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the hrpn(ea) harpin from erwinia amylovora triggers differential responses on the nonhost arabidopsis thaliana cells and on the host apple cells.erwinia amylovora is a gram-negative necrogenic bacterium causing fire blight of the maloideae subfamily of rosaceae such as apple and pear. it provokes progressive necrosis in aerial parts of susceptible host plants (compatible interaction) and a hypersensitive reaction (hr) when infiltrated in nonhost plants (incompatible interaction). the hrpn(ea) harpin is a type three secretion system effector secreted by e. amylovora. this protein is involved in pathogenicity and hr-eliciting capacity of e ...200717249426
indole-3-acetic acid enhances the biocontrol of penicillium expansum and botrytis cinerea on pear fruit by cryptococcus laurentii.this study evaluated the efficacy of indole-3-acetic acid (iaa) alone or with a biocontrol yeast, cryptococcus laurentii, in the inhibition of blue and gray mold diseases (penicillium expansum and botrytis cinerea) on pear fruit. the results demonstrated that a combination of c. laurentii with iaa at 100 microg ml(-1) was more effective in suppressing blue and gray mold infections on pear fruit than application of c. laurentii alone. iaa alone or with c. laurentii stimulated catalase, peroxidase ...200717286561
aggregation pheromone of metamasius spinolae (coleoptera: curculionidae): chemical analysis and field test.male metamasius spinolae (gylh.) produce several volatile compounds that are likely constituents of its aggregation pheromone. these compounds were identified by volatile collections and gas chromatography (gc), followed by coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (gc-ms), as 2-methyl-4-heptanone [1], 6-methyl-2hepten-4-one [2], and 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-heptanone [3]. preliminary field experiments using synthetic racemates of these compounds showed that significantly more adult cactus weevil ...200717349116
common subtropical and tropical nonpollen food sources of the boll weevil (coleoptera: curculionidae).it is known that substantial boll weevil, anthonomus grandis grandis boheman, individuals can survive mild subtropical winters in some habitats, such as citrus orchards. our study shows that endocarp of the fruit from prickly pear cactus, opuntia engelmannii salm-dyck ex. engel.; orange, citrus sinensis l. osbeck.; and grapefruit, citrus paradisi macfad., can sustain newly emerged adult boll weevils for >5 mo, which is the duration of the cotton-free season in the subtropical lower rio grande va ...200717349122
field evaluation of a botanical natural product against the pear psylla (homoptera: psyllidae).a 2-yr field study was conducted to evaluate a botanical natural product, aksebio2, for control of pear psylla, cacopsylla pyri l. (homoptera: psyllidae). three applications were made each year. whereas the first application was applied at the dormant period (just before the first eggs were deposited by overwintered females), the second and third applications, respectively, were against the first and second summer generations of pear psylla. the first application deterred winterform females from ...200717370811
the syrinx of the male mallard (anas platyrhynchos): special anatomical features.the aim of this study was to investigate the special anatomical and topographical features of the syrinx in male adult stock ducks (anas platyrhynchos). the syrinx of the mallard is a tracheobronchial type, consisting of a tympanum, a pessulus, medial tympaniform membranes, interanular membranes, an interbronchial ligament (bronchidesmus), and bronchosyringeal cartilage semi-rings. using a frozen sagittal section, it was possible to document the syringeal valve at the right lateral side of the t ...200717371385
rapid idiopathic osteolysis of the humeral head and clavicle.idiopathic osteolysis is a very rare bone condition of unknown origin. the length of the illness usually lasts for several years. the purpose of this paper is to point out the possibility of severely rapid progression of idiopathic osteolysis and to contribute to a better understanding of the natural history of gorham-stout disease. we report the case of a 58-year old man whose right humeral head and lateral clavicle had disappeared as a result of massive osteolysis observed only six months afte ...200617373306
identification and introduction of some iran pollinator bees of colletidae, halictidae, and megachilidae (hym: apoidea).insufficient pollination results in less yield and low quality of crops. many vegetables depend on the cross pollination to produce valuable seeds or fruits. most flowering plants, fruit and seed formation are highly dependent on the activity of pollinator bees and in some crop such as alfalfa no seeds will form in the absence of bees. the most important crops of iran from stone fruits (peach, almond, plum, cherry and apricot), pome fruits (apple, pear and quince), alfalfa, clover, sunflower, et ...200617385532
brown spot control on pear: infection models versus the inoculum pressure in belgium.stemphylium conidia and pleospora ascospores were monitored in pear orchards in the region of haspengouw in belgium during the infectious periods of brown spot disease (end may - end august) in the years 2002, 2004 and 2005. the seasonal and daily dynamics of the captured fungal spores are discussed and a correlation analysis was performed to determine possible correlation with weather parameters. furthermore the fungicide cover obtained by spraying upon climatological infection risk is compared ...200617390829
aureobasidium pullulansas a biocontrol agent of blue mold in "rocha" pear.the blue mold of "rocha" pear caused by penicillium expansum is an important postharvest disease which is adequately controlled by application of synthetic fungicides. in recent years, strategies like biological control have been considered a desirable alternative to chemicals. several studies have demonstrated the potential of the yeast-like fungus aureobasidium pullulans for control of postharvest decay of pear. a portuguese isolate of aureobasidium pullulans was characterized and evaluated fo ...200617390846
increasing survival and efficacy of a bacterial biocontrol agent of fire blight of rosaceous plants by means of osmoadaptation.the efficacy of pseudomonas fluorescens eps62e in the biocontrol of erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of fire blight of apple and pear, depends on the colonization of plant surfaces after spray application. a procedure to increase cell survival in the phyllosphere was developed consisting of saline stress and osmolyte amendment to the growth medium during inoculum preparation. hyperosmotic stress induced the synthesis of the osmolytes trehalose, n-acetylglutaminylglutamine amide and glucosyl-g ...200717391328
pear distillates from pear juice concentrate: effect of lees in the aromatic composition.pear juice obtained from pear concentrate was fermented at room temperature using saccharomyces cerevisiae (bdx, enoferm, france) as the fermentation microorganism. during the fermentation process, total sugars were measured. high performance liquid chromatography analyses were used to monitor the fermentation process and to characterize the pear wine. the pear wine obtained was distilled with its lees using three different equipments: a glass alembic (a glass pot still coupled to a glass column ...200717394335
