| the behaviour of glossina morsitans morsitans near roads. | | 1982 | 7101414 |
| trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (trypanosomatidae): factors influencing infection rates of a recent human isolate in the tsetse glossina morsitans (diptera: glossinidae). | | 1982 | 7120305 |
| studies on the infection rates of a west african stock of trypanosoma vivax in glossina morsitans morsitans and g. m. centralis. | | 1982 | 7125759 |
| increased sensitivity to endosulfan of trypanosoma-infected glossina morsitans. | | 1982 | 7149839 |
| [glossina, domestic livestock and wild fauna: is a conciliation possible?]. | animal trypanosomiasis is one of the major obstacles to livestock production in africa. south of the sahara. tsetse fly control is considered to be the best method of overcoming the disease. the adverse effect of glossina on cattle rearing and their role in the protection of the environment in west africa is discussed. meat production possibilities in infested areas, difficulties encountered in tsetse control and related problems are reviewed. lastly solutions which would assure both livestock d ... | 1980 | 7196143 |
| a preliminary investigation of the effect of age, sex and time of collection on the feeding patterns of glossina morsitans morsitans westw. in zambia. | glossina morsitans morsitans were collected during the dry season of 1975 from two areas in the luangwa valley (zambia) and from one of the areas in the wet season of 1976. in all, 1,190 flies were analysed for sex, wing fray category and source of bloodmeal. differences in the feeding patterns in the morning and afternoon collections reflected host behaviour. warthog consistently emerged as a major host but there appeared to be some local variation resulting from seasonal and diurnal availabili ... | 1982 | 7200644 |
| cultivation of infective forms of trypanosoma congolense from trypanosomes in the proboscis of glossina morsitans. | two stocks of trypanosoma congolense were established in culture at 28 degrees c using trypanosomes from the proboscides of infective glossina morsitans. successful primary cultures were initiated by placing an infected tsetse proboscis beside a bovine dermal collagen explant in eagle's minimum essential medium supplemented with foetal calf serum. the trypanosomes multiplied rapidly in the medium and also gradually formed an adherent layer o the plastic surface of the culture vessel. three prima ... | 1981 | 7208105 |
| some phenomena associated with the development of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infections in the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans. | immature salivary gland (sg) infections averaging 10(3) parasites per fly can apparently develop into mature gland infections averaging 10(5) parasites per fly in as little as 4 days. frequently flies which extrude parasites in their saliva prove to have no parasites in the sg, but often show trypanosomes in the esophagus, cibarial pump, and proboscis. in some instances, sg infections have cleared, resulting in a loss of infectivity. results of studying numbers of parasites regurgitated upon fee ... | 1981 | 7258478 |
| two platelet aggregation inhibitors in tsetse (glossina) saliva with studies of roles of thrombin and citrate in in vitro platelet aggregation. | two inhibitors of platelet aggregation have been identified in saline extracts of glossina morsitans (tsetse) salivary glands. a protein fraction (mw greater than 30 000) inhibited primary and secondary aggregation to adp, secondary aggregation to adrenalin, and aggregation to collagen. it also caused disaggregation of platelets stimulated by adp and adrenalin. these properties could be explained by adp hydrolytic activity. a previously identified antithrombin fraction (mw 11 000-13 000) abolish ... | 1981 | 7272218 |
| studies on the transmission of a west african stock of trypanosoma vivax to rabbits, rats, mice and goats by glossina morsitans morsitans and g. m. centralis. | | 1981 | 7275475 |
| probing by glossina morsitans morsitans and transmission of trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense. | successive probings on nine mice each by 32 glossina morsitans morsitans infected with trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense resulted in 54% of the mice (156/288) becoming parasitemic. a second trial with 25 surviving infected flies resulted in transmission by probing to 37.3% (84/225) of the host mice. the patterns of transmission were similar in the two trials, with transmission rates in the first and second probings higher than those for feedings to repletion after nine consecutive probings. in ... | 1981 | 7283013 |
| presence of a peculiar pathway of glucose metabolism in infective forms of trypanosoma brucei cultured from salivary glands of tsetse flies. | we have studied metabolism of glucose by infective forms of trypanosoma brucei brucei isolated from tsetse fly salivary glands and grown in continuous culture for more than 700 days. the end products of glucose metabolism under aerobic conditions were found to be pyruvate and glycerol in the ratio 3:1. this changed to equimolar formation of pyruvate and glycerol when glucose was metabolized under aerobic conditions in the presence of 1.5 mm salicylhydroxamic acid (sham), a situation analogous to ... | 1981 | 7328458 |
| [glossina morsitans submorsitans newstead 1910, (diptera muscidae) in a sudan-guinea savanna zone in mali. i. ecodistribution and seasonal fluctuations]. | | 1981 | 7335944 |
| susceptibility to african trypanosomiasis of n'dama and zebu cattle in an area of glossina morsitans submorsitans challenge. | the use of trypanotolerant livestock is considered to be an important strategy for the control of african animal trypanosomiasis. in order to define the extent of the differences in susceptibility and productivity, 10 zebu cows (a breed considered trypanosusceptible) and 10 n'dama cows (a breed recognised for trypanotolerance) were exposed to a natural field challenge from glossina morsitans submorsitans newstead. the animals were two-and-a-half to three years old and had not been previously exp ... | 1981 | 7340084 |
| feeding behaviour of tsetse flies infected with salivarian trypanosomes. | although much is known about factors which determine infection rates of salivarian trypanosomes (subgenera nannomonas, duttonella and tryanozoon) in the tsetse fly glossina, it is not clear why infection rates of trypanozoon are high in mammalian hosts but low in wild-caught glossina and why trypanosomiasis occurs where glossina is not readily detectable. we report here that the feeding behaviour of trypanosome-infected glossina differed from that of uninfected control flies. infected flies prob ... | 1980 | 7352013 |
| the construction of laboratory studies on tsetse fly behaviour [proceedings]. | | 1980 | 7385313 |
| the dietetics of glossina morsitans [proceedings]. | | 1980 | 7385315 |
