| physician's aggressive preventive therapy differs. | dr. bernard bihari, an aids specialist practicing in new york city, and other members of the community programs for clinical research on aids (cpcra), have determined that some of the public health services's recommendations for preventing opportunistic infections do not match the standards of care that the cpcra developed nearly five years ago. the basic treatments provided by bihari include using 1) tmp-smz and fluconazole to prevent, respectively, pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) and cryp ... | 1995 | 11362774 |
| a difficult case of pcp. | a case history is presented of an hiv-infected female patient with a recurrence of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) and contraindications to use of most drugs for pcp, including pentamidine, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smx), clindamycin, primaquine, and dapsone. treatment alternatives discussed address risk-benefit analyses of using different drugs. the final treatment decision was to use escalating doses of tmp-smx, since her previous adverse effects (fever and rash) are not an absol ... | 1995 | 11362780 |
| drug developed by ncddg-oi to enter clinical trials. national cooperative drug discovery group program for opportunistic infections. | phase i clinical trials on a new drug developed to treat patients with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) are expected to begin in the fall of 1995. the drug is designated rg-201 and has been developed by the national cooperative drug discovery group program for opportunistic infections. the mechanism of action is not yet known, but there is hope that it will be effective and have few side effects. | 1995 | 11362804 |
| early intervention and prevention options. | in july 1993, the united states public health service and the infectious disease society of america gave a set of recommendations for early intervention and prevention of opportunistic infections in hiv-positive people. these guidelines follow cd4 counts. according to the guidelines, cd4 counts above 500 should be monitored every 4 to 6 months and screenings for tuberculosis, sexually transmitted diseases, and other diseases should also be done. at a cd4 count of 75, a prophylaxis of rifabutin a ... | 1996 | 11363117 |
| dapsone not affected by chewable ddi. | dapsone, a treatment used for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp), is ineffective when taken in conjunction with ddi. a study of the chewable form of ddi showed no significant decrease in the blood level of dapsone taken together with ddi. researchers are searching for another reason why dapsone fails to prevent pcp when taken with ddi. | 1996 | 11363130 |
| [prevention of pneumonia related to hiv--pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp)]. | pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) is a principal cause of death in aids patients. symptoms include breathing difficulty, dry cough, and fever. medications such as bactrim, septra, dapsone, or nebupent may prevent or reduce pcp's symptoms. if a person is hiv-positive, a t-cell level blood test can alert a physician to prescribe medication to prevent pcp. telephone numbers for a spanish health forum in florida are listed. | 1995 | 11363204 |
| [self-detection of symptoms]. | hiv-positive patients are prone to many illnesses due to their weakened immune systems. pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) and tuberculosis (tb) both cause respiratory difficulties, as well as fatigue, scratchy throat and weight loss. cytomegalovirus (cmv) causes changes in vision. cryptococcal meningitis and toxoplasmosis share symptoms of acute headaches, confusion and memory loss. kaposi's sarcoma (ks) causes red and purple skin legions to appear. candidiasis symptoms reveal themselves in o ... | 1995 | 11363215 |
| plasma donor's hiv went undetected in repeated tests. | the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) conducted a test to detect the p24 antigen in the blood of a frequent plasma donor. this test, now considered more reliable than the standard hiv-antibody test, showed traces of the virus in the blood of a utah man who had tested negative following his wife's diagnosis of aids. the man continued to donate plasma from 1994 through august 1995, when he developed pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp), an aids-defining illness. the man's plasma was ... | 1996 | 11363265 |
| supreme court says suit against insurer can continue. | the oregon supreme court is allowing the estate of ronald shaw, a restaurant worker, to seek damages against an insurance company that refused to cover his employer when it was determined that shaw had pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, an aids-defining condition. shaw's lawsuit charges that the paac health plan inc. denied the application for insurance filed by employer holly hart of the old wives' tales restaurant. shaw sued paac, hart, and the insurance broker. before shaw's death in august 1993 ... | 1996 | 11363278 |
| report from the 3rd conference on retroviruses and opportunistic infections. | the third conference on retroviruses and opportunistic infections offered hope for new treatments for aids-related illnesses. news about antiretroviral therapies, especially protease inhibitors, was enthusiastically received. anthony fauci, md, of the national institutes of health (nih), proposed an expanded model of hiv progression. carl grunfeld, md, discussed the issue of wasting and emphasized that secondary infections are the primary precipitants of wasting. the human growth hormone's role ... | 1996 | 11363313 |
| pediatric treatment update. | the actg 152 study compared azt monotherapy with ddi monotherapy in hiv-positive children, ranging in age from 3 months to 18 years. the data safety and monitoring board (dsmb) recommended that azt monotherapy be discontinued based on survival and hiv disease progression. actg 152 opened in august 1991 and included 839 children. the trial assessed the efficacy of three antiretroviral drugs as first-line treatment. only asymptomatic children with relatively normal laboratory values were excluded, ... | 1996 | 11363392 |
| palliative care and hiv, part i: ois and cancers. | a two-part report discusses palliative care for opportunistic infections and cancers of hiv-infected people, and addresses systemic manifestations. guidelines are provided for determining when palliation with traditional methods is best achieved, and when continuation of restorative treatments is an appropriate palliative measure. pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, cryptococcal meningitis, cytomegalovirus retinitis, and mycobacterium avium complex palliative care are examined. the hiv-related cance ... | 1996 | 11363409 |
