| from rous sarcoma virus to plasminogen activator, src oncogene and cancer management. | plasminogen activator (plau) is a serine protease that converts plasminogen to plasmin, a general protease, which promotes fibrinolysis and degradation of extracellular matrix. plau was reported in 1970s as one of the robustly induced enzymatic activities in rous sarcoma virus (rsv)-transformed chicken cells. more than three decades later, with the completion of the sequencing of the chicken genome and the subsequent availability of affymetrix genechip genome arrays, several laboratories have su ... | 2011 | 21383693 |
| fine mapping of qstv11(kas), a major qtl for rice stripe disease resistance. | rice stripe disease, caused by rice stripe virus (rsv), is one of the most serious diseases in temperate rice-growing areas. in the present study, we performed quantitative trait locus (qtl) analysis for rsv resistance using 98 backcross inbred lines derived from the cross between the highly resistant variety, kasalath, and the highly susceptible variety, nipponbare. under artificial inoculation in the greenhouse, two qtls for rsv resistance, designated qstv7 and qstv11(kas), were detected on ch ... | 2011 | 21384112 |
| reduced dicer expression in the cord blood of infants admitted with severe respiratory syncytial virus disease. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is one of the most important causes of pediatric hospital admissions in the developed world. the ribonuclease dicer is an important regulator of gene expression and cellular function via rna interference, and may also have anti-viral functions. a previous microarray analysis of the cord blood of 5 patients with rsv disease suggested downregulation of dicer. in order to further investigate whether reduced dicer expression can predispose newborns to rsv disease, w ... | 2011 | 21385408 |
| respiratory syncytial virus- and influenza virus-associated hospitalizations in infants less than 12 months of age. | infants hospitalized because of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection (n = 388) were significantly younger, had longer hospital stays, had a more severe course of disease, and required supplemental oxygen more often with longer duration of treatment as compared with those with influenza virus (n = 37) infection. seasonal distribution varied, with rsv-associated hospitalizations peaking in january and influenza virus-associated hospitalizations in february. congenital heart disease was more ... | 2011 | 21386747 |
| a respiratory syncytial virus replicon that is noncytotoxic and capable of long-term foreign gene expression. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection of most cultured cell lines causes cell-cell fusion and death. cell fusion is caused by the fusion (f) glycoprotein and is clearly cytopathic, but other aspects of rsv infection may also contribute to cytopathology. to investigate this possibility, we generated an rsv replicon that lacks all three of its glycoprotein genes and so cannot cause cell-cell fusion or virus spread. this replicon includes a green fluorescent protein gene and an antibiotic res ... | 2011 | 21389127 |
| viral etiology of influenza-like illnesses in antananarivo, madagascar, july 2008 to june 2009. | in madagascar, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1978, little is known about the etiology and prevalence of viruses other than influenza causing influenza-like illnesses (ilis). | 2011 | 21390235 |
| real-time pcr-based detection of bordetella pertussis and bordetella parapertussis in an irish paediatric population. | novel real-time pcr assays targeting the bordetella pertussis insertion sequence is481, the toxin promoter region and bordetella parapertussis insertion sequence is1001 were designed. pcr assays were capable of detecting ôëñ10 copies of target dna per reaction, with an amplification efficiency of ôëñ90ôçè%. from september 2003 to december 2009, per-nasal swabs and nasopharyngeal aspirates submitted for b. pertussis culture from patients ôëñ1 month to >15 years of age were examined by real-time p ... | 2011 | 21393459 |
| [the development of vector constructions for respiratory syncitial virus (rsv) p-gene silencing]. | interfering rna (rnai) is a powerful tool to silence gene expression on the level of mrna. to knock-down gene expression by using rnai two major methods of mrna silencing exist. first method utilizes sirna (small interfering rna), a readily processed dsrna, that enters risc complex and destroy target mrna after transfection into the cells. the second method based on the construction of plasmid dna that expresses shrna (short harpin rna) from u6 or cmv promoter. shrna gets processed by drosha and ... | 2010 | 21400723 |
| bordetella pertussis and concomitant viral respiratory tract infections are rare in children with cough illness. | case reports, case series, and retrospective and prospective studies have reported concomitant bordetella pertussis and viral respiratory tract pathogen infections in children with cough illness with conflicting results regarding their frequency. | 2011 | 21407144 |
| reactivation of transgene expression by alleviating cpg methylation of the rous sarcoma virus promoter in transgenic quail cells. | in this study, we investigated the relative expression of the rous sarcoma virus (rsv) promoter-driven expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp) in fibroblasts of transgenic quails. we analyzed the direct influence of cpg methylation of the rsv promoter on the transcriptional activity of delivered transgenes. embryonic fibroblasts collected from homozygous transgenic quail (tq2) were treated with 50 µm of dna methyltransferase inhibitor followed by 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-azadc) ... | 2011 | 21409600 |
| validation of statistical models for estimating hospitalization associated with influenza and other respiratory viruses. | reliable estimates of disease burden associated with respiratory viruses are keys to deployment of preventive strategies such as vaccination and resource allocation. such estimates are particularly needed in tropical and subtropical regions where some methods commonly used in temperate regions are not applicable. while a number of alternative approaches to assess the influenza associated disease burden have been recently reported, none of these models have been validated with virologically confi ... | 2011 | 21412433 |
| inhaled ribavirin therapy in adult respiratory syncytial virus-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards) in previously healthy adults is rare, but the overall mortality rate is 40-60%. inhaled ribavirin is approved for the treatment of hospitalized infants and young children with severe lower respiratory tract infections due to rsv. we present the case of an adult female with rsv pneumonia-induced ards who was successfully treated with inhaled ribavirin and whose pulmonary function was restored to near no ... | 2011 | 21420217 |
| [effect of polyi: c on secretion of thymic stromal lymphopoietin and airway inflammation in mice with respiratory syncytial virus-induced asthma exacerbation]. | to investigate the effects of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (polyi:c) on the production of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (tslp) and airway inflammation in mice with exacerbated asthma induced by respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). | 2011 | 21421477 |