| environmental aspects of field trials with pyrethroids to eradicate tsetse fly in nigeria. | | 1980 | 7389632 |
| the separation and structure of infective trypanosomes from cultures of trypanosomas brucei grown in association with tsetse fly salivary glands. | infective trypanosomes developed when trypanosoma brucei was cultivated at 28 c in a liquid medium containing tsetse fly head-salivary gland explants. they were separated from the noninfective culture forms using deae-cellulose column chromatography. it was demonstrated by light and electron microscopy that the separated organisms were morphologically similar to metacyclic stages found in a tsetse fly and that they had a characteristic surface coat. single metacyclic trypanosomes isolated from t ... | 1980 | 7400995 |
| preliminary observations on the infectivity of slender forms of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense to glossina morsitans morsitans. | | 1980 | 7434409 |
| hydrogen peroxide destaining: a new method for removing non-specific stains in nitrocellulose membrane-based dot-elisa for the detection of trypanosomes in tsetse flies (glossina spp.). | gut samples prepared from laboratory-reared tsetse flies and applied in dots onto nitrocellulose (nc) membrane were found to stain the membrane with differing coloration and intensity. the stains were, predominantly, either reddish to brown or blackish-brown to black and occasionally greenish to almost colourless, depending on the stage of digestion of the bloodmeal in the fly. nc membrane strips applied with tsetse gut samples from t. brucei infected and uninfected control flies were tested wit ... | 1995 | 7490455 |
| decline of glossina morsitans ugadensis in gambella, ethiopia. | gambella is the only area where sleeping sickness is endemic in ethiopia. four species of glossina had been reported from gambella out of the five species found in the country in surveys made before 1985. these are glossina morsitans ugadensis, g. pallidipes, g. fuscipes and g. tachinoides. a tsetse fly survey was carried out in parts of gambella owing to the fact that the area is undergoing ecological changes due to massive deforestation (because of resettlement and development programmes), poa ... | 1995 | 7498005 |
| molecular analysis of the endosymbionts of tsetse flies: 16s rdna locus and over-expression of a chaperonin. | based on 16s rdna sequence comparison, intracellular mycetome-associated endosymbionts (p-endosymbionts) of tsetse flies (diptera: glossinidae) form a distinct lineage within the gamma-3 subdivision of proteobacteria, related to the free-living bacterium escherichia coli, midgut s-endosymbionts of various insects including tsetse flies, and to the p-endosymbiont lineage of aphids, buchnera aphidicola. gene organization and expression of several loci in intracellular microorganisms have revealed ... | 1995 | 7538012 |
| wigglesworthia gen. nov. and wigglesworthia glossinidia sp. nov., taxa consisting of the mycetocyte-associated, primary endosymbionts of tsetse flies. | the primary endosymbionts (p-endosymbionts) of tsetse flies (diptera: glossinidae) are harbored inside specialized cells (mycetocytes) in the anterior region of the gut, and these specialized cells form a white, u-shaped organelle called mycetome. the p-endosymbionts of five tsetse fly species belonging to the glossinidae have been characterized morphologically, and their 16s ribosomal dna sequences have been determined for phylogenetic analysis. these organisms were found to belong to a distinc ... | 1995 | 7547309 |
| identification of a mariner element from the tsetse fly, glossina palpalis palpalis. | in the present study, the polymerase chain reaction was used initially to demonstrate the presence of mariner sequences in seven species/subspecies of tsetse flies. dna hybridization experiments show mariner sequences to be dispersed within the tsetse genome and that there are large variations in copy numbers among the various taxa. a genomic library was used to isolate and characterize a full-length mariner element from g. p. palpalis. the results indicate that this element is 1257 bp in length ... | 1995 | 7551197 |
| transcriptional regulation of metacyclic variant surface glycoprotein gene expression during the life cycle of trypanosoma brucei. | in antigenic variation in african trypanosomes, switching of the variant surface glycoprotein (vsg) allows evasion of the mammalian host immune response. trypanosomes first express the vsg in the tsetse fly vector, at the metacyclic stage, in preparation for transfer into the mammal. in this life cycle stage, a small, specific subset (1 to 2%) of vsgs are activated, and we have shown previously that the system of activation and expression of metacyclic vsg (m-vsg) genes is very different from th ... | 1995 | 7565747 |
| trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense: variation in human serum resistance after transmission between bushbuck and domestic ruminants by glossina morsitans morsitans. | | 1995 | 7572432 |
| are cd8 t cells involved in control of african trypanosomiasis in a natural host environment? | murine models have suggested that cd8 t cells might play a major parasite-promoting role in african trypanosomiasis. to assess the role of these cells in a natural host environment, we have depleted cd8 cells from boran cattle in vivo and subsequently infected these animals with trypanosoma congolense by tsetse fly challenge. following administration of a mouse monoclonal anti-bovine cd8 antibody, we have been able to achieve a depletion of more than 99.9% in peripheral blood, spleen, prescapula ... | 1995 | 7621872 |
| properties of a blood-meal-induced midgut lectin from the tsetse fly glossina morsitans. | the properties of a blood-meal-induced lectin (agglutinin) from the midgut of glossina morsitans capable of agglutinating trypanosoma brucei were studied in vitro. the midgut homogenate from flies that had been fed twice had the highest agglutination activity, followed by that from the once-fed flies and that from the unfed insects. as compared with the bloodstream-form trypanosomes, a much lower concentration of the midgut homogenate was required for agglutination of the procyclic parasites. fu ... | 1995 | 7624282 |
| purification and characterization of a midgut lectin-trypsin complex from the tsetse fly glossina longipennis. | a blood-meal-induced lectin (agglutinin) with proteolytic activity was isolated from midgut extracts of glossina longipennis by a two-step procedure involving anion-exchange chromatography. it is a glycoprotein [native molecular weight (m(r) 61,000 +/- 3000 da) composed of two noncovalently-linked subunits designated alpha (m(r), approximately 27,000 da) and beta (m(r), approximately 33,000 da). the trypsin activity and the glycosyl residues were present on the alpha- and beta-subunits, respecti ... | 1995 | 7624283 |
