| an outbreak of clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea in urological practice: a potential consequence of excessive antibiotic prophylaxis? | during an outbreak of clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea, 17 patients on a urological ward developed symptoms in a 17-day period. of these patients, 15 had received antibiotics during their admission. in order to eradicate the infection, it was necessary to close the unit for 1 month. antibiotic associated diarrhoea is a serious complication of the prophylactic and therapeutic use of such agents and, because of the common use of antimicrobials on urological units, there is potential for ... | 1989 | 2810164 |
| homology of a transferable tetracycline resistance determinant of clostridium difficile with streptococcus (enterococcus) faecalis transposon tn916. | in several tetracycline-resistant (tetr) clostridium difficile strains, homology with the tn916 part of plasmid pam120 dna was observed. this 15-kilobase transposon, carrying a tetr determinant, was originally found in streptococcus (enterococcus) faecalis. hybridization experiments revealed that at least six of seven hincii fragments of tn916, representing greater than 95% of its length, showed homology with dna of tetr c. difficile strains. therefore, a close relationship of the c. difficile t ... | 1987 | 2821887 |
| genetic characterization of a clostridium difficile erythromycin-clindamycin resistance determinant that is transferable to staphylococcus aureus. | the transferable macrolides-lincosamides-streptogramin b (mls) resistance determinant of clinical isolates of clostridium difficile, designated ermz, has been shown to share homology with ermb, which is associated with staphylococcus aureus transposon tn551. homology within tn551 was confined to less than or equal to 1.3 kilobases, whereas no homology could be demonstrated between tn551 sequences external to ermb and mls-resistant c. difficile. transfer of ermz from c. difficile to s. aureus was ... | 1987 | 2821888 |
| treatment of clostridium difficile colitis in hamsters with a lipopeptide antibiotic, ly146032. | ly146032, an acidic lipopeptide antibiotic which inhibits the biosynthesis of cell wall peptidoglycan, was found to be effective in delaying death in a hamster model of pseudomembranous colitis. a dose of 0.05 mg/day was effective. the equivalent protection with vancomycin required a dose 100-fold higher, i.e., 5 mg/day. | 1987 | 2821892 |
| restriction endonuclease analysis of nosocomial isolates of clostridium difficile. | a total of 110 clinical isolates of clostridium difficile were analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis by using both bacterial restriction endonuclease analysis (rea) and plasmid profiles. a total of 72 isolates were divided into 12 groups according to their rea patterns. some 38 isolates exhibited unique patterns. pattern a occurred in 20% of isolates. isolates with patterns b, e, and g were cytotoxin negative. the remaining groups were cytotoxin positive. multiple isolates obtained from two st ... | 1987 | 2826534 |
| restriction endonuclease dna analysis of clostridium difficile. | hindiii restriction enzyme digests of genomic dna from nine distinct strains of clostridium difficile were undertaken, and the results were related to those of a previously established typing method based on [35s]methionine-labeled protein profiles. each of the typed strains identified by its protein profile could also be distinguished by its unique dna digestion pattern. analysis of strains isolated from 10 patients during a hospital outbreak of antibiotic-associated colitis revealed identical ... | 1987 | 2828418 |
| ly146032 treatment of clostridium difficile colitis in hamsters. | | 1987 | 2831048 |
| prevalence of enteric pathogens in homosexual men with and without acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. | we studied 388 homosexual or bisexual men from the baltimore-washington area to define the spectrum of enteric pathogen carriage in a population at high risk for "gay bowel syndrome" in association with human immunodeficiency virus infection. seventy-seven patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, 68 gay men with symptoms of acute diarrhea or proctitis, and 243 gay men without gastrointestinal symptoms and participating in a natural history study of human immunodeficiency virus infection ... | 1988 | 2831107 |
| serotyping of clostridium difficile. | a total of 246 live clostridium difficile cultures were serotyped by a slide agglutination technique. fifteen grouping antisera were produced which serotyped 98% of the cultures (241 of 246). our results indicated that certain serogroups may have specific pathogenicity. strains of serogroups a, g, h, k, s1, and s4 were cytotoxigenic and were isolated mainly from adult patients with pseudomembranous colitis or antibiotic-associated diarrhea. nontoxigenic strains of serogroups d and cd-5 were isol ... | 1988 | 2833528 |
| acquisition of clostridium difficile from the hospital environment. | an outbreak of antibiotic-associated colitis that occurred on a ward of a michigan hospital during february-april, 1984, was studied by bacteriophage-bacteriocin typing. stools from the seven involved patients yielded clostridium difficile isolates of types b1537 or cld7;b1537. c. difficile was recovered from 31.4% of environmental cultures obtained on the ward, and the majority of isolates were types b1537 or cld7;b1537. when the ward was disinfected with unbuffered hypochlorite (500 parts per ... | 1988 | 2835900 |
| in vivo profiles of eicosanoids in ulcerative colitis, crohn's colitis, and clostridium difficile colitis. | to compare the local release of arachidonic acid metabolites in inflammatory diarrheal disease, in vivo equilibrium dialysis of the rectum was done in consecutive untreated patients with ulcerative colitis (n = 20), crohn's colitis (n = 10), and clostridium difficile colitis (n = 7). all patients had endoscopically proven rectal inflammation. eicosanoid profiles were determined in rectal dialysates by radioimmunoassay after preliminary purification. concentrations of prostaglandin e2, prostaglan ... | 1988 | 2836256 |