the notch1/c-myc pathway in t cell leukemia.the notch receptor family and its ligands (delta-like and jagged) have been found deregulated in several human cancers. we and the aster/pear group recently identified c-myc as a direct transcriptional target gene of the notch1 pathway in t cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (t-all). although the oncogenic roles of c-myc and notch1 are established, a direct link between notch1 and c-myc had not been demonstrated. importantly, our work in mouse tal1 tumor cell lines revealed that leukemic growth/s ...200717404512
biocontrol of blue and gray mold diseases of pear fruit by integration of antagonistic yeast with salicylic acid.this study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the biocontrol yeast cryptococcus laurentii and salicylic acid (sa) in suppressing the blue and gray mould rots in pear fruit and to explore possible mode of action involved. our results showed that the combined treatment of pear fruit with c. laurentii with sa at 100 microg ml(-1) resulted in a remarkably improved control of penicillium expansum and botrytis cinerea infections, including the pre-inoculated p. expansum, in comparison with the ...200717428566
effect of shape on the dielectric properties of biological cell suspensions.in this note, we analyze the effect of cell shape on the dielectric and conductometric behavior of biological cell suspension, in a frequency range where the interfacial polarization characteristic of highly heterogeneous systems occurs. we consider two different families of curves, both of them capable of generating a variety of symmetric or asymmetric shapes, ranging from oval, to dog-bone like, to lemniscate curves. these curves, which differ from those generally employed in dielectric models ...200717428746
cloning and characterization of a balsam pear class i chitinase gene (mcchit1) and its ectopic expression enhances fungal resistance in transgenic plants.a balsam pear (momordica charantia l.) chitinase (mcchit1) was purified and sequenced at the n-terminal. the genomic and cdna coding sequences of mcchit1 were cloned by rapid amplification of 3' cdna ends (3'-race) and the y-shaped adaptor dependent extension (yade) method. sequence analysis showed that the mcchit1 protein is a class i chitinase containing a chitin-binding domain and a catalytic domain, but no c-terminal extension. northern blot indicated that the mcchit1 transcription is wound- ...200717485855
morphological features of spermatozoa of swamp buffalo ai bulls in thailand.the appearance and incidence of sperm abnormalities was studied in 115 ejaculates, collected periodically over 1 year covering all seasons from five mature, healthy swamp buffalo (bubalus bubalis) bulls reared under tropical conditions and serving as the current source of semen for artificial insemination (ai) in thailand. light microscopy of stained smears was used to investigate sperm head shape morphology, while unstained wet smears were used to examine other sperm abnormalities. the most com ...200717493162
giardia lamblia infection diagnosed by endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration.the protozoan giardia lamblia is a major cause of gastrointestinal disease worldwide. we report the case of a 59-yr-old male who presented to his primary care physician with complaints of abdominal pain and weight loss. imaging studies revealed a liver mass and a pancreatic head mass. biopsy of the liver mass proved to be benign, and endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration of the mass in the head of the pancreas showed no evidence of malignancy; however, numerous pear-shaped, binucle ...200717497659
occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in artisanal palmero cheese smoked with two types of vegetable matter.palmero cheese is a fresh smoked cheese from the isle of palma (canary islands), manufactured with goat's milk. to guarantee its safety, the occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pah) in artisanal palmero cheese smoked with 2 types of vegetable matter (almond shells and dry prickly pear) was studied. the determination of pah includes extraction and clean-up steps, followed by separation, identification, and quantification of pah by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in selected ion-m ...200717517711
polymorphism of sfbb-gamma and its use for s genotyping in japanese pear (pyrus pyrifolia).japanese pear (pyrus pyrifolia) exhibits the s-rnase-based gametophytic self-incompatibility where the pollen-part determinant, pollen s, had long remained elusive. recent identification of s locus f-box brothers (sfbb) in japanese pear and apple suggested that the multiple f-box genes are the pollen s candidates as they exhibited pollen specific expression, s haplotype-specific polymorphisms and linkage to the s locus. in japanese pear, three sfbbs were identified from a single s haplotype, and ...200717541597
over-expression of the apple spermidine synthase gene in pear confers multiple abiotic stress tolerance by altering polyamine titers.an apple spermidine synthase (spds) gene (mdspds1) was verified to encode a functional protein by the complementation of the spe3 yeast mutant, which lacks the spds gene. to justify our hypothesis that apple spds is involved in abiotic stress responses and to obtain transgenic fruit trees tolerant to abiotic stresses as well, mdspds1-over-expressing transgenic european pear (pyrus communis l. 'ballad') plants were created by agrobacterium-mediated transformation. a total of 21 transgenic lines s ...200817549601
comparison of specificity and sensitivity of immunochemical and molecular techniques for reliable detection of erwinia amylovora.erwinia amylovora [(burrill) winslow et al.] (ea), the causal agent of fire blight, was detected in plant samples and pure bacterial cultures by means of pcr, ifas and elisa. polyclonal antibodies of neogen europe ltd. were used for ifas and pta-elisa and laboratory-generated primers eaf72 and ear560 for pcr. using the biolog system and an immature pear fruit assay, identities of all ea strains were confirmed as the fire blight bacterium. in assays of pure ea cultures, pta-elisa, and both ifas a ...200717575916
evaluation of different growth media for the recovery of the species of alicyclobacillus.five different isolation media, namely potato dextrose agar (pda), orange serum agar (osa), k agar, yeast-starch-glucose agar and bacillus acidocaldarius medium were evaluated for the recovery of alicyclobacillus spp. from inoculated diluted and undiluted fruit-juice concentrates.200717651223
mechanisms of antagonism of pseudomonas fluorescens eps62e against erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of fire blight.pseudomonas fluorescens eps62e was selected during a screening procedure for its high efficacy in controlling infections by erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of fire blight disease, on different plant materials. in field trials carried out in pear trees during bloom, eps62e colonized flowers until the carrying capacity, providing a moderate efficacy of fire-blight control. the putative mechanisms of eps62e antagonism against e. amylovora were studied. eps62e did not produce antimicrobial compo ...200717661291