| bimodal effects of obesity ratio on disease duration of respiratory syncytial virus infection in children. | background: morbid obesity may be associated with hospitalization and possibly death from the 2009 pandemic h1n1 infection, suggesting a yet unknown association between obesity and the severity of viral infections. thus, we examined association between obesity ratios and duration of disease in children with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection. methods: a retrospective survey of 243 children admitted for bronchitis, bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and those who tested positive for a rsv test, w ... | 2011 | 21430434 |
| intranasal delivery of antiviral sirna. | intranasal administration of synthetic sirna is an effective modality of rnai delivery for the prevention and therapy of respiratory diseases, including pulmonary infections. vehicles used for nasal sirna delivery include established as well as novel reagents, many of which have been recently optimized. in general, they all promote significant uptake of sirna into the lower respiratory tract, including the lung. when properly designed and optimized, these sirnas offer significant protection agai ... | 2011 | 21431695 |
| cigarette smoke suppresses tlr-7 stimulation in response to virus infection in plasmacytoid dendritic cells. | exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ets) is associated with an increase in the frequency and severity of respiratory infections, including bronchiolitis, a clinical syndrome of infancy caused by viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). the mechanisms by which ets increases the risk of viral respiratory infections are largely unknown. a major effector integrating early antiviral and immunostimulatory activities is interferon-+¦ (ifn-+¦), which is highly produced by plasmacytoid den ... | 2011 | 21435390 |
| respiratory syncytial virus prevention and therapy: past, present, and future. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most common respiratory pathogen in infants and young children worldwide. more than 50 years after its discovery, and despite relentless attempts to identify pharmacological therapies to improve the clinical course and outcomes of this disease, the most effective therapy remains supportive care. although the quest for a safe and effective vaccine remains unsuccessful, pediatricians practicing during the past decade have been able to protect at least the m ... | 2011 | 21438168 |
| atypical bacterial pathogen infection in children with acute bronchiolitis in northeast thailand. | atypical bacterial pathogens--including mycoplasma pneumoniae, chlamydophila pneumoniae, and chlamydia trachomatis--are important infectious agents of the respiratory system. most current information pertains to adults and little is known about the role of these organisms in lower respiratory tract infections among young children with acute bronchiolitis. | 2011 | 21439510 |
| intrinsic apoptotic pathway is subverted in mouse macrophages persistently infected by rsv. | to persist, a virus must co-exist with the host that it infects, thus allowing the virus to survive and to subvert the programmed cell death of the host. in this study, we investigated whether the intrinsic pathway of the apoptotic process is suppressed in a previously reported macrophage cell line persistently infected with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). to this end, after using staurosporine to induce apoptosis, we determined cell viability and the degree of annexin staining and dna fragme ... | 2011 | 21440589 |
| enhancement of respiratory mucosal anti-viral defenses by iodide oxidation. | recent reports postulate that the dual oxidase (duox) proteins function as part of a multi-component oxidative pathway used by the respiratory mucosa to kill bacteria. the other components include epithelial ion transporters, which mediate the secretion of the oxidizable anion thiocyanate (scn-) into airway surface liquid, and lactoperoxidase (lpo), which catalyzes the h2o2-dependent oxidation of the pseudohalide scn- to yield the antimicrobial molecule hypothiocyanite (oscn-). we hypothesized t ... | 2011 | 21441383 |
| part 4. interaction between air pollution and respiratory viruses: time-series study of daily mortality and hospital admissions in hong kong. | background: populations in asia are not only at risk of harm to their health through environmental degradation as a result of worsening pollution problems but also constantly threatened by recurring and emerging influenza epidemics and. pandemics. situated in the area with the world's fastest growing economy and close to hypothetical epicenters of influenza transmission, hong kong offers a special opportunity for testing environmental management and public health surveillance in the region. in t ... | 2010 | 21446214 |
| lung function prior to viral lower respiratory tract infections in prematurely born infants. | prematurely born infants who develop respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) lower respiratory tract infections (lrtis) have lung function abnormalities at follow-up. the aim of this study was to determine whether prematurely born infants who developed symptomatic rsv, or other viral lrti(s), had poorer premorbid lung function than infants who did not develop lrtis during the rsv season. | 2011 | 21447496 |
| comparison of human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus in children admitted to a paediatric intensive care unit. | aim: to describe the clinical presentation and course of children admitted to the paediatric intensive care unit (picu) with human metapneumovirus (hmpv) infection, and compare them with children admitted to the picu with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection. methods: hmpv was identified by immunofluorescence in 22 children admitted to the picu over a 16-month period. the medical records of these children were reviewed retrospectively, and their clinical and laboratory data were compare ... | 2011 | 21449904 |
| detection of respiratory viruses by pcr assay of nasopharyngeal swabs stored in skim milk-tryptone-glucose-glycerol transport medium. | we analyzed 129 paired nasopharyngeal aspirates (stored in viral transport medium [vtm]) and nasopharyngeal swabs (stored in skim milk-tryptone-glucose-glycerol [stgg] bacterial transport and storage medium) using pcrs to detect adenoviruses, influenza virus a or b, and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). overall, swabs stored in stgg medium without antimicrobials were found to be an acceptable alternative to aspirates stored in antimicrobial-containing vtm, with pcr agreement of 90.2% (kappa of ... | 2011 | 21450959 |
| viral etiologies of acute respiratory infections among hospitalized vietnamese children in ho chi minh city, 2004-2008. | the dominant viral etiologies responsible for acute respiratory infections (aris) are poorly understood, particularly among hospitalized children in resource-limited tropical countries where morbidity and mortality caused by aris are highest. improved etiological insight is needed to improve clinical management and prevention. | 2011 | 21455313 |