| in vitro activity of ly146032 against gram-positive bacteria. | the activity of ly146032 (ly) was evaluated against 269 clinical isolates: 150 staphylococcus spp. (staph), 45 enterococci, 51 clostridium spp., and 23 peptostreptococci. ly was compared to penicillin, metronidazole, imipenem, clindamycin, oxacillin, ciprofloxacin, vancomycin, and ampicillin. ly and oxacillin were tested against staph by microdilution in cation-supplemented mueller-hinton broth (csmhb), and in unsupplemented mueller-hinton broth (mhb). for ly, the mic 90s in csmhb were 16-32 dil ... | 1988 | 2838217 |
| clostridium difficile toxin a stimulates intracellular calcium release and chemotactic response in human granulocytes. | clostridium difficile, a common enteric pathogen, mediates tissue damage and intestinal fluid secretion by release of two protein exotoxins: toxin a, an enterotoxin, and toxin b, a cytotoxin. because toxin a elicits an intense inflammatory reaction in vivo, we studied the effects of highly purified c. difficile toxins on activation of human granulocytes. toxin a at concentrations of 10(-7) to 10(-6) m, but not toxin b, elicited a significant chemotactic and chemokinetic response by granulocytes ... | 1988 | 2838520 |
| in vitro activities of daptomycin (ly146032) and paldimycin (u-70,138f) against anaerobic gram-positive bacteria. | the in vitro activities of daptomycin (ly146032), paldimycin (u-70,138f), vancomycin, and penicillin g against 344 clinical isolates of anaerobic gram-positive bacteria were determined by an agar dilution method in calcium-supplemented (50 micrograms/ml) wilkins-chalgren medium, using an inoculum of 10(5) cfu. daptomycin demonstrated excellent activity against a broad range of anaerobic gram-positive cocci and bacilli, including peptostreptococcus, eubacterium, bifidobacterium, actinomyces, prop ... | 1988 | 2840019 |
| characterization of a nosocomial clostridium difficile outbreak by using plasmid profile typing and clindamycin susceptibility testing. | the mean number of cases of clostridium difficile diarrhea at the minneapolis veterans administration medical center increased to 17.3 per month in june-august 1985, compared with 7.1 per month in the previous 17 mo. plasmid profiles and clindamycin susceptibility were used as markers to evaluate the increase in cases. ninety clindamycin-resistant and 22 clindamycin-susceptible isolates of c. difficile from 1985 were examined for plasmids. a clindamycin-resistant organism contained a cryptic pla ... | 1988 | 2844914 |
| molecular cloning and genetic analysis of a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase determinant from clostridium difficile. | a gene bank from a clinical isolate of clostridium difficile expressing high chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity was constructed by cloning sau3a-cleaved clostridial dna fragments into the plasmid vector puc13. among 1,020 clones tested, 11 were resistant to chloramphenicol; 1 of these, with an insert size of 1.9 kilobases (pppm9), was studied further. the clone pppm9 was mapped using a variety of restriction enzymes, and a 0.27-kilobase ecorv-taqi restriction fragment was shown to be wit ... | 1988 | 2847649 |
| in vitro activity of azithromycin (cp-62,993), a novel macrolide, against enteric pathogens. | azithromycin (cp-62,993 [9-deoxy-9a-methyl-9a-aza-9a-homoerythromycin]) is a novel macrolide antimicrobial. in this study the in vitro activity of cp-62,993 has been determined against selected enteropathogens, including clostridium difficile, and compared with that of erythromycin. mics were determined using an agar incorporation technique in mueller-hinton medium, containing saponin-lysed horse blood at a final concentration of 10% v/v, with an inoculum of 10(4) cfu. cp-62,993 was considerably ... | 1988 | 2854515 |
| the effects of clostridium difficile crude toxins and purified toxin a on stripped rabbit ileal mucosa in ussing chambers. | clostridium difficile crude toxins and purified toxin a had similar effects on stripped rabbit ileal mucosa in ussing chambers. both toxin preparations caused secretion of sodium and chloride ions by increasing serosa to mucosa (s----m) fluxes. transmural potential difference and resistance decreased after toxin treatment. onset of changes in electrical measurements and ion fluxes coincided with onset of histological changes. the response to theophylline was greatly reduced in toxin-treated tiss ... | 1987 | 2856844 |
| antitoxin activity of human polymorphonuclear leucocytes. | human polymorphonuclear leucocytes (pmnl) inactivate clostridium difficile cytotoxin and c. perfringens phospholipase c, but not c. perfringens enterotoxin. both whole cells and sonicated suspensions possess activity, but mononuclear cell fractions of peripheral blood do not. antitoxin activity closely correlates with cell concentration. the highest cell concentrations tested completely inactivated c. difficile cytotoxin by 2 min. sucrose density gradient fractionation of pmnl showed antitoxin a ... | 1985 | 2859049 |
| the activity of glutaraldehyde against clostridium difficile. | the sporicidal activity of 2% glutaraldehyde against bacillus subtilis var. globigii and bacillus stearothermophilus was compared with that against clostridium difficile. the aerobic species, normally chosen for test purposes, survived for 2 h but cl. difficile was killed in under 10 min. in view of the impractical and lengthy immersions required to satisfy standard tests using non-pathogenic spores, a less stringent standard would probably be more appropriate. | 1985 | 2859321 |
| clostridial toxins active locally in the gastrointestinal tract. | clostridium difficile and clostridium spiroforme have only in recent years been recognized as intestinal pathogens. they both produce toxins that are also produced by other clostridia. c. difficile toxins a and b are produced by c. sordellii and a few strains of c. perfringens whereas c. spiroforme produces the same toxins as c. perfringens type e (iota toxin). iota toxin activity may be the product of two proteins. toxigenic strains of c. spiroforme and type e produce two antigens which possess ... | 1985 | 2861069 |
| crohn's disease with persistence of clostridium difficile, surgical elimination. | clostridium difficile has been associated with increased activity of crohn's disease in some patients, and in them its eradication has proved beneficial. we have seen a patient unresponsive to two courses of vancomycin with persistence of c. difficile colonization and toxin production in whom surgical intervention eliminated the c. difficile cytotoxin and organism. | 1985 | 2862181 |