antagonistic action of harpin proteins: hrpwea from erwinia amylovora suppresses hrpnea-induced cell death in arabidopsis thaliana.harpins are proteins secreted by the type-three secretion system of phytopathogenic bacteria. they are known to induce a hypersensitive response (hr) in non-host plant leaf tissue. erwinia amylovora, the fire blight pathogen of pear and apple trees, secretes two different harpins, hrpnea and hrpwea. in the present study, we showed that an erwinia amylovora hrpwea mutant induces stronger electrolyte leakages in arabidopsis thaliana foliar disks than the wild-type strain, thus suggesting that hrpw ...200717726062
host-specific phytotoxic polysaccharide from apple tissue infected by erwinia amylovora.a toxin isolated from apple fruit tissue infected by erwinia amylovora is 98 percent galactose in polymeric form, 0.375 percent protein, and has an average molecular weight of approximately 165,000. young shoots of rosaceous, but not nonrosaceous, species wilt in a manner characteristic of the disease when placed in toxin solutions with concentrations as low as 10 micrograms per milliliter. varieties of apple and pear susceptible to erwinia amylovora wilt in 1 to 3 hours, whereas resistant varie ...197417738972
the perfect stage of leaf-spot of pear and quince. 190917777277
microbial control of insect pests in temperate orchard systems: potential for incorporation into ipm.because of their selectivity and safety, microbial control agents (mcas) appear to be ready-made components of integrated pest management (ipm) systems that do not pose a threat to applicators or the environment and allow other natural enemies to function. control of several orchard pest insects using mcas, including viruses, bacillus thuringiensis, fungi, and entomopathogenic nematodes (epns), have been demonstrated in apple, pear, stone fruits, citrus, and several nut crops. b. thuringiensis i ...200817803454
[effects of exogenous nitric oxide donor on lipid peroxidation of pear leaves infected by physalosproa pirico nose].this paper studied the effects of 0.3 mmol x l(-1) snp on the antioxidant enzymes and reactive oxygen in pear leaves infected by physalosproa piricola nose. the results showed that compared with ck1 (spraying leaves with water and infecting with p. piricola nose), 0.3 mmol x l(-1) snp could increase the activities of leaf pod, sod, cat and ppo and the contents of leaf asa, gsh and proline by 39.41%, 21.11%, 41.61%, 13.04%, 44.45%, 48.32% and 33.80%, while decrease the contents of leaf mda and h2 ...200717886652
genetic mapping of genes for susceptibility to black spot disease in japanese pears.black spot disease, which is caused by the japanese pear pathotype of alternaria alternata (fr.) keissler, is one of the most harmful diseases in japanese pear cultivation. we identified the exact positions and linkage groups (lgs) of the genes for susceptibility to black spot in the japanese pear (pyrus pyrifolia nakai) cultivars 'osa nijisseiki' (gene ani) and 'nansui' (gene ana). segregation of susceptibility and resistance fitted the expected ratio of 1:1 in progeny of 'nansui' but showed a ...200717893733
lymphatics and bone.there is controversy regarding whether lymphatic vessels are present or absent in bone. although lymphangiomas have been described in bone, lymphatic vessels have not been identified morphologically with certainty in any other benign or malignant bone tumors or in normal human bone. in this study, we determined by immunohistochemistry, using 2 specific lymphatic endothelial cell markers, lyve-1 and podoplanin, whether lymphatics are present in normal bone and a wide range of primary and secondar ...200817904616
the role of luxs in the fire blight pathogen erwinia amylovora is limited to metabolism and does not involve quorum sensing.erwinia amylovora is a gram-negative phytopathogen that causes fire blight of pome fruit and related members of the family rosaceae. we sequenced the putative autoinducer-2 (ai-2) synthase gene luxs from e. amylovora. diversity analysis indicated that this gene is extremely conserved among e. amylovora strains. quorum sensing mediated by luxs has been implicated in coordinated gene expression, growth, and virulence in other enterobacteria; however, our evidence suggests this is not the function ...200717918630
isolation and identification of species of alicyclobacillus from orchard soil in the western cape, south africa.alicyclobacilli were isolated from orchard soil collected from an apple and pear farm in elgin, western cape, south africa. morphological, biochemical and physiological characteristics of the isolates were used to presumptively classify them as belonging to the genus alicyclobacillus. strains were identified to species level by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) with genus-specific primers, and 16s ribosomal rna (rrna) gene sequencing. to our knowledge this is the first report on the isolation of a ...200817938854
a library of linear undecapeptides with bactericidal activity against phytopathogenic bacteria.a 125-member library of synthetic linear undecapeptides was prepared based on a previously described peptide h-k(1)klfkkilkf(10)l-nh(2) (bp76) that inhibited in vitro growth of the plant pathogenic bacteria erwinia amylovora, xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vesicatoria, and pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae at low micromolar concentrations. peptides were designed using a combinatorial chemistry approach by incorporating amino acids possessing various degrees of hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity at po ...200717980935
purification and characterization of a non-s-rnase and s-rnases from styles of japanese pear (pyrus pyrifolia).in this study we biochemically characterized stylar ribonucleases (rnases) of japanese pear (pyrus pyrifolia), which exhibits s-rnase-based gametophytic self-incompatibility. we separated the rnase fractions ns-1, ns-2, and ns-3 from stylar extracts of the cultivar nijisseiki (s(2)s(4)). the rnase in each fraction was purified to homogeneity through a series of chromatographic steps. chemical analysis of the proteins revealed that the basic rnases in the ns-2 and ns-3 fractions were the s(4)- an ...200717988882
tuft cells.tuft cells, also known as brush cells, are widespread in the hollow organs of the digestive tract including the duct system of the salivary gland and in the respiratory tract, from simple vertebrates to humans. the shape of tuft cells varies from pear-shaped, to barrel-shaped and goblet-shaped, apparently depending on the plane of section. the most characteristic morphological features of tuft cells are their long and blunt microvilli, which have prominent rootlets, and a well developed tubulove ...200718062147
morphology and ultrastructure of a specialized bacterial pouch in the digestive tract of tetraponera ants (formicidae, pseudomyrmecinae).the digestive tract in workers of some species of the pseudomyrmecine ant genus tetraponera is characterized by a conspicuous pear-shaped diverticulum at the transition between the midgut and the intestine, that so far has not been found in any other ant species. as this organ is filled with a mass of bacteria, we propose to designate it as a bacterial pouch. its distal wall is formed by a thin ectodermal epithelium, through which tens of tracheal branches penetrate into the bacterial mass that ...200018088931
