| bioluminescence imaging of p. berghei schizont sequestration in rodents. | we describe a technology for imaging the sequestration of infected red blood cells (irbc) of the rodent malaria parasite plasmodium berghei both in the bodies of live mice and in dissected organs, using a transgenic parasite that expresses luciferase. real-time imaging of sequestered irbc is performed by measuring bioluminescence produced by the enzymatic reaction in parasites between the luciferase enzyme and its substrate luciferin injected into the mice several minutes prior to imaging. the b ... | 2013 | 22990791 |
| transfection of rodent malaria parasites. | gene manipulation is an invaluable tool to investigate and understand the biology of an organism. although this technology has been applied to both the human and rodent malarial parasites (rmp), plasmodium berghei in particular offers a more robust system due to a higher and more efficient transformation rate. here, we describe a comprehensive transfection and selection protocol using p. berghei including a variant negative selection protocol administering 5-fluorocytosine to the animals in drin ... | 2013 | 22990773 |
| shaping acoustic fields as a toolset for microfluidic manipulations in diagnostic technologies. | ultrasonics offers the possibility of developing sophisticated fluid manipulation tools in lab-on-a-chip technologies. here we demonstrate the ability to shape ultrasonic fields by using phononic lattices, patterned on a disposable chip, to carry out the complex sequence of fluidic manipulations required to detect the rodent malaria parasite plasmodium berghei in blood. to illustrate the different tools that are available to us, we used acoustic fields to produce the required rotational vortices ... | 2012 | 22949692 |
| [immunological analysis of piperaquine-resistant murine model of plasmodium berghei anka strain]. | to analyze the immunological characteristics of murine model of piperaquine sensitive (pqs) line and resistant (pqr) line of plasmodium berghei (pb) anka strain. | 2012 | 22913181 |
| anti-plasmodial activity of dicoma tomentosa (asteraceae) and identification of urospermal a-15-o-acetate as the main active compound. | natural products could play an important role in the challenge to discover new anti-malarial drugs. in a previous study, dicoma tomentosa (asteraceae) was selected for its promising anti-plasmodial activity after a preliminary screening of several plants traditionally used in burkina faso to treat malaria. the aim of the present study was to further investigate the anti-plasmodial properties of this plant and to isolate the active anti-plasmodial compounds. | 2012 | 22909422 |
| intravenous β-artemether formulation (arm nlc) as a superior alternative to commercial artesunate formulation. | to compare the in vivo pharmacodynamic efficacy of intravenously administered artemether nanostructured lipid carrier (arm nlc) with commercial artesunate (c-ast) at different dose levels. | 2012 | 22899802 |
| antimalarial potential of nosode 30 and 200 against plasmodium berghei infection in balb/c mice. | homeopathy is considered as an emerging area of alternative medicine which could be established for the global health care. one of the greatest objections to this science lies in its inability to explain the mechanism of action of the micro doses based on scientific experiments and proofs. the present study has been undertaken to screen in vivo antimalarial activity of malaria co nosode 30 and nosode 200 against plasmodium berghei infection in balb/c mice. | 2012 | 22898477 |
| malaria-infected mice live until at least day 30 after a new artemisinin-derived thioacetal thiocarbonate combined with mefloquine are administered together in a single, low, oral dose. | in only three steps and in 21-67% overall yields from the natural trioxane artemisinin, a series of 21 new trioxane c-10 thioacetals was prepared. upon receiving a single oral dose of only 6 mg/kg of the monomeric trioxane 12c combined with 18 mg/kg of mefloquine hydrochloride, plasmodium berghei-infected mice survived on average 29.8 days after infection. two of the four mice in this group had no parasites detectable in their blood on day 30 after infection, and they behaved normally and appear ... | 2012 | 22891714 |
| modulation of lipoprotein cholesterol levels in plasmodium berghei malarial infection by crude aqueous extract of ganoderma lucidum. | in this study, attempt is made to establish changes in serum and liver lipoprotein cholesterols accompanying plasmodium berghei malarial infection in mice treated with aqueous extract of ganoderma lucidum at 100, 250, and 500 mg/kg body weight in comparison with 15 mg/kg chloroquine (cq). significant increases in all the lipoprotein fractions were observed in infected untreated mice compared with normal control mice. treatment with 100 and 250 mg/kg g. lucidum extract produced significant reduct ... | 2012 | 22888413 |
| proteomics of the rodent malaria parasite using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization quadrupole ion trap time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. | plasmodium berghei strain nk65 is a rodent malaria parasite species widely used as a model of the human-infectious malaria parasite. because a rodent malaria parasite model allows issues to be addressed which would not be possible with human-infectious species, e.g., mode of action and in vivo screening, a convenient method to analyze the malaria parasite proteome is required. the proteins of p. berghei separated using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were analyzed using matrix ... | 2012 | 22878638 |
