| mucosal vaccination of conserved sm2, ha2 and cholera toxin subunit a1 (cta1) fusion protein with poly gamma-glutamate/chitosan nanoparticles (pc nps) induces protection against divergent influenza subtypes. | to develop a safe and effective mucosal vaccine that broad cross protection against seasonal or emerging influenza a viruses, we generated a mucosal influenza vaccine system combining the highly conserved matrix protein-2 (sm2), fusion peptide of hemagglutinin (ha2), the well-known mucosal adjuvant cholera toxin subunit a1 (cta1) and poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-pga)-chitosan nanoparticles (pc nps), which are safe, natural materials that are able to target the mucosal membrane as a mucosal adjuvant. ... | 2017 | 28284616 |
| chicken dendritic cells are susceptible to highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses which induce strong cytokine responses. | infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) in birds and mammals is associated with severe pathology and increased mortality. we hypothesize that in contrast to low pathogenicity avian influenza (lpai) infection, hpai infection of chicken dendritic cells (dc) induces a cytokine deregulation which may contribute to their highly pathogenic nature. infection of dc with lpai h7n1 and h5n2 resulted in viral rna and np expression without increase in time, in contrast to hpai h7n1 and h5n2 ... | 2013 | 23178410 |
| rapid virulence shift of an h5n2 avian influenza virus during a single passage in mice. | influenza a viruses must undergo adaptation to acquire virulence in new host species. in mouse models, host adaptation for virulence is generally performed through 5 to 20 lung-to-lung passages. however, highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (e.g., h5n1 and h7n7 subtypes) have been observed to acquire virulence in mice after only a few in vivo passages. in this study, a low-pathogenic avian influenza h5n2 virus, a/aquatic bird/korea/cn2/2009, which was a prevalent subtype in south korea in 2 ... | 2017 | 28664296 |
| biological characterizations of h5nx avian influenza viruses embodying different neuraminidases. | the h5 subtype virus of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus has caused huge economic losses to the poultry industry and is a threat to human health. until 2010, h5n1 subtype virus was the major genotype in china. since 2011, reassortant h5n2, h5n6, and h5n8 viruses were identified in domestic poultry in china. the clade 2.3.4.4 h5n6 and h5n8 aiv has now spread to most of china. clade 2.3.4.4 h5n6 virus has caused 17 human deaths. however, the prevalence, pathogenicity, and transmissibility o ... | 2017 | 28659898 |
| highlighting the complexities of a groundwater pilot study during an avian influenza outbreak: methods, lessons learned, and select contaminant results. | the highly pathogenic avian influenza (h5n2) outbreak in the midwestern united states (us) in 2015 was historic due to the number of birds and poultry operations impacted and the corresponding economic loss to the poultry industry and was the largest animal health emergency in us history. the u.s. geological survey (usgs), with the assistance of several state and federal agencies, aided the response to the outbreak by developing a study to determine the extent of virus transport in the environme ... | 2017 | 28654877 |
| a nanostructured microfluidic immunoassay platform for highly sensitive infectious pathogen detection. | rapid and simultaneous detection of multiple potential pathogens by portable devices can facilitate early diagnosis of infectious diseases, and allow for rapid and effective implementation of disease prevention and treatment measures. the development of a zno nanorod integrated microdevice as a multiplex immunofluorescence platform for highly sensitive and selective detection of avian influenza virus (aiv) is described. the 3d morphology and unique optical property of the zno nanorods boost the ... | 2017 | 28636164 |
| systems-based approach to examine the cytokine responses in primary mouse lung macrophages infected with low pathogenic avian influenza virus circulating in south east asia. | influenza a virus (iav) is a major public health concern, being responsible for the death of approximately half a million people each year. zoonotic transmissions of the virus from swine and avian origin have occurred in the past, and can potentially lead to the emgergence of new iav stains in future pandemics. pulmonary macrophages have been implicated in disease severity in the lower airway, and understanding the host response of macrophages infected with avian influenza viruses should p ... | 2017 | 28558796 |
