| the crystal structure of thymidylate synthase from pneumocystis carinii reveals a fungal insert important for drug design. | thymidylate synthase from pneumocystis carinii (pcts) is an especially important drug target, since p. carinii is a fungus that causes opportunistic pneumonia infections in immune-compromised patients and is among the leading causes of death of aids patients. thymidylate synthase (ts) is the sole enzyme responsible for the de novo production of deoxythymidine monophosphate and hence is crucial for dna replication in every organism. inhibitors selective for p. carinii ts over human ts would be gr ... | 2000 | 10731418 |
| structural studies on bioactive compounds. 30. crystal structure and molecular modeling studies on the pneumocystis carinii dihydrofolate reductase cofactor complex with tab, a highly selective antifolate. | the crystal structure of the ternary complex of nadph, the potent antifolate [2, 4-diamino-5-¿3-[3-(2-acetyloxyethyl)-3-benzyltriazen-1-yl]-4 -chloroph enyl¿-6-ethylpyrimidine] (tab, 1) and pneumocystis carinii dihydrofolate reductase (pcdhfr), refined to 2.1 a resolution, reveals that tab binds similar to the antifolates trimethoprim and methotrexate. these data also reveal multiple conformations for the binding geometry of tab with two preferred orientations of the acetyloxy and benzyl groups ... | 2000 | 10736154 |
| [effect of dapsone on survival in hiv infected patients: a meta- analysis of finished trials]. | the aim of the study was to estimate the effect of dapsone on survival in hivinfected patients. method: the method was a metaanalysis. data searches used medline, aids trials, and aids drugs databases from 1983 to january 1996, clinical trials registries of appropriate collaborative research groups, abstract books of international conferences on aids and infectious diseases between 1988 and 1996, references listed within selected articles and active experts in hiv infection. were considered as e ... | 2000 | 10740082 |
| immunization with recombinant pneumocystis carinii p55 antigen provides partial protection against infection: characterization of epitope recognition associated with immunization. | many therapeutic options exist for the treatment of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, a common fungal opportunistic pulmonary pathogen, but treatment is often complicated by side effects and toxicity and, more recently, markers of drug resistance have been described. the development of immunotherapetic modalities such as active immunization or passive immunotherapy may play an increasing important role in the prevention and treatment of infection. passive immunotherapy with polyclonal anti-p. cari ... | 2000 | 10742685 |
| epidemiology of pediatric aids in puerto rico: 1981-1998. | the objective of this study was to describe the aids-defining conditions (adc) and survival experience of pediatric aids cases (< 13 years age) reported in puerto rico. a descriptive analysis of the data gathered by the puerto rico aids surveillance system was performed. data for the 377 pediatric aids cases reported from january 1981 through june 1998 were reviewed. survival curves following aids diagnosis were estimated using the kaplan--meier method and differences between curves were assesse ... | 1999 | 10743510 |
| ultrastructural and molecular characterization of pneumocystis carinii isolated from a rhesus monkey (macaca mulatta). | high levels of heterogeneity have been observed among isolates of pneumocystis carinii derived from different mammalian host species. we report the characterization of p. carinii isolated from a rhesus monkey (macaca mulatta), which was immunosuppressed as a result of infection with a chimeric simian-human immunodeficiency virus (shivsbg). histopathological examination showed evidence of severe p. carinii pneumonia with a large predominance of trophozoite forms. alveolitis consisted of typical f ... | 2000 | 10746229 |
| pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) at ga-rankuwa hospital. | pneumocystis carinii is recognized as one of the leading causes of death in aids patients in developed countries but its role in this regard in developing countries appears to be less prominent. sub-saharan african countries, in spite of their high hiv prevalence, have hardly recorded any cases. we report the first microbiologically proven case of pcp in an adult patient at ga-rankuwa hospital. a 37 year old african woman was referred to ga-rankuwa hospital from the local clinic for chest infect ... | 1999 | 10746400 |
| evaluation of diagnostic value and epidemiological implications of pcr for pneumocystis carinii in different immunosuppressed and immunocompetent patient groups. | to evaluate the value of single and nested pcrs for diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in a variety of respiratorily distressed patient groups, 574 respiratory samples from 334 patients (89 human immunodeficiency virus [hiv]-positive patients, 61 transplant recipients, 66 malignancy patients, 34 otherwise immunosuppressed patients, and 84 immunocompetent patients) were prospectively examined by microscopy and single and nested pcrs. the resulting data were correlated with clinical ... | 2000 | 10747126 |
| transmission of pneumocystis carinii dna from a patient with p. carinii pneumonia to immunocompetent contact health care workers. | the transmission of pneumocystis carinii from person to person was studied by detecting p. carinii-specific dna in prospectively obtained noninvasive deep-nasal-swab samples from a child with a documented p. carinii pneumonia (pcp), his mother, two contact health care workers, and 30 hospital staff members who did not enter the patient's room (controls). nested-dna amplification was done by using oligonucleotide primers designed for the gene encoding the mitochondrial large subunit rrna of rat p ... | 2000 | 10747139 |
| hiv infection in children in developing countries. | disease progression in children acquiring hiv infection vertically from their mothers is more rapid in developing countries compared with developed countries. the probability of death by 12 months in sub-saharan africa ranges from 0.23 to 0.35, and by 5 years is 0.57-0.68. data from europe in the era before highly active anti-retroviral therapy (haart) yielded probabilities of 0.1 and 0.2, respectively. confirming the diagnosis can be difficult in resource-limited settings. existing clinical cas ... | 2000 | 10748884 |
| factors associated with the time elapsed between the initial detection of hiv-1 antibodies and a diagnosis of aids among patients followed in lyons university hospitals. cisih collaborators. | to identify the factors associated with a short period between the initial detection of hiv-1 antibodies and aids diagnosis among patients from lyons, france. | 1999 | 10754941 |