| bioisosteric transformations and permutations in the triazolopyrimidine scaffold to identify the minimum pharmacophore required for inhibitory activity against plasmodium falciparum dihydroorotate dehydrogenase. | plasmodium falciparum causes approximately 1 million deaths annually. however, increasing resistance imposes a continuous threat to existing drug therapies. we previously reported a number of potent and selective triazolopyrimidine-based inhibitors of p. falciparum dihydroorotate dehydrogenase that inhibit parasite in vitro growth with similar activity. lead optimization of this series led to the recent identification of a preclinical candidate, showing good activity against p. falciparum in mic ... | 2012 | 22877245 |
| synthesis and evaluation of hybrid drugs for a potential hiv/aids-malaria combination therapy. | malaria and hiv are among the most important global health problems of our time and together are responsible for approximately 3 million deaths annually. these two diseases overlap in many regions of the world including sub-saharan africa, southeast asia and south america, leading to a higher risk of co-infection. in this study, we generated and characterized hybrid molecules to target plasmodium falciparum and hiv simultaneously for a potential hiv/malaria combination therapy. hybrid molecules ... | 2012 | 22858300 |
| the alveolin imc1h is required for normal ookinete and sporozoite motility behaviour and host colonisation in plasmodium berghei. | alveolins, or inner membrane complex (imc) proteins, are components of the subpellicular network that forms a structural part of the pellicle of malaria parasites. in plasmodium berghei, deletions of three alveolins, imc1a, b, and h, each resulted in reduced mechanical strength and gliding velocity of ookinetes or sporozoites. using time lapse imaging, we show here that deletion of imc1h (pbanka_143660) also has an impact on the directionality and motility behaviour of both ookinetes and sporozo ... | 2012 | 22844474 |
| metabolic fingerprints of serum, brain, and liver are distinct for mice with cerebral and noncerebral malaria: a ¹h nmr spectroscopy-based metabonomic study. | cerebral malaria (cm) is a life-threatening disease in humans caused by plasmodium falciparum, leading to high mortality. plasmodium berghei anka (pba) infection in c57bl/6 mice induces pathologic symptoms similar to that in human cm. however, experimental cm incidence in mice is variable, and there are no known metabolic correlates/fingerprints for the animals that develop cm. here, we have used (1)h nmr-based metabonomics to investigate the metabolic changes in the mice with cm with respect to ... | 2012 | 22838963 |
| decreased redox-sensitive erythrocyte cation channel activity in aquaporin 9-deficient mice. | survival of the malaria pathogen plasmodium falciparum in host erythrocytes requires the opening of new permeability pathways (npps) in the host cell membrane, accomplishing entry of nutrients, exit of metabolic waste products such as lactate and movement of inorganic ions such as cl⁻, na⁺ and ca²⁺. the molecular identity of npps has remained largely elusive but presumably involves several channels, which partially can be activated by oxidative stress in uninfected erythrocytes. one npp candidat ... | 2012 | 22836670 |
| the novel eta receptor antagonist hjp-272 prevents cerebral microvascular hemorrhage in cerebral malaria and synergistically improves survival in combination with an artemisinin derivative. | to investigate the association between vasculopathy and survival during experimental cerebral malaria (ecm), and to determine whether targeting the endothelin-1 (et-1) pathway alone or in combination with the anti-malaria drug artemether (a semi-synthetic derivative of artemisinin) will improve microvascular hemorrhage and survival. | 2012 | 22820174 |
| in vivo antiplasmodial activities of ethanolic extract and fractions of eleucine indica. | to evaluate the in vivo antiplasmodial activities of the extract and fractions (n-hexane, chloroform, ethylacetate, butanol, aqueous) of the whole plant in plasmodium berghei berghei infected mice. | 2012 | 22805716 |
| distinct placental malaria pathology caused by different plasmodium berghei lines that fail to induce cerebral malaria in the c57bl/6 mouse. | placental malaria (pm) is one major feature of malaria during pregnancy. a murine model of experimental pm using balb/c mice infected with plasmodium berghei anka was recently established, but there is need for additional pm models with different parasite/host combinations that allow to interrogate the involvement of specific host genetic factors in the placental inflammatory response to plasmodium infection. | 2012 | 22799533 |