| ceftazidime in the treatment of neonatal infection. | the efficacy of ceftazidime in the treatment of neonatal sepsis was studied in 42 low birthweight premature babies. forty-nine courses of ceftazidime (25 mg/kg bd, iv or im were administered. in 19 babies, treatment was stopped after 48 h, the remainder were treated for 5 days or more. six neonates had bacteriological evidence of infection, one other was pyrexial and 29 had radiological evidence compatible with respiratory tract infection. eight of the study population died. only one death was a ... | 1985 | 2862190 |
| in vitro effects of sulphasalazine, azodisal sodium, and their metabolites on clostridium difficile and some other faecal bacteria. | the effects of sulphasalazine (sasp), azodisal sodium (ads), and their metabolites were tested in vitro on aerobic and anaerobic faecal bacterial strains. sulphapyridine (sp) had a mild to moderate effect on escherichia coli and streptococcus faecalis. sasp also had a growth-inhibitory effect on strep. faecalis. the other substances had no effect on the aerobic strains. sasp, sp, 5-aminosalicylic acid, and, to a certain extent, n-acetyl-5-aminosalicylic acid exerted a growth-inhibitory effect on ... | 1985 | 2862692 |
| a hospital outbreak of clostridium difficile? | an increase in numbers of patients with clostridium difficile and its toxin in their stools at a hospital in south-west london led to closure of a ward to admissions and to an investigation of a possible nosocomial outbreak. the findings suggested that the increase was not due to an outbreak of related cases but to increased investigation. the cost of the episode both in financial terms and in the effect on patient care, was considerable. this study highlights the need for caution in interpretin ... | 1985 | 2865298 |
| is clostridium difficile endemic in chronic-care facilities? | an apparent outbreak of clostridium difficile diarrhoea on the chronic hospital ward of a long-term care facility prompted an investigation lasting seven months. approximately a third of patients had stools that were positive for c difficile by either toxin or culture. attempts to eradicate the infection by simultaneously treating all toxin-positive patients with metronidazole, limiting antibiotic use, and implementing enteric isolation were unsuccessful. new cases were both nosocomially acquire ... | 1986 | 2873315 |
| prevention of clostridium difficile outbreaks in hospitals. | | 1986 | 2874362 |
| clostridium difficile toxin in chronic idiopathic colitis. | clostridium difficile toxin was isolated from the stools of three patients with chronic idiopathic colitis. two patients were known to have chronic idiopathic colitis before cl difficile toxin was isolated. the third patient was subsequently found to have ulcerative colitis after presentation with cl difficile toxin in the stool. two patients were on sulphasalazine at the time of diagnosis of cl difficile infection and one had taken sulphasalazine two months previously. only one patients had ant ... | 1986 | 2875426 |
| hospital outbreaks of clostridium difficile. | | 1986 | 2876218 |
| clostridium difficile--a neglected pathogen in chronic-care wards? | | 1986 | 2876242 |
| anaerobic infections in childhood. | bacteroides melaninogenicus and bacteroides oralis are predominant anaerobes in orofacial infections and aspiration pneumonia. fusobacterium species are common pathogens in aspiration pneumonia, brain abscesses and orofacial infections. clostridium perfringens can cause bacteremia and wound infections. clostridium botulinum can produce a paralytic toxin that causes a paralytic syndrome in infants. clostridium difficile can cause diarrhea or antibiotic-associated colitis. | 1986 | 2876620 |
| pathogenicity of clostridium species with other bacteria in mixed infections. | the relationship of clostridial isolates with other bacteria in mixed infections was studied by means of a subcutaneous abscess model in mice. we used 26 isolates of seven clostridial species, two bacteroides spp., eight gram-positive facultative or anaerobic cocci and three enteric gram-negative aerobic rods. abscesses were induced by all seven clostridium perfringens and three c. butyricum isolates and by some of the others. selective antimicrobial therapy experiments showed that enteric gram- ... | 1986 | 2878957 |
| is clostridium difficile endemic in chronic-care facilities? | | 1987 | 2886846 |
| mortality and clostridium difficile diarrhoea in the elderly. | | 1987 | 2890895 |
| investigation of clostridium difficile diarrhoea in a district general hospital: room for improvement? | a retrospective survey of case-notes was carried out on all patients investigated for possible clostridium difficile diarrhoea during a 1-month period at a district general hospital. seven of 29 patients probably had the disease, but no case of pseudomembranous colitis was documented. delay in reporting and discrepancies between culture and cytotoxin results contributed in several cases to mismanagement. in 14 of 16 cases negative by culture and cytotoxin, a plausible non-microbiological case fo ... | 1987 | 2891751 |
| successful treatment of relapsing clostridium difficile colitis with lactobacillus gg. | | 1987 | 2892070 |
| [pseudomembranous colitis after antibiotic therapy associated with the presence of entamoeba histolytica histolytica. apropos of 2 cases]. | the authors report on two cases of pseudomembranous colitis (p.m.c.) developed in two senegalese women of 38 and 36 years, and discovered at the 4th and 5th day respectively of an antibiotherapy based on ampicillin. in these two observations, cysts of entamoeba histolytica histolytica were found in both feces and biopsies. they recall the circumstances of the occurrence, diagnosis techniques and treatment. they underline the unfrequency of this disease in africa south of sahara and they discuss ... | 1987 | 2893239 |
| clostridium difficile as a nosocomial pathogen. | patients admitted to a 19-bed floor with intermediate nursing care were studied for the onset of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea during a six-month period (181 calendar days) in 1986-87. all admitted patients were reviewed weekly and followed after discharge from the study unit to other inpatient services. multiple items in the environment of five patients' rooms were sampled bacteriologically for the presence of c. difficile weekly during the study period. three of the rooms were sel ... | 1988 | 2896737 |