effect of chitin on the antagonistic activity of cryptococcus laurentii against penicillium expansum in pear fruit.this study was designed to evaluate the impact of chitin on the antagonistic activity of cryptococcus laurentii against the postharvest blue mold rot caused by penicillium expansum in pear fruit. the results showed that the antagonistic activity of c. laurentii obtained from the culture media of nutrient yeast dextrose broth (nydb) amended with chitin at 0.5-1.0% was improved greatly compared with the case that without chitin. the addition of chitin to nydb did not influence the growth of c. lau ...200818162192
deletion of a 236 kb region around s 4-rnase in a stylar-part mutant s 4sm-haplotype of japanese pear.japanese pear (pyrus pyrifolia nakai) has a gametophytic self-incompatibility (gsi) mechanism controlled by a single s-locus with multiple s-haplotypes, each of which contains separate genes that determine the allelic identity of pistil and pollen. the pistil s gene is the s-ribonuclease (s-rnase) gene, whereas good candidates for the pollen s gene are the f-box protein genes. a self-compatible (sc) cultivar, 'osa-nijisseiki', which is a bud mutant of 'nijisseiki' (s (2) s (4)), has a stylar-par ...200818175198
sperm morphology and chromatin integrity in swedish warmblood stallions and their relationship to pregnancy rates.artificial insemination is not as widely used in horses as in other domestic species, such as dairy cattle and pigs, partly because of the wide variation in sperm quality between stallion ejaculates and partly due to decreased fertility following the use of cooled transported spermatozoa. furthermore, predictive tests for sperm fertilising ability are lacking. the objective of the present study was to assess sperm morphology and chromatin integrity in ejaculates obtained from 11 warmblood breedi ...200818179691
comparative analysis of polyphenolic profiles and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of tunisian pome fruit pulp and peel aqueous acetone extracts.pome trees, apple, pear, and quince, are classified into the subfamily pomoideae, belonging to the rosaceae family. their autumnal fruits are consumed worldwide in different forms, that is, fresh or transformed into jams, jelly, juices, etc. their well-established beneficial properties to human health were found mainly related to their phenolic content. pulp and peel aqueous acetone extracts obtained from tunisian fruits at commercial maturity were comparatively evaluated for their phenolic prof ...200818181568
efficacy of the pear ester as a monitoring tool for codling moth cydia pomonella (lepidoptera: tortricidae) in new zealand apple orchards.the behavioural response of both sexes of codling moth, cydia pomonella to the pear-derived kairomone (ethyl (2e,4z)-2,4-decadienoate), codling moth sex pheromone (e,e-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol), and sex pheromone combined with the pear derived kairomone loaded into red rubber septum were investigated in trapping experiments in new zealand apple orchards. a range of 0.01-10.0 mg of pheromone loading in rubber septum dispensers was tested and the highest catch of males was in traps baited with 1.0 mg. ...200818189264
efficiency assessment of a swift method to enhance substandard viability ram ejaculates.semen availability in ram semen processing facilities is of great importance for the genetic improvement of sheep. accordingly, any method that would increase sperm viability in low viability ejaculates could be useful. in this study, the possibility of a glass beads filtration method by estimating the beads total surface provided (tsp) for adhesion of spermatozoa, was evaluated. initially, two different tsp (102 and 154 cm(2)) achieved by various sizes of beads (1500, 2000 and 3000 microm) were ...200818199267
role of sertoli cell number and function on regulation of spermatogenesis.testicular function is under the control of expression and repression of several genes and gene products, and many of these works through sertoli cells. the capability of sertoli cells to regulate spermatogenesis is dependent on sertoli cell functions and sertoli cell number. sertoli cell number has long been thought to be stable in adults with no proliferation of sertoli cells once adult numbers have been reached. however, adult horses do not have stable sertoli cell numbers, and new studies in ...200818242891
natural phenanthrenes and their biological activity.the aim of this review is to survey the various naturally occurring phenanthrene compounds that have been isolated from different plants. only one review has previously been published on this topic. gorham (1989) reviewed the structures, biosynthesis, separations and spectroscopy of stilbenes and phenanthrenes. the present study furnishes an overview of the hydroxy or/and methoxy-substituted 9,10-dihydro/phenanthrenes, methylated, prenylated and other monomeric derivatives, dimeric and trimeric ...200818243254
risk assessment of metals from consuming vegetables, fruits and rice grown on soils irrigated with waters of the ebro river in catalonia, spain.the concentrations of arsenic (as), cadmium (cd), chromium (cr), copper (cu), mercury (hg), manganese (mn), nickel (ni), and lead (pb) were determined in samples of various edible vegetables (artichoke, cauliflower, lettuce, tomato), fruits (apple, mandarin, orange, pear) and rice grown in soils irrigated with water from the ebro river in tarragona province (catalonia, spain). although all food items were randomly acquired in various localities of the area, the local origin was always verified. ...200818322656
particle films for managing arthropod pests of apple.a two-season study showed that a calendar-based spray program to manage arthropod pests with kaolin (60 g/liter) applied at the rate of 450 liters/ha was effective against european apple sawfly, hoplocampa testudinea (klug) (hymenoptera: tenthredinidae); white apple leafhopper, typhlocyba pomaria mcatee (homoptera: cicadellidae); apple red bug, lygidea mendax reuter (heteroptera: miridae); pear plant bug, lygocoris communis (knight) (heteroptera: miridae); and the apple rust mite, aculus schlech ...200818330129
feeding substrates and behaviors of western cherry fruit fly (diptera: tephritidae).a study was conducted to determine the abundance of potential foods and the feeding substrates and behaviors of the western cherry fruit fly, rhagoletis indifferens curran (diptera: tephritidae), in 2005, 2006, and 2007 in central washington state. aphid colonies with honeydew, a presumed food source for flies, were not seen on randomly selected branches of sweet cherry trees, prunus avium l., but leaves with cherry juice, fruit that were damaged, and leaves with bird feces were commonly seen, e ...200818348808
measurement of glenoid bone loss: a comparison of measurement error between 45 degrees and 0 degrees bone loss models and with different posterior arthroscopy portal locations.osteotomies at an angle of 45 degrees to the long axis of the glenoid were originally used in a cadaveric model to simulate the bone loss that can occur clinically in anterior instability of the shoulder. however, this type of glenoid defect is not consistent with the usual clinical scenario, in which bone loss occurs nearly parallel (at 0 degrees) to the long axis of the glenoid.200818354146
first occurrence of strobilurin-resistant isolates of stemphylium vesicarium in an italian pear orchard. 200718396802