| evaluation of the calu-3 cell line as a model of in vitro respiratory syncytial virus infection. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) replication is primarily limited to the upper respiratory tract epithelium and primary, differentiated normal human bronchial epithelial cells (nhbe) have, therefore, been considered a good system for in vitro analysis of lung tissue response to respiratory virus infection and virus-host interactions. however, nhbe cells are expensive, difficult to culture, and vary with the source patient. an alternate approach is to use a continuous cell line that has features ... | 2011 | 21458491 |
| including viral infection data supports an association between particulate pollution and respiratory admissions. | to refine and revise previous air pollution, climate and health time series analysis in christchurch, new zealand, introducing viral identification data (positive identification count and outbreak, defined as two of more positive tests). | 2011 | 21463414 |
| acute lower respiratory tract infection due to respiratory syncytial virus in a group of egyptian children under 5 years of age. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is one of the most important causes of acute lower respiratory tract infections (alrti) in infants and young children. this study was conducted to describe the epidemiology of alrti associated with rsv among children = 5 years old in egypt. | 2011 | 21466713 |
| detection of human metapneumovirus in infants with acute respiratory tract infection. | both respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and human metapneumovirus (hmpv), a recently discovered respiratory pathogen classified in the paramyxoviridae family, have been associated with acute respiratory tract infections (arti) in infants. the aim of our study was to determine the incidence and clinical features of hmpv infection in infants presenting with arti at a tertiary children's hospital in greece during the 2007-2008 and 2008-2009 winter seasons. routine nasal swabs were obtained from 127 ... | 2011 | 21468562 |
| viral-mediated inhibition of antioxidant enzymes contributes to the pathogenesis of severe respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. | rationale: respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections in children, for which no specific treatment or vaccine is currently available. we have previously shown that rsv induces reactive oxygen species in cultured cells and oxidative injury in the lungs of experimentally infected mice. the mechanism(s) of rsv-induced oxidative stress in vivo is not known. objectives: to measure changes of lung antioxidant enzymes expression/activity and activation of n ... | 2011 | 21471094 |
| differential pathogenesis of respiratory syncytial virus clinical isolates in balb/c mice. | airway mucus is a hallmark of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) lower respiratory tract illness. laboratory rsv strains differentially induce airway mucus production in mice. here, we tested the hypothesis that rsv strains differ in pathogenesis by screening six low-passage rsv clinical isolates for mucogenicity and virulence in balb/cj mice. the rsv clinical isolates induced variable disease severity, lung interleukin-13 (il-13) levels, and gob-5 levels in balb/cj mice. we chose two of these cl ... | 2011 | 21471228 |
| modeling competing infectious pathogens from a bayesian perspective: application to influenza studies with incomplete laboratory results. | in seasonal influenza epidemics, pathogens such as respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) often co-circulate with influenza and cause influenza-like illness (ili) in human hosts. however, it is often impractical to test for each potential pathogen or to collect specimens for each observed ili episode, making inference about influenza transmission difficult. in the setting of infectious diseases, missing outcomes impose a particular challenge because of the dependence among individuals. we propose a b ... | 2010 | 21472041 |
| cost-effectiveness analysis of palivizumab as respiratory syncytial virus prophylaxis in preterm infants in sweden. | aim: to investigate the cost-effectiveness of palivizumab vs. no prophylaxis for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection in preterm infants in sweden. methods: a probabilistic markov model was populated using a nationwide register linkage and data from the literature. cost-effectiveness was investigated from a societal perspective over a lifetime for infants born at <29 weeks of gestation. palivizumab was modelled using assumptions for its direct effect on rsv hospitalization risk and an i ... | 2011 | 21477089 |
| altering α-dystroglycan receptor affinity of lcmv pseudotyped lentivirus yields unique cell and tissue tropism. | abstract: | 2011 | 21477292 |
| double-stranded rna induces similar pulmonary dysfunction to respiratory syncytial virus in balb/c mice. | both respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and influenza a virus induce nucleotide/p2y purinergic receptor-mediated impairment of alveolar fluid clearance (afc), which contributes to formation of lung edema. although genetically dissimilar, both viruses generate double-stranded rna replication intermediates, which act as toll-like receptor (tlr)-3 ligands. we hypothesized that double-stranded rna/tlr-3 signaling underlies nucleotide-mediated inhibition of amiloride-sensitive afc in both infections. ... | 2011 | 21478252 |
| plasmacytoid dendritic cells promote host defense against acute pneumovirus infection via the tlr7-myd88-dependent signaling pathway. | human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants. in human infants, plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pdc) are recruited to the nasal compartment during infection and initiate host defense through the secretion of type i ifn, il-12, and il-6. however, rsv-infected pdc are refractory to tlr7-mediated activation. in this study, we used the rodent-specific pathogen, pneumonia virus of mice (pvm), to determine the contribution of pdc and tlr7 s ... | 2011 | 21482736 |
| llama-derived single domain antibodies to build multivalent, superpotent and broadened neutralizing anti-viral molecules. | for efficient prevention of viral infections and cross protection, simultaneous targeting of multiple viral epitopes is a powerful strategy. llama heavy chain antibody fragments (vhh) against the trimeric envelope proteins of respiratory syncytial virus (fusion protein), rabies virus (glycoprotein) and h5n1 influenza (hemagglutinin 5) were selected from llama derived immune libraries by phage display. neutralizing vhh recognizing different epitopes in the receptor binding sites on the spikes wit ... | 2011 | 21483777 |
| the epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infections in children less than 5 years of age in indonesia. | background:: although the epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) lower respiratory tract infections (lri) is well known in industrialized countries, the burden in developing asian countries is not well studied. methods:: to define the burden of rsv disease in children <5 years of age in rural and urban indonesia, infants and children were enrolled from peri-urban and rural subdistricts, in the following 2 cohorts: (a) a cross-sectional cohort of approximately 100 children from each of ... | 2011 | 21487330 |