| knowledge of prophylaxis treatment therapy among hiv-positive prisoners. | the present study examined the level of knowledge and understanding of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) treatment therapy among heterosexual and non-heterosexual inmates (prisoners) with hiv-infection. this study seeks to determine if any differences exist between hiv-positive inmates based on sexual orientation, with reference to pcp treatment therapy. it is our contention that this effort will provide health professionals with valuable insight regarding delivering expanded care for hiv-inf ... | 1999 | 10755030 |
| the effects of alternative treatments for hiv disease on recommended pharmacological regimens. | the use of alternative treatments for hiv disease was assessed before and after the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) by the use of a standardised questionnaire. these data were related to epidemiological, clinical and laboratory parameters and compliance levels to recommended antiretroviral and anti-pneumocystis carinii regimens. compared with the 476 evaluable patients interviewed during the first 9 months of 1996, the 549 evaluable subjects screened in january-septe ... | 2000 | 10755242 |
| markedly increased plasma (1-->3)-beta-d-glucan is a diagnostic and therapeutic indicator of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a non-aids patient. | | 2000 | 10755639 |
| very low frequence of pneumocystis carinii dna detection by pcr in specimens from patients with lung damage. | | 2000 | 10755883 |
| a new preadmission staging system for predicting inpatient mortality from hiv-associated pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the early highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) era. | a common severe complication of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection has been pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp). recently, with increasing use of pcp prophylaxis and multidrug antiretroviral therapy, the clinical manifestations of hiv infection have changed dramatically and the predictors of inpatient mortality for pcp may have also changed. we developed a new staging system for predicting inpatient mortality for patients with hiv-associated pcp admitted between 1995 and 1997. trained ... | 2000 | 10764294 |
| pleural effusion and pneumothorax in hospitalized patients with hiv infection: the pulmonary complications, icu support, and prognostic factors of hospitalized patients with hiv (pip) study. | to describe the incidence, causes, and impact of pleural effusion and pneumothorax in hospitalized patients with hiv infection. | 2000 | 10767235 |
| pulmonary infection in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients in taiwan. | pulmonary infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients. | 2000 | 10770026 |
| discontinuation of secondary prophylaxis for opportunistic infections in hiv-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. | immune reconstitution following the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapies (haart) has lead to a remarkable reduction in the incidence of opportunistic infections (oi) in subjects with advanced hiv disease. moreover, discontinuation of primary prophylaxis for some oi can be attempted without risk in patients experiencing a favourable response to treatment. however, data on the feasibility of discontinuing secondary prophylaxis are much more scarce, and restricted mainly to the wi ... | 2000 | 10770540 |
| carriage of pneumocystis carinii by immunosuppressed patients and molecular typing of the organisms. | | 2000 | 10770551 |
| in vitro pharmacodynamic parameters of sordarin derivatives in comparison with those of marketed compounds against pneumocystis carinii isolated from rats. | pneumocystis carinii pneumonia remains one of the most serious complications of immunosuppressed patients. in this study, the in vitro pharmacodynamic parameters of four sordarin derivatives (gm 191519, gm 237354, gm 193663, and gm 219771) have been evaluated by a new quantitative approach and compared with the commercially available drugs pentamidine, atovaquone, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smx). in vitro activities and in vivo therapeutic efficacies of sordarin derivatives against p ... | 2000 | 10770763 |
| epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus-associated opportunistic infections in the united states in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. | the incidence of nearly all aids-defining opportunistic infections (ois) decreased significantly in the united states during 1992-1998; decreases in the most common ois (pneumocystis carinii pneumonia ¿pcp, esophageal candidiasis, and disseminated mycobacterium avium complex ¿mac disease) were more pronounced in 1996-1998, during which time highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) was introduced into medical care. those ois that continue to occur do so at low cd4+ t lymphocyte counts, and pe ... | 2000 | 10770911 |
| a comparison of induced and expectorated sputum for the microbiological diagnosis of community acquired pneumonia. | sputum induction has proved useful in the diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and mycobacterial infections but there are scant data on its use in the diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia (cap). | 2000 | 10773789 |
| ten-year trends in cd4 cell counts at hiv and aids diagnosis in a london hiv clinic. | to examine temporal trends (1986-1996) in the cd4 cell count at first hiv-1 positive test and initial aids diagnosis, and the influence of selected patient characteristics and treatment factors on these trends. | 2000 | 10780719 |
| human immunodeficiency virus and respiratory infection. | pulmonary disease remains a major problem for the 33 million individuals who are thought to be infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) worldwide. respiratory infections are responsible for a large number of the 2 million deaths that occur each year in association with hiv disease. in countries where the majority of the population can access highly active antiretroviral therapy, morbidity and mortality rates have been cut by up to 80%. this has allowed the withdrawal of specific opportun ... | 2000 | 10782710 |
| c27 to c32 sterols found in pneumocystis, an opportunistic pathogen of immunocompromised mammals. | pneumocystis carinii is the paradigm of opportunistic infections in immunocompromised mammals. prior to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) pandemic and the use of immunosuppressive therapy in organ transplant and cancer patients, p. carinii was regarded as a curiosity, rarely observed clinically. interest in this organism exploded when it was identified as the agent of p. carinii pneumonia (pcp), the direct cause of death among many aids patients. aggressive prophylaxis has decreased ... | 2000 | 10783009 |
