| sequence analysis of three pigmentation genes in the newfoundland population of canis latrans links the golden retriever mc1r variant to white coat color in coyotes. | three genes, mc1r, agouti, and cbd103, interact in a type-switching process that controls much of the pigmentation variation observed in mammals. a deletion in the cbd103 gene is responsible for dominant black color in dogs, while the white-phased black bear ("spirit bear") of british columbia, canada, is the lightest documented color variant caused by a mutation in mc1r. rare all-white animals have recently been discovered in a new northeastern population of the coyote in insular newfoundland a ... | 2013 | 23297074 |
| attitudes of college undergraduates towards coyotes (canis latrans) in an urban landscape: management and public outreach implications. | understanding and assessing the public's attitudes towards urban wildlife is an important step towards creating management plans, increasing knowledge and awareness, and fostering coexistence between people and wildlife. we conducted a survey of undergraduate college students in the washington, d.c. metropolitan area-where coyotes are recent arrivals-to determine existing attitudes towards coyotes and coyote management methods. amongst other findings, we found that the more a person feared coyot ... | 2013 | 26487306 |
| red wolf (canis rufus) recovery: a review with suggestions for future research. | by the 1970s, government-supported eradication campaigns reduced red wolves to a remnant population of less than 100 individuals on the southern border of texas and louisiana. restoration efforts in the region were deemed unpromising because of predator-control programs and hybridization with coyotes. the u.s. fish and wildlife service (usfws) removed the last remaining red wolves from the wild and placed them in a captive-breeding program. in 1980, the usfws declared red wolves extinct in the w ... | 2013 | 26479530 |
| successful cloning of coyotes through interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer using domestic dog oocytes. | interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer (iscnt) is an emerging assisted reproductive technology (art) for preserving nature's diversity. the scarcity of oocytes from some species makes utilisation of readily available oocytes inevitable. in the present study, we describe the successful cloning of coyotes (canis latrans) through iscnt using oocytes from domestic dogs (canis lupus familiaris or dingo). transfer of 320 interspecies-reconstructed embryos into 22 domestic dog recipients resulted i ... | 2013 | 23217630 |
| quantity discrimination in wolves (canis lupus). | quantity discrimination has been studied extensively in different non-human animal species. in the current study, we tested 11 hand-raised wolves (canis lupus) in a two-way choice task. we placed a number of food items (one to four) sequentially into two opaque cans and asked the wolves to choose the larger amount. moreover, we conducted two additional control conditions to rule out non-numerical properties of the presentation that the animals might have used to make the correct choice. our resu ... | 2012 | 23181044 |
| canid hybridization: contemporary evolution in human-modified landscapes. | contemporary evolution through human-induced hybridization occurs throughout the taxonomic range. formerly allopatric species appear especially susceptible to hybridization. consequently, hybridization is expected to be more common in regions with recent sympatry owing to human activity than in areas of historical range overlap. coyotes (canis latrans) and gray wolves (c. lupus) are historically sympatric in western north america. following european settlement gray wolf range contracted, whereas ... | 2012 | 23139873 |
| a shared system of representation governing quantity discrimination in canids. | one way to investigate the evolution of cognition is to compare the abilities of phylogenetically related species. the domestic dog (canis lupus familiaris), for example, still shares cognitive abilities with the coyote (canis latrans). both of these canids possess the ability to make psychophysical "less/more" discriminations of food based on quantity. like many other species including humans, this ability is mediated by weber's law: discrimination of continuous quantities is dependent on the r ... | 2012 | 23060847 |
| anthropogenic influences on macro-level mammal occupancy in the appalachian trail corridor. | anthropogenic effects on wildlife are typically assessed at the local level, but it is often difficult to extrapolate to larger spatial extents. macro-level occupancy studies are one way to assess impacts of multiple disturbance factors that might vary over different geographic extents. here we assess anthropogenic effects on occupancy and distribution for several mammal species within the appalachian trail (at), a forest corridor that extends across a broad section of the eastern united states. ... | 2012 | 22880038 |
| impact of quaternary climatic changes and interspecific competition on the demographic history of a highly mobile generalist carnivore, the coyote. | recurrent cycles of climatic change during the quaternary period have dramatically affected the population genetic structure of many species. we reconstruct the recent demographic history of the coyote (canis latrans) through the use of bayesian techniques to examine the effects of late quaternary climatic perturbations on the genetic structure of a highly mobile generalist species. our analysis reveals a lack of phylogeographic structure throughout the range but past population size changes cor ... | 2012 | 22491760 |
| the origin of the tibetan mastiff and species identification of canis based on mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit i (coi) gene and coi barcoding. | dna barcoding is an effective technique to identify species and analyze phylogenesis and evolution. however, research on and application of dna barcoding in canis have not been carried out. in this study, we analyzed two species of canis, canis lupus (n = 115) and canis latrans (n = 4), using the cytochrome c oxidase subunit i (coi) gene (1545 bp) and coi barcoding (648 bp dna sequence of the coi gene). the results showed that the coi gene, as the moderate variant sequence, applied to the analys ... | 2011 | 22440462 |
| evolution in coyotes (canis latrans) in response to the megafaunal extinctions. | living coyotes modify their behavior in the presence of larger carnivores, such as wolves. however, little is known about the effects of competitor presence or absence on morphological change in coyotes or wolves over long periods of time. we examined the evolution of coyotes and wolves through time from the late pleistocene, during which many large carnivorous species coexisted as predators and competitors, to the recent; this allowed us to investigate evolutionary changes in these species in r ... | 2012 | 22371581 |