| expression of garp, a major surface glycoprotein of trypanosoma congolense, on the surface of trypanosoma brucei: characterization and use as a selectable marker. | procyclic and epimastigote forms of trypanosoma congolense express an immunodominant glutamic acid/alanine-rich protein (garp) that covers the parasite surface. although garp shows no sequence similarity to procyclins from t. brucei, the general characteristics of the two sets of surface glycoproteins suggest that they have analogous functions, in much the same way that variant surface glycoproteins with unrelated primary sequences fulfil the same function in bloodstream form trypanosomes. since ... | 1995 | 7637714 |
| the kinetics of maturation of trypanosome infections in tsetse. | estimates of the time delay between the infective bloodmeal and maturation (incubation or maturation time) for 4 trypanosome stocks (2 trypanozoon and 2 trypanosoma congolense) show that maturation time in tsetse is not a parasite species-specific constant. the mean incubation time of a trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense stock (eatro 2340 - 18 days) was not significantly different from one t. congolense stock (sikuda88 - 15.5 days) but was significantly greater than another (1/148 fly9 - 12.5 days). ... | 1995 | 7675533 |
| induction of resistance to melarsenoxide cysteamine (mel cy) in trypanosoma brucei brucei. | a population of trypanosoma brucei brucei with reduced sensitivity to melarsenoxide cysteamine (mel cy) was produced in immunosuppresed mice using subcurative drug treatment. melarsenoxide cysteamine resistance was stable after cyclical transmission through glossina morsitans centralis. in vitro, the blood-stream forms showed 15-fold higher values for the minimal inhibitory concentration as compared with the parental clone. cross-resistance could be determined with another arsenical drug, melars ... | 1994 | 7709858 |
| a successful backcross in trypanosoma brucei. | genetic exchange can take place between different strains of trypanosoma brucei ssp. when they are cotransmitted via the tsetse fly vector, but the mechanism and limits of compatibility between strains are ill-defined as yet. following the recovery of several hybrid genotypes with single drug resistance from a cross of drug resistant parental strains, we attempted a series of backcrosses and f1 crosses, selecting hybrids by double drug resistance. of 4 backcrosses, one produced hybrid progeny, t ... | 1995 | 7723777 |
| comparative sensitivity of antigen-detection enzyme immunosorbent assay and the microhaematocrit centrifugation technique in the diagnosis of trypanosoma brucei infections in cattle. | four boran cattle were infected with trypanosoma brucei using glossina morsitans centralis and were left untreated throughout the experimental period of 18 months. during this period, sequential blood samples were collected and examined for the presence of antitrypanosome antibodies and their antigens. using the buffy coat technique (bct), trypanosomes were detected in 38 (16.3%) of the 233 blood samples. unlike the bct, antigen-detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ag-elisa) diagnosed in ... | 1995 | 7732650 |
| trypanosome infections of the tsetse fly glossina pallidipes in the luangwa valley, zambia. | trypanosome infections of glossina pallidipes were investigated at a site in the luangwa valley, zambia between june 1991 and september 1992. almost 3700 flies were captured, dissected, screened for trypanosome infection, and aged using both wing fray and (for females) ovarian categories. dna probes were used to identify midgut infections. prevalences of mature infections were 6.2% trypanosoma vivax-type and 3.1% t. congolense-type (including low prevalances of t. brucei, t. simiae and another n ... | 1994 | 7772128 |
| relationships between host blood factors and proteases in glossina morsitans subspecies infected with trypanosoma congolense. | host blood effects on trypanosoma congolense establishment in glossina morsitans morsitans and glossina morsitans centralis were investigated using goat, rabbit, cow and rhinoceros blood. meals containing goat erythrocytes facilitated infection in g.m.morsitans, whereas meals containing goat plasma facilitated infection in g.m.centralis. goat blood effects were not observed in the presence of complementary rabbit blood components. n-acetyl-glucosamine (a midgut-lectin inhibitor) increased infect ... | 1995 | 7787223 |
| trypanosoma (nannomonas) godfreyi sp. nov. from tsetse flies in the gambia: biological and biochemical characterization. | we provide evidence from isoenzyme analysis, hybridization with repetitive dna probes, behavioural studies and morphometrics that 4 trypanosome isolates from glossina morsitans submorsitans in the gambia constitute a new species now named trypanosoma (nannomonas) godfreyi. the bloodstream trypomastigotes of t. (n.) godfreyi are relatively small with a mean length of 13.7 microns (range: 9.1-21.8 microns) and a mean width of 1.65 microns (range: 0.65-2.69 microns). there is no free flagellum and ... | 1994 | 7800418 |
| comparisons of eukaryotic genomic sequences. | a method for assessing genomic similarity based on relative abundances of short oligonucleotides in large dna samples is introduced. the method requires neither homologous sequences nor prior sequence alignments. the analysis centers on (i) dinucleotide (and tri- and tetra-) relative abundance extremes in genomic sequences, (ii) distances between sequences based on all dinucleotide relative abundance values, and (iii) a multidimensional partial ordering protocol. the emphasis in this paper is on ... | 1994 | 7809130 |
| a comparison of three types of "m" traps for sampling tsetse fly (diptera: glossinidae) populations at south luangwa game management area, zambia. | a field trial was conducted between 27th july and 1st august, 1992 in mfuwe, south luangwa, zambia to assess the effectiveness of locally developed "m" traps for suppressing and sampling the tsetse flies glossina pallidipes austen and glossina morsitans morsitans westwood. the tsetse catches in the "m" traps and the standard f3 traps were collected at 24 hour intervals. the highest catches of both tsetse species in the series of "m" traps were in the m3 trap. the numbers of female flies caught f ... | 1994 | 7812999 |
| inhibition of bloodmeal digestion in glossina morsitans fed on rabbits immunized with tsetse midgut homogenate. | the efficacy of bloodmeal digestion in teneral glossina morsitans centralis fed on rabbits immunized with tsetse fly midgut extracts was progressively monitored over a period of 96 hours. flies fed on immunized rabbits showed reduced rate of bloodmeal digestion as compared to the controls. although there was insignificant difference in the rate of bloodmeal digestion upto 24 hours post-feeding in later stages of digestion there was quite a significant difference. polyacrylamide gel electrophoret ... | 1994 | 7821245 |