| comparative study on the effects of chloroquine and artesunate on histopathological damages caused by plasmodium berghei in four vital organs of infected albino mice. | the aim of the present study was to investigate the positive influence of chloroquine and artesunate on the pathological damages caused by plasmodium berghei on vital organs of mice in an established infection. healthy adult albino mice with average weight of 25 g were used for the study. treated group was administered orally with 100 mg/kg of chloroquine and artesunate, respectively. control animals were given water for the same period. histological examination of the liver, spleen, lungs, and ... | 2012 | 22792509 |
| induction of antisporozoite antibodies by biting of transgenic anopheles stephensi delivering malarial antigen via blood feeding. | we produced a transgenic mosquito expressing a rodent malaria vaccine candidate antigen in the salivary gland. three tandemly repeated amino acid units from the repeat region of circumsporozoite protein of plasmodium berghei (pbcs3r) fused to red fluorescent protein (monomeric dsred) was chosen as a vaccine candidate antigen. immunoblot and fluorescence microscopic analyses showed the transgene expression in the female salivary gland. the transgene product was released from the proboscis as a co ... | 2012 | 22787718 |
| the host endocytic pathway is essential for plasmodium berghei late liver stage development. | the obligate intracellular liver stage of the plasmodium parasite represents a bottleneck in the parasite life cycle and remains a promising target for therapeutic intervention. during this stage, parasites undergo dramatic morphological changes and achieve one of the fastest replication rates among eukaryotic species. nevertheless, relatively little is known about the parasite interactions with the host hepatocyte. using immunofluorescence, live cell imaging and electron microscopy, we show tha ... | 2012 | 22780869 |
| identification and in-vitro adme assessment of a series of novel anti-malarial agents suitable for hit-to-lead chemistry. | triage of a set of antimalaria hit compounds, identified through high throughput screening against the chloroquine sensitive (3d7) and resistant (dd2) parasite plasmodium falciparum strains identified several novel chemotypes suitable for hit-to-lead chemistry investigation. the set was further refined through investigation of their in vitro adme properties, which identified templates with good potential to be developed further as antimalarial agents. one example was profiled in an in vivo murin ... | 2012 | 24900512 |
| novel 4-aminoquinoline-pyrimidine based hybrids with improved in vitro and in vivo antimalarial activity. | a class of hybrid molecules consisting of 4-aminoquinoline and pyrimidine were synthesized and tested for antimalarial activity against both chloroquine (cq)-sensitive (d6) and chloroquine (cq)-resistant (w2) strains of plasmodium falciparum through an in vitro assay. eleven hybrids showed better antimalarial activity against both cq-sensitive and cq-resistant strains of p. falciparum in comparison to standard drug cq. four molecules were more potent (7-8-fold) than cq in d6 strain, and eight mo ... | 2012 | 24900509 |
| enhancement of dendritic cell activation via cd40 ligand-expressing γδ t cells is responsible for protective immunity to plasmodium parasites. | previous reports have shown that γδ t cells are important for the elimination of malaria parasites in humans and mice. however, how γδ t cells are involved in protective immunity against blood-stage malaria remains unknown. we infected γδ t-cell-deficient (tcrδ-ko) mice and control wild-type mice with plasmodium berghei xat, which is a nonlethal strain. although infected red blood cells were eliminated within 30 d after infection, tcrδ-ko mice could not clear the infected red blood cells, showed ... | 2012 | 22778420 |
| a plasmodium-encoded cytokine suppresses t-cell immunity during malaria. | the inability to acquire protective immunity against plasmodia is the chief obstacle to malaria control, and inadequate t-cell responses may facilitate persistent blood-stage infection. malaria is characterized by a highly inflammatory cytokine milieu, and the lack of effective protection against infection suggests that memory t cells are not adequately formed or maintained. using a genetically targeted strain of plasmodium berghei, we observed that the plasmodium ortholog of macrophage migratio ... | 2012 | 22778413 |
| effects of experimental cerebral malaria in memory, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and acetylcholinesterase activity [correction for acitivity] in the hippocampus of survivor mice. | malaria is the most important human parasitic disease and cerebral malaria (cm), its main neurological complication, is characterized by neurological and cognitive damage in both human and animal survivors. the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (bdnf) appears to be involved with activity-dependent synaptic plasticity. there is great interest regarding its role in learning and memory as well as acetylcholinesterase activity (ache) that is implicated in many cognitive functions and probably plays ... | 2012 | 22750161 |
| erythropoietin treatment alleviates ultrastructural myelin changes induced by murine cerebral malaria. | cerebral malaria (cm) is a severe complication of malaria with considerable mortality. in addition to acute encephalopathy, survivors frequently suffer from neurological sequelae. the pathogenesis is incompletely understood, hampering the development of an effective, adjunctive therapy, which is not available at present. previously, erythropoietin (epo) was reported to significantly improve the survival and outcome in a murine cm model. the study objectives were to assess myelin thickness and ul ... | 2012 | 22741599 |