| protection of white leghorn chickens by u.s. emergency h5 vaccination against clade 2.3.4.4 h5n2 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus. | during december 2014-june 2015, the u.s. experienced a high pathogenicity avian influenza (hpai) outbreak caused by clade 2.3.4.4 h5nx goose/guangdong lineage viruses with devastating consequences for the poultry industry. three vaccines, developed based on updating existing registered vaccines or currently licensed technologies, were evaluated for possible use: an inactivated reverse genetics h5n1 vaccine (rgh5n1) and an rna particle vaccine (rp-h5), both containing the hemagglutinin gene of cl ... | 2017 | 28554502 |
| stockpiled pre-pandemic h5n1 influenza virus vaccines with as03 adjuvant provide cross-protection from h5n2 clade 2.3.4.4 virus challenge in ferrets. | avian influenza viruses, notably h5 subtype viruses, pose a continuous threat to public health due to their pandemic potential. in recent years, influenza virus h5 subtype split vaccines with novel oil-in-water emulsion based adjuvants (e.g. as03, mf59) have been shown to be safe, immunogenic, and able to induce broad immune responses in clinical trials, providing strong scientific support for vaccine stockpiling. however, whether such vaccines can provide protection from infection with emerging ... | 2017 | 28554058 |
| the pathogenesis of clade 2.3.4.4 h5 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in ruddy duck (oxyura jamaicensis) and lesser scaup (aythya affinis). | waterfowl are the natural hosts of avian influenza virus (aiv) and disseminate the virus worldwide through migration. historically, surveillance and research efforts for aiv in waterfowl have focused on dabbling ducks. the role of diving ducks in aiv ecology has not been well characterized. in this study, we examined the relative susceptibility and pathogenicity of clade 2.3.4.4 h5 highly pathogenic (hp) aiv (hpaiv) in two species of diving ducks. juvenile and adult ruddy duck (oxyura jamaicensi ... | 2017 | 28513330 |
| characterization of novel reassortant influenza a (h5n2) viruses isolated from poultry in eastern china, 2015. | recently, novel variants of h5 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (aivs) have been frequently isolated from poultry and wild birds in asia, europe and north america. live poultry markets (lpms) play an important role in the dissemination of influenza viruses. four h5n2 aivs were isolated from poultry during surveillance of aivs in lpms in eastern china, in 2015. whole-genome sequencing, combined with phylogenetic and antigenic analyses were performed to characterize these viruses. these h ... | 2017 | 28487690 |
| temporary removal: homologous and heterologous antigenic matched vaccines containing different h5 hemagglutinins provide variable protection of chickens from the 2014 u.s. h5n8 and h5n2 clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. | the publisher regrets that this article has been temporarily removed. a replacement will appear as soon as possible in which the reason for the removal of the article will be specified, or the article will be reinstated. the full elsevier policy on article withdrawal can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal. | 2017 | 28456525 |
| low pathogenic avian influenza viruses in wild migratory waterfowl in a region of high poultry production, delmarva, maryland. | migratory waterfowl are natural reservoirs for low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (aivs) and may contribute to the long-distance dispersal of these pathogens as well as spillover into domestic bird populations. surveillance for aivs is critical to assessing risks for potential spread of these viruses among wild and domestic bird populations. the delmarva peninsula on the east coast of the united states is both a key convergence point for migratory atlantic waterfowl populations and a region ... | 2017 | 28301229 |
| no evidence of infection or exposure to highly pathogenic avian influenzas in peridomestic wildlife on an affected poultry facility. | we evaluated the potential transmission of avian influenza viruses (aiv) in wildlife species in three settings in association with an outbreak at a poultry facility: 1) small birds and small mammals on a poultry facility that was affected with highly pathogenic aiv (hpaiv) in april 2015; 2) small birds and small mammals on a nearby poultry facility that was unaffected by hpaiv; and 3) small birds, small mammals, and waterfowl in a nearby natural area. we live-captured small birds and small mamma ... | 2017 | 27580267 |
| characterization of clade 7.2 h5 avian influenza viruses that continue to circulate in chickens in china. | the h5n1 avian influenza viruses emerged in southeast asia in the late 20th century and have evolved into multiple phylogenetic clades based on their hemagglutinin (ha)-encoding genes. the clade 7.2 viruses were first detected in chickens in northern china in 2006, and vaccines specifically targeted to the clade were developed and have been used in poultry in china since 2006. during routine surveillance and disease diagnosis, we isolated seven h5 viruses between 2011 and 2014 that bear the clad ... | 2016 | 27558424 |
| highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses h5n2, h5n3, and h5n8 in taiwan in 2015. | a severe epidemic, affecting mainly goose populations, broke out in early january 2015. the causative agents were identified as novel h5 avian influenza viruses carrying n2, n3, and n8 subtypes of the neuraminidase gene. from january 8 to february 11, 766 waterfowl and poultry farms were invaded by the h5 viruses, and more than 2.2 million geese died or were culled. phylogenetic analysis suggested that these avian influenza viruses derived from the h5 viruses of clade 2.3.4.4 which were emerging ... | 2016 | 27066708 |
| serosurvey against h5 and h7 avian influenza viruses in italian poultry workers. | highly pathogenic (hp) and low pathogenic (lp) avian influenza viruses (aivs) belonging to h5 and h7 subtypes have been found to be associated with human infection as the result of direct transmission from infected poultry. human infections by aivs can cause mild or subclinical disease, and serosurveys are believed to represent an important tool to identify risk of zoonotic transmission. therefore, we sought to examine italian poultry workers exposed during lpai and hpai outbreaks with the aim o ... | 2012 | 23402138 |
| characterization of low-pathogenicity h5 and h7 korean avian influenza viruses in chickens. | to date, all isolated highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses that cause systemic infection with a high mortality rate in poultry species have been known to belong to either the h5 or h7 subtypes. the hpai viruses may originate because of the insertion of multiple basic amino acids at the cleavage site of the hemagglutinin protein after the low-pathogenic h5 and h7 viruses have been introduced into poultry. in the present study, we investigated the phylogenetic characteristics of the h5 ... | 2012 | 23155017 |
| phylogeographic analysis of avian influenza viruses isolated from charadriiformes in belgium confirms intercontinental reassortment in gulls. | nine influenza viruses isolated from gulls and shorebirds in belgium (2008-2010), including h3n8, h5n2, h6n1, h11n9, h13n6, h13n8, and h16n3 subtypes, were targeted using random amplification and next-generation sequencing. the gene segments of these viruses segregated into three phylogeographic lineage types: (1) segments circulating in waterfowl in eurasia with sporadic introduction in other species and in the americas ("eurasian avian"), (2) segments circulating in american waterfowl with spo ... | 2012 | 22580556 |
| pathobiology of clade 2.3.4.4 h5nx high pathogenicity avian influenza virus infections in minor gallinaceous poultry supports early backyard flock introductions in western u.s., 2014-2015. | in 2014-2015, the u.s. experienced an unprecedented outbreak of eurasian clade 2.3.4.4 h5 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) virus. initial cases affected mainly wild birds and mixed backyard poultry species, while later outbreaks affected mostly commercial chickens and turkeys. the pathogenesis, transmission, and intra-host evolutionary dynamics of initial eurasian h5n8 and reassortant h5n2 clade 2.3.4.4 hpai viruses in the u.s. were investigated in minor gallinaceous poultry species (i.e ... | 2017 | 28794040 |
| infectivity, transmission and pathogenicity of h5 highly pathogenic avian influenza clade 2.3.4.4 (h5n8 and h5n2) united states index viruses in pekin ducks and chinese geese. | in late 2014, a h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) virus, clade 2.3.4.4, spread by migratory waterfowl into north america reassorting with low pathogenicity ai viruses to produce a h5n2 hpai virus. since domestic waterfowl are common backyard poultry frequently in contact with wild waterfowl, the infectivity, transmissibility, and pathogenicity of the united states h5 hpai index viruses (h5n8 and h5n2) was investigated in domestic ducks and geese. ducks infected with the viruses had a ... | 2017 | 28592320 |
| [establishment of a high sensitive indirect elisa for detecting specific antibodies against h9 subtype avian influenza virus]. | h9 subtype avian influenza virus causes worldwide epidemic, resulting in enormous economic losses of poultry production. in the present study, an indirect elisa method was established for more accurate and specific detection. the recombinant protein of the globular head domain of ha of h9 subtype avian influenza virus was used as antigen. specific blocking buffers and dilution buffers were determined to increase the sensitivity and specificity. the sensitivity of elisa was higher than that of he ... | 2017 | 28853253 |