| hiv infection among children in barbados. | we studied a cohort of children with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection in barbados in order to determine the prevalence of hiv infection, the clinical course including morbidity and mortality and the magnitude of the health care and social problems. forty-seven children were diagnosed with hiv infection during the study period. the number of hiv infected children increased from 5 during 1981-85, to 14 during 1986-90, and to 21 during the 1991-95 period. the majority (91.5%) of inf ... | 2000 | 10786451 |
| development and evaluation of a molecular viability assay for pneumocystis carinii. | despite recent declines in incidence, pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) remains the most commonly occurring opportunistic illness among persons with aids in the united states. while p. carinii dna has been detected in patient respiratory specimens and in air samples collected from various indoor environments housing pcp patients, the viability of these organisms is unknown. for this reason, we have developed and evaluated a molecular viability assay for p. carinii. this method is based upon t ... | 2000 | 10790126 |
| abnormal pulmonary accumulation of indium-111 chloride in pneumocystis carinii pneumonia as detected by bone marrow scintigraphy. | unusual pulmonary uptake of in-111 chloride in a patient with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and autoimmune hepatitis is described. | 2000 | 10795696 |
| pulmonary manifestations of pediatric hiv infection. | vertically acquired hiv infection is becoming increasingly common in india. the main clinical manifestations of hiv in childhood are growth failure, lymphadenopathy, chronic cough and fever, recurrent pulmonary infections, and persistent diarrhoea. pulmonary disease is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in pediatric aids, manifesting itself in more than 80% of cases. the most common causes are pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp), lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis (lip), recurrent bac ... | 1999 | 10798157 |
| pneumonia due to unusual organisms in children. | generally antimicrobials for treatment of pneumonia are chosen to target the usual bacterial etiological agents. such regimens are unable to cure patients of pneumonia caused by 'unusual organisms' mycoplasma, chlamydia, pneumocystis carinii and legionella pneumophilus). thus, there is a need to anticipate their presence in appropriate cases and to plan the initial antimicrobial therapy accordingly. studies in europe as well as india have shown that such infections form a fairly substantial perc ... | 1999 | 10798161 |
| bronchoalveolar lavage in the diagnosis of pulmonary complications of bone marrow transplant patients. | bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) has proved valuable in the diagnosis of pulmonary complications in immunosuppressed patients. we evaluated the diagnostic yield of bal in pulmonary complications in bone marrow transplantation (bmt) recipients. we reviewed sequentially the records of 89 patients during an 18-month period. bal was diagnostic in 42 patients (47%). the most common pulmonary complication diagnosed by bal was diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (n = 15); followed by bacterial pneumonia (n = 10), ... | 2000 | 10800066 |
| therapeutic application of zinc in human immunodeficiency virus against opportunistic infections. | the relevance of zinc in resistance to infections by virus, fungi and bacteria is recognized because of its pivotal role in the efficiency of the entire immune system, in particular in conferring biological activity to a thymic hormone called thymulin, which has differentiation properties on t-cell lines. in infection with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), the zinc-bound form of thymulin (active thymulin, znfts) is strongly reduced in stage iv of the disease (centers for disease control and pr ... | 2000 | 10801955 |
| s-adenosylmethionine and pneumocystis carinii. | we previously reported that s-adenosylmethionine (adomet), a key molecule in methylation reactions and polyamine biosynthesis, enhances axenic culture of the aids-associated opportunistic fungal pathogen pneumocystis carinii. here we report that adomet is absolutely required for continuous growth. two transporters are present, one high affinity, k(m) = 4.5 microm, and one low affinity, k(m) = 333 microm. the physiologically relevant high affinity transporter has a ph optimum of 7.5 and no relate ... | 2000 | 10809741 |
| inhibitors of sterol biosynthesis and amphotericin b reduce the viability of pneumocystis carinii f. sp. carinii. | pneumocystis carinii synthesizes sterols with a double bond at c-7 of the sterol nucleus and an alkyl group with one or two carbons at c-24 of the side chain. also, some human-derived pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis strains contain lanosterol derivatives with an alkyl group at c-24. these unique sterols have not been found in other pathogens of mammalian lungs. thus, p. carinii may have important differences in its susceptibility to drugs known to block reactions in ergosterol biosynthesis i ... | 2000 | 10817720 |
| in vitro activity of human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors against pneumocystis carinii. | since 1996, the introduction of protease inhibitors (pis) has led to a dramatic decrease of human immunodeficiency virus-related pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. this effect is clearly due, in large part, to the induction of immune reconstitution by highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart). however, it is conceivable that pis had other beneficial effects, including direct activity against pneumocystis. in this study, the occurrence of specific aspartyl proteases in pneumocystis is described. ... | 2000 | 10823762 |
| discontinuation of primary prophylaxis for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and toxoplasmic encephalitis in human immunodeficiency virus type i-infected patients: the changes in opportunistic prophylaxis study. | a multicenter open, randomized, controlled trial was conducted to determine whether primary prophylaxis for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and toxoplasmic encephalitis can be discontinued in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) whose cd4+ t cell counts have increased to >200 cells/mm3 (and who have remained at this level for at least 3 months) as a result of highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart). patients were randomized to either the discontinuation arm (i.e ... | 2000 | 10823763 |