| identification of a new chemical class of antimalarials. | the increasing spread of drug-resistant malaria strains underscores the need for new antimalarial agents with novel modes of action (moas). here, we describe a compound representative of a new class of antimalarials. this molecule, act-213615, potently inhibits in vitro erythrocytic growth of all tested plasmodium falciparum strains, irrespective of their drug resistance properties, with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (ic(50)) values in the low single-digit nanomolar range. like the clini ... | 2012 | 22732921 |
| cutting edge: clec9a+ dendritic cells mediate the development of experimental cerebral malaria. | plasmodium infections trigger strong innate and acquired immune responses, which can lead to severe complications, including the most feared and often fatal cerebral malaria (cm). to begin to dissect the roles of different dendritic cell (dc) subsets in plasmodium-induced pathology, we have generated a transgenic strain, clec9a-diphtheria toxin receptor that allows us to ablate in vivo clec9a(+) dcs. specifically, we have analyzed the in vivo contribution of this dc subset in an experimental cm ... | 2012 | 22732587 |
| ifn-γ-producing cd4+ t cells promote experimental cerebral malaria by modulating cd8+ t cell accumulation within the brain. | it is well established that ifn-γ is required for the development of experimental cerebral malaria (ecm) during plasmodium berghei anka infection of c57bl/6 mice. however, the temporal and tissue-specific cellular sources of ifn-γ during p. berghei anka infection have not been investigated, and it is not known whether ifn-γ production by a single cell type in isolation can induce cerebral pathology. in this study, using ifn-γ reporter mice, we show that nk cells dominate the ifn-γ response durin ... | 2012 | 22723523 |
| lamivudine-artesunate co-administration affects glucose metabolism in healthy and diseased wistar rats. | hiv-malaria co morbidity frequently requires the co administration of lamivudine and artesunate, in malaria endemic areas where hiv is also a problem. this situation is a frequent occurrence in developing countries of the tropics, like nigeria where the burden of malaria and hiv is heavy. the co administration of these drugs may result in interactions with possible physiologic and/or therapeutic consequences. this study investigated the effect of lamivudine-artesunate co administration on body w ... | 2012 | 22713939 |
| novel 4-aminoquinoline analogs highly active against the blood and sexual stages of plasmodium in vivo and in vitro. | new drugs to treat malaria must act rapidly and be highly potent against asexual blood stages, well tolerated, and affordable to residents of regions of endemicity. this was the case with chloroquine (cq), a 4-aminoquinoline drug used for the prevention and treatment of malaria. however, since the 1960s, plasmodium falciparum resistance to this drug has spread globally, and more recently, emerging resistance to cq by plasmodium vivax threatens the health of 70 to 320 million people annually. des ... | 2012 | 22710117 |
| expansion of experimental genetics approaches for plasmodium berghei with versatile transfection vectors. | experimental reverse genetic approaches have proven powerful in the study of the biology of the malaria parasite. the murine malaria model parasite plasmodium berghei is the genetically most amendable plasmodium species and allows full access to the entire life cycle in vivo. here, we describe a next-generation, highly versatile transfection vector set that facilitates advancing experimental genetic strategies towards a genome-wide scale. through 36 consecutive cloning and 17 subcloning steps an ... | 2012 | 22705315 |
| nk cells and conventional dendritic cells engage in reciprocal activation for the induction of inflammatory responses during plasmodium berghei anka infection. | cerebral malaria (cm) is the most severe syndrome associated with plasmodium falciparum infections. experimental evidence suggests that disease results from the sequestration of parasitized-red blood cells (prbcs) together with inflammatory leukocytes within brain capillaries. we have previously shown that nk cells stimulate migration of cxcr3(+) t cells to the brain of plasmodium berghei anka-infected mice. here we investigated whether interactions between nk cells and dendritic cells (dcs) are ... | 2013 | 22704523 |
| sequential plasmodium chabaudi and plasmodium berghei infections provide a novel model of severe malarial anemia. | lack of an adequate animal model of plasmodium falciparum severe malarial anemia (sma) has hampered the understanding of this highly lethal condition. we developed a model of sma by infecting c57bl/6 mice with p. chabaudi followed after recovery by p. berghei infection. p. chabaudi/p. berghei-infected mice had an initial 9- to 10-day phase of relatively low parasitemia and severe anemia, followed by a second phase of hyperparasitemia, more profound anemia, reticulocytosis, and death 14 to 21 day ... | 2012 | 22689817 |