| clarithromycin for mac prevention offers additional benefits. | the use of clarithromycin in preventing mycobacterium avium complex (mac) may also prevent a number of other opportunistic infections in aids patients. a large multinational study showed a reduction in pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp), community-acquired pneumonia (cap), and giardiasis, an intestinal disorder. the study involved participants with cd4 counts below 100. | 1996 | 11363431 |
| living with therapy. | michael helquist, an aids writer since 1980, communicates his feelings about being diagnosed with aids. helquist describes how he has dealt with his own therapy for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) for 2 1/2 years. helquist recognized the need to be heard and understood by a therapist and specified that a therapist should have knowledge, empathy, and flexibility. a therapist should know about the primary treatments for aids, including the prophylactic drugs used to treat infections and their ... | 1996 | 11363481 |
| health care quality versus economics in hiv. | aids treatment costs are astronomical, and insurance considerations have forced many hiv-positive persons into managed care programs. in many cases of treating opportunistic infections, the most effective treatment is also the least costly. prophylaxis with bactrim dramatically reduces the incidence of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp), and is significantly less expensive than the care of acute pcp. a study by the community medical alliance (cma) in boston evaluated treatment options provided ... | 1996 | 11363637 |
| pneumonia. | pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) is a leading cause of illness and death in aids patients, accounting for about one-third of aids deaths. it was rare until the 1980s, when only 50 percent of patients with pcp survived an episode of the disease. increasingly, prophylactic treatment is being used to prevent the onset of the disease. the use of oral antibiotics is discussed, and guidelines for early diagnosis and effective treatment are included. | 1996 | 11363644 |
| opportunistic infections in vancouver. | participants at the xi international conference on aids in vancouver appeared impressed by the improvements being made in the diagnosis, treatment, and prophylaxis of aids-related opportunistic infections. improvements in the following areas are discussed: cytomegalovirus infection prophylaxis and maintenance with oral ganciclovir, prophylactic effects of azithromycin against mycobacterium avium complex infection and its potential for preventing pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, and the use of dox ... | 1996 | 11363841 |
| opportunistic infections: the growing challenge. | a great deal of attention at the xi international conference on aids was focused on new approaches to managing and preventing aids-related opportunistic infections (ois). aside from a similar prevalence of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in developed countries, a different spectrum of ois is seen in less developed areas, such as latin america, where many endemic diseases are included among ois. candidiasis has been the most common fungal pathogen, but a broader spectrum of mycoses is being ... | 1996 | 11363908 |
| europeans eye new drug cocktails. | controversies on the use of new anti-hiv combination therapies from the european point of view were presented at the third international conference on drug therapy in hiv infection. treatment strategies varied between countries, with dutch health authorities agreeing to fund treatment with protease inhibitors for early hiv infection. conversely, the british treatment patterns are the most conservative, providing pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis when a patient presented with a cd4 count ... | 1996 | 11364015 |
| help yourself defeat the lung infection called pcp. national institutes of health. | many hiv patients develop pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp), a lung infection characterized by fever, fatigue, weight loss, dry cough, and shortness of breath. medicines can help fight pcp by keeping the immune system stronger, preventing the onset of the disease, and preventing recurrent infections. patients are encouraged to maintain regular health care check-ups, develop a healthy style of living, and follow any pcp treatment or prophylaxis as prescribed to prevent this potentially severe ... | 1997 | 11364036 |
| florida supreme court blocks patient's assisted suicide. | the florida supreme court stayed the ruling of a circuit court judge that would have allowed charles e. hall to commit suicide with the help of his physician. hall was dying of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, was partially blind, wheelchair-bound, and had no bladder control. he was the lone survivor of three patients who sought the assistance of dr. cecil mciver; mciver was unwilling to assist terminally-ill patients if he faced criminal prosecution. the supreme court rejected hall's claim to th ... | 1997 | 11364116 |
| fuo in a 56-year-old woman. | a 56-year-old, obese woman who had been sexually inactive for 10 years presented at the hospital with high fevers, decreased appetite, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss. following many diagnostic tests that revealed little, it was found that her estranged husband was being treated for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp). the woman was tested for hiv and found to be positive. this is an example of the centers for disease control and prevention's (cdc) indication that 10 percent of reported aids ... | 1997 | 11364355 |
| [the new age of hiv/aids. a special report on the xi international conference on aids]. | new treatments that are available promoted optimism at the xi international conference on aids, held in vancouver in july 1996. topics that were presented at the conference are highlighted, including a global analysis of the epidemic, possible eradication of the virus, pathogenesis of the hiv virus, detection of the viral load change in the blood, and the status of protease inhibitors. a brief report on the combination and activity of crixivan, azt and 3tc is presented. the dangers of opportunis ... | 1996 | 11364380 |