| tracking of food quantity by coyotes (canis latrans). | previous studies have demonstrated that weber's law mediates quantitative discrimination abilities across various species. here, we tested coyotes' (canis latrans) ability to discriminate between various quantities of food and investigated whether this ability conforms to predictions of weber's law. we demonstrate herein that coyotes are capable of reliably discriminating large versus small quantities of discrete food items. as predicted by weber's law, coyotes' quantitative discrimination abili ... | 2011 | 21856389 |
| ontogenetic relationships between cranium and mandible in coyotes and hyenas. | developing animals must resolve the conflicting demands of survival and growth, ensuring that they can function as infants or juveniles while developing toward their adult form. in the case of the mammalian skull, the cranium and mandible must maintain functional integrity to meet the feeding needs of a juvenile even as the relationship between parts must change to meet the demands imposed on adults. we examine growth and development of the cranium and mandible, using a unique ontogenetic series ... | 2011 | 21484852 |
| complete sequence of the tibetan mastiff mitochondrial genome and its phylogenetic relationship with other canids ( canis, canidae). | in this study, the complete sequence of the tibetan mastiff mitochondrial genome (mtdna) was determined, and the phylogenetic relationships between the tibetan mastiff and other species of canidae were analyzed using the coyote (canis latrans) as an outgroup. the complete nucleotide sequence of the tibetan mastiff mtdna was 16 710 bp, and included 22 trna genes, 2s rrna gene, 13 protein-coding genes and one non-coding region (d-loop region), which is similar to other mammalian mitochondrial geno ... | 2011 | 22440697 |
| prey-mediated avoidance of an intraguild predator by its intraguild prey. | intraguild (ig) predation is an important factor influencing community structure, yet factors allowing coexistence of ig predator and ig prey are not well understood. the existence of spatial refuges for ig prey has recently been noted for their importance in allowing coexistence. however, reduction in basal prey availability might lead ig prey to leave spatial refuges for greater access to prey, leading to increased ig predation and fewer opportunities for coexistence. we determined how the ava ... | 2010 | 20953798 |
| bilateral cataracts in a coyote (canis latrans) pup from saskatchewan, canada. | a free-ranging coyote (canis latrans) pup was found in rural saskatchewan and was subsequently presented to a veterinary teaching hospital by a wildlife rehabilitator. on physical examination, the pup was found to be blind as a result of bilateral, mature cataracts, which were confirmed on postmortem examination. no other significant intraocular or extraocular disease was detected, resulting in a presumptive diagnosis of congenital cataract. to the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of ... | 2010 | 20597237 |
| captive coyotes compared to their counterparts in the wild: does environmental enrichment help? | this article attempts to determine the effects of environment (captive or wild) and a simple form of environmental enrichment on the behavior and physiology of a nonhuman animal. specifically, analyses first compared behavioral budgets and stereotypic behavior of captive coyotes (canis latrans) in kennels and pens to their counterparts in the wild. second, experiments examined the effect of a simple form of environmental enrichment for captive coyotes (food-filled bones) on behavioral budgets, s ... | 2009 | 20183476 |
| influence of exogenous gonadotropin-releasing hormone on seasonal reproductive behavior of the coyote (canis latrans). | wild canis species such as the coyote (c. latrans) express a suite of reproductive traits unusual among mammals, including perennial pair-bonds and paternal care of the young. coyotes also are monestrous, and both sexes are fertile only in winter; thus, they depend upon social and physiologic synchrony for successful reproduction. to investigate the mutability of seasonal reproduction in coyotes, we attempted to evoke an out-of-season estrus in october using one of two short-acting gonadotropin- ... | 2009 | 19631975 |
| integrity of mating behaviors and seasonal reproduction in coyotes (canis latrans) following treatment with estradiol benzoate. | coyotes (canis latrans) are seasonally monestrous and form perennial pair-bonds. breeding is dominated by each pack's alpha male and female, and both sexes share responsibility for territory defense and pup-rearing. they are also opportunistic predators on domestic livestock and pets. but while dominant adults have been implicated as primary killers, depredation is reduced when coyotes are without pups. contraception, therefore, may represent a non-lethal solution for conflicts between coyotes a ... | 2010 | 19523776 |
| prey behavior, age-dependent vulnerability, and predation rates. | variation in the temporal pattern of vulnerability can provide important insights into predator-prey relationships and the evolution of antipredator behavior. we illustrate these points with a system that has coyotes (canis latrans) as a predator and two species of congeneric deer (odocoileus spp.) as prey. the deer employ different antipredator tactics (aggressive defense vs. flight) that result in contrasting patterns of age-dependent vulnerability in their probability of being captured when e ... | 2008 | 18840071 |
| seasonal variation in serum testosterone, testicular volume, and semen characteristics in the coyote (canis latrans). | the coyote is a seasonally breeding mammal, with most copulations occurring between december and april (depending on location). the objective of this study was to characterize seasonal changes in serum testosterone concentrations, testicular volume, and ejaculate quantity and quality in captive male coyotes. there were seasonal differences in testicular volume, with the greatest volume (20.2+/-5.4cm2), mean+/-s.e.m.) in february, corresponding with peak breeding season. circulating serum testost ... | 2008 | 18359065 |
| native great lakes wolves were not restored. | wolves from the great lakes area were historically decimated due to habitat loss and predator control programmes. under the protection of the us endangered species act, the population has rebounded to approximately 3000 individuals. we show that the pre-recovery population was dominated by mitochondrial dna haplotypes from an endemic american wolf referred to here as the great lakes wolf. in contrast, the recent population is admixed, and probably derives also from the grey wolf (canis lupus) of ... | 2008 | 17956840 |
| does interference competition with wolves limit the distribution and abundance of coyotes? | interference competition with wolves canis lupus is hypothesized to limit the distribution and abundance of coyotes canis latrans, and the extirpation of wolves is often invoked to explain the expansion in coyote range throughout much of north america. we used spatial, seasonal and temporal heterogeneity in wolf distribution and abundance to test the hypothesis that interference competition with wolves limits the distribution and abundance of coyotes. from august 2001 to august 2004, we gathered ... | 2007 | 17922704 |