| clostridium difficile, sulphasalazine, and ulcerative colitis. | clostridium difficile has been implicated in the relapse of ulcerative colitis. controversy exists over this role and its relationship to sulphasalazine exposure. sixty two of 77 patients with a documented relapse of ulcerative colitis were investigated for the presence of clostridium difficile, or its toxin, prior to hospitalization. there was a low incidence of detection which was related to antibiotic exposure (2/62). sampling during the treatment period showed that the occurrence of clostrid ... | 1987 | 2897683 |
| gastrointestinal carriage rate of clostridium difficile in elderly, chronic care hospital patients. | the carriage rate of clostridium difficile in patients at a chronic care hospital was determined by two point prevalence surveys at 6-monthly intervals. in the first survey c. difficile or its toxin was present in stool samples from five symptomless patients on three of the four wards studied. all of these colonized patients had been in hospital for at least 2 months, but there was no relationship between carriage of the organism and antibiotic use. when the survey was repeated 6 months later, n ... | 1988 | 2899585 |
| hybridization analysis of the class p tetracycline resistance determinant from the clostridium perfringens r-plasmid, pcw3. | the tetracycline resistance determinant from pcw3, a conjugative plasmid from clostridium perfringens, has been identified and the structural gene localized to within a 1.4-kb region. hybridization analysis, which utilized an internal 0.8-kb specific gene probe, showed that eight nonconjugative tetracycline resistant c. perfringens strains all carried homologous resistance determinants. no homology was detected in dna prepared from tetracycline resistant isolates of clostridium difficile or clos ... | 1988 | 2901767 |
| treatment of antibiotic-associated clostridium difficile colitis with oral vancomycin: comparison of two dosage regimens. | high-dose (500 mg orally four times daily) vancomycin is considered by many investigators to be the most effective treatment for antibiotic-associated clostridium difficile colitis. however, a lower dosage of 125 or 150 mg given three or four times a day has become popular, has been shown to be effective, and is less expensive than the high-dose regimen. we therefore decided to compare two vancomycin dosage regimens in a randomized trial. | 1989 | 2910090 |
| clostridium difficile colitis secondary to intravenous vancomycin. | nearly every known antibiotic has been implicated as a cause of clostridium difficile colitis. we report the first case resulting from monotherapy with intravenous vancomycin. the patient was on chronic hemodialysis and was treated with intravenous vancomycin for presumed cervical osteomyelitis. after 29 days of therapy he developed abdominal pain and diarrhea and his stool was found to contain both c. difficile and cytotoxin. the patient responded with symptomatic and microbiological recovery t ... | 1989 | 2910675 |
| nosocomial acquisition of clostridium difficile infection. | we studied the acquisition and transmission of clostridium difficile infection prospectively on a general medical ward by serially culturing rectal-swab specimens from 428 patients admitted over an 11-month period. immunoblot typing was used to differentiate individual strains of c. difficile. seven percent of the patients (29) had positive cultures at admission. eighty-three (21 percent) of the 399 patients with negative cultures acquired c. difficile during their hospitalizations. of these pat ... | 1989 | 2911306 |
| recurrences of clostridium difficile diarrhea not caused by the original infecting organism. | | 1989 | 2915158 |
| phenelfamycins, a novel complex of elfamycin-type antibiotics. iii. activity in vitro and in a hamster colitis model. | phenelfamycins a, b, c, e, f and unphenelfamycin make up a recently isolated group of elfamycin-type antibiotics. all of the phenelfamycins were active against gram-positive anaerobes, including clostridium difficile. phenelfamycin a was also active in vitro against neisseria gonorrhoeae and streptococci. phenelfamycin a was found to be effective in prolonging the survival of hamsters in an animal model of c. difficile enterocolitis. after oral administration of phenelfamycin a to hamsters, anti ... | 1989 | 2921230 |
| recovery of spores of clostridium difficile altered by heat or alkali. | the effect of heating or alkali-treatment on spore recovery in ordinary growth medium was examined for four strains of clostridium difficile. heating spores at 80 degrees c for 10 min produced 95.50-99.95% decreases in the recovery rates. treatment with 0.1 n naoh for 15 min produced 99.47 and 99.83% decreases in spore recovery rates for two of the four strains. the influence of either addition of lysozyme after treatment with sodium thioglycollate (thioglycollate-lysozyme method) or addition of ... | 1989 | 2926793 |
| oral fluoroquinolone therapy for clostridium difficile enterocolitis. | | 1989 | 2926941 |
| evaluation of antibiotic-associated diarrhea with a latex agglutination test and cell culture cytotoxicity assay for clostridium difficile. | diagnosis of clostridium difficile (c. difficile) by its antigen or toxin has improved treatment for patients who have antibiotic-associated diarrhea and opportunistic colonization of the colon with c. difficile. unfortunately, results from the tissue culture cytotoxicity assay are not available for 48 h. we prospectively compared a latex agglutination test with the tissue culture cytotoxicity assay in 83 patients (15 with antibiotic-associated diarrhea, 23 with non-antibiotic-associated diarrhe ... | 1989 | 2929558 |
| effect of clindamycin on factor-vii activity in healthy cats. | four healthy cats were given clindamycin orally in daily doses of 25 or 50 mg/kg of body weight for 6 weeks. significant change in factor-vii activity was not found, compared with pretreatment values. in 2 cats tested, toxin produced by clostridium difficile was not detected in fecal samples obtained before treatment and at 6 weeks after treatment, suggesting that intestinal overgrowth by c difficile did not develop. results of the study seemed to indicate that orally administered clindamycin do ... | 1989 | 2930027 |