| influenza viruses production: evaluation of a novel avian cell line duckcelt®-t17. | the influenza vaccine manufacturing industry is looking for production cell lines that are easily scalable, highly permissive to multiple viruses, and more effective in term of viral productivity. one critical characteristic of such cell lines is their ability to grow in suspension, in serum free conditions and at high cell densities. influenza virus causing severe epidemics both in human and animals is an important threat to world healthcare. the repetitive apparition of influenza pandemic outb ... | 2017 | 28571695 |
| a systematic review of reported reassortant viral lineages of influenza a. | most previous evolutionary studies of influenza a have focussed on genetic drift, or reassortment of specific gene segments, hosts or subtypes. we conducted a systematic literature review to identify reported claimed reassortant influenza a lineages with genomic data available in genbank, to obtain 646 unique first-report isolates out of a possible 20,781 open-access genomes. | 2016 | 26732146 |
| programming of influenza vaccine broadness and persistence by mucoadhesive polymer-based adjuvant systems. | the development of an anti-influenza vaccine with the potential for cross-protection against seasonal drift variants as well as occasionally emerging reassortant viruses is essential. in this study, we successfully generated a novel anti-influenza vaccine system combining conserved matrix protein 2 (sm2) and stalk domain of hemagglutinin (ha2) fusion protein (sm2ha2) and poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-pga)-based vaccine adjuvant systems that can act as a mucoadhesive delivery vehicle of sm2ha2 as well ... | 2015 | 26216889 |
| pathogenicity testing of influenza candidate vaccine viruses in the ferret model. | the development of influenza candidate vaccine viruses (cvvs) for pre-pandemic vaccine production represents a critical step in pandemic preparedness. the multiple subtypes and clades of avian or swine origin influenza viruses circulating world-wide at any one time necessitates the continuous generation of cvvs to provide an advanced starting point should a novel zoonotic virus cross the species barrier and cause a pandemic. furthermore, the evolution and diversity of novel influenza viruses tha ... | 2017 | 28846898 |
| evolution, global spread, and pathogenicity of highly pathogenic avian influenza h5nx clade 2.3.4.4. | novel subtypes of asian-origin (goose/guangdong lineage) h5 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses belonging to clade 2.3.4, such as h5n2, h5n5, h5n6, and h5n8, have been identified in china since 2008 and have since evolved into four genetically distinct clade 2.3.4.4 groups (a-d). since 2014, hpai clade 2.3.4.4 viruses have spread rapidly via migratory wild aquatic birds and have evolved through reassortment with prevailing local low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses. group a h5n ... | 2017 | 28859267 |
| absence of clinical disease and contact transmission of north american clade 2.3.4.4 h5nx hpai in experimentally infected pigs. | in the fall of 2014, clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) subtype h5n8 was introduced into north america by migrating waterfowl from asia where, through reassortment, novel hpai h5n2 and h5n1 viruses emerged. | 2017 | 28688206 |
| safety and immunogenicity of a live attenuated influenza h5 candidate vaccine strain a/17/turkey/turkey/05/133 h5n2 and its priming effects for potential pre-pandemic use: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. | the emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 viruses has raised concerns about their pandemic potential. vaccination is the most effective way of preventing influenza. in this study, we investigated the safety and immunogenicity of an avian h5n2 live attenuated influenza vaccine (laiv h5n2) in healthy thai adults and its priming immune responses with an h5n1 inactivated vaccine boost. | 2017 | 28533093 |
| temporal and spatial characteristics of highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in china during 2004 to 2015. | identifying the temporal and spatial characteristics of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) outbreaks is very important for developing effective and appropriate countermeasures against hpai and promoting sustainable development in the poultry industry. this study aimed to analyze four aspects of the temporal and spatial characteristics of hpai outbreaks in china, including the frequency of hpai outbreaks, numbers of dead animals (died or culled), types of hpai viruses, and species of infect ... | 2017 | 28453859 |