| epidemiology and prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infections among infants and young children. | since its discovery in 1956, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) has been recognized as one of the most common causes of serious lower respiratory tract infections in young children worldwide. while considered a high priority, development of a safe and effective vaccine has remained elusive. prevention of rsv disease relies on infection control and hygiene measures, as well as providing immunoprophylaxis in select infants. the prophylaxis, however, is costly, and so targeting the recipient populat ... | 2011 | 21487331 |
| a decade of respiratory syncytial virus epidemiology and prophylaxis: translating evidence into everyday clinical practice. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a common infection in infancy, with nearly all children affected by two years of age. approximately 0.5% to 2.0% of all children are hospitalized with lower respiratory tract disease, of which 50% to 90% have bronchiolitis and 5% to 40% have pneumonia. morbidity and mortality are highest in children with nosocomial infection and in those with underlying medical illnesses such as cardiac and chronic lung disease. aboriginal children residing in remote northern ... | 2011 | 21499597 |
| an evaluation of the emerging interventions against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)-associated acute lower respiratory infections in children. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause of acute lower respiratory infections (alri) in children. it is estimated to cause approximately 33.8 million new episodes of alri in children annually, 96% of these occurring in developing countries. it is also estimated to result in about 53,000 to 199,000 deaths annually in young children. currently there are several vaccine and immunoprophylaxis candidates against rsv in the developmental phase targeting active and passive immunization. | 2011 | 21501449 |
| organic synthesis toward small-molecule probes and drugs special feature: identification of broad-spectrum antiviral compounds and assessment of the druggability of their target for efficacy against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). | the search for novel therapeutic interventions for viral disease is a challenging pursuit, hallmarked by the paucity of antiviral agents currently prescribed. targeting of viral proteins has the inextricable challenge of rise of resistance. safe and effective vaccines are not possible for many viral pathogens. new approaches are required to address the unmet medical need in this area. we undertook a cell-based high-throughput screen to identify leads for development of drugs to treat respiratory ... | 2011 | 21502533 |
| uteroglobulin-related protein 1 and severity of respiratory syncytial virus infection in children admitted to hospital. | there are several reports suggesting that genetic factors contribute to the severity of infection with the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). infants hospitalized with lower respiratory tract infection (lrti) due to rsv are at a significantly increased risk for both recurrent wheezing and childhood asthma. uteroglobin-related protein 1 (ugrp1) is a secretory protein expressed in the airways, and speculated to have anti-inflammatory activity. the presence of the -112g/a polymorphism in the ugrp1 ... | 2011 | 21503925 |
| [clinical characteristics of human bocavirus infection in 90 children]. | to study the clinical characteristics of human bocavirus (hbov) infection in children. | 2011 | 21507299 |
| use of palivizumab in germany: data from 2002-2007. | background: the german palivizumab registry refers to a post-marketing observational study of palivizumab administration during 5 consecutive respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) seasons (2002/2003 -2006/2007). patients and methods: the registry provided data on drug administration, risk factors for complicated rsv disease, rehospitalisation rates for infants receiving rsv prophylaxis, and parental adherence. 49 608 administrations were documented in 10 686 patients (average of 4.6 per patient). re ... | 2011 | 21509705 |
| modeling the variations in pediatric respiratory syncytial virus seasonal epidemics. | abstract: | 2011 | 21510889 |
| a randomized controlled trial of motavizumab versus palivizumab for the prophylaxis of serious respiratory syncytial virus disease in children with hemodynamically significant congenital heart disease. | children with hemodynamically significant congenital heart disease (chd) are at risk for serious respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) disease. this study was designed to assess the safety and tolerability of motavizumab versus palivizumab in children with chd and was not powered for efficacy. patients (n=1236) aged ≤24 months were randomized to receive 5 monthly doses (15 mg/kg) of motavizumab or palivizumab during the rsv season. adverse events (aes) and serious aes were recorded through 30 days a ... | 2011 | 21522037 |
| clinical characteristics of respiratory syncytial virus infection in neonates and young infants. | infection with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) occurs during the first year of life in 50% of children and 20%-40% of them have signs of lower respiratory tract infection (bronchiolitis or pneumonia). there is an increased risk for complicated course and death from rsv infection in premature infants, especially those with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (bpd) or congenital heart disease. the aim of our study was to analyze clinical characteristics of laboratory confirmed rsv infection in order to e ... | 2011 | 21524004 |
| association of rsv lower respiratory tract infection and subsequent healthcare use and costs: a medicaid claims analysis in early-preterm, late-preterm, and full-term infants. | abstract objective: healthcare use and costs within 1 year of a respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infection (rsv-lri) among medicaid early-preterm and late-preterm infants compared with full-term infants were evaluated. methods: infants born during 2003-2005 were identified from the thomson reuters marketscan multi-state medicaid database. infants <1 year of age were grouped based on rsv-lri and unspecified bronchiolitis/pneumonia (ubp) diagnosis codes and stratified by inpatie ... | 2011 | 21524154 |
| current progress on development of respiratory syncytial virus vaccine. | human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is a major cause of upper and lower respiratory tract illness in infants and young children worldwide. despite its importance as a respiratory pathogen, there is currently no licensed vaccine for prophylaxis of hrsv infection. there are several hurdles complicating the development of a rsv vaccine: 1) incomplete immunity to natural rsv infection leading to frequent re-infection, 2) immature immune system and maternal antibodies of newborn infants who are ... | 2011 | 21524347 |
| viral etiology of acute lower respiratory tract infections in hospitalized young children in northern taiwan. | lower respiratory tract infections (lrtis) comprise a great proportion of diagnoses among hospitalized children. this study identifies the viral pathogens causing lrtis in young children and compares their clinical features and disease severity. | 2011 | 21524612 |
| clinical study concerning the relationship between community-acquired pneumonia and viral infection in northern thailand. | objective the etiological agents associated with community-acquired pneumonia (cap) in thailand have been studied extensively in bacterial pathogens, but not in viral pathogens. to clarify the association of viral pathogens with cap, we conducted a comprehensive study of viral and bacterial pathogens in patients with cap. methods we enrolled 119 hospitalized patients with cap in nakornping hospital, chiang mai, thailand between 2006 and 2008. the severity of pneumonia was classified and the risk ... | 2011 | 21532221 |