| a study on the maturation of procyclic trypanosoma brucei brucei in glossina morsitans centralis and g. brevipalpis. | teneral glossina morsitans centralis and g. brevipalpis were fed in vitro upon medium containing procyclic trypanosoma brucei brucei derived from the midguts of g. m. centralis or g. brevipalpis which had immature trypanosome infections. the tsetse were then maintained on rabbits and, on day 31, were dissected to determine the infection rates. in g. m. centralis the midgut and salivary gland infection rates by t. b. brucei were 46.0% and 27.0% with procyclic trypanosomes from g. m. centralis, an ... | 1994 | 7841491 |
| advance of glossina morsitans submorsitans and g. pallidipes along the ghibe-river system in southwest ethiopia. | | 1993 | 7903142 |
| insect acetyl-coa carboxylase: activity during the larval, pupal and adult stages of insect development. | 1. the activity of the lipogenic enzyme, acetyl-coa carboxylase, was investigated in four insect species; bombyx mori (lepidoptera), tenebrio molitor (coleoptera), glossina morsitans and sarcophaga nodosa (diptera). 2. acetyl-coa carboxylase activity in larval, pupal and adult forms was compared with the saponifiable lipid mass at each stage of the life-cycle, and found to follow similar patterns except for tenebrio molitor. 3. the results are examined in relation to known metabolic requirements ... | 1993 | 7905374 |
| insect acetyl-coa carboxylase: enzyme activity during adult development and after feeding in the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans. | acetyl-coa carboxylase (ec 6.1.4.2) activity in the adult tsetse fly (glossina morsitans) increased 2-3 days after pupation to reach a plateau of between 0.4 and 0.6 mumol/min/mg after 7 days, and between 0.6 and 0.8 mumol/min/mg after 6 days in the abdomens of male and female flies, respectively. the enzyme showed a 50-70% increase in specific activity within 20 hr after a blood meal in previously starved flies. lipogenesis and acetyl-coa carboxylase activity were detected in the thorax, the ab ... | 1994 | 7911385 |
| analysis of a new genetic cross between two east african trypanosoma brucei clones. | two clones of east african trypanosoma brucei, with distinct homozygous isoenzyme patterns for one of three enzymes examined, were cotransmitted through the tsetse fly vector glossina morsitans centralis. flies with mature infections were individually fed on mice and the subsequent bloodstream from populations analysed for the presence of hybrid trypanosomes by isoenzyme analysis. several combinations have previously been detected using this approach (schweizer, tait & jenni, 1988; sternberg et ... | 1994 | 7914691 |
| genetic exchange in trypanosoma brucei: evidence for meiosis from analysis of a cross between drug-resistant transformants. | genetic exchange in trypanosoma brucei spp. can occur when two strains are cotransmitted through the tsetse fly vector, but it is non-obligatory and a comparatively rare event. to increase recovery of hybrids, we crossed drug resistant parental strains and selected hybrids by double drug resistance [15]. analysis of 29 hybrid clones from five separate genetic exchange events shows independent segregation of marker genes and a high frequency of triploidy, both of which phenomena have been observe ... | 1994 | 7935602 |
| comparative study on the susceptibility of different laboratory strains of glossina species to trypanosoma simiae. | teneral tsetse of four glossina species from laboratory-reared colonies were fed on four large white pigs infected with three different stocks of trypanosoma simiae isolated in coast province, kenya. thereafter the tsetse were maintained on goats and dissected on day 28 to determine the trypanosome infection rates. glossina brevipalpis was as susceptible as g.pallidipes whilst g.palpalis gambiensis was not susceptible to t.simiae cp 11 a stock causing acute infection, which was isolated from a w ... | 1994 | 7949313 |
| isolation and characterization of hypervariable sequences from tsetse fly genome. | a glossina brevipalpis newstead genomic library, constructed using a charomid 9-36 vector, was used to isolate putative clones that hybridize to polymorphic regions of the tsetse genome. five types of probes, that reveal individual dna polymorphic in humans and higher animal species, were used to screen 300 tsetse charomid clones; 15% of the clones hybridized with at least one probe. twenty four recombinants were further characterized by southern blotting hybridization using dna isolated from in ... | 1994 | 7951269 |
| trypanosoma simiae in the white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum) and the dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius). | trypanosoma simiae was identified as the cause of a disease outbreak in dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) introduced to tsavo east national park, confirming the susceptibility of camels to this pathogen. t. simiae was also isolated from a new host, the white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum) through xenodiagnosis with a susceptible tsetse species (glossina morsitans centralis). a white rhinoceros showed some evidence of anaemia and lymphopaenia when harbouring t. simiae, but did not suffer a ... | 1994 | 7975114 |
| bait methods for tsetse fly control. | | 1994 | 7976751 |
| [tsetse and livestock in central african republic: retreat of glossina morsitans submorsitans (diptera, glossinidae)]. | in the early 1960s, the most part of the central african republic was located inside the distribution area of glossina morsitans submorsitans newst. since the last distribution studies of this tsetse in car (in 1963), the number of cattle has increased from 400,000 to approximately two millions, mainly of the mbororo zebu breed. to set up the present distribution of g. m. submorsitans a study by trapping has been carried out in 27 livestock areas, regarding about 1,200 pastoralists' settlements. ... | 1994 | 8003908 |
| upsurge of the tsetse fly glossina swynnertoni at nguruman, kenya. | | 1994 | 8025331 |
| dynamics of host blood effects in glossina morsitans sspp. infected with trypanosoma congolense and t. brucei. | the pattern of infection in glossina morsitans morsitans and g. m. centralis membrane-fed on eland, buffalo or goat blood mixed with trypanosoma congolense or t. brucei was studied from day 1 to day 10. tsetse were initially permissive vectors, with most flies harbouring infections of 10(4)-10(5) parasites on day 3. however, after a second blood meal on day 3, flies cleared many infections, with g. m. morsitans clearing more infections than g.m. centralis. infective feeds of goat blood consisten ... | 1994 | 8036228 |