| giardia and cryptosporidium species and genotypes in coyotes (canis latrans). | feces and duodenal scrapings were collected from 22 coyotes (canis latrans) killed in managed hunts in northeastern pennsylvania. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) methods were used to detect giardia and cryptosporidium spp. pcr-amplified fragments of giardia and cryptosporidium spp. ssu-rrna genes were subjected to dna sequence analysis for species/genotype determination. seven coyotes (32%) were positive for g. duodenalis: three assemblage c, three assemblage d, and one assemblage b. six coyotes ... | 2006 | 17312792 |
| influence of extender, freezing rate, and thawing rate on post-thaw motility, viability and morphology of coyote (canis latrans) spermatozoa. | the objective of this study was to examine the post-thaw effects of three cryoprotective extenders (tris-fructose-citric acid extender, tris-glucose-citric acid extender, and lactose extender), three linear freezing rates (-1, -6, and -20 degrees c/min), and three thawing rates (37 degrees c water bath for 120s, 60 degrees c water bath for 30s, and 70 degrees c water bath for 8s) on coyote spermatozoa. after thawing, the findings supported that cryopreservation of coyote (canis latrans) spermato ... | 2005 | 15961151 |
| monitoring coyote population dynamics by genotyping faeces. | reliable population estimates are necessary for effective conservation and management, and faecal genotyping has been used successfully to estimate the population size of several elusive mammalian species. information such as changes in population size over time and survival rates, however, are often more useful for conservation biology than single population estimates. we evaluated the use of faecal genotyping as a tool for monitoring long-term population dynamics, using coyotes (canis latrans) ... | 2005 | 15813796 |
| coyote movements and social structure along a cryptic population genetic subdivision. | a recent region-wide study determined that the central california coyote (canis latrans) population was genetically subdivided according to habitat bioregions, supporting the hypothesis that coyotes exhibit a dispersal bias toward their natal habitat type. here, we further investigated this hypothesis using radio-collared coyotes captured on a 150-km(2) study site on the border of (i.e. overlapping) two bioregions (great valley and cascade mountains). as predicted, most coyotes were assigned (ba ... | 2005 | 15773950 |
| secondary poisoning of eagles following intentional poisoning of coyotes with anticholinesterase pesticides in western canada. | records of eagles, coyotes (canis latrans), and red foxes (vulpes vulpes) necropsied at the western college of veterinary medicine, saskatoon, saskatchewan, canada, between 1967 and 2002 were reviewed for cases suggestive of anticholinesterase poisoning. from 1993 to 2002, 54 putative poisoning incidents involving 70 bald eagles (haliaeetus leucocephalus) and 10 golden eagles (aquila chrysaetus) were identified. of these, 50 incidents occurred in saskatchewan, two were in manitoba, and one occur ... | 2004 | 15362815 |
| population structure of california coyotes corresponds to habitat-specific breaks and illuminates species history. | little is known about the relationship between animal movements and the emergent structure of populations, especially for species occupying large continuous distributions. some such mammals disperse disproportionately into habitat similar to their natal habitat, a behavioural bias that might be expected to lead to habitat-conforming genetic structure. we hypothesized that coyotes (canis latrans) would exhibit such natal-biased dispersal, and used 13 microsatellite loci to test, correspondingly, ... | 2004 | 15078462 |
| first report of giardia in coyotes (canis latrans). | | 2003 | 14736229 |
| pedigree-based assignment tests for reversing coyote (canis latrans) introgression into the wild red wolf (canis rufus) population. | the principal threat to the persistence of the endangered red wolf (canis rufus) in the wild is hybridization with the coyote (canis latrans). to facilitate idengification and removal of hybrids, assignment tests are developed which use genotype data to estimate identity as coyote, 1/4, 1/2, 3/4 or full red wolf. the tests use genotypes from the red wolves that founded the surviving population and the resulting pedigree, rather than a contemporary red wolf sample. the tests are evaluated by anal ... | 2003 | 14629346 |
| a survey of the parasites of coyotes (canis latrans) in new york based on fecal analysis. | coyotes (canis latrans) have colonized northeastern north america only within the past 10-80 yr. we examined feces of coyotes in 2000-01 at three sites in new york (usa) to survey parasites in the region. two cestodes, nine nematodes, five protozoa, one trematode, and two arthropods were identified from 145 coyote fecal samples. parasite component community diversity was higher (n = 16 species) in southern new york than in middle and northern sites (nine species each) and infracommunity species ... | 2003 | 14567236 |
| determination of mifepristone levels in wild canid serum using liquid chromatography. | an hplc method was developed to determine levels of mifepristone, in coyote (canis latrans) serum where mifepristone will be used as an oral contragestive agent for nonlethal predator control. serum samples were extracted using c(18) solid-phase extraction cartridges. a synthetic analog of mifepristone, rti-3021-003, was used as the internal standard. separation of the compounds was achieved by using a c(18) (150 x 4.6 mm) column. the mobile phase was 55% acetonitrile in water running at 1.0 ml/ ... | 2003 | 12888193 |
| using faecal dna sampling and gis to monitor hybridization between red wolves (canis rufus) and coyotes (canis latrans). | the us fish and wildlife service's (usfws) red wolf recovery program recognizes hybridization with coyotes as the primary threat to red wolf recovery. efforts to curb or stop hybridization are hampered in two ways. first, hybrid individuals are difficult to identify based solely on morphology. second, managers need to effectively search 6000 km(2) for the presence of coyotes and hybrids. we develop a noninvasive method to screen large geographical areas for coyotes and hybrids with maternal coyo ... | 2003 | 12859637 |
| competition and intraguild predation among three sympatric carnivores. | we examined the relative roles of dominance in agonistic interactions and energetic constraints related to body size in determining local abundances of coyotes (canis latrans, 8-20 kg), gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus, 3-5 kg) and bobcats (felis rufus, 5-15 kg) at three study sites (hereafter referred to as np, cp, and sp) in the santa monica mountains of california. we hypothesized that the largest and behaviorally dominant species, the coyote, would exploit a wider range of resources (i.e ... | 2000 | 24595837 |
