonary complications in hospitalized patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. | 2001 | 11602023 |
| current status of human parasitic infections in taiwan. | the eradication of the 2 mosquito-borne parasitic diseases, malaria and lymphatic filariasis, is one of the greatest achievements of the parasite control campaigns in taiwan. most of the soil-transmitted nematode infections, with the exception of pinworm infection, are currently well controlled and limited to some aboriginal areas. food-borne parasitic zoonosis such as infections with angiostrongylus cantonensis, clonorchis sinensis, and taenia saginata asiatica are not rare, but the former is s ... | 2001 | 11605804 |
| clinical significance of nested polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence for detection of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. | to study the clinical significance of a nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method compared to immunofluorescence (if) for detection of pneumocystis carinii. | 2001 | 11678932 |
| characterization of the expression site of the major surface glycoprotein of human-derived pneumocystis carinii. | the major surface glycoprotein (msg) of pneumocystis carinii, a pathogen responsible for pulmonary infection in aids and other immunocompromised patients, is an abundant surface protein that potentially allows the organism to evade host defences by antigenic variation. msg is encoded by a multicopy gene family; in two specific forms of rat-derived p. carinii, regulation of msg expression uses a single expression site, termed the upstream conserved sequence (ucs), through two related but distinct ... | 2001 | 11679077 |
| anti-human immunodeficiency virus drugs are ineffective against pneumocystis carinii in vitro and in vivo. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) protease inhibitors (pis) recently have been reported to be active against pneumocystis carinii in cell culture. twelve anti-hiv drugs were analyzed for their effects against rat p. carinii by an atp cytotoxicity assay. indinavir and saquinavir exhibited slight anti-p. carinii activity at concentrations above those that can be clinically achieved in serum; other pis and nucleoside and nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors were inactive against the orga ... | 2001 | 11679930 |
| genetic divergence of the dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthase genes in pneumocystis carinii from 7 different host species. | to investigate the phylogenetic and therapeutic implications of the genetic divergence in the dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) and dihydropteroate synthase (dhps) genes among different pneumocystis carinii strains, these 2 genes in p. carinii obtained from 7 different host species were sequenced. pairwise comparison of the dhps sequences demonstrated 6%-24% and 6%-30% divergence in the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences, respectively. the dhfr gene was even more divergent, with difference ... | 2001 | 11679931 |
| cotrimoxazole prophylaxis of pneumocystis carinii infection during the treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia--beware non compliance in older children and adolescents. | | 2001 | 11680836 |
| [simultaneous bilateral pneumothorax complicating pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a homeless man with aids]. | although pneumothorax is a well-known complication of aids related pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, simultaneous bilateral pneumothorax has not been reported in japan. a 54-year-old homeless man was admitted with emaciation and dyspnea. chest x-ray showed diffuse ground glass opacity. computed tomography of the chest demonstrated ground glass opacity and cyst-like lesions in both upper lobes of the lung. the patient was hiv positive. grocott's stain of a bronchial lavage specimen demonstrated pne ... | 2001 | 11681027 |
| effect of oral washes on the diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia with a low parasite burden and on detection of organisms in subclinical infections. | this study was designed to assess the efficacy of using oral washes (ows) to diagnose pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in patients with a low parasite burden and to detect cases of subclinical infection. a total of 104 paired induced sputum (is) samples and ows from 104 hiv-seropositive patients and 32 ows from immunocompetent healthy controls were studied. all of the control samples were negative. fifty-two is specimens were positive for pneumocystis carinii, and 26 of these cases were also ... | 2001 | 11681438 |
| pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis dna in immunocompetent health care workers in contact with patients with p. carinii pneumonia. | the possible transmission of pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis from patients with p. carinii pneumonia to asymptomatic health care workers (hcw), with or without occupational exposure to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients with p. carinii pneumonia, was examined. hcw in a specialist inpatient hiv-aids facility and a control group in the general medical-respiratory service in the same hospital provided induced sputum and/or nasal rinse samples, which were analyzed for the prese ... | 2001 | 11682501 |
| discontinuation of pneumocystis carinii prophylaxis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: a meta-analysis and decision analysis. | we performed a meta-analysis and a decision analysis on the discontinuation of prophylaxis for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus who had adequate immune recovery while receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. in the meta-analysis (14 studies with 3584 subjects who had discontinued prophylaxis), 8 cases of pcp occurred during 3449 person-years (0.23 cases per 100 person-years [95% confidence interval, 0.10-0.46]). in the decision an ... | 2001 | 11692302 |
| pneumocystis carinii pneumonia after thoracic duct ligation and leakage. | a case of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia was induced through immunosuppression following thoracic duct ligation. the patient initially presented with an esophageal adenocarcinoma, which was totally resected. she is human immunodeficiency virus-negative and not undergoing immunosuppressive treatment. | 2001 | 11692316 |
| functional glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor signal sequences in the pneumocystis carinii prt1 protease family. | pneumocystis carinii is fungus which is a frequent cause of severe pneumonia in immunocompromised individuals. the p. carinii genome contains the prt1 subtelomeric multigene family that encodes a kexin-like serine protease which is expressed on the surface of p. carinii. analysis of the sequence of the carboxy-terminal sequence of many copies of prt1 showed that they contained motifs characteristic of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (gpi) anchor signal sequence. the ability of the c-terminal sequ ... | 2001 | 11694452 |
| serial pentamidine levels in bronchial epithelial lining fluid after aerosol administration. | there is no information on serial pharmacokinetic assessment in the lungs after administration of aerosolized pentamidine. | 2001 | 11694814 |
| [diagnosis and therapy of abscess forming pneumonia]. | aspiration of oro-pharyngeal secretions and gastric content is the most frequent cause of formation of primary lung abscess. a compromised mental status (e.g. alcoholism, sedatives, stroke) and esophageal dysfunction (e.g. herniation, vomiting) are important risk factors. aspiration pneumonia presents as a subacute disease and is usually not distinguishable from other causes of pneumonia, until typical radiological signs of cavitation and putrid sputum appear 8 to 14 days after the initial event ... | 2001 | 11695090 |
| [pneumonia in the immune compromised host]. | the term "immunocompromised host" is generally applied to a variety of patients with different host defense defects. pulmonary disease in the immunocompromised host remains a major cause of morbidity and has a high mortality. during the initial evaluation of the patient, it is helpful to define which of the three arms of the host defense system is most likely to be affected. impaired granulocyte function, as seen after chemotherapy, predisposes to bacterial and fungal infections. deficiencies in ... | 2001 | 11695093 |
| [pneumonia in patients with hiv infection]. | pneumonia is the leading hiv-associated infection. it may occur at an early stage of hiv-infection. the spectrum of microorganisms includes bacteria, mainly streptococcus pneumoniae, staphylococcus aureus, haemophilus influenzae and mycobacterium tuberculosis. in addition, fungi such as pneumocystis carinii, cryptococcus neoformans and histoplasma capsulatum are common hiv-associated pathogens. the diagnostic work-up depends on the epidemiology (travel history) and the immune status (cd4-lymphoc ... | 2001 | 11695094 |
| characterization of pneumocystis carinii phr1, a ph-regulated gene important for cell wall integrity. | pneumocystis carinii remains an important opportunistic fungal pathogen causing life-threatening pneumonia in patients with aids and malignancy. currently, little is known about how the organism adapts to environmental stresses and maintains its cellular integrity. we recently discovered an open reading frame approximately 600 bp downstream of the region coding gsc-1, a gene mediating beta-glucan cell wall synthesis in p. carinii. the predicted amino acid sequence of this new gene, termed p. car ... | 2001 | 11698360 |