| u.s. public health service recommends maintaining pcp prophylaxis. | there are unresolved issues related to continuing prophylactic treatments in patients whose cd4 counts rise over 200. haart treatments increase cd4 levels, and some clinicians have questioned whether continued pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) prophylaxis is indicated. physicians at the u.s. public health service are cautioning doctors not to stop prophylaxis at this time. further studies are needed to determine if there are subsets of patients on haart who can safely discontinue preventive t ... | 1997 | 11364707 |
| optimizing pcp therapy. | research results to determine the best prophylactic regimen for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) are reported. overall results from these studies indicate patients who are eligible for pcp prophylaxis should be advised to take double-strength trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (tmp/smx) on a daily basis, a dosage found more effective than thrice-weekly. to handle problems with side effects, one study demonstrated the success of using a 6-day dose escalation method that allowed 80 percent of the p ... | 1997 | 11364821 |
| latest opportunistic infection prevention guidelines. | although people with hiv are living longer than ever before, they continue to suffer from infections that are associated with low t4-cell counts. the u.s. public health service (phs) and the infectious diseases society of america (idsa) have updated the guidelines for preventing opportunistic infections, including their positions on when prophylaxis is indicated. summaries are given for preventing the following infections: cytomegalovirus (cmv), cryptosporidiosis, fungal infections, human papill ... | 1998 | 11365000 |
| san francisco group demonstrates the ability of combination anti-hiv therapy to lower pht. | the bay area perinatal aids center (bapac) offers prenatal and hiv specialty care for hiv-positive women and for children. in the past two and a half years, bapac has treated 60 pregnant women, none of whom have transmitted hiv to their infants. the 62 infants born during this period will be followed for at least two years. karen beckerman, a physician at bapac, attributes the ideal transmission rate to combination therapy in the mothers, and to giving the babies azt in compliance with actg 076 ... | 1998 | 11365267 |
| phs guidelines on opportunistic infections. us public health service. | the u.s. public health service (phs) issued new guidelines for the prevention and maintenance of hiv-related opportunistic infections. guidelines are presented for the following: pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, toxoplasmosis, mycobacterium avium complex infection, cytomegalovirus infection, herpes simplex, cryptococcal disease, histoplasmosis, varicella-zoster virus infection, candidiasis, cryptosporidiosis, and tuberculosis. | 1997 | 11365371 |
| update on opportunistic infections. | the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) can be effective for reducing the first onset of opportunistic infections (ois) and preventing their recurrence. while clinical studies are trying to determine the relationship between haart and delayed recurrence, it is recommended that patients currently on haart for oi prevention and maintenance not stop the therapy. updates are presented for the following topics: pneumonia vaccination, pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) prevention, my ... | 1997 | 11365373 |
| investigational interleukins: the cutting edge of immune reconstitution. | hiv disables the immune system by destroying cd4+ cells, leading to increased risk of potentially life-threatening opportunistic infections, such as mycobacterium avium complex (mac), pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp), and cytomegalovirus (cmv). boosting the immune cell counts will help combat these diseases. cutting-edge immune therapies involve one of several naturally occurring chemicals produced by immune cells, called cytokines. interleuken-2 (il-2) has been studied since 1983, and in th ... | 1998 | 11365485 |
| i hear you knockin' (but you can't come in): potent new hiv therapies are shutting out opportunistic infections. | highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) has positively impacted the epidemiology of opportunistic infections in hiv- infected patients. the following opportunistic infections and their responses to haart and prophylaxis recommendations are examined: pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp), cytomegalovirus (cmv) disease, mycobacterium avium complex (mac) disease, and fungal diseases. the question of whether opportunistic infection prophylaxis should be continued in persons who respond to haart ... | 1998 | 11365645 |
| simply stated...are people still wasting? | aids wasting is seen less than in the past, but it still remains the second most common aids-related condition after pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. several factors contribute to wasting: opportunistic infections, anorexia/low food intake, and poor absorption and diarrhea. treatment options include appetite stimulants; nutritional supplements; treatment of opportunistic infections; and hormonal treatments, such as human growth hormone, testosterone, or thalidomide. preventing wasting requires ma ... | 1998 | 11365707 |
| opportunistic infections update. | the reduction in the incidence of opportunistic infections (ois) can be attributed to the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart). several ois are discussed, including: mycobacterium avium complex, tuberculosis, and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. at its highest efficacy, haart causes a positive immune response and may reduce the need for preventive and maintenance therapies. however, there is not a definitive way of determining who is a good candidate for eliminating preventive and ... | 1998 | 11365715 |
| study finds nac fails to prevent bactrim/septra hypersensitivity. | bactrim/septra is a drug used for treating and preventing pcp (pneumocystis carinii pneumonia) and toxoplasmosis. however, people with hiv are more likely to develop hypersensitivity reactions to bactrim/septra. nac (n-acetyl-cysteine) is being studied to determine if its detoxifying properties could reduce the risk of hypersensitivity to bactrim/septra. however, a canadian study found no statistically significant difference in the rates of hypersensitivity among the nearly 200 subjects. | 1999 | 11366023 |