| development and testing of seven new synthetic coyote attractants. | available evidence indicates that effective coyote attractants are blends of volatile substances. typically, attractants are a combination of biological substances such as fermented glandular materials, urines, and rotted meats. although effective, these attractants have several distinct disadvantages. among these is the possibility that they are unnecessarily complex and variable and, thus, difficult to replicate from one batch to the next. although attractants containing a few reagent grade ma ... | 2000 | 10820111 |
| oral squamous cell carcinoma in a coyote (canis latrans). | a 19-yr-old spayed female coyote (canis latrans) was evaluated for an elliptical swelling of the skin beneath its right eye and an elevated mass that involved the soft and hard palate and gingivae around the upper right carnassial tooth and molars. histopathologic analysis revealed a squamous cell carcinoma, and a postmortem examination revealed no evidence of vascular invasion or dissemination to the regional lymph nodes or viscera. this report describes the biology and progresion of an oral sq ... | 1999 | 10484152 |
| estimating population size by genotyping faeces. | population size is a fundamental biological parameter that is difficult to estimate. by genotyping coyote (canis latrans) faeces systematically collected in the santa monica mountains near los angeles, california, we exemplify a general, non-invasive method to census large mammals. four steps are involved in the estimation. first, presumed coyote faeces are collected along paths or roadways where coyotes, like most carnivores, often defaecate and mark territorial boundaries. second, dna is extra ... | 1999 | 10331287 |
| song sparrows, top carnivores and nest predation: a test of the mesopredator release hypothesis. | ground-nesting north american landbirds have declined in the longterm, including species with a variety of migratory strategies. the mesopredator release hypothesis explains declines by suggesting that the virtual elimination of top carnivores (large-bodied canids and felids) from much of north america has "released" populations of nest-destroying mesopredators (i.e., medium-sized terrestrial omnivores such as the raccoon procyon lotor). the hypothesis predicts (1) higher nest success in the pre ... | 1998 | 28308530 |
| results of an oral rabies vaccination program for coyotes. | to determine effectiveness of large-scale distribution of an oral rabies vaccine contained in a palatable bait for halting expansion of a canine rabies epizootic in coyotes (canis latrans). | 1998 | 9491156 |
| scent-marking by coyotes, canis latrans: the influence of social and ecological factors | we observed 49 coyotes, canis latransfrom five resident packs for 2456 h and five transient coyotes for 51 h from january 1991 to june 1993 in the lamar river valley, yellowstone national park, wyoming, u.s.a. during these observations we recorded 3042 urinations, 451 defecations, 446 ground scratches and 743 double-marks. the rate of scent-marking (via urination) was influenced by the social organization (resident versus transient) to which the coyote belonged, the social class (alpha, beta or ... | 1997 | 9398369 |
| a case of spondylosis deformans in the defleshed skeleton of a wild coyote and its significance to osteopathologic interpretation. | the skeleton of a wild coyote (canis latrans), collected in alturas, california (usa), in 1940 and reported to have died of a blowfly infection, was analyzed. the axial components, primarily a series of fused and deformed vertebrae, had classic osteological indications of spondylosis deformans, a trauma-induced disorder. severe crippling due to a crushing-type strain was identified as the primary pathological condition to which the coyote succumbed, with death hastened by vertebral degeneration ... | 1997 | 9131550 |
| serologic survey of trichinellosis in wild mammals kept in a mexico city zoo. | a serologic survey of trichinella infection was carried out to determine the prevalence of this parasitosis among wild mammals kept in captivity at the chapultepec zoo. this was prompted by the necropsy finding of a heavy trichinella infection in a canadian polar bear (ursus maritimus) that had been kept at the zoo for more than 11 years. the parasites recovered were identified as t. nativa (t2). a serologic study based on elisa and western blot analysis was performed in serum samples from two p ... | 1996 | 9017871 |
| two new oral chemical biomarkers for coyotes. | pentachlorobenzene (pecb) and 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorobenzene (tecb) were evaluated as oral chemical biomarkers when administered to coyotes (canis latrans) during the period of 31 january to 10 august 1994. three coyotes each received 100 mg of pecb and three received 100 mg of tecb, each in a mineral oil formulation. three additional coyotes received only the mineral oil carrier. muscle and adipose tissues, blood serum, and fecal samples were evaluated by capillary gas chromatography with electron ... | 1996 | 8827677 |
| why are predator urines aversive to prey? | predator odors often repel prey species. in the present experiments, we investigated whether changes in the diet of a predator, the coyote (canis latrans) would affect the repellency of its urine. furthermore, because predator odors have a high sulfur content, reflecting large amounts of meat in the diet, we investigated the contribution of sulfurous odors to repellency. our results were consistent with the hypothesis that diet composition and sulfurous metabolites of meat digestion are importan ... | 1994 | 24242647 |
| spongiform degeneration of the brain associated with uremia in an aged coyote (canis latrans). | | 1994 | 7941243 |
| traumatic, degenerative, and developmental lesions in wolves and coyotes from saskatchewan. | a retrospective review was done of traumatic and osseous lesions in 241 wolves (canis lupus) and 316 coyotes (canis latrans) necropsied at the university of saskatchewan between 1971 and 1990. most lesions were the result of interspecific conflict. the most frequently occurring lesion in wolves was fracture of one or more bones, primarily ribs. lesions were healed in most cases and appeared to be compatible with injuries caused by prey animals. one wolf, found dead, died as a result of thoracic ... | 1992 | 1602579 |
| the influence of snow on lynx and coyote movements: does morphology affect behavior? | we studied sympatric lynx (lynx canadensis) and coyotes (canis latrans) to assess how morphological disadvantages to locomotion over snow affected movement patterns. both species are of similar size and mass, but the feet of lynx are much larger, and coyotes were found to have 4.1-8.8 times the foot-load (ratio of body mass to foot area) of lynx. this resulted in greater mean sinking depths of coyote limbs, although the magnitude of the difference was less than that in foot-load. coyotes exhibit ... | 1991 | 28312614 |