| impact of oral ciprofloxacin on the faecal flora of healthy volunteers. | the intestinal flora was studied in 12 volunteers after the administration of 400 mg ciprofloxacin b.i.d. over seven days. stool samples were taken prior to and several times after the initiation of therapy, and qualitative and quantitative analyses of microorganisms were performed. escherichia coli was eliminated in all volunteers after two days of treatment. a selection of resistant enterobacteria could not be observed. a higher incidence of streptococcus faecium was seen, mainly after the end ... | 1985 | 2934338 |
| comparison of the in vitro activities of teicoplanin and vancomycin against clostridium difficile and their interactions with cholestyramine. | the in vitro activity of teicoplanin was compared with that of vancomycin against fecal isolates of clostridium difficile. all strains were susceptible to both antibiotics, but teicoplanin was fourfold more active than vancomycin. cholestyramine was found to bind teicoplanin almost completely, reducing its activity to nondetectable levels. | 1985 | 2935077 |
| comparative in vitro activities of ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin and pefloxacin against bacteroides fragilis and clostridium difficile. | the in vitro activity of ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin and pefloxacin against 99 bacteroides fragilis strains and 105 clostridium difficile strains were determined by the agar dilution method. ofloxacin was the most potent agent. the mic for 90% of the b. fragilis and c. difficile strains was 8 mg/l. ciprofloxacin had mic90's of 16 mg/l for b. fragilis and c. difficile. the mic90's of pefloxacin against b. fragilis and c. difficile were 32 mg/l. 90% of the b. fragilis strains w ... | 1986 | 2939556 |
| pseudomembranous colitis caused by topical clindamycin phosphate. | pseudomembranous colitis was observed on two occasions in the same patient and was associated with the topical administration of clindamycin phosphate. assay for clostridium difficile toxin was positive, and the patient was ultimately cured by oral vancomycin hydrochloride and the withdrawal of clindamycin therapy. | 1986 | 2939805 |
| [antibiotic-associated colitis and clostridium difficile]. | | 1985 | 2939996 |
| pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin and effect of repeated dosage on salivary and fecal microflora. | the pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin was studied in 12 volunteers during a 5-day course of 500 mg of ciprofloxacin given orally twice a day. the effects on the microflora of saliva and feces were also examined. serum and urine samples were assayed for ciprofloxacin microbiologically, and the salivary and fecal microflora were examined quantitatively after processing onto a series of selective media. fecal samples were also investigated for the presence of clostridium difficile and its cytotoxin ... | 1986 | 2940965 |
| comparative in vitro activity of seven quinolones against 100 clinical isolates of clostridium difficile. | the in vitro activity of seven quinolone derivatives against 100 clinical isolates of clostridium difficile was determined. ci934 was the most active, inhibiting 90% of the strains at 4 micrograms/ml and 100% at 8 micrograms/ml. ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin had moderate activity (16 and 32 micrograms/ml) whereas enoxacin, pefloxacin, norfloxacin, and nalidixic acid had poor activity (128 micrograms/ml). | 1986 | 2940968 |
| effect of oral ciprofloxacin on the faecal flora of healthy volunteers. | the effect of oral ciprofloxacin on the intestinal flora was investigated in six male volunteers aged between 21 and 54 years. faecal specimens were cultured quantitatively for aerobic and anaerobic micro-organisms before, during and after a five day course of ciprofloxacin. ciprofloxacin resulted in a significant reduction in aerobic flora in all volunteers and colonisation with resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci or corynebacteria in two volunteers. the total anaerobic flora counts were ... | 1986 | 2941281 |
| effects of topical clindamycin on intestinal microflora in patients with acne. | thirty-two patients with acne completed a randomized, double-blind study using topical 1% clindamycin phosphate or its vehicle applied twice daily for 8 weeks for a study of its effects on the intestinal microflora. two clindamycin patients and one vehicle patient had clostridium difficile in stools prior to therapy. of the remaining twenty-nine patients, four of nineteen patients who used clindamycin and none of ten patients who used vehicle had c. difficile detected during treatment; the diffe ... | 1986 | 2943760 |
| adp-ribosylation in cultured cells treated with clostridium difficile toxin b. | in cultured fibroblasts intoxicated with clostridium difficile toxin b, a radioactive moiety was transferred from [14c-adenosine]nad, but not from [14c-nicotinamide] nad, into a cellular protein (mw 90,000). no labeling was detected in toxin-treated cultures not yet showing any toxin-induced cytopathogenic effect, whereas maximal labeling was obtained in cultures with about half of the cells showing a cytopathogenic effect. the radioactivity was removed from the substrate by treatment with snake ... | 1986 | 2945553 |
| prophylactic antibiotics for patients undergoing elective biliary tract surgery: a prospective randomized study of cefotiam and cefoperazone. | cefotiam, a second generation cephalosporin and cefoperazone, a third generation cephalosporin have a broad spectrum of activity against a majority of organisms commonly found in the bile. although cefoperazone is excreted into the human bile to a greater extent than is cefotiam, there are no comparative data available that cefoperazone prophylaxis is safer and more effective than cefotiam for patients undergoing biliary tract surgery. a prospective randomized study was performed to compare the ... | 1987 | 2952826 |
| insusceptibility of fetal intestinal mucosa and fetal cells to clostridium difficile toxins. | | 1986 | 2954421 |
| [isolation and diagnosis of clostridium difficile]. | | 1987 | 2961468 |
| molecular cloning and expression of clostridium difficile toxin a in escherichia coli k12. | clostridium difficile toxin a was purified to homogeneity and was used to raise monospecific antiserum in rabbits. a gene bank of c. difficile dna in escherichia coli was constructed by cloning sau3a-cleaved clostridial dna fragments into the bacteriophage vector lambda embl3. out of 4500 plaques screened with antitoxin a, 9 clones were positively identified. one of these clones lambda ta5 expressed a 235 kda protein which exhibited a cytotonic effect on chinese hamster ovary cells, and had the ... | 1987 | 2961615 |