| opportunistic infections: down but not out. | while the 6th conference on retroviruses and opportunistic infections focused heavily on hiv therapies and their complications, issues related to opportunistic infections (ois) continued to draw attention. the dramatic reduction in ois in the haart era and evidence supporting the discontinuation of oi prophylaxis were discussed. studies related to pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp), mac and tb, cmv, and kaposi's sarcoma (ks) were presented. ois continue to be a major area of concern in develop ... | 1999 | 11366247 |
| raising the stakes at retro '99 or amplified diversity. | the 6th conference on retroviruses and opportunistic infections raised serious concerns about the development of multidrug-resistant strains of hiv. there are press reports of hiv-positive men increasingly engaging in unprotected anal sex and who are seeking thrills by engaging in high risk behavior. this behavior may be attributed to the view that acquiring the virus no longer seems like a death sentence. data from studies of hiv-positive people demonstrate how the disease spreads within a popu ... | 1999 | 11366257 |
| protect yourself from pneumocystis carinii. | the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) has determined that hiv-infected people are more likely to become infected first with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) than any other opportunistic infection. about 53 percent of people who died of aids between 1992 and 1997 had pcp. the symptoms of the disease are fever, cough, and breathing problems. pcp is thought to be spread through the air - and not through sexual transmission - so it is difficult to prevent exposure. there is no vac ... | 1999 | 11366414 |
| preaching what we practice: new guidelines for oi prophylaxis. | the recently revised guidelines for opportunistic infections (oi) prophylaxis from the u.s. public health service/infectious diseases society (usphs/idsa) have caught up with the practices of experienced providers and patients. statistics show a sharp decrease in aids-related ois and mortality. observational data on withdrawal of prophylaxis for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) are presented, and the new guidelines address primary and secondary pcp prophylaxis. changes in prophylaxis for oth ... | 1999 | 11366709 |
| opportunistic infections update. | the incidence of opportunistic infections (ois) has been steadily decreasing due, in part, to the use of effective combination therapy with a protease inhibitor. recently, however, an increase in ois has been noted, suggesting that some people have depleted much or all of the available therapies and can no longer keep their cd4+ counts high enough to fight off infections. this demonstrates the need to initiate or re-initiate preventative medications for ois. treatment of mycobacterium avium comp ... | 1999 | 11366735 |
| children's care. | eight guidelines are detailed for providing care for children with hiv. they are (1) use of t-cell count as a guideline for therapy, (2) vaccination requirements, (3) the use of emla cream or adhesive discs to numb the skin enough to avoid needlestick pain, (4) the issue of possible drug resistance to azt in children whose mothers took the drug, (5) adherence problems specific to pediatric hiv treatment and how to address them, (6) discussions on side effects with children, (7) cdc guidelines fo ... | 1999 | 11366808 |
| stopping preventive treatments. | although combination therapy with haart (highly active antiretroviral therapy) can increase cd4 (t-cell) counts, doctors have been cautious about stopping preventive treatments, or prophylaxis, for pcp (pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis). two studies, however, suggest that if haart increases t-cell counts to over 200 for an extended time period, pcp prophylaxis may be safely stopped. partly as a result of these study findings, the united states public health service has rewritten guidelines on th ... | 1999 | 11367080 |
| smoking: it doesn't make living with hiv any easier. | smoking is a well-recognized risk to health, particularly for people with hiv. hiv-positive smokers are more likely to develop pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp), thrush, and oral hairy leukoplakia. the bacteria that causes mycobacterium avium complex (mac), a life-threatening infection found in many people with hiv, has been found in tobacco products and can survive the smoking process. suggestions to help people with hiv quit smoking include choosing the right approach, using smoking cessati ... | 1999 | 11367324 |
| foregoing prophylaxis: better safe than sorry? | the widespread use of highly active antiretrroviral therapy (haart) has coincided with a dramatic decline in the incidence of opportunistic infections. this effect has lead some people to question whether they should continue taking prophylaxis medications against diseases such as pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) and mycobacterium avium complex (mac). research on this topic presented at the 39th interscience conference on antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy (icaac) is described. | 1999 | 11367330 |
| aging cohort of perinatally human immunodeficiency virus-infected children in new york city. new york city pediatric surveillance of disease consortium. | new york city (nyc) pediatricians are now caring for fewer hiv-infected infants and more school age children and adolescents than earlier in the epidemic. | 2001 | 11368109 |
| jail inmates and hiv care: provision of antiretroviral therapy and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis. | the objective of this study was to examine prescription and acceptance of antiretroviral therapy (art) and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) prophylaxis in jail and at release. a retrospective cross sectional design was used, by record review, of 77 inmates receiving hiv-related care in the san francisco city and county jail and released to the community in 1997. average cd4 cell count was 335/microl. fifteen had undectable hiv rna, and average viral load was 19,826 copies/ml. fifty-eight per ... | 2001 | 11368819 |
| bone marrow transplantation for cd40 ligand deficiency: a single centre experience. | cd40 ligand (cd40l) deficiency is a rare x linked immunodeficiency disorder leading to recurrent bacterial infection, with cryptosporidial enteritis and subsequent hepatic cirrhosis. bone marrow transplantation offers the only cure. | 2001 | 11369571 |
| development and characterization of a molecular viability assay for pneumocystis carinii f sp hominis. | pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) remains the most common opportunistic infection among human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons. despite this, little is known concerning the transmission dynamics of this infection. in the absence of a reliable method to isolate and culture p. carinii from environmental samples, it has not been possible to assess the importance of person-to-person transmission in the epidemiology of pcp. a molecular viability assay was developed for the human form of p. ... | 2001 | 11372040 |