| home range scaling: intraspecific and comparative trends. | intraspecific and intrasexual variation in home range size, body mass and ecological productivity is examined in three selected species of carnivora (felis rufus: canis latrans; ursus americanus), reflecting different diets. we then compare the intraspecific results with prior cross-species studies. home range size and body mass infelis rufus are positively and significantly correlated, similar to other comparative studies. for both intraspecific and intrasexual analyses of all three species, ho ... | 1991 | 28313260 |
| analysis of coyote mitochondrial dna genotype frequencies: estimation of the effective number of alleles. | a restriction-site survey of 327 coyotes (canis latrans) from most parts of their north american range reveals 32 mitochondrial dna (mtdna) genotypes. the genotypes are not strongly partitioned in space, suggesting that there is high gene flow among coyote subpopulations. consequently, each new geographic location added to the study has a decreasing probability of containing a mtdna genotype that had not been previously discovered. this being the case, by using monte carlo sampling experiments, ... | 1991 | 2071019 |
| aversive responses of white-tailed deer,odocoileus virginianus, to predator urines. | we tested whether predator odors could reduce winter browsing of woody plants by white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus). urine from bobcats (lyra rufus) and coyotes (canis latrans) significantly reduced browsing of japanese yews (taxus cuspidata), and repellency was enhanced when urine was reapplied weekly as a topical spray. urine of cottontail rabbits (sylvilagus floridanus) and humans did not reduce damage, suggesting that deer do not respond aversively to odors of nonpredatory mammals or ... | 1991 | 24258921 |
| body size and condition of coyotes in southern texas. | body size and condition of coyotes (canis latrans) from a high-density population in webb county, texas (usa) were analyzed for age, sex and seasonal differences during 1980 to 1986. mean body mass was progressively greater for juvenile, yearling and adult coyotes. males were heavier and longer than females in each age class. indices of intraperitoneal fat deposits were similar between sexes. juveniles continued growth from fall to spring. adults and yearlings both lost intraperitoneal fat overw ... | 1991 | 2023327 |
| hematologic values of the endangered san joaquin kit fox, vulpes macrotis mutica. | between 1981 and 1982 blood samples were collected from 64 adult san joaquin kit foxes, vulpes macrotis mutica, in western kern county, california. the goal of the study was to establish normal blood values for this endangered species, and to determine whether changes in them could be used to assess the possible effects of petroleum developments on these foxes. none of the values differed significantly between the sexes, or between foxes sampled in developed habitats compared with foxes sampled ... | 1987 | 3820416 |
| antifertility effect of busulfan and dl-6-(n-2-pipecolinomethyl)-5-hydroxy-indane maleate (pmhi) in coyotes (canis latrans ). | antifertility effects of busulfan were evaluated using adult coyotes. in addition, antifertility effects of pmhi were evaluated in adult males. adult males and females were alloted randomly to the following treatments: (1) untreated control, (2) a single oral dose of 3 mg busulfan/kg of body weight (bw) or (3) two oral doses of 3 mg busulfan/kg bw given nine days apart. the untreated males were used as controls in both experiments. additional male coyotes were allotted randomly to pmhi treatment ... | 1984 | 16725985 |
| effects of novelty and familiarity on illness-induced aversions to food and place cues in coyotes (canis latrans). | two experiments investigated the effects of novelty and familiarity on illness-induced aversions to taste and place cues in coyotes (canis latrans). coyotes were made ill on familiar food laced with lithium chloride in a novel place and then received preference tests. in experiment 1, coyotes avoided the previously poisoned familiar food in the novel treatment place but readily ate the same familiar food in a familiar safe place. in experiment 2, the results of experiment 1 were replicated, and ... | 1983 | 6317280 |
| the microanatomy of the coyote's (canis latrans) respiratory system. | | 1983 | 6230027 |
| responses of free-ranging coyotes to lures and their modifications. | several chemical modifications of a synthetic fermented egg (sfe) lure were field tested on free-ranging coyotes (canis latrans) to determine the effects of odor intensity and quality on their behavioral responses. sfe was modified for testing by (1) enhancing one of the four basic odor components (fruity, sulfurous, sweaty, or fishy), (2) deleting one of the basic components, (3) individually testing an odor component, and (4) addition of aldehydes and indoles to sfe. most behavioral responses, ... | 1983 | 24407760 |
| olfactory discrimination of lithium chloride by the coyote (canis latrans). | | 1981 | 6266393 |
| serologic and hematologic values of wild coyotes in wisconsin. | blood samples were obtained from 30 coyotes (canis latrans) captured in northern wisconsin in conjunction with radio-telemetry studies. samples were assayed for seven hematologic values, seven serum chemistries, serum albumin, globulin and total protein. results are given with respect to sex and age and are compared with available data for captive wild and pen-raised coyotes. leukocyte counts were greater for males than females and packed cell volumes were greater for adults than young, possibly ... | 1980 | 7463601 |
| cestodes of the coyote (canis latrans) in san joaquin valley, california. | | 1980 | 7365635 |
| effects of sodium cyanide and diphacinone in coyotes (canis latrans): applications as predacides in livestock toxic collars. | | 1979 | 583029 |
| hematologic and serum chemistry values of pen-raised coyotes. | blood samples obtained from 48, eighteen-month-old pen-raised coyotes (canis latrans) were analyzed for 32 hematologic and serum chemistry parameters. mean, standard deviation, and range were established for each parameter. no differences attributable to sex were observed for any parameter. the reported hematologic and serum chemistry values establish non-fasting baseline values for pen-raised coyotes. | 1979 | 459037 |
| helminths in coyotes (canis latrans say), wolves (canis lupus l.), and red foxes (vulpes vulpes l.) of southwestern manitoba. | | 1978 | 751709 |
| coyote senses in predation: environmental influences on their relative use. | the purpose of this study was to determine the relative importance of vision, audition, and olfaction to coyotes (canis latrans) hunting under various environmental conditions. the time durations for four coyotes to locate rabbits within a large outdoor enclosure were determined, with the visual, auditory, and olfactory stimuli emitted by the rabbits blocked individually, in pairs, and altogether. visual stimuli were eliminated by conducting the tests only during sub-threshold nocturnal conditio ... | 1978 | 24924653 |