| rapid emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza subtypes from a subtype h5n1 hemagglutinin variant. | in 2014, novel highly pathogenic avian influenza a h5n2, h5n5, h5n6, and h5n8 viruses caused outbreaks in asia, europe, and north america. the h5 genes of these viruses form a monophyletic group that evolved from a clade 2.3.4 h5n1 variant. this rapid emergence of new h5nx combinations is unprecedented in the h5n1 evolutionary history. | 2015 | 25897518 |
| biological evaluation of uridine derivatives of 2-deoxy sugars as potential antiviral compounds against influenza a virus. | influenza virus infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. due to the limited ability of currently available treatments, there is an urgent need for new anti-influenza drugs with broad spectrum protection. we have previously shown that two 2-deoxy sugar derivatives of uridine (designated iw3 and iw7) targeting the glycan processing steps during maturation of viral glycoproteins show good anti-influenza virus activity and may be a promising alternative approach for the devel ... | 2017 | 28777309 |
| epidemiologic investigation of highly pathogenic h5n2 avian influenza among upper midwest u.s. turkey farms, 2015. | in 2015, an outbreak of h5n2 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) occurred in the united states, severely impacting the turkey industry in the upper midwestern united states. industry, government, and academic partners worked together to conduct a case-control investigation of the outbreak on turkey farms in the upper midwest. case farms were confirmed to have hpai-infected flocks, and control farms were farms with noninfected turkey flocks at a similar stage of production. both case and con ... | 2017 | 28665726 |
| assessment of pathogenicity and antigenicity of american lineage influenza h5n2 viruses in taiwan. | during december 2003 and march 2004, large scale epidemics of low-pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) h5n2 occurred in poultry farms in central and southern taiwan. based on genomic analysis, these h5n2 viruses contain ha and na genes of american-lineage h5n2 viruses and six internal genes from avian influenza a/h6n1 viruses endemic in poultry in taiwan. after disappearing for several years, these novel influenza h5n2 viruses caused outbreaks in poultry farms again in 2008, 2010 and 2012, and have ... | 2017 | 28549236 |
| hydrazinium 2-amino-4-nitro-benzoate dihydrate: crystal structure and hirshfeld surface analysis. | in the anion of the title salt hydrate, h5n2(+)·c7h5n2o4(-)·2h2o, the carboxyl-ate and nitro groups lie out of the plane of the benzene ring to which they are bound [dihedral angles = 18.80 (10) and 8.04 (9)°, respectively], and as these groups are conrotatory, the dihedral angle between them is 26.73 (15)°. an intra-molecular amino-n-h⋯o(carboxyl-ate) hydrogen bond is noted. the main feature of the crystal packing is the formation of a supra-molecular chain along the b axis, with a zigzag topol ... | 2017 | 28435725 |
| outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza in minnesota in 2015. | the incursion of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) into the united states during 2014 resulted in an unprecedented foreign animal disease (fad) event; 232 outbreaks were reported from 21 states. the disease affected 49.6 million birds and resulted in economic losses of $950 million. minnesota is the largest turkey-producing state, accounting for 18% of u.s. turkey production. areas with concentrated numbers of turkeys in minnesota were the epicenter of the outbreak. the first case was pre ... | 2017 | 28176609 |
| safe application of regionalization for trade in poultry and poultry products during highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in the usa. | the 2014-2015 h5nx high pathogenicity avian influenza (hpai) outbreak affected 211 commercial premises, 21 backyard flocks, 75 individual wild birds and four captive-reared raptors in 21 western and upper midwestern states, resulting in death or culling of over 50.4 million poultry in the stamping-out programme that cost the us government $850 million. the outbreak had a negative $3.3 billion impact on the economy. seventeen trading partners suspended imports of all us-origin poultry and poultry ... | 2017 | 27817200 |
| epizootics in industrial livestock production: preventable gaps in biosecurity and biocontainment. | while technological advances in animal husbandry have facilitated increases in global meat production, the high density and geographic concentration of food animal production facilities pose risks of infectious disease transmission. the scale of the 2014-2015 highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n2 outbreak in the united states demonstrates the challenges in achieving pathogen control within and around industrial animal facilities using existing technologies. we discuss gaps in current practice i ... | 2017 | 27591817 |