| underuse of primary mycobacterium avium complex and pneumocystis carinii prophylaxis in the united states. | little is known about the rates of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) and pneumocystis carinii (pcp) prophylaxis adherence to guidelines and how they have changed after introduction of effective antiretroviral therapy. | 2001 | 11707670 |
| the care of hiv-infected adults in rural areas of the united states. | this study describes the population of hiv-infected adults receiving care in rural areas of the united states and compares hiv care received in rural and urban areas. | 2001 | 11707677 |
| in vitro activity of amprenavir against pneumocystis carinii. | | 2001 | 11708264 |
| action of deferoxamine against pneumocystis carinii. | we found earlier that deferoxamine (dfo), a drug used for treatment of iron overload, is active against a rat model of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp). we had assumed a mode of action by deprivation of nutritional iron; however, data here show that dfo penetrates p. carinii, causing irreversible damage, thus indicating a different mode of action. penetration was demonstrated by showing dfo uptake by high-pressure liquid chromatography analysis. by using calcein-am as an indicator, exposure ... | 2001 | 11709340 |
| reactive haemophagocytic syndrome in children with inflammatory disorders. a retrospective study of 24 patients. | the reactive haemophagocytic syndrome (rhs) is a little-known life-threatening complication of rheumatic diseases in children. it reflects the extreme vulnerability of these patients, especially those with systemic-onset juvenile chronic arthritis (jca). this immunohaematological process may be triggered by events such as herpes virus infection and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy. treatment has not been standardized. | 2001 | 11709613 |
| the use of oral washes to diagnose pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: a blinded prospective study using a polymerase chain reaction-based detection system. | pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) can be diagnosed by direct microscopic examination of induced sputum or by bronchoalveolar lavage (bal). however, many institutions have little diagnostic success with induced sputum, and bal is invasive and expensive. this prospective, blinded study assessed oral washes as a more convenient specimen than either sputum or bal fluid and used a dissociation-enhanced lanthanide fluoroimmunoassay time-resolved fluorescent hybridization polymerase chain reaction ( ... | 2001 | 11709795 |
| immunohematotoxicity studies with combinations of dapsone and zidovudine. | we investigated the immunohematoxicities of the antiparasitic drug dapsone (dds) and the antiretroviral drug zidovudine (zdv, azt) given alone or in combination in balb/c mice. dds is used for prophylaxis and treatment of pneumocystis carinii infection in aids patients. we examined the impact of concurrent administration of these drugs on the immune and hematopoietic systems because dds causes hematotoxicity and zdv therapy results in bone marrow toxicity. daily oral administration of dds at 25 ... | 2001 | 11710542 |
| new insights into transmission, diagnosis, and drug treatment of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. | pneumocystis carinii has been recognized as a human pathogen for nearly 50 years. we present a case of p carinii infection that typifies clinical presentation in the era of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome epidemic. the high incidence of p carinii pneumonia in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) has served to focus laboratory and clinical research efforts on better understanding the biology of the organism and on improving diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of this d ... | 2001 | 11712941 |
| cd4+ t cell-independent vaccination against pneumocystis carinii in mice. | host defenses are profoundly compromised in hiv-infected hosts due to progressive depletion of cd4+ t lymphocytes. moreover, deficient cd4+ t lymphocytes impair vaccination approaches to prevent opportunistic infection. therefore, we investigated a cd4+ t cell-independent vaccine approach to a prototypic aids-defining infection, pneumocystis carinii (pc) pneumonia. here, we demonstrate that bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (dcs) expressing the murine cd40 ligand, when pulsed ex vivo by pc ant ... | 2001 | 11714738 |
| detection of two distinct transporter systems for 2-deoxyglucose uptake by the opportunistic pathogen pneumocystis carinii. | since the opportunistic pathogen pneumocystis carinii grows only slowly in vitro, the mechanism of glucose uptake was investigated to better understand how the organism transports nutrients. using the non-metabolizable analogue 2-deoxyglucose, two uptake systems were detected with q(10) values of 2.12 and 2.09, respectively. one had a high affinity (k(m)=67.5 microm) and the other a low affinity (k(m)=5.99 mm) for 2-deoxyglucose uptake. glucose or deoxyglucose phosphate products from transported ... | 2001 | 11718673 |