| oral papillomatosis in coyotes (canis latrans) and wolves (canis lupus) of alberta. | twelve cases of oral papillomatosis were detected in wild carnivores of alberta, ten in coyotes (canis latrans) and two in wolves (canis lupus). lesions ranged from mild with a few small papillomas to severe with much of the surface of the lips, tongue and buccal cavity covered with papillomas. three of five coyotes with severe papillomatosis were in obvious poor health. the gross and histologic lesions are described and the significance of this disease in wild carnivores is discussed. | 1978 | 650780 |
| the variability of some motor components of social play and agonistic behaviour in infant eastern coyotes, canis latrans var. | the duration and stereotypy (in terms of duration) of three actions, stand-overs (so), generalbites (gb), and scruff-bites (sb), were measured during social play and agonistic interactions in infant eastern coyotes (canis latrans). the rate of biting was also calculated. we found: (1) so's and gb's lasted a significantly shorter time during play; (2) when performed during playful interactions, all three acts showed more stereotypy; (3) there was no significant difference between the rates of occ ... | 1977 | 564149 |
| blindness in a coyote, canis latrans, from the rolling plains of texas. | gross and histopathologic lesions in the eyes of a blind coyote, canis latrans, collected in king county, texas are discussed. the animal was in good condition and its age estimated at 7 years. the left globe presented with a superficial corneal erosion, a small punctate erosion, and an apparent lenticular opacity. histologically, there was a mild anterior uveitis and lenticular degeneration with thickening of the anterior lens capsule, cataractous cortex with morgagnian globules and bladder cel ... | 1977 | 864849 |
| hematologic values of conditioned, captive wild coyotes. | hemograms were performed on blood samples collected from 35 coyotes (canis latrans). hematologic values were established for conditioned, captive wild coyotes under controlled conditions of environment and nutrition. | 1976 | 16498887 |
| scotopic sensitivity in coyotes (canis latrans). | the absolute scotopic limen for light intensity was measured for three 10-mo-old female coyotes. the methodology was similar to that used by blough in determining psychophysical thresholds in pigeons. three coyotes were operantly conditioned to depress one of two foot treadles, left or right, depending on the condition of the stimulus light. scotopic adaptation curves for each coyote were generated. nonlinear regression curves were then fitted to the raw data. the mean scotopic thresholds did no ... | 1975 | 1202101 |
| tularemia in the coyote, canis latrans lestes merriam. | | 2012 | 13475873 |
| the intestinal helminths of the coyote canis latrans say, in utah. | | 1954 | 13192542 |
| decoding group vocalizations: the acoustic energy distribution of chorus howls is useful to determine wolf reproduction. | population monitoring is crucial for wildlife management and conservation. in the last few decades, wildlife researchers have increasingly applied bioacoustics tools to obtain information on several essential ecological parameters, such as distribution and abundance. one such application involves wolves (canis lupus). these canids respond to simulated howls by emitting group vocalizations known as chorus howls. these responses to simulated howls reveal the presence of wolf litters during the bre ... | 2016 | 27144887 |
| admixture mapping identifies introgressed genomic regions in north american canids. | hybrid zones typically contain novel gene combinations that can be tested by natural selection in a unique genetic context. parental haplotypes that increase fitness can introgress beyond the hybrid zone, into the range of parental species. we used the affymetrix canine snp genotyping array to identify genomic regions tagged by multiple ancestry informative markers that are more frequent in an admixed population than expected. we surveyed a hybrid zone formed in the last 100 years as coyotes exp ... | 2016 | 27106273 |
| rad sequencing and genomic simulations resolve hybrid origins within north american canis. | top predators are disappearing worldwide, significantly changing ecosystems that depend on top-down regulation. conflict with humans remains the primary roadblock for large carnivore conservation, but for the eastern wolf (canis lycaon), disagreement over its evolutionary origins presents a significant barrier to conservation in canada and has impeded protection for grey wolves (canis lupus) in the usa. here, we use 127,235 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) identified from restriction-site ... | 2015 | 26156129 |
| single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) variation of wolves (canis lupus) in southeast alaska and comparison with wolves, dogs, and coyotes in north america. | there is considerable interest in the genetics of wolves (canis lupus) because of their close relationship to domestic dogs (c. familiaris) and the need for informed conservation and management. this includes wolf populations in southeast alaska for which we determined genotypes of 305 wolves at 173662 single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) loci. after removal of invariant and linked snp, 123801 snp were used to quantify genetic differentiation of wolves in southeast alaska and wolves, coyotes (c. ... | 2015 | 25429025 |
| sympatric wolf and coyote populations of the western great lakes region are reproductively isolated. | interpretation of the genetic composition and taxonomic history of wolves in the western great lakes region (wglr) of the united states has long been debated and has become more important to their conservation given the recent changes in their status under the endangered species act. currently, the two competing hypotheses on wglr wolves are that they resulted from hybridization between (i) grey wolves (canis lupus) and western coyotes (c. latrans) or (ii) between grey wolves and eastern wolves ... | 2010 | 20854277 |
| genetic differentiation of eastern wolves in algonquin park despite bridging gene flow between coyotes and grey wolves. | distinguishing genetically differentiated populations within hybrid zones and determining the mechanisms by which introgression occurs are crucial for setting effective conservation policy. extensive hybridization among grey wolves (canis lupus), eastern wolves (c. lycaon) and coyotes (c. latrans) in eastern north america has blurred species distinctions, creating a canis hybrid swarm. using complementary genetic markers, we tested the hypotheses that eastern wolves have acted as a conduit of se ... | 2010 | 20160760 |