| the importance of bacterial sepsis in intensive care unit patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: implications for future care in the age of increasing antiretroviral resistance. | to describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) admitted to the intensive care unit (icu). | 2001 | 11373418 |
| discontinuing prophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. | | 2001 | 11374363 |
| discontinuing prophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. | | 2001 | 11374364 |
| phylogeny of pneumocystis carinii from 18 primate species confirms host specificity and suggests coevolution. | primates are regularly infected by fungal organisms identified as pneumocystis carinii. they constitute a valuable population for the confirmation of p. carinii host specificity. in this study, the presence of p. carinii was assessed by direct examination and nested pcr at mitochondrial large subunit (mtlsu) rrna and dihydropteroate synthetase (dhps) genes in 98 lung tissue samples from captive or wild nonhuman primates. fifty-nine air samples corresponding to the environment of different primat ... | 2001 | 11376046 |
| pneumocystis carinii pneumonia with an atypical granulomatous response in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. | we have recently seen a patient who developed pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in the course of treatment for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (cll). this case showed uncommon pathological findings with extensive formation of granulomatous lesions. despite advanced cll associated with poor b-cell function, she responded well to anti-pcp treatment. in contrast to b-cell function, the t-cell functions were well preserved in vitro, and the numbers of peripheral cd4- and cd8-positive cells were norm ... | 2001 | 11378559 |
| synthesis, antifolate, and antitumor activities of classical and nonclassical 2-amino-4-oxo-5-substituted-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines. | classical and nonclassical isosteric c8-n9 bridged analogues of the multitargeted antifolate ly231514 were synthesized as inhibitors of thymidylate synthase (ts), dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr), and as antitumor and antiopportunistic infection agents. the syntheses of the analogues were accomplished by reductive amination of the appropriate anilines with 2-amino-4-oxo-5-cyanopyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine (28) followed by saponification of the ethyl esters, for the classical analogue 6. the n9-methyl ... | 2001 | 11384244 |
| pneumocystis carinii pneumonia alters expression and distribution of lung collectins sp-a and sp-d. | surfactant proteins sp-a and sp-d, members of the collectin family, have been shown to play a significant role in lung host defense. both proteins selectively bind pneumocystis carinii (pc) organisms and modulate the interaction of this pathogen with alveolar macrophages. we hypothesized that the expression and distribution of lung collectins sp-a and sp-d is altered by pc lung infection. pc organisms (2 x 10(5)) were inoculated intratracheally into c.b-17 scid/scid mice that do not require ster ... | 2001 | 11385364 |
| prophylaxis strategies for solid-organ transplantation. | in addition to the net state of immunosuppression, the risk of infection after transplantation is largely determined by the transplant recipient's epidemiologic exposures. potential sources of infection in the transplant recipient include the environment and the recipient's endogenous flora. this article presents aspects of prevention of infection after solid-organ transplantation such as avoidance of epidemiologic exposures, antibacterial prophylaxis, prophylaxis for tuberculin-positive transpl ... | 2001 | 11389519 |
| accuracy of self-reports of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related conditions in women. | to investigate the validity of self-reported acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) among women enrolled in a prospective study of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection, the authors compared the self-reported occurrence of aids-specific diagnoses with aids diagnoses documented by county aids surveillance registries. also examined was the association between participant characteristics and the validity of self-reports. among the 339 hiv-infected participants in the northern california w ... | 2001 | 11390333 |
| early onset pneumocystis carinii pneumonia after allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. | pneumocystis carinii (p. carinii) is one of the major opportunistic pathogens responsible for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (hsct)-related pneumonias. although trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazol (tmp/smx) prophylaxis has been shown to prevent almost all p. carinii infections, 1%-2% of patients may still experience this complication. p. carinii pneumonia (pcp) is usually a late complication in patients receiving tmp/smx prophylaxis, with most cases occurring later than 2 months post-transplan ... | 2001 | 11391721 |
| bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology in patients with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. | to evaluate bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) cytology and organism burden in patients with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) who were infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and in those with other immunodeficiencies. | 2001 | 11393061 |
| relapse of wegener's granulomatosis. concerning a case after 20 years of remission. | immunosuppressive drugs have transformed the prognosis of systemic wegener's granulomatosis. nowadays, the main residual problem is illness relapses, for which management is largely undefined. we describe the case of a patient, aged 47 in 1977. the diagnosis of wegener's granulomatosis was made when faced with polyarthralgias, cutaneous vasculitis, rhinitis, dyspnea, hemoptysis and global decline of her physical condition. the treatment associated high-dose corticotherapy and intramuscular cyclo ... | 2001 | 11394628 |
| trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole as primary pneumocystis carinii prophylaxis does not increase serum homocysteine levels in hiv-positive subjects. | background: we recently observed that a short course of trimethoprim 300 mg b.i.d. in healthy volunteers can cause a substantial increase in fasting plasma homocysteine levels, up to concentrations reportedly associated with atherothrombotic complications. the purpose of this study was to determine whether primary pneumocystis carinii prophylaxis (pcp) with trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (tmp-smx) adversely affects serum homocysteine levels in hiv-positive patients. methods: we studied 34 subjec ... | 2001 | 11395300 |
| malignancy: 2'-chlorodeoxyadenosine effectively induces complete remission in hairy cell leukaemia. | hairy cell leukaemia, previously known as leukaemic reticuloendotheliosis, is an indolent lymphoproliferative disorder of unknown etiology. it typically affects males, causes marked splenomegaly and moderate enlargement of the liver, whilst lymphadenopathy is inconspicuous. pancytopenia is characteristic with unusually profound monocytopenia, variable reduction in platelets, and the presence in the peripheral blood and marrow of abnormal small lymphocytes having irregular cytoplasmic margins. ul ... | 2000 | 11399582 |
| use of real-time pcr and the lightcycler system for the rapid detection of pneumocystis carinii in respiratory specimens. | pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients, including those infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). the advent of real-time pcr technology offers the potential for rapid pcr results for the detection of p. carinii. in this report we describe the modification and evaluation of an existing pcr-based method for the detection of p. carinii dna, into a real-time pcr assay suitable for use with the lightcycler system. t ... | 2001 | 11404066 |
| pulmonary infiltrates in hiv-infected patients in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era in spain. | to study the incidence, etiology, and outcome of pulmonary infiltrates (pis) in hiv-infected patients and to evaluate the yield of diagnostic procedures. | 2001 | 11404518 |
| incidence and determinants of bacterial infections in hiv-positive patients receiving anti-pneumocystis carinii/toxoplasma gondii primary prophylaxis within a randomized clinical trial. | we assessed the incidence and determinants of bacteremia, pneumonia, and sinusitis/otitis in hiv-positive people receiving cotrimoxazole (ctx) or dapsone-pyrimethamine (dp) for primary prophylaxis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) and toxoplasmic encephalitis (te) within a randomized clinical trial. in total, 244 patients were randomized: 122 were assigned to ctx and 122 to dp. in the cohort, 22 bacteremia, 63 pneumonia, and 39 sinusitis/otitis cases were observed. incidence rates of bacte ... | 2001 | 11404520 |
| trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis. | to report a case of toxic epidermal necrolysis (ten) associated with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (tmp/smx). | 2001 | 11408987 |
| [pneumonia in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. study of 30 episodes]. | to analyse the etiology, diagnostic methods and response to therapy in 30 episodes of pneumonia diagnosed in 17 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (cll) between 1995 and 2000. | 2001 | 11412696 |
| uptake of the neutral amino acids glutamine, leucine, and serine by pneumocystis carinii. | experiments to elucidate the mechanism by which pneumocystis carinii transports glutamine, leucine, and serine were performed in this study. uptake of all three radiolabeled amino acids exhibited first-order, saturation kinetics as extracellular substrate concentrations were increased, thus ruling out simple diffusion and indicating carrier-mediated transport. kinetic analyses of amino acid uptake and the results of competitive inhibition experiments suggested that leucine, serine, and glutamine ... | 2001 | 11414689 |
| initiating co-trimoxazole prophylaxis in hiv-infected patients in africa: an evaluation of the provisional who/unaids recommendations. | to evaluate the proposed who/unaids criteria for initiating co-trimoxazole prophylaxis in adult hiv-infected patients in africa [who clinical stages 2--4 or cd4 count < 500 x 10(6) /l or total lymphocyte count (tlc) equivalent]. | 2001 | 11416716 |
| summary of the guidelines for preventing opportunistic infections among hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. | this article contains highlights of "guidelines for preventing opportunistic infections among hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: recommendations of the cdc, the infectious diseases society of america, and the american society of blood and marrow transplantation," which was published in the morbidity and mortality weekly report. there are sections on the prevention of bacterial, viral, fungal, protozoal, and helminth infections and on hospital infection control, strategies for safe li ... | 2001 | 11418871 |
| [respiratory infections during chemotherapy-induced aplasia]. | damage to local and systemic host defenses of the lung makes the immunocompromised patient vulnerable to inhaled microorganisms. when a pulmonary infiltrate occurs, the array of possibilities is very large including conventional and opportunistic agents. the type of underlying disease and its associated immunodeficiency allow a high degree of accurate pathogen prediction. neutropenia is associated with gram-negative bacilli pneumonia. prolonged neutropenia increases the risk of invasive aspergil ... | 2001 | 11424709 |
| a meta-analysis of salvage therapy for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. | to determine the relative efficacies of alternative antipneumocystis agents in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia unresponsive to primary drug treatment with a combination product of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole or parenteral pentamidine. | 2001 | 11427101 |
| pneumocystis carinii carriage among cystic fibrosis patients, as detected by nested pcr. | a total of 137 sputa from 95 consecutive cystic fibrosis (cf) patients undergoing routine bacteriological surveillance were analyzed for pneumocystis carinii colonization using nested pcr. seven of 95 patients (7.4%) were pcr positive, suggesting that p. carinii carriage may exist among cf patients due to their underlying pulmonary disease. | 2001 | 11427604 |