| the major surface glycoprotein expression sites of two special forms of rat pneumocystis carinii differ in structure. | pneumocystis carinii forma specialis carinii has a unique locus called the ucs, which controls surface antigen variation by acting as the expression site for a family of genes encoding isoforms of the major surface glycoprotein (msg). every msg mrna begins with 380 nucleotides copied from the ucs locus. this ucs leader sequence is necessary for initiation of translation and for protein processing. given the ucs's importance in p. carinii f. sp. carinii, it was of interest to examine the ucs locu ... | 2000 | 10823775 |
| pneumocystis carinii pneumonia associated with a rapid reduction of cortisol level in a patient with ectopic acth syndrome treated by octreotide and ketoconazole. | a case is herein reported of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a 60-year-old female patient with ectopic production of acth at a position 2 cm superior to her right clavicle, revealed in an octreotide scan. her extremely high plasma acth and cortisol levels (460 pg/ml and 80 microg/dl, respectively) were markedly decreased with the combined treatment of octreotide (300 microg/d) and ketoconazole (600 mg/d). as her serum cortisol concentration decreased, pneumocystis carinii pneumonia occurred on ... | 2000 | 10826524 |
| genetic variation in pneumocystis carinii isolates from different geographic regions: implications for transmission. | to study transmission patterns of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in persons with aids, we evaluated p. carinii isolates from patients in five u.s. cities for variation at two independent genetic loci, the mitochondrial large subunit rrna and dihydropteroate synthase. fourteen unique multilocus genotypes were observed in 191 isolates that were examined at both loci. mixed infections, accounting for 17.8% of cases, were associated with primary pcp. genotype frequency distribution patterns va ... | 2000 | 10827116 |
| oral treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and zidovudine suppresses murine accessory cell-dependent immune responses. | trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smx), commonly used for prophylaxis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in aids patients, often produces a high incidence of treatment-limiting reactions. we investigated the effect of oral administration of tmp-smx alone or in combination with the antiretroviral drug zidovudine (zdv) on hematopoiesis and cellular immunity in balb/c mice. daily treatment for 28 days with tmp-smx (160:800 mg/kg) had no effect on hematopoiesis or the ex vivo proliferative res ... | 2000 | 10828265 |
| outcome of kidney transplant recipients with previous human herpesvirus-8 infection. | the consequences of a prior human herpesvirus-8 (hhv-8) infection in kidney-transplant recipients are still partially unknown. the aim of this monocentric study was to determine the prevalence of hhv-8-seropositive patients at the time of transplantation and to identify the main clinical events of these hhv-8+ recipients. | 2000 | 10830210 |
| pneumocystis carinii pneumonia as the first presentation of hiv infection in patients older than fifty. | a significant increase in the number of elderly patients first diagnosed with hiv infection at the time of presentation with an aids-related opportunistic infection has recently been reported. this suggests a significant delay in the diagnosis of hiv infection. few data are available describing such cases and their outcome. we restrospectively reviewed records of all elderly patients (> 50 years of age) admitted to a new york city hospital over a 3-year period with confirmed pneumocystis carinii ... | 2000 | 10833811 |
| [a patient with marked immunodeficiency in an htlv-i carrier: a case report]. | we report a 49-year-old man who was an htlv-i carrier with an immunodeficiency state and intracranial pyramidal tract lesion revealed by mri. he was born in hokkaido and was admitted to our hospital because of fluminant hepatitis. on admission, neurologic examination revealed exaggerated deep tendon reflexes including the jaw jerk; the plantar response was flexor. laboratory examination revealed decrease in the number of lymphocytes and cd4-positive lymphocytes in the peripheral blood and cd4/cd ... | 2000 | 10835933 |
| search for agents causing atypical pneumonia in hiv-positive patients by inhibitor-controlled pcr assays. | pneumonia is one of the most frequent complications in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-patients with pneumocystis carinii as the leading cause. the true prevalence of atypical agents such as chlamydia pneumoniae, c. trachomatis, legionella pneumophila and mycoplasma pneumoniae in this population of patients is unknown as the currently used method for diagnosing these agents is measurement of antibody levels. however, this method is of limited value in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-positi ... | 1999 | 10836344 |
| murine cd4+ t lymphocyte subsets and host defense against pneumocystis carinii. | the recruitment of specific subsets of cd4(+) t lymphocytes to the lungs in response to pneumocystis carinii was investigated. for mice inoculated with p. carinii, an elispot assay was used to calculate the numbers of lymph node and lung tissue cd4(+) cells that secreted interferon (ifn)-gamma (th1 cytokine) and interleukin (il)-4 (th2 cytokine) after concanavalin a stimulation. an elisa was used to assay culture supernatants for cytokine concentrations. precursor frequency of both ifn-gamma- an ... | 2000 | 10837183 |
| pneumocystis carinii uses a functional cdc13 b-type cyclin complex during its life cycle. | pneumocystis carinii causes severe pneumonia in immunocompromised patients. recent studies indicate that p. carinii uses a cdc2 cyclin-dependent kinase to control its proliferation. to further study the regulation of the life cycle of p. carinii, we characterized the p. carinii b-type cyclin termed cdc13, whose binding to cdc2 is necessary for kinase activity. antibodies to b-type cyclins (cdc13) specifically immunoprecipitated cdc2/ cdc13 complexes with associated kinase activity from p. carini ... | 2000 | 10837370 |
| nested pcr is useful to the clinician in the diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. | | 2000 | 10841108 |
| targeting a pneumocystis carinii group i intron with methylphosphonate oligonucleotides: backbone charge is not required for binding or reactivity. | pneumocystis carinii is a mammalian pathogen that contains a self-splicing group i intron in its large subunit rrna precursor. we report the binding of methylphosphonate/dna chimeras and neutral methylphosphonate oligonucleotides to a ribozyme that is a truncated form of the intron. at 15 mm mg(2+), the nuclease-resistant all-methylphosphonate hexamer, d(amtmgmamcm)ru, with a sequence that mimics the 3' end of the precursor's 5' exon, binds with a dissociation constant of 272 nm. the hexamer's d ... | 2000 | 10841781 |