| mitochondrial dna phylogeography and population history of the grey wolf canis lupus | the grey wolf (canis lupus) and coyote (c. latrans) are highly mobile carnivores that disperse over great distances in search of territories and mates. previous genetic studies have shown little geographical structure in either species. however, population genetic structure is also influenced by past isolation events and population fluctuations during glacial periods. in this study, control region sequence data from a worldwide sample of grey wolves and a more limited sample of coyotes were anal ... | 1999 | 10632860 |
| analysis of structural diversity in wolf-like canids reveals post-domestication variants. | although a variety of genetic changes have been implicated in causing phenotypic differences among dogs, the role of copy number variants (cnvs) and their impact on phenotypic variation is still poorly understood. further, very limited knowledge exists on structural variation in the gray wolf, the ancestor of the dog, or other closely related wild canids. documenting cnvs variation in wild canids is essential to identify ancestral states and variation that may have appeared after domestication. | 2014 | 24923435 |
| a missense mutation in slc45a2 is associated with albinism in several small long haired dog breeds. | homozygosity for a large deletion in the solute carrier family 45, member 2 (slc45a2) gene causes oculocutaneous albinism (oca) in the doberman pinscher breed. an albino lhasa apso did not have this g.27141_31223del (canfam2) deletion in her slc45a2 sequence. therefore, slc45a2 was investigated in this female lhasa apso to search for other possible variants that caused her albinism. the albino lhasa apso was homozygous for a nonsynonymous substitution in the seventh exon, a c.1478g>a base change ... | 2015 | 25790827 |
| ancient hybrid origin of the eastern wolf not yet off the table: a comment on rutledge et al. (2015). | a recent study of north american canids by rutledge et al. (biol. lett. 11, 20150303 (doi:10.1098/rsbl.2015.0303)) refutes the hypothesized hybrid origin of the eastern wolf (ew) based on genomic evidence against very recent hybridization. however, the analyses do not rule out the possibility of more ancient hybridization. claims to have resolved the evolutionary origin of the ew are therefore inappropriate. importantly, though, we plead that uncertainty about the ancient history of the taxon sh ... | 2016 | 26843554 |
| y-chromosome evidence supports widespread signatures of three-species canis hybridization in eastern north america. | there has been considerable discussion on the origin of the red wolf and eastern wolf and their evolution independent of the gray wolf. we analyzed mitochondrial dna (mtdna) and a y-chromosome intron sequence in combination with y-chromosome microsatellites from wolves and coyotes within the range of extensive wolf-coyote hybridization, that is, eastern north america. the detection of divergent y-chromosome haplotypes in the historic range of the eastern wolf is concordant with earlier mtdna fin ... | 2012 | 23139890 |
| intense harvesting of eastern wolves facilitated hybridization with coyotes. | despite ethical arguments against lethal control of wildlife populations, culling is routinely used for the management of predators, invasive or pest species, and infectious diseases. here, we demonstrate that culling of wildlife can have unforeseen impacts that can be detrimental to future conservation efforts. specifically, we analyzed genetic data from eastern wolves (canis lycaon) sampled in algonquin provincial park (app), ontario, canada from 1964 to 2007. research culls in 1964 and 1965 k ... | 2012 | 22408723 |
| evaluating the ability of bayesian clustering methods to detect hybridization and introgression using an empirical red wolf data set. | bayesian clustering methods have emerged as a popular tool for assessing hybridization using genetic markers. simulation studies have shown these methods perform well under certain conditions; however, these methods have not been evaluated using empirical data sets with individuals of known ancestry. we evaluated the performance of two clustering programs, baps and structure, with genetic data from a reintroduced red wolf (canis rufus) population in north carolina, usa. red wolves hybridize with ... | 2013 | 23163531 |
| dynamics of hybridization and introgression in red wolves and coyotes. | hybridization and introgression are significant causes of endangerment in many taxa and are considered the greatest biological threats to the reintroduced population of red wolves (canis rufus) in north carolina (u.s.a.). little is known, however, about these processes in red wolves and coyotes (c. latrans). we used individual-based simulations to examine the process of hybridization and introgression between these species. under the range of circumstances we considered, red wolves in colonizing ... | 2006 | 16922243 |
| genetic evidence for a recent origin by hybridization of red wolves. | genetic data suggest that red wolves (canis rufus) resulted from a hybridization between coyotes (c. latrans) and grey wolves (c. lupus). the data of the hybridization, however, is uncertain. according to one hypothesis, the two species came into contact as coyotes increased their geographical range in conjunction with the advance of european settlers and as grey wolves were extirpated from the american south. alternatively, the red wolves could have originated tens of thousands of years ago as ... | 1999 | 9919703 |
| effect of predator odors on heart rate and metabolic rate of wapiti (cervus elaphus canadensis). | we measured the heart rate (hr) and oxygen consumption ([formula: see text]) of wapiti (cervus elaphus canadensis) before, during, and after presentation of biologically irrelevant odors (pentane, thiophene, and a perfume), artificial predator odors (an ether extract of cougar feces, and pdt, a compound found in mustelid anal gland secretion), stale predator odors (dog feces and urine and fox urine, kept at ambient temperature for a few weeks), and fresh predator odors (wolf, coyote, and cougar ... | 1996 | 24227589 |
| zwicknia gen. n., a new genus for the capnia bifrons species group, with descriptions of three new species based on morphology, drumming signals and molecular genetics, and a synopsis of the west palaearctic and nearctic genera of capniidae (plecoptera). | zwicknia murányi, gen. n. is erected for the capnia bifrons species group sensu zhiltzova, 2001 with the description of three new species based on morphology, mating call, and the mitochondrial dna marker cytochrome c oxidase i: z. acuta murányi & orci, sp. n., z. kovacsi murányi & gamboa, sp. n. and z. rupprechti murányi, orci & gamboa, sp. n.. zwicknia bifrons (newman, 1838) comb. n. is selected as the type species and redescribed. the other three species placed into zwicknia, gen. n., z. seva ... | 2014 | 24943267 |