| respiratory syncytial virus interferon antagonist ns1 protein suppresses and skews the human t lymphocyte response. | we recently demonstrated that the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) ns1 protein, an antagonist of host type i interferon (ifn-i) production and signaling, has a suppressive effect on the maturation of human dendritic cells (dc) that was only partly dependent on released ifn-i. here we investigated whether ns1 affects the ability of dc to activate cd8+ and cd4+ t cells. human dc were infected with rsv deletion mutants lacking the ns1 and/or ns2 genes and assayed for the ability to activate autolo ... | 2011 | 21533073 |
| viral and atypical bacterial detection in acute respiratory infection in children under five years. | acute respiratory infection (ari) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide. this study aimed to determine the viral and atypical bacterial causes of different severities and clinical manifestations of ari in preschool children from low-income families in north-east brazil. | 2011 | 21533115 |
| production of transgenic rice new germplasm with strong resistance against two isolations of rice stripe virus by rna interference. | rice stripe disease, with the pathogen rice stripe virus (rsv), is one of the most widespread and severe virus diseases. cultivating a resistant breed is an essential and efficient method in preventing rice stripe disease. following rna interference (rnai) theory, we constructed three rnai binary vectors based on coat protein (cp), special-disease protein (sp) and chimeric cp/sp gene sequence. transgenic lines of rice cv. yujing6 were generated through agrobacterium-mediated transformation. we i ... | 2011 | 21533902 |
| rhinovirus-induced bronchiolitis and asthma development. | to cite this article: jartti t, korppi m. rhinovirus-induced bronchiolitis and asthma development. pediatr allergy immunol 2011; 22: 350-355. abstract: human rhinovirus (hrv) and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) are commonly associated with bronchiolitis. the breaking point in the dominance is approximately 12 months - rhinovirus dominates in the older children. predisposition may markedly increase the prevalence of hrv bronchiolitis. especially, low interferon responses and atopy-related facto ... | 2011 | 21535176 |
| a classification study of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) inhibitors by variable selection with random forest. | experimental pec(50)s for 216 selective respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) inhibitors are used to develop classification models as a potential screening tool for a large library of target compounds. variable selection algorithm coupled with random forests (vs-rf) is used to extract the physicochemical features most relevant to the rsv inhibition. based on the selected small set of descriptors, four other widely used approaches, i.e., support vector machine (svm), gaussian process (gp), linear dis ... | 2011 | 21541057 |
| frequent detection of respiratory viruses without symptoms: towards defining clinically relevant cut-off values? | highly sensitive techniques like pcr have greatly improved the detection of respiratory viruses. however, the sensitivity of pcr tests at the same time complicates clinical interpretation as the presence of low amounts of viral targets may not necessarily have clinical relevance. we performed a prospective case control study in asymptomatic and symptomatic young children. pcr detection of 14 respiratory viruses was performed in nasal washes, and results were quantified in copies per milliliter. ... | 2011 | 21543571 |
| design and characterization of epitope-scaffold immunogens that present the motavizumab epitope from respiratory syncytial virus. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major cause of respiratory tract infections in infants, but an effective vaccine has not yet been developed. an ideal vaccine would elicit protective antibodies while avoiding virus-specific t-cell responses, which have been implicated in vaccine-enhanced disease with previous rsv vaccines. we propose that heterologous proteins designed to present rsv-neutralizing antibody epitopes and to elicit cognate antibodies have the potential to fulfill these vaccine ... | 2011 | 21549714 |
| cord blood vitamin d deficiency is associated with respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most important pathogen causing severe lower respiratory tract infection (lrti) in infants. epidemiologic and basic studies suggest that vitamin d may protect against rsv lrti. | 2011 | 21555499 |
| inhibition of respiratory syncytial virus in vitro and in vivo by the immunosuppressive agent leflunomide. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the primary cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants and young children worldwide and is often the cause of infections in bone marrow, solid organ transplant, cystic fibrosis and congenital heart disease patients, as well as respiratory tract disease in elderly adults. treatment options are limited to ribavirin, which is only marginally effective, and passive immunoprophylaxis, which is very expensive. the immunosuppressive agent leflunomide has been s ... | 2011 | 21555813 |
| an nf-{kappa}b signaling pathway via pkc{delta} regulates replication of respiratory syncytial virus in polarized normal human nasal epithelial cells. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the major cause of bronchitis, asthma and severe lower respiratory tract disease in infants and young children. the airway epithelium, which has a well-developed barrier regulated by tight junctions, is the first line of defense during respiratory virus infection. however, in upper airway human nasal epithelial cells (hnecs) the primary site of rsv infection, the mechanisms of replication and budding of rsv and the epithelial cell responses, including the tig ... | 2011 | 21562222 |
| [bronchiolitis--we don't know how to treat--we can prevent]. | broncholitis in infant is most commonly results from viral infection, typically rs virus will be responsible. treatment is difficult due to limited efficacy of available methods of causal and symptomatic therapies. therefore it is specially important to seek preventive measures. this is crucial in case of preterm infants, infants with broncho-pulmonary dysplasia, cystic fibrosis, hemodynamically significant congenital heart defects and immunodeficiencies who are likely to undergo a severe course ... | 2011 | 21563441 |
| [rsv infection course in infants and young children during hospitalization]. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection is a widespread among the youngest group of pediatric patients, especially in the young infant, when the immune system is just being formed. a lot of children up to 5 year-old suffer infection many times, not only because of easy pathogen transfer, but also primary incidence of disease doesn't give permanent immunity. this study retrospectively analyses a group of children with confirmed during epidemic period rsv infection. particular attention was pa ... | 2011 | 21563448 |