| a comparison of african buffalo, n'dama and boran cattle as reservoirs of trypanosoma vivax for different glossina species. | teneral glossina morsitans centralis were fed on the flanks of african buffalo, n'dama or boran cattle infected with trypanosoma vivax il 2337. the infected tsetse were maintained on goats and on day 25 after the infected feed, the surviving tsetse were dissected to determine the infection rates. the mean mature infection rates (% +/- s.e.) in the tsetse fed on buffalo, n'dama and boran cattle were 34.3 +/- 9.9, 33.7 +/- 13.4 and 58.9 +/- 7.1, respectively. logistic regression analysis indicated ... | 1993 | 8098147 |
| the isolation and genetic heterogeneity of trypanosoma brucei gambiense from north-west uganda. | fifty-two samples of blood were taken from sleeping sickness patients in north-west uganda. all samples failed to infect immunosuppressed mice. ten cryopreserved blood samples were fed to laboratory bred glossina morsitans morsitans; eight flies developed midgut infections from which procyclic cultures were established in vitro. isoenzyme electrophoretic analysis of 9 enzymes revealed that 7 of the 8 trypanosome isolates had a combination of enzyme patterns already described for trypanosoma bruc ... | 1993 | 8103626 |
| agricultural development paths and pest management: a pragmatic view of sustainability. | historical profiles can be used to portray past pathways of agricultural development, the factors that affected pest status and the responses made by farmers in the form of pest management. understanding the key factors affecting these historical developments is thought to be crucial for identifying likely future scenarios and associated opportunities and constraints for improving pest management. evidence for this view is provided by four case studies: brassica pests in the united kingdom; tset ... | 1993 | 8149816 |
| relationships between protease activity, host blood and infection rates in glossina morsitans sspp. infected with trypanosoma congolense, t. brucei and t. simiae. | midgut protease activity in glossina morsitans centralis and g.m. morsitans, at 48 h post bloodmeal averaged 1.8iu of trypsin-like activity. these two tsetse subspecies differ in their susceptibility to trypanosome infection. except for low levels in flies fed on waterbuck blood (0.7 iu), activity did not differ in flies fed a variety of host bloods (goat, pig, cow, buffalo, eland) and trypanosome species (trypanosoma congolense, t. brucei, t. simiae). protease activity was also not correlated w ... | 1994 | 8161844 |
| cattle-tsetse contact in relation to the daily activity patterns of glossina morsitans submorsitans in the gambia. | the daily flight activity patterns of one of the main vectors of animal trypanosomiasis in west africa, glossina morsitans submorsitans, were assessed using four different methods. results from all the methods showed that there was some flight activity nearly every hour in all seasons but they differed in the level of contact between grazing cattle herds and g.m.submorsitans. in the late dry season, trap data indicated that there was negligible activity from midday to late afternoon, whereas obs ... | 1994 | 8161846 |
| knock down and survival of tsetse flies fed on cattle and pigs dipped in deltamethrin. | glossina morsitans, g. pallidipes and g. fuscipes fuscipes were fed on cattle or pigs that had been dipped in 0.00375% deltamethrin in water, 0-31 days previously. the knock down and survival of the tsetse were then followed in the laboratory. although mortality was generally less the longer after the dip the flies were fed, all those that fed on the animals within 7 days of the dipping were killed and all those that fed within 21 days were at least knocked down. glossina morsitans was slightly ... | 1994 | 8192519 |
| evidence for an interplay between cell cycle progression and the initiation of differentiation between life cycle forms of african trypanosomes. | successful transmission of the african trypanosome between the mammalian host blood-stream and the tsetse fly vector involves dramatic alterations in the parasite's morphology and biochemistry. this differentiation through to the tsetse midgut procyclic form is accompanied by re-entry into a proliferative cell cycle. using a synchronous differentiation model and a variety of markers diagnostic for progress through both differentiation and the cell cycle, we have investigated the interplay betwee ... | 1994 | 8195296 |
| genetic variability and segregation analysis in glossina moristans moristans (diptera: glossinidae) using dna fingerprinting. | dna hybridization, using the m13 sequence as a probe, was used to analyze the genetic variability in four inbred lines of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans westwood. an average of 11.2 bands (ranging from 2 to 10 kb) were found per fly. an average of nine loci were detected in each line; 40% of the loci were polymorphic and the mean heterozygosity per locus varied from 0.098 to 0.29. averaging the data across the four inbred lines, the band sharing estimates were 82.5% in males and 81. ... | 1994 | 8200517 |
| isolation of trypanosoma spp. from wild tsetse flies through procyclic expansion in glossina morsitans centralis. | procyclic trypanosomes from wild tsetse flies were membrane-fed to glossina morsitans centralis in order to develop an optimal technique for propagating field isolates. a 70% success rate was achieved in isolating trypanosoma simiae and a variety of genotypes of t. congolense originating from g. pallidipes, g. brevipalpis and g. swynnertoni. parasites matured into forms infective for mammals, and could be maintained by passage of gut forms to new groups of flies. in experiments with laboratory s ... | 1994 | 8203293 |
| isometamidium concentrations in the sera of boran cattle: correlation with prophylaxis against tsetse-transmitted trypanosoma congolense. | fifteen boran cattle from a trypanosomiasis-free area were injected intramuscularly with isometamidium chloride at a dose of 1 mg/kg body weight. thereafter, the cattle were challenged at monthly intervals with glossina morsitans centralis infected with one of three populations of trypanosoma congolense (il 3893, il 3889 or il 1180) until all animals became infected. isometamidium concentrations in the sera of these cattle were measured using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay over ... | 1994 | 8203294 |
| major surface glycoproteins of procyclic stage african trypanosomes. | the procyclic stage in the life cycle of african trypanosomes is adapted for life in the harsh environment of the midgut of the tsetse fly vector. procyclic forms derived by transformation from antigenically distinct bloodstream variants are antigenically similar and have lost the variant surface glycoprotein coat of the bloodstream forms. in contrast to bloodstream forms, where the variant surface glycoprotein coat is essentially the only molecule exposed, many different proteins can be labeled ... | 1994 | 8206145 |