| the molecular epidemiology of cryptosporidium and giardia infections in coyotes from alberta, canada, and observations on some cohabiting parasites. | coyotes from southern alberta and saskatchewan, canada, were examined for the presence of giardia and cryptosporidium and cohabiting helminths. toxascaris was present in over 90% of the 70 animals examined, and taenia sp. in 6.5-25% of the two groups of animals studied. giardia (12.5-21.7%) and cryptosporidium (0-17.4%) were also common and molecular characterisation revealed both zoonotic and host-adapted genotypes of giardia, whereas the cryptosporidium proved to be a variant of the canine spe ... | 2009 | 19019549 |
| growth of coyote willow and the attack and survival of a mid-rib galling sawfly, euura sp. | we studied the relationship between variation in age and shoot characteristics of the host plant salix exigua nuttall (coyote or sandbar willow) and the attack and survival of euura sp. (an unnamed leaf-midrib galling sawfly). variation in shoot characteristics resulted from reduced growth as willow ramets aged. mean shoot length per ramet and mean longest leaf length per shoot decreased by 95% and 50% respectively between 1- and 9-year-old willow ramets. all measured shoot characteristics-shoot ... | 1996 | 28307806 |
| ultrastructural characterization of male and female physaloptera rara (spirurida: physalopteridae): feline stomach worms. | physaloptera rara (spirurida: physalopteridae) has been found in dogs, coyotes, raccoons, wolves, foxes, cats, and bobcats in north america. the parasites' developmental cycles involve insects, including beetles, cockroaches, and crickets, as intermediate hosts. the nematodes firmly attach to the wall of the stomach and duodenum, where they feed on the mucosa and suck blood. frequent movement of these nematodes results in erosions and ulcers in the gastrointestinal tract. the present study repor ... | 2013 | 23455940 |
| eurasian golden jackal as host of canine vector-borne protists. | jackals are medium-sized canids from the wolf-like clade, exhibiting a unique combination of ancestral morphotypes, broad trophic niches, and close phylogenetic relationships with the wolf and dog. thus, they represent a potential host of several pathogens with diverse transmission routes. recently, populations of the eurasian golden jackal canis aureus have expanded into the western palaearctic, including most of europe. the aim of our study was to examine eurasian golden jackals from romania, ... | 2017 | 28410591 |
| adaptive introgression in animals: examples and comparison to new mutation and standing variation as sources of adaptive variation. | adaptive genetic variation has been thought to originate primarily from either new mutation or standing variation. another potential source of adaptive variation is adaptive variants from other (donor) species that are introgressed into the (recipient) species, termed adaptive introgression. here, the various attributes of these three potential sources of adaptive variation are compared. for example, the rate of adaptive change is generally thought to be faster from standing variation, slower fr ... | 2013 | 23906376 |
| impact of high predation risk on genome-wide hippocampal gene expression in snowshoe hares. | the population dynamics of snowshoe hares (lepus americanus) are fundamental to the ecosystem dynamics of canada's boreal forest. during the 8- to 11-year population cycle, hare densities can fluctuate up to 40-fold. predators in this system (lynx, coyotes, great-horned owls) affect population numbers not only through direct mortality but also through sublethal effects. the chronic stress hypothesis posits that high predation risk during the decline severely stresses hares, leading to greater st ... | 2014 | 25234370 |
| recommended survey designs for occupancy modelling using motion-activated cameras: insights from empirical wildlife data. | motion-activated cameras are a versatile tool that wildlife biologists can use for sampling wild animal populations to estimate species occurrence. occupancy modelling provides a flexible framework for the analysis of these data; explicitly recognizing that given a species occupies an area the probability of detecting it is often less than one. despite the number of studies using camera data in an occupancy framework, there is only limited guidance from the scientific literature about survey des ... | 2014 | 25210658 |
| coyotes, deer, and wildflowers: diverse evidence points to a trophic cascade. | spatial gradients in human activity, coyote activity, deer activity, and deer herbivory provide an unusual type of evidence for a trophic cascade. activity of coyotes, which eat young mule deer (fawns), decreased with proximity to a remote biological field station, indicating that these predators avoided an area of high human activity. in contrast, activity of adult female deer (does) and intensity of herbivory on palatable plant species both increased with proximity to the station and were posi ... | 2014 | 24728614 |
| comparison of techniques of detecting immunoglobulin-binding protein reactivity to immunoglobulin produced by different avian and mammalian species. | the rationale of this study was to use several immunological assays to investigate the reactivity of immunoglobulin binding protein (ibp) to immunoglobulins from various avian and mammalian species. the ibp studied were staphylococcal protein a (spa), streptococcal protein g (spg), peptostreptococcal protein l (spl) and recombinant protein la (spla). the various immunological techniques used were double immunodiffusion (ouchterlony technique) that tested positive high protein reactivities, direc ... | 2013 | 24171322 |
| fight or flight? antipredator behavior and the escalation of coyote encounters with deer. | it is well known that prey of different size and morphology often use different antipredator strategies. the prevailing notion is that this occurs because size, morphology and weaponry determine the relative effectiveness of alternative strategies, and nowhere is this assumption more entrenched than in our view of the basic decision to stay, fight or flee. here, we use observations of coyote (canis latrans) packs hunting deer in winter to show that two ungulates of similar size and morphology, w ... | 2002 | 28547505 |
| the phylogeographic pattern of mitochondrial dna variation in the dall's porpoise phocoenoides dalli. | we used 11 restriction endonucleases to study mtdna variation in 101 dall's porpoises phocoenoides dalli from the bering sea and western north pacific. there was little phylogeographic patterning among the 34 mtdna haplotypes identified in this analysis, suggesting a strong historical connection among populations across this region. nonetheless, mtdna variation does not appear to be randomly distributed in this species. both gst and amova uncovered significant differences in the distribution of ... | 1996 | 9147695 |
| contaminated stream water as source for escherichia coli o157 illness in children. | in may 2016, an outbreak of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli o157 infections occurred among children who had played in a stream flowing through a park. analysis of e. coli isolates from the patients, stream water, and deer and coyote scat showed that feces from deer were the most likely source of contamination. | 2017 | 28628436 |