| exposure to sodium tungstate and respiratory syncytial virus results in hematological/immunological disease in c57bl/6j mice. | the etiology of childhood leukemia is not known. strong evidence indicates that precursor b-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (pre-b all) is a genetic disease originating in utero. environmental exposures in two concurrent, childhood leukemia clusters have been profiled and compared with geographically similar control communities. the unique exposures, shared in common by the leukemia clusters, have been modeled in c57bl/6 mice utilizing prenatal exposures. this previous investigation has sugges ... | 2011 | 21565177 |
| the early secretory pathway and an actin-myosin viii motility system are required for plasmodesmatal localization of the nsvc4 protein of rice stripe virus. | plant viruses utilize movement proteins to gain access to plasmodesmata (pd) for cell-to-cell propagation. while the nsvc4 protein of rice stripe virus (rsv) is implicated in the passage of viruses from cell to cell, its role remains to be elucidated. we examined the mechanisms by which rsv nsvc4 is targeted to pd in cell walls. nsvc4 accumulated at pd when expressed as a fusion with yellow fluorescent protein in leaf cells of nicotiana benthamiana. nsvc4 was targeted to pd via the endoplasmic r ... | 2011 | 21565229 |
| the effect of steroid use in hospitalized adults with respiratory syncytial virus related illness. | abstractrationale: systemic glucocorticosteroids (steroids) are commonly prescribed in patients with exacerbations of copd during acute viral infections such as respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). the effects of short term high dose steroid treatment on viral load and adaptive immunity to rsv have not been examined in adults. objectives: to measure peak viral load and duration of viral shedding, serum and nasal cytokines, rsv specific antibody response and lymphocyte subsets in patients admitted ... | 2011 | 21565965 |
| animal models of human respiratory syncytial virus disease. | infection with the human pneumovirus pathogen, respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv), causes a wide spectrum of respiratory disease, notably among infants and the elderly. laboratory animal studies permit detailed experimental modeling of hrsv disease and are therefore indispensable in the search for novel therapies and preventative strategies. current animal models include several target species for hrsv, including chimpanzees, cattle, sheep, cotton rats and mice, as well as alternative animal pne ... | 2011 | 21571908 |
| [characteristics of human metapneumovirus respiratory tract infection in children and the relationship between the infection and meteorological conditions]. | to study the epidemiology of human metapneumovirus (hmpv) infection in children and its relations with meteorological conditions in suzhou. | 2011 | 21575373 |
| structural basis for immunization with postfusion respiratory syncytial virus fusion f glycoprotein (rsv f) to elicit high neutralizing antibody titers. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), the main cause of infant bronchiolitis, remains a major unmet vaccine need despite more than 40 years of vaccine research. vaccine candidates based on a chief rsv neutralization antigen, the fusion (f) glycoprotein, have foundered due to problems with stability, purity, reproducibility, and potency. crystal structures of related parainfluenza f glycoproteins have revealed a large conformational change between the prefusion and postfusion states, suggesting that ... | 2011 | 21586636 |
| protocol for recombinant rbd-based sars vaccines: protein preparation, animal vaccination and neutralization detection. | based on their safety profile and ability to induce potent immune responses against infections, subunit vaccines have been used as candidates for a wide variety of pathogens (1-3). since the mammalian cell system is capable of post-translational modification, thus forming properly folded and glycosylated proteins, recombinant proteins expressed in mammalian cells have shown the greatest potential to maintain high antigenicity and immunogenicity (4-6). although no new cases of sars have been repo ... | 2011 | 21587153 |
| detection and follow-up of torque teno midi virus ("small anelloviruses") in nasopharyngeal aspirates and three other human body fluids in children. | torque teno midi virus/small anellovirus (ttmdv/sav) is a member of the family anelloviridae. it has a single-stranded, circular, negative-sense dna genome. its pathogenic role in human disease remains to be confirmed. in this study, viral shedding, molecular epidemiology and genetic diversity of ttmdv/sav were studied in human body fluids. nasopharyngeal aspirates collected from children with acute respiratory disease were tested by pcr/nested pcr for ttmdv/sav in two seasons (2005/2006, 2006/2 ... | 2011 | 21594596 |
| mutation of the elongin c binding domain of human respiratory syncytial virus non-structural protein 1 (ns1) results in degradation of ns1 and attenuation of the virus. | abstract: background: human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is an important cause of lower respiratory tract disease in the paediatic population, immunocompromised individuals and the elderly worldwide. however, despite global efforts over the past several decades there are no commercially available vaccines. rsv encodes 2 non-structural proteins, ns1 and ns2, that are type i interferon antagonists. rsv restricts type i interferon signaling and the expression of antiviral genes by degrading st ... | 2011 | 21600055 |
| sp-a1, sp-a2 and sp-d gene polymorphisms in severe acute respiratory syncytial infection in chilean infants. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the principal pathogen that causes acute lower respiratory tract infection (alri) in infants. severe rsv-alri has been associated with the host genetic susceptibility. to assess whether severe rsv disease in infants is associated with certain single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) into the gene of sp-a1, sp-a2 and sp-d, a prospective study was performed among blood donors and rsv-infected infants aged <or=6 months, considering their severity, according to a str ... | 2011 | 21601013 |
| respiratory syncytial virus infection as a precipitant of thyroid storm in a previously undiagnosed case of graves' disease in a prepubertal girl. | graves' disease is less common in prepubertal than pubertal children, and initial presentation with thyroid storm is rare. we report an 11-year-old prepubertal hispanic girl who presented with a one-day history of respiratory distress, fever, and dysphagia. she had exophthalmos, a diffuse bilateral goiter and was agitated, tachycardic, and hypertensive. nasal swab was positive for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). she was diagnosed with thyroid storm and admitted to the pediatric intensive care ... | 2011 | 21603250 |
| development of a low-resource rna extraction cassette based on surface tension valves. | nucleic acid-based diagnostics are highly sensitive and specific, but are easily disrupted by the presence of interferents in biological samples. in a laboratory or hospital setting, the influence of these interferents can be minimized using an rna or dna extraction procedure prior to analysis. however, in low-resource settings, limited access to specialized instrumentation and trained personnel presents challenges that impede sample preparation. we have developed a self-contained nucleic acid e ... | 2011 | 21604768 |