| changing spectrum of hiv infection and its associated conditions in spain: the end of the beginning? | to evaluate the natural history and the impact that different strategies have had on hiv infection and its associated conditions, a cohort of 970 patients (432 had aids) who had been seen over a period of 13 years were studied. the incidence of new hiv-infected patients had increased steadily since 1985, peaking in 1993 (52.9 cases/100,000 population), to significantly decrease in the subsequent years. the most common aids-defining illnesses (adis) were tuberculosis (52.3% of the patients), pneu ... | 1999 | 10842855 |
| determinants of hiv-related survival among texas prison inmates. | research indicates that being incarcerated adversely affects disease progression and overall health status. because hiv infection is a growing problem among prison populations in the united states, understanding how incarceration affects hiv-related survival patterns is critical. the present study examined determinants of hiv-related survival in a cohort of 2380 texas department of criminal justice (tdcj) inmates who were treated for hiv/aids, dating from january 1, 1992 and june 31, 1997. asses ... | 1999 | 10842856 |
| cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (cin) iii of the uterine cervix in a young female associated with aids. | a case of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (cin) iii implying severe dysplasia or carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix in a 24 year old japanese female patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) is reported. autopsy revealed marked systemic atrophy of lymph nodes, pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, pulmonary aspergillosis, acute pancreatitis and cin iii of the portio vaginalis uteri. the human papillomavirus (hpv) genome was detected in sections of the cin iii by polymerase chain r ... | 1996 | 10846565 |
| impact of haart on causes of death of persons with late-stage aids. | the increasing use of highly active antiretroviral therapies (haarts) has changed the course of aids-related illnesses and enhanced the quality of life of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and may have changed the causes of deaths in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). | 2000 | 10855998 |
| [effect of antiretroviral treatment and prophylaxis for opportunistic infections on survival of patients with aids]. | to analyze the influence of anti-retroviral therapy (art) and prophylaxis against opportunist disease on survival of patients with aids. | 2000 | 10857401 |
| pleural effusions in patients with aids. | to describe the range of pathology causing pleural effusions in hiv infected patients with acute respiratory episodes and to attempt to identify whether any associated radiological abnormalities enabled aetiological discrimination. | 2000 | 10858714 |
| pneumocystis carnii pneumonia in aids--an autopsy report. | pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp), the most common presenting manifestation in patients with aids from western countries, holds the distinction for being the first opportunistic infection that was associated with aids. there is marked paucity of clinically diagnosed and pathologically confirmed cases of pcp in india. this case represents the first complete autopsy report of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia inpatient with aids from our country. a high index of clinical suspicion and microscopic ... | 1999 | 10862304 |
| respiratory emergencies. | respiratory emergencies may originate from disease in the airways, thoracic vessels, and pulmonary parenchyma. airway obstruction may be amenable to bronchoscopic therapies, including laser ablation photodynamic therapy (pdt) and stent placement. asthma is common, but may be mimicked by endobronchial metastasis. superior vena cava syndrome (svcs) is seen most commonly with bronchogenic carcinoma and lymphoma. emergent treatment need not precede tissue diagnosis in the absence of associated trach ... | 2000 | 10864215 |
| pulmonary disease in liver transplant recipients. spectrum of ct features. | to determine the features of pulmonary disease in liver transplant recipients by ct. | 2000 | 10866077 |
| [cytomegalovirus disease in immunocompromised patients]. | human cytomegalovirus are a ubiquitous herpesvirus establishing virus-infections which are usually asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals. in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) and immunocompromised hosts, the virus causes primary, latent or chronic persistent infection. primary cmv infection is very severe in immunocompromised patients as well as among healthy population. among patients with aids cytomegalovirus (cmv) is usually isolated from patients specimen in assoc ... | 2000 | 10872268 |
| a phase i and ii study of pentostatin (nipent) with cyclophosphamide for previously treated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. | purine analogs and alkylating agents are the most active drugs in the treatment of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (cll). although fludarabine is the most widely tested purine analog in cll, myelosuppression has limited its use in combination chemotherapy regimens. because pentostatin (nipent; supergen, san ramon, ca), a related purine analog with proven activity in cll, has less myelosuppression, we postulated that it would prove advantageous and could be more readily combined with a ... | 2000 | 10877051 |
| pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in an immunocompetent infant with congenital cytomegalovirus infection. | the case of a term infant with congenital cytomegalovirus (cmv) infection who developed pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) at 4 months of age is reported. our patient suffered from severe malnutrition and zinc deficiency secondary to necrotizing enterocolitis since the age of 2 months. there was no evidence of human immunodeficiency virus infection. qualitative and quantitative in vitro leukocyte functions were also normal. this case highlights the fact that pcp can occur in apparently immunoc ... | 2000 | 10879648 |
| immunorestitution disease involving the innate and adaptive response. | immunorestitution disease (ird) is defined as an acute symptomatic or paradoxical deterioration of a (presumably) preexisting infection that is temporally related to the recovery of the immune system. we report the temporal sequence of events that led to ird caused by pneumocystis carinii and aspergillus terreus in 2 human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-negative patients soon after the recovery of adaptive and innate immunity, respectively, and we review episodes noted in the english-language lite ... | 2000 | 10880300 |