| a comparison of teicoplanin and cefuroxime as prophylaxis for orthopaedic implant surgery: a preliminary report. | the relative merits of different antibiotic regimens for prophylaxis in orthopaedic implant surgery are difficult to evaluate because of the low frequency of infection. factors other than infection prevention may influence choice. we have compared 400 mg teicoplanin given intravenously on induction of anaesthesia with three perioperative injections of cefuroxime, in 146 patients undergoing total hip or total knee replacement. these interim results suggest that cefuroxime selects for increased ex ... | 1988 | 2965126 |
| in vitro antibacterial activity of trospectomycin (u-63366f), a novel spectinomycin analog. | trospectomycin (u-63366f) is a novel spectinomycin analog with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. the in vitro activity of this analog was compared with that of spectinomycin and other reference antibiotics against 411 clinical isolates of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. mics were determined by agar or broth dilution methods. the stability of trospectomycin in the presence of an enzyme extract derived from spectinomycin-resistant escherichia coli was determined. trospectomycin was more activ ... | 1988 | 2966608 |
| therapy of clostridium difficile in pseudomembranous and antibiotic-associated colitis. | | 1987 | 2978388 |
| antibiotic depression of evoked and spontaneous responses of opossum distal colonic muscularis mucosae in vitro: a factor in antibiotic-associated colitis? | certain antibiotics depress both skeletal neuromuscular transmission and intestinal neuroeffector transmission. impaired intestinal motility may facilitate the proliferation of the bacterium clostridium difficle and thus lead to the development of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. many antibiotics accumulate in the colonic lumen at concentrations several times their associated blood levels. this study examined whether certain of these could interfere with colonic muscularis mucosal ... | 1985 | 2982696 |
| a comparison of the effects of cytotoxic cerebrospinal fluid on cell cultures with other cytopathogenic agents. | protein synthesis, antigen synthesis, and cell membrane permeability were analyzed after inoculating human diploid fibroblasts with control or cytotoxic csf, herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv 1), poliovirus 3, or clostridium difficile toxin. whereas protein synthesis and membrane permeability were affected by the viruses, and virus antigens detectable by pooled human serum were synthesized, the bacterial toxin and cytotoxic csf did not induce any new proteins or antigens, although the cytotoxic c ... | 1985 | 2987025 |
| pharmacokinetic and therapeutic trial of sultamicillin in acute sinusitis. | sultamicillin, an antibiotic combining ampicillin and the beta-lactamase inhibitor sulbactam, was administered to 13 patients diagnosed as having acute sinusitis. specimens from sinus were obtained for all 13 patients by transantral puncture. pharmacokinetics, bacteriology, and therapeutic efficacy were assessed. eighty-five percent (11 of 13) were cured; two treatment failures were subsequently shown to have chronic (rather than acute) sinusitis during surgical exploration. diarrhea was frequen ... | 1985 | 3002247 |
| cytotoxic and cytotonic factors produced by campylobacter jejuni, campylobacter coli, and campylobacter laridis. | complete toxigenicity studies were performed on 341 strains of campylobacter spp., including 23 nonhuman isolates. toxin profiles based on both cytotonic and cytotoxic factors were determined after analyzing responses in vero, hela, cho and y-1 cells. suckling mouse assays were consistently negative for all culture filtrates tested. toxin-producing strains were frequently encountered among both the human and nonhuman strains of campylobacter jejuni, c. coli, and c. laridis investigated. strains ... | 1986 | 3018039 |
| molecular cloning of clostridium difficile toxin a gene fragment in lambda gt11. | toxin a of clostridium difficile has been purified and monospecific antiserum produced. a reliable procedure for isolation and restriction of c. difficile chromosomal dna was developed which allowed for the construction of a genomic library in lambda gt11. approx. 35,000 plaques were screened using anti-toxin a which resulted in the identification of one stable positive clone, lambda cd19. verification of the immunological identity of the isolated toxin a gene fragment in lambda cd19 was determi ... | 1987 | 3030812 |
| clostridium difficile in the normal adult faecal flora. | one hundred and seventy-seven out of 324 routine non-diarrhoeal faecal specimens investigated for the presence of clostridium difficile were culture-positive. twelve of the faecal specimens obtained from thirty-six normal healthy volunteers yielded cl. difficile prior to oral administration of clindamycin. thereafter all the volunteers excreted the organism from the second day to the fifth day during clindamycin administration. three months after stoppage of oral clindamycin sixteen of the thirt ... | 1986 | 3031964 |
| comparative in vitro activity of ly146032 (daptomycin), a new lipopeptide antimicrobial. | the in vitro activity of ly146032, a new cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic, was compared with those of vancomycin, teicoplanin, and either oxacillin or ampicillin by determining agar dilution mic values for 304 clinical gram-positive isolates. ly146032 had superior in vitro activity against oxacillin-resistant staphylococci when compared to vancomycin or teicoplanin. against oxacillin-sensitive staphylococci, group jk-diphtheroids, streptococci, listeria monocytogenes and clostridium difficile, ly14 ... | 1987 | 3032607 |
| application of whole-cell dna restriction endonuclease profiles to the epidemiology of clostridium difficile-induced diarrhea. | two patients in one hospital room acquired pseudomembranous colitis, one shortly after the other. the dna restriction patterns of isolates from the patients and of four isolates from the environment were indistinguishable from one another and differed from isolates of other patients. restriction endonuclease digest analysis appears to be a useful method for studying the epidemiology of clostridium difficile. | 1987 | 3033017 |