| structure of the respiratory syncytial virus fusion glycoprotein in the post-fusion conformation reveals preservation of neutralizing epitopes. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) invades host cells via a type i fusion (f) glycoprotein that undergoes dramatic structural rearrangements during the fusion process. neutralizing monoclonal antibodies such as 101f, palivizumab, and motavizumab, target two major antigenic sites on the rsv f glycoprotein. structures of these sites as peptide complexes with motavizumab and 101f have been previously determined, but a structure of the trimeric rsv f glycoprotein ectodomain has remained elusive. to a ... | 2011 | 21613394 |
| relationship between rantes polymorphisms and respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in a japanese infant population. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most important virus associated with bronchiolitis in infants and young children. the regulated upon activation, normal t-cell expressed and secreted protein (rantes, also known as ccl5) appears to be a key player in the etiology of rsv-infected airway inflammation. in this study, we genotyped three single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the rantes gene: -403g/a, -28c/g, and in1.1t/c in 59 infants with severe rsv bronchiolitis and 201 control subjects. the fr ... | 2011 | 21617311 |
| inhibition activities of polysaccharide (rg4-1) from gentiana rigescens against rsv. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most important cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants and young children. with the emergence of drug-resistant strains of rsv, new antiviral agents are needed urgently. gentiana rigescens is a kind of chinese herb, belonging to gentianaceae, which has long been used as a folk medicine for curing inflammation, bacterial infection, viral infection, and so on. in this research, polysaccharide designated rg4-1 was isolated from g. rigescens by ... | 2011 | 21623514 |
| genereviews | glycogen storage disease type ii (gsd ii), or pompe disease, is classified by age of onset, organ involvement, severity, and rate of progression. classic infantile-onset pompe disease may be apparent in utero but more often presents in the first month of life with hypotonia, generalized muscle weakness, cardiomegaly and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, feeding difficulties, failure to thrive, respiratory distress, and hearing loss. without treatment by enzyme replacement therapy (ert), classic infan ... | 1993 | 20301438 |
| immunotherapy of hsv infections – antibody delivery | passive immunization
involves utilizing polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies as a form of immunotherapy.
antibodies can mediate their effects through several mechanisms, including
opsonization and c-mediated lysis, but in particular antibody-dependent
cell-mediated cytolysis (adcc) and neutralization. antibody immunotherapy has been
demonstrated to be efficacious for the treatment and prevention of infection or
disease caused by viruses other than herpes simplex virus (hsv ... | 2007 | 21348081 |
| suppression and restoration of v-src expression in rsv transformed-cells after transfection with n-ras and its antagonist. | previously, it was shown that hamster cells transformed by rous sarcoma virus (rsv) exhibited a decreased expression of the rsv products (including the pp60 src oncogene) when these cells were supertransfected with the n-ras oncogene. to assess the responsibility of the activated n-ras in the modulation of the rsv viral products, a strategy based on two ras antagonists was used; i.e. i) a rap1a/k-rev1 expression vector known for its capacity to revert the k-ras induced transformed phenotype and ... | 1995 | 21552859 |
| management of upper respiratory tract infections in children. | upper respiratory tract infection (urti) occurs commonly in both children and adults and is a major cause of mild morbidity. it has a high cost to society, being responsible for absenteeism from school and work and unnecessary medical care, and is occasionally associated with serious sequelae. urtis are usually caused by several families of virus; these are the rhinovirus, coronavirus, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), adenovirus, human metapneumovirus, influenza, enterovirus and ... | 2008 | 21603094 |
| [characteristics and the prevalence of respiratory viruses and the correlation with climatic factors of hospitalized children in suzhou children's hospital.] | objective: to study the epidemiological characteristics of respiratory virus infection and its relations to climatic factors in suzhou. methods: from 2006 to 2009, viral etiology surveillance was conducted among 6655 children hospitalized with acute respiratory tract infections (aris). direct immunofluorescence method was used to test respiratory secretion samples for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), influenza viruses a and b (inf-a, inf-b), parainfluenza virus types i, ii, and iii (pinf-i, pi ... | 2011 | 21624230 |
| spontaneous pneumothorax in an allogeneic cell transplant recipient with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and antecedent rsv pneumonitis. | we report a case of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (ipa) following respiratory syncytial virus infection in an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (hsct) recipient with chronic graft-versus-host disease. delayed diagnosis of ipa resulted in the development of a pneumothorax, a rare consequence of fungal pneumonia. respiratory virus infections are often harbingers of other infective organisms in hsct recipients. more aggressive diagnostic investigations such as computed tomography sca ... | 2011 | 21625303 |
| a novel mechanism for inhibition of irf-3-dependent gene expression by human respiratory syncytial virus ns1 protein. | human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), a leading cause of respiratory tract infections in infants, inhibits type i interferon (ifn)-dependent signaling, as well as ifn synthesis. rsv nonstructural protein ns1 plays a significant role in this inhibition, however the mechanism(s) responsible are not fully known. the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor (irf)-3 is essential for viral-induced ifn-α synthesis. in this study, we found that ns1 protein inhibits irf-3-dependent gene trans ... | 2011 | 21632562 |
| n-acetyl-l-cysteine (nac) inhibit mucin synthesis and pro-inflammatory mediators in alveolar type ii epithelial cells infected with influenza virus a and b and with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). | 64% of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) exacerbations are caused by respiratory infections including influenza (strains a and b) and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). they affect the airway epithelium increasing inflammatory and apoptosis events through mechanisms involving ros generation, and induce the release of mucins from epithelial cells that are involved in the deterioration of the patient's health during the course of the disease. the antioxidant nac has proved useful in the ... | 2011 | 21635874 |