screening preharvest/postharvest strategies to prevent fruit rot decay.in fruit growing preharvest sprayings in the orchard are mainly applied to protect fruit from decaying. next to multisite fungicides (captan, thiram, tolylfluanid) the most commonly used products recognized for the belgium market are bellis (pyraclostrobin & boscalid) and the combination of topsin m (thiophanate-methyl) and frugico (diethofencarb). in general the spraying schedule varies depending on weather conditions (infection risk), preharvest interval of available fungicides, fruitgrower an ...200718396828
effect of seven different pollens on bio-ecological parameters of the predatory mite typhlodromus foenilis (acari: phytoseiidae).development, immature survival, reproduction, and life table parameters of the predatory mite typhlodromus foenilis oudemans were evaluated on seven different plant pollens (almond, apple, pear, cherry, apricot, plum, and walnut). experiments were conducted in environmental chambers at 20 +/- 1 degrees c with 65 +/- 5% rh and a photoperiod of 16:8 (l:d). t. foenilis successfully completed its development on all pollen diets. female mean developmental time from egg to adult emergence ranged from ...200818419905
the genome of erwinia tasmaniensis strain et1/99, a non-pathogenic bacterium in the genus erwinia.the complete genome of the bacterium erwinia tasmaniensis strain et1/99 consisting of a 3.9 mb circular chromosome and five plasmids was sequenced. strain et1/99 represents an epiphytic plant bacterium related to erwinia amylovora and e. pyrifoliae, which are responsible for the important plant diseases fire blight and asian pear shoot blight, respectively. strain et1/99 is a non-pathogenic bacterium and is thought to compete with these and other bacteria when occupying the same habitat during i ...200818462403
fermentation of opuntia stricta (haw.) fruits for betalains concentration.fermentation of juice and homogenized fruits of opuntia stricta fruits has been developed and optimized. the aim was to obtain the red food colorant betanin from prickly pear, at high concentration and low viscosity. among three strains assayed, saccharomyces cerevisiae var. bayanus awri 796 has been the optimum for this process. the optimum temperature value was found to be 35 degrees c for both sugar consumption and pigment preservation. after fermentation, biomass and residual vegetal tissue ...200818473472
efficacy of heat treatments with water and fludioxonil for postharvest control of blue and gray molds on inoculated pears and fludioxonil residues in fruit.the residue levels of fludioxonil (flu) were determined in pear cultivars precoce di fiorano, coscia, and spadona estiva after a 2-min dip in an aqueous mixture of flu containing 300 or 100 mg/liter of active ingredient at 20 or 50 degrees c and after 12 days at 17 degrees c and 80% relative humidity (simulated shelf life conditions). the accumulation trend of flu residues was determined in 'precoce di fiorano' pears after treatments with 25, 50, 100, or 200 mg/liter of active ingredient at 20 o ...200818522031
efficacy of dietary supplementation with botanicals on carbohydrate metabolism in humans.botanical products are widely used in nutritional supplementation for promotion of health or prevention of diseases. with the high prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes, abnormalities in carbohydrate metabolism are common in the general population and obtaining glycemic control is important in reducing the complications of diabetes. if shown to be effective, botanical products have a unique position in potentially aiding the general public in regard to obesity and diabetes. they can be obtai ...200818537692
sperm morphology and fertility of progeny-tested ai dairy bulls in sweden.use of bull semen with high levels of sperm abnormalities, reflecting genital dysfunction, is not recommended for artificial insemination (ai) since it would most likely lead to subfertility. sperm quality, including sperm morphology, may deteriorate with increasing age of the bull thus becoming a source of concern when using older, progeny-tested ai bull sires. although a relationship between sperm morphology and fertility after ai in progeny-tested bull sires has been reported, it is yet uncle ...200818539320
histological features and management of a mandibular gorham disease: a case report and review of maxillofacial cases in the literature.gorham disease (gd) is a rare osteolysis without sex, race, or age predilection, affecting bones in different regions. based on clinical, histological, and molecular features, diagnosis is difficult and required exclusion of neoplastic, inflammatory, infectious, and endocrinologic disease. etiology is still unknown. we report the case of a 36-year-old man suffering from severe progressive osteolysis located at the mandible. histology showed massive osteolysis without malignant cells. immunohisto ...200818567509
[antitumor effect of polysaccharides from cactus pear fruit in s180-bearing mice].polysaccharide components of some traditional chinese medicine have certain antitumor effects and can promote immune responses. extractions from cactus pear fruit can inhibit the proliferation of cervical cancer, ovary cancer and bladder cancer cells, and suppress the growth of ovarian cancer in mice. this study was to observe the antitumor effect of polysaccharides extracted from cactus pear fruit in s180-bearing mice.200818570729
viability of lactobacillus rhamnosus r0011 in an apple-based fruit juice under simulated storage conditions at the consumer level.lactobacillus rhamnosus r0011 was inoculated in an apple-pear-raspberry juice blend at 4.5 x 10(9) cfu/250 ml portion, and viability was followed during storage in conditions simulating consumer use. study parameters were age of the juice (2 or 4 wk), sampling size (one to three 250-ml portions), incubation temperature (between 2 and 7 degrees c), and atmosphere (aerobic compared with anaerobic). dependent variables were ph, dissolved oxygen (do) level, and viable count. the do level in the unop ...200818577004
control of postharvest pear diseases using rhodotorula glutinis and its effects on postharvest quality parameters.rhodotorula glutinis was evaluated for its activity in reducing postharvest gray mold decay and blue mold decay of pear caused by botrytis cinerea and penicillium expansum respectively, and in reducing natural decay development of pear fruits, as well as its effects on postharvest quality of fruits. there was a significant negative correlation between concentrations of the yeast cells and infectivity of the pathogens. at concentrations of r. glutinis at 5x108 cfu/ml, the gray mold decay was comp ...200818579245
[gorham-stout syndrome in a patient with hiv infection]. 200818582424
four species of zygophiala (schizothyriaceae, capnodiales) are associated with the sooty blotch and flyspeck complex on apple.sooty blotch and flyspeck (sbfs) is a complex of fungi that cause late-season blemishes of apple and pear fruit that cosmetically damage the cuticle, which result in fruit that are unacceptable to consumers. previous studies reported that a single, wide-host-range species, schizothyrium pomi (presumed anamorph zygophiala jamaicensis), caused flyspeck on apple. in the present study we compared morphology and dna phylogeny (its, lsu) of 139 fungal strains isolated from flyspeck signs from 39 apple ...200818592899