| tuberculosis in renal transplant recipients. | tuberculosis (tb) has been described in kidney transplant recipients as an infection with predominantly pulmonary involvement. we report the impact of tb in kidney transplantation. clinical records of adult kidney recipients, transplanted between 1 january 1986 and 31 december 1995 were analyzed for sex, age, graft origin, immunosuppressive therapy, tb sites, diagnostic methods and concomitant infections. annual incidence, mean time of onset, relation to rejection treatment, tuberculin skin test ... | 1999 | 11428977 |
| diagnostic yield of bronchoalveolar lavage following renal transplantation. | organ transplant recipients are at high risk of infectious pulmonary complications. in this retrospective study, the diagnostic yield of bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) was evaluated in renal transplant recipients. the results were analysed in special regard to the clinical presentation of pulmonary infections and the possible impact of new immunosuppressive agents. over a 5-year period 91 bal were performed in 71 renal transplant recipients. microorganisms were isolated from 69% of bal (63/91): ba ... | 2001 | 11429033 |
| the spectrum of pulmonary infections in cancer patients. | the lung is a common site of infection in patients with cancer. the spectrum of pulmonary infection depends on the underlying immunologic deficit or deficits. in neutropenic patients, gram-negative bacterial infections predominate early, whereas fungal infections (aspergillus, zygomycetes, fusarium species) are common if neutropenia persists. in patients with impaired cellular immunity, viral infections (cytomegalovirus, other herpes viruses) predominate and may coexist with bacterial (legionell ... | 2001 | 11429477 |
| [opportunistic pneumonia after kidney transplantation]. | this study was conducted to evaluate clinical features at the onset of pneumonia and the usefulness of methods for diagnosing pneumonia in patients who have undergone kidney transplantation. from january 1990 to december 1998. 174 kidney transplantations were performed, and were followed by 22 cases of pneumonia. of the 22 pneumonia patients, 16 were male and 6 were female. the median age of the 22 patients was 37.2 +/- 13.3 years. all the patients received cyclosporin a and corticosteroids. in ... | 2001 | 11431908 |
| [common variable immunodeficiency. review]. | common variable immunodeficiency (cvi) is a primary immunodeficiency characterized by deficient antibody production. the cause of this immunodeficiency is unknown; several in vitro studies have revealed a significant number of alterations that could explain the hypogammaglobulinemia present in this syndrome. among those described are primary b cell alterations, numerical and functional t cell abnormalities, and defects in the interaction between accessory cells. the alteration typical of cvi is ... | 2001 | 11434884 |
| prophylaxis with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: impact on risk for infectious diseases. | trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smz) is widely prescribed as prophylaxis for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected persons. its efficacy against other infections has not been thoroughly evaluated. to compare the risk for infectious diseases for persons who were prescribed tmp-smz with that for patients who were not prescribed tmp-smz, we examined data collected from the medical records of hiv-infected patients (january 1990 through september 1999) ... | 2001 | 11438910 |
| comments on pcr-rflp as an original technique to detect point mutations in the pneumocystis carinii dhps gene. | | 2001 | 11440235 |
| the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia at an urban public hospital: influence of human immunodeficiency virus infection and initial severity of illness. | in a prospective study, the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia (cap) was investigated among consecutive patients admitted to an academic, urban public hospital in seattle. the study population was uniquely young, was predominantly male, and had high rates of homelessness, cigarette smoking, alcoholism, injection drug use, and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. leading causes of cap among hiv-negative patients were aspiration, followed by streptococcus pneumoniae, legionella spec ... | 2001 | 11443551 |
| alteration in expression of the rat mitochondrial atpase 6 gene during pneumocystis carinii infection. | pneumocystis carinii causes pneumonia in immunocompromised patients with a high morbidity and mortality rate, but the interaction between this organism and the host cell is not well understood. the purpose of this research was to study the response of host cells to p. carinii infection on a molecular level. | 2001 | 11446902 |
| molecular cloning of the rps0 gene from candida tropicalis. | the saccharomyces cerevisiae rps0 a and b genes encode proteins essential for maturation of the 40s ribosomal subunit precursors. we have isolated a homologue of the rps0 gene from candida tropicalis, which we named ctrps0. the c. tropicalis rps0 encodes a protein of 261 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular weight of 28.65 kda and an isoelectric point of 4.79. ctrps0p displays significant amino acid sequence homology with rps0p from c. albicans, s. cerevisiae, neurospora crassa, schizo ... | 2001 | 11447603 |
| design, synthesis, computational prediction, and biological evaluation of ester soft drugs as inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase from pneumocystis carinii. | a series of lipophilic soft drugs structurally related to the nonclassical dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) inhibitors trimetrexate and piritrexim have been designed, synthesized, and evaluated in dhfr assays, with special emphasis on the inhibition of p. carinii dhfr. the best inhibitors, encompassing an ester bond in the bridge connecting the two aromatic systems, were approximately 10 times less potent than trimetrexate and piritrexim. the metabolites were designed to be poor inhibitors. furthe ... | 2001 | 11448221 |
| heimlich valve in the management of pneumothorax in patients with advanced aids. | to review therapeutic strategies in the management of pneumothorax in patients with aids. | 2001 | 11451809 |
| population pharmacokinetics of dapsone in children with human immunodeficiency virus infection. | previous studies of dapsone pharmacokinetics in children have been too small to allow assessment of the relationships between dapsone pharmacokinetic parameters and patient characteristics or markers of efficacy and toxicity. | 2001 | 11452241 |
| could pneumocystis carinii have a role in sudden infant death syndrome? | | 2001 | 11454387 |