| intrinsic phenotypic differences of asthmatic epithelium and its inflammatory responses to rsv and air pollution. | a substantial proportion of the healthcare costs associated with asthma are due to exacerbations of the disease. within the airway, the epithelium forms the mucosal immune barrier, the first structural cell defense against common environmental insults such as respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and particulate matter. objective: to characterize the phenotype of differentiated asthmatic derived airway epithelial cultures and their intrinsic inflammatory responses to environmental challenges. method ... | 2011 | 21642587 |
| classification of acute encephalopathy in respiratory syncytial virus infection. | infection with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is known to be associated with central nervous system symptoms such as convulsions. we investigated cytokines, nitrogen oxide (no)( x ), and the viral genome in cerebrospinal fluid (csf) obtained from children with rsv infection-related convulsions or central nervous symptoms and compared the data with type of encephalopathy. of nine patients enrolled (six boys and three girls; aged 10 days-3 years), one metabolic error, five excitotoxicity, one c ... | 2011 | 21647570 |
| viral agents causing lower respiratory tract infections in hospitalized children: evaluation of the speed-oligo® rsv assay for the detection of respiratory syncytial virus. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the viral agent which is more frequently involved in lower respiratory tract infections (lrtis) in infants under 1 year of age in developed countries. a new oligochromatographic assay, speed-oligo® rsv, was designed and optimized for the specific detection and identification of rsv subtypes a and b. the test was evaluated in 289 clinical samples from 169 hospitalized children using an immunochromatography (ic) test, virus isolation by culture, and an in-house ... | 2011 | 21647616 |
| severity of viral coinfection in hospitalized infants with respiratory syncytial virus infection. | to compare the severity of single respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections with that of coinfections. | 2011 | 21655684 |
| prevalence of respiratory syncytial virus infection among hospitalized children presenting with acute lower respiratory tract infections. | objective: to evaluate the prevalence of rsv among hospitalized young children presenting with alri in bangalore, india. methods: respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) antigen detection was performed by direct fluorescent antibody (dfa) staining on 77 nasopharyngeal wash samples collected from hospitalized children below 2 years of age with a diagnosis of acute lower respiratory tract infection (alri). results: out of 77 samples tested for rsv with dfa, 17 (22.1%) were found rsv-positive with a mea ... | 2011 | 21660398 |
| a molecular epidemiological study of respiratory viruses detected in japanese children with acute wheezing illness. | recent studies strongly suggest that some respiratory viruses are associated with the induction of acute wheezing and/or exacerbation of bronchial asthma. however, molecular epidemiology of these viruses is not exactly known. | 2011 | 21663657 |
| economic evaluation of palivizumab in children with congenital heart disease: a canadian perspective. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a common cause of bronchiolitis in infants. in children with congenital heart disease (chd), it is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. palivizumab is a monoclonal antibody that reduces the number of rsv-associated hospitalizations in children with chd. we sought to assess cost savings and cost-effectiveness of palivizumab in children < 2 years old with hemodynamically significant chd in a provincially administered rsv prophylaxis program. | 2011 | 21664100 |
| multiple versus single virus respiratory infections: viral load and clinical disease severity in hospitalized children. | please cite this paper as: martin et┬áal. (2011) multiple versus single virus respiratory infections: viral load and clinical disease severity in hospitalized children. influenza and other respiratory viruses. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00265.x00 (00), 000-000. backgroundôçé molecular testing for viral pathogens has resulted in increasing detection of multiple viruses in respiratory secretions of ill children. the clinical impact of multiple virus infections on clinical presentation and outco ... | 2011 | 21668660 |
| epidemiological and clinical features of respiratory viral infections in hospitalized children during the circulation of influenza virus a(h1n1) 2009. | please cite this paper as: zuccotti et┬áal. (2011) epidemiological and clinical features of respiratory viral infections in hospitalized children during the circulation of influenza virus a(h1n1) 2009. influenza and other respiratory viruses. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00263.x. backgroundôçé seasonal influenza viruses and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) are primary causes of acute respiratory tract infections (artis) in children. new respiratory viruses including human metapneumovirus (hmpv ... | 2011 | 21668662 |
| il10 family member genes il19 and il20 are associated with recurrent wheeze after respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. | mechanisms underlying the increased risk of recurrent wheeze following respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infection (rsv lrti) are unclear. specifically, information about genetic determinants of recurrent wheeze following rsv lrti is limited. we performed a candidate gene association study to identify genetic determinants of recurrent wheeze following rsv lrti. we investigated 346 single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) in 220 candidate genes in 166 dutch infants hospitalized fo ... | 2011 | 21814157 |
| the early history of tumor virology: rous, rif, and rav. | one hundred years ago peyton rous recovered a virus, now known as the rous sarcoma virus (rsv), from a chicken sarcoma, which reproduced all aspects of the tumor on injection into closely related chickens. there followed recovery of causal viruses of tumors of different morphology from 4 more of 60 chicken tumors. subsequent studies in chickens of the biology of the first rsv isolated moved slowly for 45 y until an assay of ectodermal pocks of the chorioallantoic membrane of chicken embryos was ... | 2011 | 21813762 |
| rous sarcoma virus gag has no specific requirement for phosphatidylinositol-(4,5)-bisphosphate for plasma membrane association in vivo or for liposome interaction in vitro. | the ma domain of the retroviral gag protein mediates interactions with the plasma membrane, which is the site of productive virus release. hiv-1 ma has a phosphatidylinositol- (4, 5)-bisphosphate [pi(4,5)p(2)] binding pocket; depletion of this phospholipid from the plasma membrane compromises gag membrane association and virus budding. we used multiple methods to examine the possible role of pi(4,5)p(2) in gag-membrane interaction of the alpharetrovirus rous sarcoma virus (rsv). in contrast to h ... | 2011 | 21813603 |
| household tobacco smoke and admission weight predict severe bronchiolitis in infants independent of deprivation: prospective cohort study. | to examine demographic, environmental and clinical factors associated with severe bronchiolitis in infants admitted to hospital and quantify the independent effects of these factors. | 2011 | 21811609 |