macrophage immunomodulatory activity of polysaccharides isolated from opuntia polyacantha.opuntia polyacantha (prickly pear cactus) has been used extensively for its nutritional properties; however, less is known regarding medicinal properties of opuntia tissues. in the present study, we extracted polysaccharides from o. polyacantha and used size-exclusion chromatography to fractionate the crude polysaccharides into four polysaccharide fractions (designated as opuntia polysaccharides c-i to c-iv). the average m(r) of fractions c-i through c-iv was estimated to be 733, 550, 310, and 1 ...200818597716
a rapid and effective method for rna extraction from different tissues of grapevine and other woody plants.rna quality and integrity are critical for many studies in plant molecular biology. high-quality rna extraction from grapevine and other woody plants is problematic due to the presence of polysaccharides, polyphenolics and other compounds that bind or co-precipitate with the rna.200818618437
clinical and molecular delineation of the 17q21.31 microdeletion syndrome.the chromosome 17q21.31 microdeletion syndrome is a novel genomic disorder that has originally been identified using high resolution genome analyses in patients with unexplained mental retardation.200818628315
evaluation of four whole-plant inoculation methods to analyze the pathogenicity of erwinia amylovora under quarantine conditions.four methods were tested to assess the fire-blight disease response on grafted pear plants. the leaves of the plants were inoculated with erwinia amylovora suspensions by pricking with clamps, cutting with scissors, local infiltration, and painting a bacterial suspension onto the leaves with a paintbrush. the effects of the inoculation methods were studied in dose-time-response experiments carried out in climate chambers under quarantine conditions. a modified gompertz model was used to analyze ...200818645961
hrpn of erwinia amylovora functions in the translocation of dspa/e into plant cells.the type iii secretion system (t3ss) is required by plant pathogenic bacteria for the translocation of certain bacterial proteins to the cytoplasm of plant cells or secretion of some proteins to the apoplast. the t3ss of erwinia amylovora, which causes fire blight of pear, apple and other rosaceous plants, secretes dspa/e, which is an indispensable pathogenicity factor. several other proteins, including hrpn, a critical virulence factor, are also secreted by the t3ss. using a cyaa reporter syste ...200818705858
[application of icp-ms to detection of trace elements and heavy metals in different kinds of honey].honey contains abundant trace elements, which are important nutritional elements for human health, but the difference between different species has not been reported. seven kinds of trace elements and five kinds of heavy metals in different honey species were analyzed by the method of icp-ms. the results showed that honey contained many wholesome elements, such as ca, fe, zn, mn, cu, se and mo, but there was great difference between different species. the highest concentrations of ca, fe, zn, mn ...200818800735
the luxs gene is involved in ai-2 production, pathogenicity, and some phenotypes in erwinia amylovora.erwinia amylovora causes fire blight of apple, pear, and other members of the rosaceae family. the enzyme luxs catalyzes the last step in the production of autoinducer-2 (ai-2), a molecule implicated with quorum sensing in many bacterial species. it is now well recognized that luxs also plays a central role in sulfur metabolism and in the activated methyl cycle, which is responsible for the generation of s-adenosyl-l-methionine. a research paper has reported that luxs is not involved with quorum ...200918820970
an antibacterial pyrazole derivative from burkholderia glumae, a bacterial pathogen of rice.burkholderia glumae, a bacterial pathogen on rice, produced compounds in liquid culture that, in agar diffusion assays, gave strong inhibitory action against erwinia amylovora, the bacterium responsible for fire blight disease of apple and pear trees. products were isolated from culture medium by cation exchange and then purified by bioassay-guided chromatographic methods. two major products were obtained, one of which was not active when fully purified. each product showed a single ninhydrin-st ...200818834606
the c-terminal half of the hrpn virulence protein of the fire blight pathogen erwinia amylovora is essential for its secretion and for its virulence and avirulence activities.the hrpn (harpin) protein of the fire blight pathogen erwinia amylovora is an essential virulence factor secreted via the bacterial type iii secretion system. hrpn also has avirulence activity when delivered to tobacco by e. amylovora and has defense elicitor activity when applied to plants as a cell-free protein extract. here, we characterize a series of random mutations in hrpn that altered the predicted amino acid sequence of the protein. amino acid substitutions and deletions in the highly c ...200818842089
medicinal agents in the metabolic syndrome.the metabolic syndrome (ms) has become a worldwide health problem. it is difficult for patients to follow a diet/exercise regime that would improve their symptoms, therefore the investigation of agents that may deal with its more serious aspects is an important medical field for research. the cardiovascular consequences associated with the syndrome and some of the therapeutic approaches are discussed. the different agents can be divided into several groups: inorganic/ organic: zinc complexes wit ...200818855636
temporal dynamics of the biocontrol agent pseudomonas fluorescens strain a506 in flowers in inoculated pear trees.abstract the colonization of individual flowers in mature pear orchards by pseudomonas fluorescens strain a506 applied at different times during bloom was measured to determine the receptivity of flowers to colonization and the extent of intra-tree movement over time. strain a506 populations in flowers open at inoculation were initially about 10(4) cells per flower and increased to approximately 10(6) cells per flower in flowers that were inoculated within about 5 days of opening. however, event ...200318943060
temperature and pomaceous flower age related to colonization by erwinia amylovora and antagonists.abstract fire blight of apple and pear is initiated by epiphytic populations of erwinia amylovora on flower stigmas. predicting this disease and managing it with microbial antagonists depends on an understanding of bacterial colonization on stigmas. detached 'manchurian' crab apple flowers were inoculated with e. amylovora and subjected to a range of constant temperatures or various fluctuating temperature regimes. results may have application to disease risk assessment systems such as the couga ...200418943112
ultrastructural study on acibenzolar-s-methyl-induced scab resistance in epidermal pectin layers of japanese pear leaves.the infection behavior of japanese pear scab pathogen venturia nashicola race 1 was studied ultrastructurally in acibenzolar-s-methyl (asm)-pretreated susceptible japanese pear (cv. kousui) leaves to determine the mechanism of asm-induced scab resistance. on asm-pretreated leaf surfaces, the infection behavior (conidial germination and appressorial formation) was similar to that on distilled water (dw)-pretreated leaves prior to cuticle penetration by the pathogen. however, after penetration, di ...200818943227