| the occurrence of sinusitis in hiv-infected patients with fever. | sinusitis is commonly occurring in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus i (hiv), but the occurrence and etiology have not been established. the purpose of this study was prospectively to determine the occurrence, site and type of paranasal sinus abnormalities seen on mri in hiv-infected patients with fever, to relate the abnormalities to clinical and immunological parameters, and to determine the microbiological agents found in the sinus aspirates. mri was performed in 54 hiv-infe ... | 2001 | 11721503 |
| rapid pcr-single-strand conformation polymorphism method to differentiate and estimate relative abundance of pneumocystis carinii special forms infecting rats. | a rapid method that uses pcr-single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis of the intron of the nuclear 26s rrna gene was shown to differentiate the two pneumocystis carinii special forms that infect rats, p. carinii f. sp. carinii and p. carinii f. sp. ratti. the method also provides a means for estimation of the relative abundance of the two special forms in the case of a coinfected rat. the results suggest that the method described will help to further standardize the immunosuppressed rat ... | 2001 | 11724884 |
| pneumocystis carinii: genetic diversity and cell biology. | as an important opportunistic pulmonary pathogen, pneumocystis carinii has been the focus of extensive research over the decades. the use of laboratory animal models has permitted a detailed understanding of the host-parasite interaction but an understanding of the basic biology of p. carinii has lagged due in large part to the inability of the organism to grow well in culture and to the lack of a tractable genetic system. molecular techniques have demonstrated extensive heterogeneity among p. c ... | 2001 | 11728153 |
| alteration of surfactant proteins a and d in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. | to understand the interaction between surfactant proteins and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp), and the impact of corticosteriods on surfactant proteins. | 2001 | 11729507 |
| transgenic over-expression of mafk suppresses t cell proliferation and function in vivo. | the small maf proteins regulate gene transcription from maf recognition elements (mare). these proteins do not contain a canonical transactivation domain. depending upon the ratio of small maf proteins to their partner proteins, which either possess a transactivation domain or not, transcription can be switched on or off. | 2001 | 11737266 |
| differential metabolic response in aids-related chronic protozoal diarrhoea. | as the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor-alpha is greater in microsporidiosis than cryptosporidiosis, there may be a distinct metabolic response between the two organisms. | 2000 | 11737332 |
| a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of itraconazole capsules for the prevention of deep fungal infections in immunodeficient patients with hiv infection. | to determine whether systemic or deep fungal infections can be prevented, a double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase iii trial of itraconazole prophylaxis was undertaken in hiv-infected patients. | 2001 | 11737382 |
| pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: a review of current issues in diagnosis and management. | | 2001 | 11737389 |
| pulmonary pathology in patients with aids: an autopsy study from mumbai. | although india has a high prevalence of hiv/aids, the associated pathologies responsible for morbidity have not been evaluated previously in a representative study. hence, an autopsy study was carried out to analyse the spectrum of pulmonary lesions in patients with hiv/aids. | 2001 | 11737408 |
| mutations in dihydropteroate synthase gene of pneumocystis carinii in hiv patients with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. | the purpose of this study was to determine whether dihydropteroate synthase gene (dhps) mutations were associated with the failure of sulpha/sulphone drugs used as prophylaxis agents in hiv infected patients. results suggested that dhps mutations were significantly associated with failure of anti-pneumocystis carinii sulphone prophylaxis (p=0.031). an increasing number of mutant p. carinii strains have been isolated from patients no longer having prophylaxis. there was no statistically significa ... | 2001 | 11738342 |
| prospective study of etiologic agents of community-acquired pneumonia in patients with hiv infection. | to study prospectively hiv-positive patients admitted to the hospital because of pneumonia by extensive laboratory tests to determine specific microbiologic diagnoses and to establish the best clinical diagnosis after review of all available data by expert clinicians. | 2002 | 11741166 |