| genetic analysis by dna fingerprinting in tsetse fly genomes. | genomic dna from tsetse flies (diptera: glossinidae: glossina wiedemann) was analyzed by hybridization using the whole m13 phage as a probe to reveal dna fingerprinting (dnafp) profiles. intrapopulation variability, measured by comparison of dnafp profiles of tsetse flies from a large colony of g. brevipalpis, showed a high degree of polymorphism similar to that found in other animal species. different lines of g. m. morsitans, g. m. centralis, g. m. submorsitans, g. p. palpalis and g. p. gambie ... | 1993 | 8220390 |
| ubombo and the site of david bruce's discovery of trypanosoma brucei. | the site and remains believed to be those of the camp where sir david bruce and his wife mary worked between 1894 and 1897, and where bruce discovered the causative agent of nagana and its transmission by the tsetse fly, have recently been discovered at the small village of ubombo in northern kwazulu (zululand), south africa. the site where these remnants were found fits the meagre, albeit significant, information presented by bruce in his writings on the location of the camp. | 1993 | 8249096 |
| development of baits for tsetse flies (diptera: glossinidae) in zimbabwe. | analysis of host-oriented behavior of tsetse flies, glossina morsitans morsitans westw. and g. pallidipes austen, led to a 10- to 1,000-fold improvement in the cost effectiveness of baits for surveys and control. baits now are used widely to replace air and ground broadcasting of insecticides. principles of behavioral analysis are discussed, with emphasis on the need to: confirm that the measurements made are the measurements required; assess the probability of flies executing single specific ac ... | 1993 | 8254629 |
| trypanosoma congolense in the microvasculature of the pituitary gland of experimentally infected boran cattle (bos indicus). | the pituitary glands of seven boran cattle (bos indicus), five infected with a clone of trypanosoma congolense il 1180 (ilnat 3.1) transmitted by glossina morsitans centralis and two uninfected controls, were examined by light and electron microscopy 43 (experiment 2) or 56 (experiment 1) days after fly challenge. the three cattle used in the first experiment included a 15-month-old female (no. 1), a 24-month-old female (no. 2), and a 21-month-old male (no. 3) as a control. in the second experim ... | 1993 | 8266622 |
| a conserved stem-loop structure in the 3' untranslated region of procyclin mrnas regulates expression in trypanosoma brucei. | african trypanosomes that cycle between mammalian hosts and the tsetse fly vector must be poised to survive in different environments. the control of stage-specific gene expression is undoubtedly one of the keys to successful adaptation, but no regulatory elements have been defined to date. procyclins (also known as procyclic acidic repetitive proteins) are specifically expressed on the surface of procyclic and epimastigote forms in the fly. procyclin genes are already transcribed in bloodstream ... | 1994 | 8278396 |
| thyroid dysfunction in african trypanosomiasis: a possible role for inflammatory cytokines. | sleeping sickness (african trypanosomiasis) is an anthropozoonosis transmitted by the tsetse fly. the treatments of choice are the antiparasitic agents suramin and/or melarsoprol. experimental infection of animals with trypanosoma brucei results in inflammatory lesions in the pituitary and/or the thyroid gland. in biochemical terms, these animals have hypothyroidism. we evaluated the functional integrity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis in patients with african trypanosomiasis before, ... | 1993 | 8287572 |
| variation in sensitivity of trypanosoma congolense to diminazene during the early phase of tsetse-transmitted infection in goats. | twenty-five goats were randomly allocated to five groups of five animals each and infected with trypanosoma congolense il 3274 via the bites of infected glossina morsitans centralis. at intervals of 1, 4, 8, 12 or 19 days following infection, each group of five animals was treated intramuscularly with diminazene aceturate at a dose of 7.0 mg kg-1 body weight (b.w.). while treatment on day 1 eliminated infections in all five goats, treatment on day 19 did not cure any of the animals; in groups tr ... | 1993 | 8291183 |
| the effect of cattle infection by trypanosoma congolense on the attraction, and feeding success, of the tsetse fly glossina pallidipes. | an incomplete ring of electric nets was placed around uninfected cattle and cattle infected with trypanosoma congolense. the numbers of fed and unfed glossina pallidipes caught on the nets were used to estimate the attractiveness of infected and uninfected cattle to tsetse, and the feeding success of tsetse on the cattle. there was no difference in the attractiveness of infected and uninfected cattle to g. pallidipes. however, the feeding success of g. pallidipes on infected cattle was 75% great ... | 1993 | 8316432 |
| epidemiology of trypanosome infections of the tsetse fly glossina pallidipes in the zambezi valley. | the epidemiology of trypanosome infections of glossina pallidipes was studied at a riverine site in the zambezi valley, zimbabwe for a period of 13 months. over 9000 flies were captured using a single trap. these flies were dissected, screened for trypanosome infection, sexed, and aged using both wing fray and (for females) ovarian category indices. midgut infections were identified to species using recently developed dna probes. the overall prevalence of mature infections was 5.5%, comprising 3 ... | 1993 | 8341584 |
| bacteria may provide access to the tsetse fly. | | 1993 | 8342015 |
| the influence of host blood on infection rates in glossina morsitans sspp. infected with trypanosoma congolense, t. brucei and t. simiae. | trypanosoma congolense, t. brucei and t. simiae isolated from wild-caught glossina pallidipes were fed to laboratory-reared g. morsitans centralis and g.m. morsitans to determine the effect of host blood at the time of the infective feed on infection rates. bloodstream forms of trypanosomes were membrane-fed to flies either neat, or mixed with blood from cows, goats, pigs, buffalo, eland, waterbuck and oryx. the use of different bloods for the infective feed resulted in differences in infection ... | 1993 | 8355996 |
| temporal synthesis of cuticle proteins during larval development in glossina morsitans. | 1. larval development in glossina species occurs in utero with the mature third instar larva being deposited after a developmental period of 7 days. 2. in this study, the patterns of cuticular protein synthesis during larval development were analysed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. 3. from the results, four types of cuticle proteins were identified: those specific to larval, pupal and adult cuticles, and others common to all the stages. 4. few cuticular proteins were synthesized between ... | 1993 | 8359019 |