worldwide phylogeography of the citrus brown spot pathogen, alternaria alternata.abstract sixty-five isolates of alternaria alternata were sampled from brown spot lesions on tangerines and mandarins (citrus reticulata) and tangerine x grapefruit (c. reticulata x c. paradisi) hybrids in the united states, colombia, australia, turkey, south africa, and israel to investigate the worldwide phylogeography of the fungus. genetic variation was scored at 15 putative random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) loci and 465 bp of an endo-polygalacturonase (endo-pg) gene was sequenced for ...200218943277
influence of nutrient and environmental factors on conidial germination of potebniamyces pyri.abstract potebniamyces pyri is the causal agent of phacidiopycnis rot, a postharvest disease of pears. infection of fruit occurs in the orchard, and symptoms develop during storage. conidial germination of p. pyri in response to nutrient, temperature, wetness duration, relative humidity (rh), and ph was determined in vitro. conidia germinated by either budding or developing germ tubes in various concentrations of pear juice solutions. the mode of conidial germination was nutrient-dependent. low ...200518943324
the role of water in epiphytic colonization and infection of pomaceous flowers by erwinia amylovora.abstract detached crab apple flowers were used as an experimental model to investigate the effect of relative humidity (rh), free moisture, and water potential psi(w) on the interaction between erwinia amylovora and pomaceous flowers. flowers were maintained at 24 degrees c with the cut pedicel submerged in a sucrose solution. the bacterium multiplied on inoculated flower stigmas at between approximately 55 and 100% rh but not in the floral cup (hypanthium) until the rh was higher than 80%. to s ...200018943376
antibiosis and acidification by pantoea agglomerans strain e325 may contribute to suppression of erwinia amylovora.pantoea agglomerans strain e325, a commercially available antagonist for fire blight of apple and pear, was originally selected through screening based on suppression of erwinia amylovora on flower stigmas, but specific mechanisms of antagonism were unknown. bacterial modification of ph was evaluated as a possible mechanism by analyzing stigma exudates extracted from 'gala' apple stigmas. the ph values for field samples were only slightly lower than controls, but indicated a range (ph 5 to 6) co ...200818943460
acibenzolar-s-methyl-induced resistance to japanese pear scab is associated with potentiation of multiple defense responses.abstract this study reports the mode of action of acibenzolar-s-methyl (asm) against japanese pear scab, caused by venturia nashicola. pretreatment of potted japanese pear trees with asm reduced scab symptoms and potentiated several lines of plant defense response. this included transcripts encoding polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein (pgip) that were highly and transiently promoted after scab inoculation of plants pretreated with asm, suggesting a possible role for defenses involved in direct ...200418943485
analysis of aggressiveness of erwinia amylovora using disease-dose and time relationships.abstract the aggressiveness of an extensive collection of strains of erwinia amylovora was analyzed using immature fruit and detached pear flower assays under controlled environmental conditions. the analysis was performed by means of a quantitative approach based on fitting data to mathematical models that relate infection incidence to pathogen dose and time. probit and hyperbolic saturation models were used for disease-dose relationships and provided information on the median effective dose (e ...200518943554
evaluation of likelihood of co-occurrence of erwinia amylovora with mature fruit of winter pear.abstract phytosanitary concerns about fire blight prohibit export of u.s.-grown pears to some countries without this disease. to examine these concerns, we evaluated the potential for co-occurrence of erwinia amylovora with mature, symptomless winter pear fruit by inoculation experiments and by survey of commercial orchards. immature pear and apple fruit were inoculated in orchards with e. amylovora strain 153n as resuspended lyophilized cells or as ooze from diseased tissues. regardless of inoc ...200718943684
detection, distribution, sporulation, and survival of phytophthora ramorum in a california redwood-tanoak forest soil.abstract recovery of phytophthora ramorum from soils throughout sudden oak death-affected regions of california illustrates that soil may serve as an inoculum reservoir, but the role of soil inoculum in the disease cycle is unknown. this study addresses the efficacy of soil baiting, seasonal pathogen distribution under several epidemiologically important host species, summer survival and chlamydospore production in soil, and the impact of soil drying on pathogen survival. the efficacy of rhodode ...200718943696
bioavailability of iron to pseudomonas fluorescens strain a506 on flowers of pear and apple.abstract the addition of 0.1 mm fecl(3) to a defined culture medium induces the bacterial epiphyte pseudomonas fluorescens strain a506 (a506) to produce an antibiotic toxic to the fire blight pathogen, erwinia amylovora. consequently, because a506 is registered and applied as a commercial product to suppress e. amylovora before floral infection of pear and apple, the relative availability of iron to a506 on surfaces of pear and apple flowers is of potential significance. an 'iron biosensor' cons ...200418943698
dual activity of a viral lysozyme with high efficiency for growth inhibition of erwinia amylovora.abstract the lysozyme from erwinia amylovora phage phiea1h was investigated for its ability to inhibit growth of bacteria and compared with the lysozyme from escherichia coli phage t4. the assays to measure lysozyme activity included cell lysis and growth inhibition of bacteria. bacterial strains with kanamycin resistance were not affected by lysates containing the phiea1h-enzyme. the titer of micrococcus luteus but not of erwinia amylovora was diminished by cell extracts containing t4 lysozyme. ...200418943701
an indigenous virulent strain of erwinia amylovora lacking the ubiquitous plasmid pea29.abstract an atypical strain of erwinia amylovora was isolated near an outbreak of fire blight at a nursery in spain in 1996. it was obtained from a crataegus plant showing typical symptoms and was identified as e. amy-lovora by biochemical tests and enrichment-enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay, but not by polymerase chain reaction using primers based on the pea29 sequence. nevertheless, with primers from chromosomal regions, the isolate gave the expected amplification band. this strain carries ...200618943756
testing a rapid diagnostic medium for erwinia amylovora and development of a procedure for sampling blossoms in pear orchards.abstract the coliform agar produced by merck was tested for rapid diagnosis of erwinia amylovora (the causal agent of fire blight) in pear blossoms. the medium enabled the diagnosis to be completed within 36 h. diagnoses performed with the medium were confirmed by the biolog and the fatty-acid profile methods. the diagnostic medium was used to determine the spatial distribution of colonized blossoms in the orchards and it was found that e. amylovora may be distributed both in clusters and at ran ...200318943859