| time-space analysis of highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n2 outbreak in the us. | in early 2015, highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n2 caused outbreaks in commercial poultry farms in minnesota and neighboring states where more than 48 million birds were affected. to date, the origin and transmission pathways of hpai h5n2 have not been conclusively established. | 2016 | 27576782 |
| public health's role in response to an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n2-minnesota, 2015. | | 2015 | 27437426 |
| factors associated with highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n2 infection on table-egg layer farms in the midwestern united states, 2015. | a case-control study was conducted among commercial table-egg layer and pullet operations in iowa and nebraska, united states, to investigate potential risk factors for infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n2. a questionnaire was developed and administered to 28 case farms and 31 control farms. data were collected at the farm and barn levels, enabling two separate analyses to be performed-the first a farm-level comparison of case farms vs. control farms, and the second a bar ... | 2016 | 27309288 |
| biosecurity gaps likely aided h5n2 spread. | | 2015 | 26390526 |
| ontario: index case of highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n2 in ontario. | | 2015 | 26246626 |
| prognosis of possible reassortments in recent h5n2 epidemic influenza in usa: implications for computer-assisted surveillance as well as drug/vaccine design. | the recent h5n2 flu epidemic in us midwest has led to deaths of millions of turkeys and farm bred poultry. while no human infections are reported to date, the rapid mutations in flu viruses can lead to more pathogenic subtypes. we have investigated such possibilities and have shown that h5n4, h5n9 and h5n6 are the most likely candidates for next round of viral reassortments, amongst which h5n9, if reassorted from asiatic strains, could be highly pathogenic. we discuss here possibilities of antic ... | 2015 | 26202885 |
| human h5n2 bird flu infection: fact or fallacy? | | 2014 | 25183136 |
| tracking socioeconomic vulnerability using network analysis: insights from an avian influenza outbreak in an ostrich production network. | the focus of management in many complex systems is shifting towards facilitation, adaptation, building resilience, and reducing vulnerability. resilience management requires the development and application of general heuristics and methods for tracking changes in both resilience and vulnerability. we explored the emergence of vulnerability in the south african domestic ostrich industry, an animal production system which typically involves 3-4 movements of each bird during its lifetime. this syst ... | 2014 | 24498004 |
| the threat of highly pathogenic avian influenza h5: will h5n2 infections occur in humans? | | 2012 | 22901729 |
| the impacts of reassortant avian influenza h5n2 virus ns1 proteins on viral compatibility and regulation of immune responses. | avian influenza virus (aiv) can cause severe diseases in poultry worldwide. h6n1 aiv was the dominant enzootic subtype in 1985 in the chicken farms of taiwan until the initial outbreak of a low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) h5n2 virus in 2003; thereafter, this and other lpais have been sporadically detected. in 2015, the outbreak of three novel h5nx viruses of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) emerged and devastated taiwanese chicken and waterfowl industries. the mechanism of variatio ... | 2020 | 32226416 |
| agricultural and geographic factors shaped the north american 2015 highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n2 outbreak. | the 2014-2015 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5nx outbreak represents the largest and most expensive hpai outbreak in the united states to date. despite extensive traditional and molecular epidemiological studies, factors associated with the spread of hpai among midwestern poultry premises remain unclear. to better understand the dynamics of this outbreak, 182 full genome hpai h5n2 sequences isolated from commercial layer chicken and turkey production premises were analyzed using evolu ... | 2020 | 31961906 |
| development of american-lineage influenza h5n2 reassortant vaccine viruses for pandemic preparedness. | novel low-pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) h5n2 viruses hit poultry farms in taiwan in 2003, and evolved into highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses in 2010. these viruses are reassortant viruses containing ha and na genes from american-lineage h5n2 and six internal genes from local h6n1 viruses. according to a serological survey, the taiwan h5n2 viruses can cause asymptomatic infections in poultry workers. therefore, a development of influenza h5n2 vaccines is desirable for pandemic ... | 2019 | 31212631 |