| genetic exchange in trypanosoma brucei: selection of hybrid trypanosomes by introduction of genes conferring drug resistance. | genetic exchange in trypanosoma brucei ssp. can occur when 2 different strains are cotransmitted through the tsetse fly vector. we have introduced heterologous genes for drug resistance (neo or hph) into parental trypanosome lines by electroporation. drug resistant lines were then crossed in vivo in the fly or in vitro. hybrids were subsequently selected by double drug resistance. analysis of trypanosomes from both fly midguts and salivary glands showed the latter to be the probable site of gene ... | 1993 | 8366892 |
| some observations on ethnoveterinary medicine in northern nigeria. | the fulani are herdsmen of northern nigeria. for generations they have been moving their cattle in an annual migration pattern in search of water. the tracks are chosen carefully, however: tsetse-fly-infected areas are avoided. in his ten years of experience in nigeria's veterinary sector--part of this time as special officer in charge of eradicating rinderpest--the author saw numerous examples of indigenous knowledge and practices that will be useful for the future development of animal health ... | 1993 | 8372425 |
| rickettsia-like organisms and chitinase production in relation to transmission of trypanosomes by tsetse flies. | rickettsia-like organisms (rlo) from testse midguts and mosquito cell cultures showed high levels of endochitinase activity. a line of glossina morsitans morsitans highly susceptible to midgut trypanosome infection and with high incidence of rlo infection showed significantly greater chitinolytic activity than g. austeni which had low rlo incidence and were correspondingly refractory to midgut infection. midgut infection rates of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense in g. m. morsitans showed a dose-re ... | 1993 | 8414668 |
| cloning of a novel surface antigen from the insect stages of trypanosoma brucei by expression in cos cells. | trypanosoma brucei cdna libraries constructed in the vector pcdm8 were screened selectively for insect (procyclic) stage surface antigen cdnas by transient expression in mammalian cos-7 fibroblasts and "panning" with a rabbit polyclonal antiserum. this strategy yielded two surface antigen cdnas termed pssa-1 and pssa-2. the pssa-1 cdna encoded an isotype of procyclin, the major phosphatidylinositol-linked stage-specific glycoprotein antigen of the tsetse fly infective forms of t. brucei. the pss ... | 1993 | 8420963 |
| inhibition of glossina morsitans midgut trypsin activity by d-glucosamine. | the effect of the amino sugar d-glucosamine on trypsin in crude midgut homogenates of glossina morsitans morsitans was studied in vitro. the results showed that the midgut trypsin was specifically and competitively inhibited by d-glucosamine. glucose, fructose, mannose, inositol, galactose, galactosamine, n-acetyl-d-glucosamine, and methyl-alpha-d-glucosamine were ineffective as inhibitors, even at concentrations exceeding 600 mm. d-glucosamine also had a similar inhibitory effect on bovine panc ... | 1993 | 8475038 |
| a trial to control the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans centralis, with low densities of odour-baited targets in west zambia. | a large-scale trial investigated the possibility of eradicating g.m.centralis from a traditional cattle rearing area using odour-baited targets at a reduced overall target density from 4 to 0.5-2.3 per km2, thus cutting down initial material costs by about 50%. only the periphery of what was thought to be prime tsetse habitat (dense woodland) was treated with targets. these were all black or blue/black cloth (1.8 x 1 m), sprayed with deltamethrin suspension concentrate and baited with butanone a ... | 1993 | 8481533 |
| monitoring trypanosomiasis in space and time. | the paper examines the possible contributions to be made by geographic information systems (gis) to studies on human and animal trypanosomiasis in africa. the epidemiological characteristics of trypanosomiasis are reviewed in the light of the formula for the basic reproductive rate or number of vector-borne diseases. the paper then describes how important biological characteristics of the vectors of trypanosomiasis in west africa may be monitored using data from the noaa series of meteorological ... | 1993 | 8488074 |
| derivation and characterization of a quinapyramine-resistant clone of trypanosoma congolense. | over a period of 208 days a quinapyramine-resistant population was derived in vivo from a quinapyramine-susceptible clone of trypanosoma congolense: il 1180. while the dose of quinapyramine sulfate required to cure 50% of mice infected with the parental clone was 0.23 mg/kg of body weight, the 50% curative dose for the resistant derivative, il 1180/stabilate 12, was greater than 9.6 mg/kg. this approximately 40-fold increase in resistance to quinapyramine was shown to be associated with an 8-fol ... | 1993 | 8517707 |
| successful application of deltamethrin pour on to cattle in a campaign against tsetse flies (glossina spp.) in the pastoral zone of samorogouan, burkina faso. | 1,500-2,000 head of cattle were treated with deltamethrin 1% spot on in an area of high tsetse densities, notably of glossina morsitans submorsitans. after four treatments at monthly intervals, the time between two treatments was increased to two months. 11 months after the commencement of the campaign the fly population had decreased from initially 54.2 flies/trap/day to densities varying between 0.06-2.0 flies/trap/day, mostly g. palpalis gambiensis. blood-meal analysis showed that this specie ... | 1995 | 8533022 |
| a comparison of glossina morsitans centralis originating from tanzania and zambia, with respect to vectorial competence for pathogenic trypanosoma species, genetic variation and inter-colony fertility. | two laboratory strains of glossina morsitans centralis originating from different fly-belts (one from singida, in tanzania, and the other from mumbwa, in zambia) were compared with respect to vectorial competence for pathogenic trypanosoma species, genetic variation and inter-colony fertility. the vectorial competence of g.m.centralis of tanzanian origin for trypanosma vivax and t. congolense is similar to, whereas for t.brucei brucei it is lower than the colony of zambian origin. nevertheless, ... | 1995 | 8541585 |
| trypanosoma brucei: stimulation of adenylate cyclase by proventriculus and esophagus tissue of the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans. | | 1995 | 8543006 |
| [improving the salivation technic in the tsetse fly for the detection of infective metatripanosomes: study of the effect of biologic and non-biologic factors in the probing behavior of the tsetse fly]. | the probing and salivation behaviour on a warm slide of three tsetse fly species or subspecies (glossina morsitans morsitans, glossina palpalis gambiensis, glossina tachinoides) was examined with respect to various parameters (species, sex, age, starvation period, trypanosome infection, quality of support). each fly was given the opportunity to probe the warm slide (38 degrees c) for 5 minutes (we mean by probing an attempt to touch the glass slide by the proboscis in a biting position). g.m mor ... | 1995 | 8552846 |