improved control of postharvest decay of pears by the combination of candida sake (cpa-1) and ammonium molybdate.abstract the potential enhancement of candida sake (cpa-1) by ammonium molybdate to control blue and gray mold caused by penicillium expansum and botrytis cinerea, respectively, on blanquilla pears was investigated. in laboratory trials, improved control of blue and gray molds was obtained with the application of ammonium molybdate (1, 5, 10, and 15 mm) alone or in combination with c. sake at 2 x 10(6) or 2 x 10(7) cfu ml(-1) on blanquilla pears stored at 20 degrees c. in semicommercial trials a ...200218944000
genetic analysis of a pathogenic erwinia sp. isolated from pear in japan.abstract four erwinia strains, originally isolated in japan from pear trees with bacterial shoot blight symptoms, were analyzed to determine their genetic relationship with erwinia amylovora and e. pyrifoliae. when genomes were characterized with amplified fragment length polymorphism markers and by comparative groel sequence analysis, the japanese erwinia sp. and south korean e. pyrifoliae strains were placed in the same group, which was phylogenetically distinct from a group of 15 strains of e ...200318944067
effect of relative humidity and interrupted wetness periods on brown spot severity of pear caused by stemphylium vesicarium.abstract field observations in four pear orchards during 5 years from april to october indicated that days with uninterrupted wetness of variable length represented 83.9% of the total days studied. however, days with surface wetness interruptions and with high relative humidity (rh) (>/=90%) without wetness occurred with a frequency of 7.1 and 6.2%, respectively. accordingly, the effect of interruption of 24-h wetness periods by dry periods of high or low rh on infections caused by stemphylium v ...200218944145
a statistical comparison of the blossom blight forecasts of maryblyt and cougarblight with receiver operating characteristic curve analysis.abstract blossom blight forecasting is an important aspect of fire blight, caused by erwinia amylovora, management for both apple and pear. a comparison of the forecast accuracy of two common fire blight forecasters, maryblyt and cougarblight, was performed with receiver operating characteristic (roc) curve analysis and 243 data sets. the rain threshold of cougarblight was analyzed as a separate model termed cougarblight and rain. data were used as a whole and then grouped into geographic region ...200718944181
antibiosis contributes to biological control of fire blight by pantoea agglomerans strain eh252 in orchards.abstract fire blight, caused by erwinia amylovora, is the most serious bacterial disease of pear and apple trees. biological control with strains of pantoea agglomerans (syn. erwinia herbicola) may provide an effective disease management strategy for fire blight. most strains of p. agglomerans evaluated for suppression of fire blight produce compounds that inhibit the growth of e. amylovora in culture. the role of these inhibitory compounds in fire blight suppression in orchard environments has ...200218944246
frequency and seasonal distribution of pear psylla infected with the pear decline phytoplasma in california pear orchards.abstract pear decline (pd) is an important disease of pyrus communis fruiting cultivars in europe, asia, and the americas. pd is caused by a phloem-limited phytoplasma that, in california, is transmitted from diseased to healthy trees by pear psylla, cacopsylla pyricola. the percentage of phytoplasma-infected pear psylla has never been assessed in the united states in field-collected insects. pear psylla were collected monthly from pd-infected trees from three orchards in northern california. in ...200218944248
duplex real-time polymerase chain reaction reveals competition between erwinia amylovora and e. pyrifoliae on pear blossoms.erwinia amylovora and e. pyrifoliae are the causative agents of fire blight and asian pear blight, respectively. the pathogens are closely related, with overlapping host ranges. data are unavailable on the current distribution of e. pyrifoliae and on the interaction between the two species when they are present together on the same host. in this study, a duplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) protocol was developed to monitor the population dynamics of e. amylovora and e. pyrifoliae on ...200818944291
using pseudomonas spp. for integrated biological control.abstract pseudomonas spp. have been studied for decades as model organisms for biological control of plant disease. currently, there are three commercial formulations of pseudomonads registered with the u.s. environmental protection agency for plant disease suppression, bio-save 10 lp, bio-save 11 lp, and blightban a506. bio-save 10 lp and bio-save 11 lp, products of jet harvest solutions, longwood, fl, contain pseudomonas syringae strains esc-10 and esc-11, respectively. these products are appl ...200718944382
infection behavior of venturia nashicola, the cause of scab on asian pears.abstract the infection of japanese pear by venturia nashicola, the cause of scab on asian pears (japanese pear, pyrus pylifolia var. culta; chinese pear, p. ussuriensis), was examined using light and electron microscopy to determine the mechanism of resistance in pears. early stages of infection were similar on the susceptible cv. kosui, the resistant cv. kinchaku, and the nonhost european pear (p. communis) cv. flemish beauty. v. nashicola penetrated only the cuticle layer on pear leaves and fo ...200018944422
characterization of a viral eps-depolymerase, a potential tool for control of fire blight.abstract a 3.3-kb fragment of genomic dna from bacteriophage phi-ea1h encoding an amylovoran-directed depolymerase lyase was sequenced, and three open reading frames (orfs) were detected. the first orf could encode a lysozyme and the second a holin that may form a pore supporting cell lysis by the lysozyme. the third orf encodes a protein of 657 amino acids and deletion mutation in this dna fragment abolished extracellular polysaccharide (eps)-degrading activity. a putative promoter and a riboso ...200018944430
assessment of environmental factors influencing growth and spread of pantoea agglomerans on and among blossoms of pear and apple.abstract we evaluated effects of both physical and biological components of the environment on growth of pantoea agglomerans on inoculated pear and apple blossoms and on spread of the bacterium to blossoms on non-inoculated trees. the center three rows of 0.35- to 0.5-ha blocks of four pear cultivars and four apple cultivars were sprayed with a suspension of streptomycin-resistant p. agglomerans strain c9-1s (c9-1s) at 20 to 60% and 60 to 90% bloom. cultivars were chosen to create a sequence of ...200018944433
an extracellular protease of pseudomonas fluorescens inactivates antibiotics of pantoea agglomerans.abstract pseudomonas fluorescens a506 and pantoea agglomerans strains eh252 and c9-1 are biological control agents that suppress fire blight, an important disease of pear and apple caused by the bacterium erwinia amylovora. pseudomonas fluorescens strain a506 suppresses disease largely through competitive exclusion of e. amylovora on surfaces of blossoms, the primary infection court, whereas pantoea agglomerans strains eh252 and c9-1 produce antibiotics that are toxic to e. amylovora. in this st ...200418944458
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