| association of primary pneumocystis carinii infection and sudden infant death syndrome. | | 2000 | 10880335 |
| the changing clinical features of hiv-1 infection in the united kingdom. | despite advances in antimicrobial and anti-retroviral treatment in the past decade, the natural history of hiv-1 infection remains largely unchanged. clinical monitoring has led to the introduction of effective prophylaxis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and has facilitated the early detection and treatment of opportunistic infections. pneumocystis carinii pneumonia now makes up a smaller proportion of first aids defining diagnoses than before prophylaxis was introduced. the proportion made up ... | 1994 | 10884858 |
| pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in malawian children. | | 2000 | 10885379 |
| intestinal tuberculosis presenting as fever of unknown origin in a heart transplant patient. | patients undergoing transplantation have an increased risk of developing infections such as tuberculosis, pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, candida infections or cytomegalovirus infections because of their immunosuppressive therapy with cyclosporin a, azathioprine and steroids. mycobacterial infection is well recognized as a complication in the immunocompromised host but diagnosis and therapy are very difficult. | 1999 | 10885848 |
| mkp1 of pneumocystis carinii associates with the yeast transcription factor rlm1 via a mechanism independent of the activation state. | the mitogen-activated protein (map) kinase mkp1 of the fungal pathogen pneumocystis carinii is a functional map kinase that complements the loss of slt2p, the map kinase component of the cell integrity pathway of saccharomyces cerevisiae, and is activated within p. carinii in response to oxidative stress. mkp1 displays an unusual feature in that it contains a phosphorylation motif repeat (teymtey) within the activation loop not present in any other fungal mapk identified to date. mutagenesis of ... | 2000 | 10889467 |
| clinical course, prognostic factors, and outcome prediction for hiv patients in the icu. the pip (pulmonary complications, icu support, and prognostic factors in hospitalized patients with hiv) study. | to describe the clinical course and prognostic factors in patients with hiv admitted to the icu. | 2000 | 10893371 |
| the values of quantitative serum hiv-1 rna levels and cd4 cell counts for predicting survival time among hiv-positive individuals with cd4 counts of < or = 50 x 10(6) cells/l. | to evaluate the hiv-1 rna level as a predictor of survival time among individuals with advanced aids. | 2000 | 10894278 |
| down-regulation of gata-2 transcription during pneumocystis carinii infection. | differences in gene expression between pneumocystis carinii-infected and noninfected rats were examined. total rna was isolated from homogenized rat lungs and then subjected to differential display with combinations of oligo(dt) and various arbitrary pcr primers. approximately 50 differentially expressed bands were observed. several of these dna bands were isolated, reamplified, and cloned. the cloned dna fragments were used as probes to perform northern hybridization on rna from p. carinii-infe ... | 2000 | 10899878 |
| [pulmonary microcalcification with miliary foreign-body granulomas. residuals of cured pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in aids]. | pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) is one of the most frequent infectious lung diseases in immunocompromised patients, especially in aids cases. the present case report describes pulmonary miliary microcalcifications with and without foreign-body reaction in a patient with successfully treated pcp who was known to have aids. this form of residues of completely healed pcp tends to be rare. other infectious granulomas, foreign-body granulomas and sarcoidosis must be differentially diagnosed. aft ... | 2000 | 10900618 |
| [infection after orthotopic liver transplantation: analysis of the first 120 consecutive cases]. | to report the infectious complications and presentation time of the first 120 consecutive liver transplants performed at our institution. | 2000 | 10901001 |
| effect of antiretroviral therapy on the incidence of bacterial pneumonia in patients with advanced hiv infection. | to determine the relationship of combination antiretroviral therapy and bacterial pneumonia, we assessed incidence of and risk factors for bacterial pneumonia in 1,898 human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients with cd4 cell counts < 200/mm(3) followed in the johns hopkins hiv clinic between 1993 and 1998. a total of 352 episodes of bacterial pneumonia occurred during 2,310 patient-years of follow-up. incidence of bacterial pneumonia decreased from 22.7 episodes/100 person-years (py) i ... | 2000 | 10903221 |
| a small structural element, pc-j5/5a, plays dual roles in a group ic1 intron rna. | the p4-p6 domain of group ic1 intron ribozymes such as that of the tetrahymena autonomously folds into a hairpin-shaped structure in which the j5/5a region serves as a hinge. phylogenetic comparisons of these ic1 introns suggested that the j5/5a region (termed pc-j5/5a motif) in a subclass of ic1 introns such as the one from pneumocystis carinii functions not only as a hinge but also as a receptor for a gaaa-tetraloop. we investigated the role of this motif by transplanting the structural unit, ... | 2000 | 10903928 |
| search for pneumocystis carinii dna in upper and lower respiratory tract of humans. | recent studies suggest that pneumocystis carinii dna may be detected by pcr in oropharyngeal secretions in the majority of patients with p. carinii pneumonitis (pcp). however, the prevalence of p. carinii dna in patients without pcp has not been well established. a prospective study of 258 nasal, pharyngeal, and salivary specimens from 86 individuals with aids, cancer or no underlying disease, and without respiratory infection, found no p. carinii dna in any of the samples. separately, to valida ... | 2000 | 10904188 |
| [temporal study in aids-associated disease in brazil, 1980-1999]. | trends in annual incidence of reported aids-associated opportunistic infections (oi/100 adults > 12 years old) among aids cases were estimated at the national level in brazil from 1980 through may 1999. the analysis included chi-square and linear regression modeling. the opportunistic infections included: candidiasis (cd), tuberculosis (tb), pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp), neurotoxoplasmosis (nt), kaposi sarcoma (ks), cryptococcal meningitis (cm), and protozoa infections (pi). the overall ... | 2000 | 10904387 |