| [standardization and evaluation of a manual salivation method for the detection of trypanosoma infection in the tsetse fly (diptera: glossinidae)]. | two methods of salivation of tsetse flies, namely manual salivation and method of bruce et al. were simultaneously evaluated on 1,702 male uninfected glossina palpalis palpalis (zaire), g. palpalis gambiensis (bobo-dioulasso), g. p. gambiensis (maisons-alfort) et g. morsitans morsitans (mall) fasted for 23, 48 and 72 hours. the risk of salivation was 0.66 by the manual method and 0.01 by the method of bruce et al. the manual salivation method was standardised on 79 male g. m. morsitans (mall) in ... | 1995 | 8552848 |
| biocontrol potential of the entomogenous fungi beauveria bassiana and metarhizium anisopliae for tsetse flies (glossina spp.) at developmental sites. | spores of two entomogenous fungi, beauveria bassiana and metarhizium anisopliae, were mixed with sterile sand at two different concentrations (1.0 and 0.5 g/liter) and larvae of tsetse flies glossina morsitans morsitans allowed to pupate in it, simulating field larviposition sites. one gram weight of b. bassiana-sand mixture was estimated to contain 1.4 x 10(6) spores/g and that of m. anisopliae-sand mixture 2.3 x 10(6) spores/g. adult tsetse emerging from pupae in sand-spore mixtures suffered h ... | 1995 | 8568279 |
| composition of the peritrophic matrix of the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans. | the three-layered peritrophic matrix of glossina morsitans morsitans is shown, by histochemistry, to be formed of a mixture of glycosaminoglycans, glycoproteins and chitin. in all three layers the glycosaminoglycans contain glcnac-hexuronic and gal-glcnac moieties, together with chitin. glycosaminoglycans in layer 3 are sulphated and sulphated sites have a mean interspace distance of 53 nm - similar to the spacing of fixed charge sites in glomerular basement membrane suggesting a rôle for these ... | 1996 | 8593667 |
| the parp promoter of trypanosoma brucei is developmentally regulated in a chromosomal context. | african trypanosomes are extracellular protozoan parasites that are transmitted from one mammalian host to the next by tsetse flies. bloodstream forms express variant surface glycoprotein (vsg); the tsetse fly (procyclic) forms express instead the procyclic acidic repetitive protein (parp). parp mrna is abundant in procyclic forms and almost undetectable in blood-stream forms. post-transcriptional mechanisms are mainly responsible for parp mrna regulation but results of nuclear run-on experiment ... | 1996 | 8614620 |
| a promotor directing alpha-amanitin-sensitive transcription of garp, the major surface antigen of insect stage trypanosoma congolense. | the major surface antigen of procyclic and epimastigote forms of trypanosoma congolense in the tsetse fly is garp (glutamic acid/alanine-rich protein), which is thought to be the analogue of procyclin/parp in trypanosoma brucei. we have studied two t.congolense garp loci (the 4.3 and 4.4 loci) whose transcription is alpha-amanitin sensitive. whilst a transcriptional gap 5' of the first garp gene in the cloned region of the 4.4 locus could not be detected, such a gap was present in the 5' flank o ... | 1996 | 8628650 |
| isolation and characterization of the tsetse thrombin inhibitor: a potent antithrombotic peptide from the saliva of glossina morsitans morsitans. | a potent and specific inhibitor of the human coagulation protease thrombin was identified in salivary gland extracts of the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans, an important vector of african trypanosomiasis. this low molecular weight peptide (mw = 3,530 da as determined by laser desorption mass spectrometry) was purified using a combination of size-exclusion chromatography and reverse-phase, high-performance liquid chromatography, respectively. amino terminal sequencing of the purified pro ... | 1996 | 8644901 |
| are stable flies (diptera: stomoxyinae) vectors of trypanosoma vivax in the central african republic? | the epidemiology of trypanosoma vivax infections was studied at a riverside site in the ouro-djafoun livestock area situated in the central african republic during the period between july 1991 and july 1992. this paper examines the possibility that stable flies (diptera: stomoxyinae) were also vectors of this trypanosome species in a non-cyclic way. previous studies have revealed that the usual cyclic transmission by the tsetse fly glossina fuscipes fuscipes was probably not the only transmissio ... | 1996 | 8721295 |
| pharmacokinetics of diminazene in plasma and lymph of goats. | to characterize the pharmacokinetics of diminazene in plasma and pseudo-afferent lymph of east africa x galla goats. | 1996 | 8723887 |
| remotely sensed surrogates of meteorological data for the study of the distribution and abundance of arthropod vectors of disease. | this paper gives an overview of how certain meteorological data used in studies of the population dynamics of arthropod vectors of disease may be predicted using remotely sensed, satellite data. details are given of the stages of processing necessary to convert digital data arising from satellite sensors into ecologically meaningful information. potential sources of error in these processing steps are also highlighted. relationships between ground-measured meteorological variables (saturation de ... | 1996 | 8729623 |
| predicting the distribution of tsetse flies in west africa using temporal fourier processed meteorological satellite data. | an example is given of the application of remotely-sensed, satellite data to the problems of predicting the distribution and abundance of tsetse flies in west africa. the distributions of eight species of tsetse, glossina morsitans, g. longipalpis, g. palpalis, g. tachinoides, g. pallicera, g. fusca, g. nigrofusca and g. medicorum in côte d'ivoire and burkina faso, were analysed using discriminant analysis applied to temporal fourier-processed surrogates for vegetation, temperature and rainfall ... | 1996 | 8758138 |
| the effect of experimental infection of boran cattle in early and mid-pregnancy with trypanosoma vivax. | six susceptible galana and five trypanotolerant orma boran (bos indicus) cattle were infected experimentally with trypanosoma vivax ketri 2501 by cyclical transmission using glossina morsitans during early and mid-pregnancy. four pregnant animals, two of each boran type were used as controls and remained uninfected throughout the study period. three out of the six infected susceptible galana borans aborted, whilst one had a stillborn calf. none of the trypanotolerant orma boran cattle aborted an ... | 1996 | 8791852 |