| effect of calcium on in vitro activity of ly146032 against clostridium difficile. | the in vitro mics of ly146032 against 63 isolates of clostridium difficile tested in wilkins-chalgren broth ranged from 0.5 to greater than 32 micrograms/ml, with mics of 4 and 8 micrograms/ml for 50 and 90% of the isolates, respectively. however, when the test medium was supplemented with physiologic concentrations of calcium, the mic for 90% of the isolates was reduced to less than or equal to 0.12 microgram/ml. | 1987 | 3034146 |
| susceptibility of clostridium difficile to ly146032. | | 1987 | 3036501 |
| susceptibility of anaerobic bacteria to fce 22101. | the activity of fce 22101 against 675 strains of anaerobic bacteria was determined by an agar dilution method. its activity was compared with those of benzylpenicillin, piperacillin, cefoxitin, imipenem, clindamycin, metronidazole, chloramphenicol, vancomycin, fusidic acid, and bacitracin. fce 22101 and imipenem (mic, less than or equal to 0.5 mg/liter) were the most active agents against the anaerobic strains tested, except against clostridium difficile strains. on the basis of these results, f ... | 1987 | 3038012 |
| application of chromosomal restriction endonuclease digest analysis for use as typing method for clostridium difficile. | the usefulness of restriction endonuclease analysis of chromosomal dna as a typing method for clostridium difficile was tested. over four months all faecal samples were routinely cultured for c difficile. dna of all isolated strains was isolated and tested with the restriction endonuclease hind iii. the patterns obtained after electrophoresis in agarose gels seemed to be strain specific. antibiotic susceptibility profiles agreed with the results of the restriction endonuclease analysis, though t ... | 1987 | 3040811 |
| isolation of shiga toxin-resistant vero cells and their use for easy identification of the toxin. | shiga toxin-resistant vero cells were isolated by treatment of the cells with nitrosoguanidine. these mutant cells were not affected by shiga toxin at more than 1 microgram/ml, although the parent vero cells were sensitive to 25 pg of the toxin per ml. immunofluorescence studies showed that all the mutant cells had lost toxin-binding capacity. the cytotoxic activities of various bacterial cultures against the parent and mutant cells were compared. all samples from 10 strains of shigella dysenter ... | 1988 | 3045003 |
| the histopathology of the hemolytic uremic syndrome associated with verocytotoxin-producing escherichia coli infections. | verocytotoxin-producing escherichia coli (vtec) infection was present in three cases of hemolytic uremic syndrome (hus), two fatal and one non-fatal, in which detailed histopathologic investigations were conducted. two patients had a prodrome of bloody diarrhea, one of whom required a hemicolectomy for severe bleeding. the renal histopathology was characterized primarily by glomerular thrombotic microangiopathy (tma) with greater than 95% of glomeruli showing changes of capillary wall thickening ... | 1988 | 3047052 |
| [domestic animals as excreters of clostridium difficile]. | | 1988 | 3048969 |
| advances in ulcerative colitis. | ulcerative colitis is one of the two common chronic inflammatory bowel diseases which affect the colon of children. the disease can occur at any time during infancy and childhood and is far commoner than crohn's disease of the colon in children less than 6 years old. the jewish population outside of israel is at far greater risk of developing the condition than any other ethnic group. the reason for this is unknown. the chances of a family member developing the condition is 2-3 times as great as ... | 1988 | 3050919 |
| correlation between serogroup and susceptibility to chloramphenicol, clindamycin, erythromycin, rifampicin and tetracycline among 308 isolates of clostridium difficile. | the susceptibility to chloramphenicol, clindamycin, erythromycin, rifampicin and tetracycline of 308 isolates of clostridium difficile from various origins was determined by a disc diffusion susceptibility testing and the results were compared with the serogroup of the strains. for the five antimicrobials, there was a clear-cut separation between susceptible and resistant strains. some correlation between resistance and serogroup was found. almost all of the 161 isolates of serogroups a, f, g, h ... | 1988 | 3053559 |
| [bacteriologic and serologic diagnosis of enteral infections]. | infections of the gastrointestinal tract still are numerous, ranging on the second place after infections of the respiratory tract. some of them show quite severe or prolonged course. in contrast to other infections, especially those of the urinary tract, laboratory diagnostic of enteritis is only scarcely ordered. during the last ten years new methods and knowledge of etiologic germs like campylobacter, yersinia, various types of e. coli, clostridium difficile, rotavirus, adenovirus, giardia, b ... | 1988 | 3054377 |
| [in vitro activity of a combination of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid on anaerobic bacteria]. | one hundred and one anaerobes isolated from clinical specimen were examined for their susceptibility to amoxicillin, alone or in combination with clavulanic acid, cefoxitin, cefotetan, cefotaxime, piperacillin and metronidazole. tested strains were as follow: 90 bacteroides fragilis group, 16 bacteroides bivius and 5 clostridium difficile. for 54 strains combination amoxicillin-sulbactam were also studied. minimal inhibitory concentrations (mics) were determined by agar dilution method on wilkin ... | 1988 | 3054746 |
| [in vitro activity of beta-lactams, clindamycin and metronidazole on clostridium difficile]. | in one year and a half period 47 clostridium difficile were isolated from stool samples. isolates with questionable morphologic features were identified using sugars fermentation, gaz liquid chromatography (glc). cytotoxin assay was performed on mac coy cells. the comparative susceptibilities to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (amc), cefotetan (ctt), cefoxitin (fox), cefotaxime (ctx), latamoxef (mox), mezlocillin (mez), piperacillin (pip), clindamycin (clin) and metronidazole was tested using minima ... | 1988 | 3054747 |