| sweet's syndrome and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: two sequelae of low-dose cytosine arabinoside therapy in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia. | cytosine arabinoside in low dose is sometimes employed for treating acute myeloid leukaemia. we report here a case of acute myeloid leukemia, treated with low-dose cytosine arabinoside, who developed acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia after attainment of remission. a direct effect of cytosine arabinoside on neutrophil function and an immunosuppressive potential in lower doses could be speculated. | 2000 | 10914942 |
| pneumocystis carinii mutations are associated with duration of sulfa or sulfone prophylaxis exposure in aids patients. | this study was conducted to determine whether pneumocystis carinii dyhydropteroate synthase (dhps) gene mutations in aids patients with p. carinii pneumonia (pcp) are affected by duration of sulfa or sulfone prophylaxis and influence response to sulfa or sulfone therapy. the p. carinii dhps genes from 97 aids patients with pcp between 1991 and 1999 from 4 medical centers were amplified, using polymerase chain reaction (pcr), and sequenced. mutations were observed in 76% of isolates from patients ... | 2000 | 10915088 |
| risk for preventable opportunistic infections in persons with aids after antiretroviral therapy increases cd4+ t lymphocyte counts above prophylaxis thresholds. | to determine incidence and risk for preventable opportunistic infections (pneumocystis carinii pneumonia [pcp] and disseminated mycobacterium avium-complex [mac] infection) in persons whose cd4(+) t lymphocyte counts had increased by >/=100 cells/microl to exceed the threshold of risk and in persons whose cd4(+) counts had never dropped below the threshold of risk, we analyzed data collected during the period 1990-1998 in the adult/adolescent spectrum of hiv (human immunodeficiency virus) diseas ... | 2000 | 10915098 |
| [the value of bronchoalveolar lavage in the clarifying of hiv-associated lung diseases]. | examination of sputum is the first diagnostic step in the evaluation of hiv-infected patients with pulmonary complications. we were interested in the indications and the diagnostic value of subsequent bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) and especially the importance of so-called atypical bacteria. | 2000 | 10916494 |
| pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in south african children infected with human immunodeficiency virus. | pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) has been regarded as uncommon in hiv-infected patients in africa, but diagnostic difficulties and geographic variability may partly account for this. there is little information on the incidence of pcp in hiv-infected children in africa. | 2000 | 10917216 |
| prospective cohort study of children born to human immunodeficiency virus-infected mothers, 1985 through 1997: trends in the risk of vertical transmission, mortality and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome indicator diseases in the era before highly active antiretroviral therapy. | to assess changes in the risk of vertical transmission of hiv and changes in both mortality and morbidity among children in southern connecticut with hiv infection after the introduction of treatment of hiv-infected pregnant women with antiretroviral drugs and of regimens to prevent or to treat aids indicator diseases in infected children. | 2000 | 10917219 |
| preclinical development of keliximab, a primatized anti-cd4 monoclonal antibody, in human cd4 transgenic mice: characterization of the model and safety studies. | the preclinical safety assessment of biopharmaceuticals necessitates that studies be conducted in species in which the products are pharmacologically active. monoclonal antibodies are a promising class of biopharmaceuticals for many disease indications; however, by design, these agents tend to have limited species cross-reactivity and tend to only be active in primates. keliximab is a human-cynomolgus monkey chimeric (primatized) monoclonal antibody with specificity for human and chimpanzee cd4. ... | 2000 | 10918514 |
| absence of cd40-cd40 ligand interactions in x-linked hyper-igm syndrome does not affect differentiation of t helper cell subsets. | the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of absent cd40-cd40 ligand interactions in patients with x-linked hyper-igm syndrome (xhigm) on the generation of th1 and th2 immunity. whole blood from patients and sex- and age-matched controls was stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate (pma) and calcium ionophore a23187 in the presence of brefeldin a. after 5 h, cellular production of interferon-gamma, il-4, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and il-2 was measured by intracellular cytokine stai ... | 2000 | 10931152 |
| a soluble mannose receptor immunoadhesin enhances phagocytosis of pneumocystis carinii by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes in vitro. | pneumocystis carinii is an opportunistic pathogen that causes pneumonia in immunocompromised hosts. in the normal host, p. carinii is susceptible to an array of first line host defense mechanisms that are operative in the lung. alveolar macrophages play a central role in the clearance of inhaled organisms. the macrophage mannose receptor (mr) appears to be sufficient for p. carinii phagocytosis. in individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus, mr expression on alveolar macrophages ... | 2000 | 10931380 |
| typing of pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis by pcr-sscp to indicate a high frequency of co-infections. | broncho-alveolar lavage specimens from patients with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia were investigated by pcr-single strand conformation polymorphism (sscp) analysis of four genomic regions for p. carinii f. sp. hominis. in all, 32% of specimens produced two bands (one allele) for each of the four genomic regions, suggesting an infection with a single p.c. hominis type. the other specimens displayed more than two bands for at least one of the four genomic regions, suggesting several theoretical p ... | 2000 | 10933262 |
| improvements in outcomes of acute respiratory failure for patients with human immunodeficiency virus-related pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. | in the early 1990s, hospital survival among patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-related pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) and respiratory failure was poor, approximately 20%. we examined icu use and outcomes for patients with acute respiratory failure from pcp from 1995 to 1997. we conducted a retrospective medical record review using a random sample of 71 hospitals in seven regions of the united states. among 1,660 patients with confirmed or presumed pcp, 155 (9%) received mecha ... | 2000 | 10934059 |