| the effect of atovaquone on etoposide pharmacokinetics in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. | the use of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole in the prevention of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (all) may cause undesirable adverse effects: fungal overgrowth, neutropenia, and drug resistance. a possible alternative is atovaquone, a hydroxynaphthoquinone with anti-pneumocystis carinii activity. however, it is not known if atovaquone alters the disposition or adverse effects of antileukemic drugs. | 2001 | 11459198 |
| [opportunistic episodes in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus during the first 6 months of haart]. | we aimed at analysing the incidence and characteristics of opportunistic events (oe) within a few months after starting highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) in hiv infected patients. | 2001 | 11459574 |
| pneumocystis carinii pneumonia during maintenance treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. | pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) is a wellknown risk among patients with deficient t-cell function such as children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (all). the purpose of this study was to estimate the risk for pcp during maintenance treatment (mt) to identify patients at risk who could benefit from prophylaxis. | 2001 | 11466718 |
| outcome of cytomegalovirus infections in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. | the aim of this study was to determine the outcome of cytomegalovirus (cmv) infections complicating the course of inflammatory bowel disease (ibd). | 2001 | 11467645 |
| emerging trends in the epidemiology of invasive mycoses in england and wales (1990-9). | invasive fungal infections are becoming an increasing public health problem owing to the growth in numbers of susceptible individuals. despite this, the profile of mycoses remains low and there is no surveillance system specific to fungal infections currently existing in england and wales. we analysed laboratory reports of deep-seated mycoses made to the communicable disease surveillance centre between 1990 and 1999 from england and wales. a substantial rise in candidosis was seen during this pe ... | 2001 | 11467797 |
| [pulmonary involvement in children with aids: clinical study and necropsy of 14 cases]. | to describe clinical, laboratorial, radiological, and histopathological lung findings from necroscopy of aidetic children with pulmonary disease. | 2001 | 11468680 |
| pleural effusions and pneumothoraces in aids. | pneumothorax occurs in 1 to 2% of hospitalized patients with hiv and is associated with 34% mortality. pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and chest radiographic evidence of cysts, pneumatoceles, or bullae are risk factors for spontaneous pneumothorax. tube thoracostomy, pleurodesis, and surgical treatment are usually needed to manage spontaneous pneumothorax in aids. pleural effusion is seen in 7 to 27% of hospitalized patients with hiv infection. its three leading causes are parapneumonic effusions ... | 2001 | 11470975 |
| osteonecrosis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: a case-control study. | to evaluate risk factors for osteonecrosis in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients, demographic and clinical characteristics of case patients (n=17) and control patients (n=34) matched on initial clinic visit date, length of follow-up, and baseline cd4 cell count were compared. case patients were more likely to have received corticosteroids (47.1% vs. 8.8%; matched odds ratio [or], 13.1; 95% confidence interval [ci], 1.6-106), to have had an increase in cd4 cell count from nadir ... | 2001 | 11471113 |
| structural studies on bioactive compounds. 34. design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of triazenyl-substituted pyrimethamine inhibitors of pneumocystis carinii dihydrofolate reductase. | the triazenyl-pyrimethamine derivative 3a (tab), a potent and selective inhibitor of pneumocystis carinii dhfr, was selected as the starting point for a lead optimization study. molecular modeling studies, corroborated by a recent crystal structure determination of the ternary complex of p. carinii dhfr--nadph bound to tab, predicted that modifications to the acetoxy residue of the lead inhibitor could exploit binding opportunities in the vicinity of an active site pocket bounded by residues ile ... | 2001 | 11472209 |
| genetic diversity of pneumocystis carinii isolated from human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients in turin, italy. | by dna sequence analysis we identified two new strain types and five novel sporadic variations among 25 isolates of pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis obtained from 19 human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients. of these, 13 were infected with a single strain and 6 were coinfected. fifteen different combination types were identified among the 18 strains for which complete molecular typing was accomplished. | 2001 | 11474032 |
| myoclonus secondary to the concurrent use of trazodone and fluoxetine. | a 39-y-o male with a history of human immunodeficiency virus infection and depression was admitted for diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia infections. prior to admission, he was on 50 mg trazodone every evening for 2 mo for depression. he was admitted with a 2-w history of fever chills and fatigue and on admission had hand tremors which disappeared at rest. four days post-admission the trazodone dose was increased to 100 mg and 20 mg fluoxetine was initiate ... | 2001 | 11474735 |
| [a clinical study of six cases of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia]. | to heighten the awareness of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. | 1998 | 11477873 |
| [analysis of etiological agents and death-relating factors of pulmonary infections in immunocompromised patients]. | to explore the distribution of etiological agents and death-relating factors of pulmonary infections in immunocompromised hosts(ich). | 1998 | 11477891 |
| isolated pneumocystis carinii infection of adrenal glands causing addison's disease in a non-immunocompromised adult. | pneumocystis carinii is primarily an opportunistic pathogen infecting patients with aids and other immunocompromised patients, and ordinarily does not affect immunocompetent persons. we report isolated p. carinii infection of bilateral adrenal glands in a non-immunocompromised adult male, leading to fatal addisonian crisis. diagnosis of p. carinii was established on the basis of cytopathology and microbiological tests, using conventional staining techniques and direct immunofluorescence on ultra ... | 2001 | 11478273 |