| [clostridium difficile in children and adolescents undergoing anticancer and antimicrobial chemotherapy. the possibility of nosocomial acquisition]. | we looked for c. difficile and its cytotoxin among children and adolescents treated with diverse kinds of cancer chemotherapy in an oncologic ward of a pediatric hospital. most of them were also given multiple antibiotic treatments, susceptible of making c. difficile colonization easier due to the modification of the intestinal ecosystem. as the colonization may have an external origin, we also looked for c. difficile in the environment. 14 patients have been studied and we found cytotoxic strai ... | 1988 | 3054763 |
| evaluation of a computer-assisted method of analysing sds-page protein profiles in tracing a hospital outbreak of serratia marcescens. | sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) profiles of bacterial proteins have been successfully used for taxonomical purposes. more recently this technique has been applied to epidemiological investigations in respect of various micro-organisms including neisseria meningitidis, staphylococcus aureus and clostridium difficile. the main limitations of the methods so far described are lack of standardisation in extraction and separation as well as in the analysis of resu ... | 1988 | 3060541 |
| results of a prospective, 18-month clinical evaluation of culture, cytotoxin testing, and culturette brand (cdt) latex testing in the diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | an 18-mo evaluation of culture, cytotoxin, and latex testing for clostridium difficile was performed between july 1, 1985, and december 31, 1986, on 1,536 specimens from 1,406 patients during evaluation of diarrhea. all cases with at least one test positive were investigated for clinical status. there were 144 clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cad) patients; 139 (97%) were positive by culture, 96 (67%) by cytotoxin, and 98 (68%) by latex testing. in the 1,262 non-cad patients with diarr ... | 1988 | 3066571 |
| management and prevention of bacterial diarrhea. | the etiology, pathogenesis, transmission and communicability, diagnosis, and management of infectious diarrhea are reviewed. infectious diarrhea is common in both industrialized and unindustrialized areas of the world. better understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis and identification of "new" enteric pathogens has resulted in the use of a variety of drugs to relieve symptoms or to effect a clinical cure. both host and microbial virulence factors are key in the acquisition of diarrheal ill ... | 1988 | 3069286 |
| bacterial-induced diarrhoea. | in diverse parts of the world, many bacterial strains have been recognised as the causative agents of diarrhoea. great achievements have been made in perceiving the varied mechanisms which explain their intestinal pathogenicity. these achievements include the elucidation of the 5 mechanisms of disease production by escherichia coli, the mechanisms of action of shigella, salmonella, campylobacter and yersinia, new information about antimicrobial-associated colitis caused by clostridium difficile ... | 1988 | 3069445 |
| [nosocomial nature of antibiotic-induced intestinal clostridium infections caused by clostridium difficile]. | | 1988 | 3069610 |
| diagnosis of infectious diarrheal diseases. | for many years, microbiologic examination of feces was focused on the isolation of two members of the family enterobacteriaceae--salmonellae and shigellae. over the past two decades, other enteric pathogens such as the various classes of diarrheagenic e. coli, campylobacter, vibrio spp., yersinia enterocolitica, and clostridium difficile have gained prominence. a newly recognized protozoan parasite, cryptosporidium is now known to infect both immunocompetent and immunodeficient individuals. adde ... | 1988 | 3074126 |
| pseudomembranous colitis induced by clostridium difficile. | | 1988 | 3077615 |
| bacterial agglutination and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for typing clostridium difficile. | bacterial agglutination and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (page) were methods evaluated for typing strains of clostridium difficile. a panel of four antisera, obtained by immunizing rabbits with washed whole cells of different strains of c. difficile, produced distinctive patterns of agglutination. ethylenediaminetetraacetate (edta) extracts subjected to page also produced distinctive protein profiles. excellent correlation between the two methods was observed when geographically distant is ... | 1986 | 3080531 |
| diarrhoea due to clostridium difficile associated with antibiotic treatment in patients receiving dialysis: the role of cross infection. | | 1986 | 3081086 |
| efficacy of routine fiberoptic endoscope cleaning and disinfection for killing clostridium difficile. | we have evaluated a standard procedure for cleaning and disinfection of endoscopes for efficacy in eradicating a spore-forming bacterial organism, clostridium difficile. initially, 23 endoscopes were cultured for the presence of c. difficile after hanging in storage for at least 24 hours after cleaning and disinfection. all cultures were negative. subsequently, endoscopes used in 15 patients who had stool cultures positive for c. difficile were cultured immediately after use and again after clea ... | 1986 | 3081401 |
| commercial latex test for clostridium difficile toxin a does not detect toxin a. | the rapid latex test recently marketed by marion scientific (div. marion laboratories, inc., kansas city, mo.) for the detection of clostridium difficile toxin a does not react with the toxin, based on the following findings: culture filtrates from nontoxigenic strains of c. difficile gave positive reactions in the test, culture filtrate in which toxin a had been removed gave positive reactions, purified toxin a did not react in the test, and the latex reagent bound an antigen which is distinct ... | 1986 | 3082928 |
| comparison of culture, cytotoxicity assays, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for toxin a and toxin b in the diagnosis of clostridium difficile-related enteric disease. | clostridium difficile culture, test tube, and microtiter cytotoxicity assays, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) for toxin a and toxin b, were simultaneously performed on 113 fresh diarrheal stool specimens randomly selected from those submitted to our clinical laboratory for routine c. difficile testing. the performance of these tests in diagnosing c. difficile-related enteric disease (cdred) was based on a clinical assessment of the likelihood of cdred as determined by a systemati ... | 1986 | 3086027 |