| permanent declines in pulmonary function following pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons. the pulmonary complications of hiv infection study group. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-associated respiratory infections, most notably pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp), but also bacterial pneumonia (bp), result in reductions in lung function that have been studied mainly during the course of acute infection. whether hiv-associated pneumonias also cause permanent changes in pulmonary function is unknown. in this study we investigated the long-term effects of pcp and bp on pulmonary function in a cohort of hiv-infected persons. one thousand, on ... | 2000 | 10934095 |
| pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in adolescents. | | 2000 | 10937465 |
| nodular granulomatous pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a bone marrow transplant recipient. case report. | we report a case of nodular granulomatous pneumocystis carinii pneumonia following bone marrow transplantation. the patient was a 40-year-old man who had undergone bone marrow transplantation for myeloblastic acute leukemia. he presented with fever, dyspnea and bilateral diffuse nodular infiltration of the lungs. bronchoalveolar lavage was negative. open lung biopsy was performed. histological examination revealed a granulomatous reaction with central necrosis surrounded by epithelioid and giant ... | 2000 | 10937774 |
| the pitfall in evaluating several serological markers of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a neutropenic patient. | we compared the significance of several serum markers to evaluate the activity of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in an immunocompromised patient. we successively measured kl-6, an amino-terminal propeptide of type iii procollagen (piiinp), and the cytokeratin 19 fragment (ck19) in the sera of a patient with pcp. interestingly, piiinp, kl-6, and ck19 levels in the sera did not increase at the time of onset of pcp during a neutropenic phase. instead, they markedly increased after the recover ... | 2000 | 10939542 |
| the lung as a target organ in patients with hematologic disorders. | the lung is one of the organs most severely affected by complications during the course of hematologic disorders. in the last years an impressive amount of progress has been made in clarifying the pathogenesis of lung diseases, particularly those occurring in conditions of severe immunosuppression such as bone marrow transplantion, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or leukemia. peculiar anatomical characteristics render the lung parenchyma highly susceptible to infections, but the clinical outc ... | 2000 | 10942933 |
| prophylaxis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: too much of a good thing? | | 2000 | 10943633 |
| cost-effectiveness of prophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with wegner's granulomatosis undergoing immunosuppressive therapy. | to assess the incremental cost-effectiveness of 3 pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) prophylaxis strategies in patients with wegener's granulomatosis (wg) receiving immunosuppressive therapies: 1) no prophylaxis; 2) trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (tmp/smx) 160 mg/800 mg 3 times a week, which is discontinued if patients experience an adverse drug reaction (adr); and 3) tmp/smx 160 mg/800 mg 3 times a week, which is replaced by monthly aerosolized pentamidine (300 mg) if patients experience an ad ... | 2000 | 10943875 |
| [pneumonia in hiv-infected patients: clinical observations]. | to determine the occurrence of pneumonias in hiv-infected patients in our hospital during 1990-1999; to evaluate the clinical significance of pneumonias in hiv-seropositive patients; to estimate the ethiology of pulmonary infection. | 2000 | 10944952 |
| the shape of the hiv/aids epidemic in puerto rico. | this study presents information on aids patients in puerto rico, including their general sociodemographic profile, some risk-related parameters, characteristics of vulnerable groups, and elements of the clinical spectrum of the disease. data were analyzed from the puerto rico aids surveillance program and available studies about the hiv/aids epidemic in puerto rico. a total of 23,089 aids cases was reported to the puerto rico aids surveillance program from january 1981 through february 1999. the ... | 2000 | 10949898 |
| prophylactic effect of fk463, a novel antifungal lipopeptide, against pneumocystis carinii infection in mice. | the prophylactic effect of fk463, a new water-soluble echinocandin-like lipopeptide with inhibitory activity against 1, 3-beta-d-glucan synthase, against pneumocystis carinii infection was investigated with the severe combined immunodeficient (scid) mouse model. treatment with fk463, pentamidine, and saline only was performed for 6 weeks from the day after the scid mice were inoculated intranasally with infected lung homogenates. fk463 at 0.2 or 1.0 mg/kg of body weight, pentamidine at 4 mg/kg, ... | 2000 | 10952565 |
| pcr-based quantification of pneumocystis carinii in in vitro systems. | in many laboratories, pcr has become a routine method for the sensitive diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii in patient samples. in contrast, quantification of fungal numbers in in vitro setups still largely relies on more conventional procedures such as histological stainings. these are time consuming and their applications are limited when dealing with small fungal numbers contaminated with tissue and cellular debris. this study presents a sensitive and rapid method for p. carinii quantification ... | 2000 | 10955953 |
| mechanisms of defence in the lung: lessons from pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. | pneumocystis carinii continues to represent an important complication of individuals with compromised immunity. p. carinii interacts with immune and non-immune cells in the lung and mediates lung injury through a variety of mechanisms. cd4+ t lymphocytes are the cornerstone in defence against p. carinii. recent studies indicate that alveolar macrophages provide essential functions that significantly enhance clearance of p. carinii infection. p. carinii also attaches to alveolar epithelial cells, ... | 2000 | 10957761 |
| pneumocystis carinii pneumonia as a complication of immunosuppressive therapy. | patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy with corticosteroids and cytotoxic agents may develop opportunistic infections such as pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp). this indicates a severe t-cell defect, but so far there are no established criteria for identifying patients at risk. | 2000 | 10961529 |