| new agilent platform dna microarrays for transcriptome analysis of plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium berghei for the malaria research community. | dna microarrays have been a valuable tool in malaria research for over a decade but remain in limited use in part due their relatively high cost, poor availability, and technical difficulty. with the aim of alleviating some of these factors next-generation dna microarrays for genome-wide transcriptome analysis for both plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium berghei using the agilent 8 x 15 k platform were designed. | 2012 | 22681930 |
| synthesis, characterization of chitosan-tripolyphosphate conjugated chloroquine nanoparticle and its in vivo anti-malarial efficacy against rodent parasite: a dose and duration dependent approach. | various strategies to deliver antimalarials using nanocarriers have been evaluated. however, taking into account the peculiarities of malaria parasites, the focus is placed mainly polymer-based chitosan nanocarriers. our purpose of the study is to develop chitosan-tripolyphosphate (cs-tpp) nanoparticles (nps) conjugated chloroquine in application for attenuation of plasmodium berghei infection in swiss mice. nps were prepared by ionotropic gelation between cs and sodium tpp. in the study, the in ... | 2012 | 22664460 |
| targeting toll-like receptors by chloroquine protects mice from experimental cerebral malaria. | excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines, elicited mostly by th1 cells, is an important cause of cerebral malaria (cm). dendritic cells (dcs), a critical link between innate and adaptive immune responses, rely heavily on toll-like receptor (tlr) signaling. using c57bl/6 mice infected with plasmodium berghei anka (pba) as an experimental cm model, we first confirmed that inhibition of tlr9 by suppressive oligodeoxynucleotides protected mice from cm. in addition to being a well-known anti ... | 2012 | 22659438 |
| critical roles of the mitochondrial complex ii in oocyst formation of rodent malaria parasite plasmodium berghei. | it is generally accepted that the mitochondria play central roles in energy production of most eukaryotes. in contrast, it has been thought that plasmodium spp., the causative agent of malaria, rely mainly on cytosolic glycolysis but not mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation for energy production during blood stages. however, plasmodium spp. possesses all genes necessary for the tricarboxylic acid (tca) cycle and most of the genes for electron transport chain (etc) enzymes. therefore, it remai ... | 2012 | 22628552 |
| effective adjunctive therapy by an innate defense regulatory peptide in a preclinical model of severe malaria. | case fatality rates for severe malaria remain high even in the best clinical settings because antimalarial drugs act against the parasite without alleviating life-threatening inflammation. we assessed the potential for host-directed therapy of severe malaria of a new class of anti-inflammatory drugs, the innate defense regulator (idr) peptides, based on host defense peptides. the plasmodium berghei anka model of experimental cerebral malaria was adapted to use as a preclinical screen by combinin ... | 2012 | 22623740 |
| harmine is a potent antimalarial targeting hsp90 and synergizes with chloroquine and artemisinin. | previous studies have shown an antimalarial effect of total alkaloids extracted from leaves of guiera senegalensis from mali in west africa. we independently observed that the beta-carboline alkaloid harmine obtained from a natural product library screen inhibited plasmodium falciparum heat shock protein 90 (pfhsp90) atp-binding domain. in this study, we confirmed harmine-pfhsp90-specific affinity using surface plasmon resonance analysis (dissociation constant [k(d)] of 40 μm). in contrast, the ... | 2012 | 22615284 |
| the role of cgmp signalling in regulating life cycle progression of plasmodium. | the 3'-5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cgmp)-dependent protein kinase (pkg) is the main mediator of cgmp signalling in the malaria parasite. this article reviews the role of pkg in plasmodium falciparum during gametogenesis and blood stage schizont rupture, as well as the role of the plasmodium berghei orthologue in ookinete differentiation and motility, and liver stage schizont development. the current views on potential effector proteins downstream of pkg and the mechanisms that may regulat ... | 2012 | 22613210 |
| formulation design and in vivo antimalarial evaluation of lipid-based drug delivery systems for oral delivery of β-arteether. | β-arteether, an effective artemisinin derivative, is used in the treatment of malaria but available only as an intramuscular injection. the objective of this work was to develop lipid-based formulations for oral administration of β-arteether. self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (seddss) of low cost and with accessible excipients (groundnut or sesame oil, maisine 35-1, tween 80 or cremophor el, and absolute ethanol) were formulated. in 250 ml of simulated gastric medium, 1g of these sedds solu ... | 2012 | 22609572 |
| endoplasmic reticulum stress and neurodegeneration in experimental cerebral malaria. | experimental cerebral malaria (ecm) resulting from plasmodium berghei anka (pba) infection in mice results in neuronal cell death. however, the precise mechanisms leading to neuronal cell death in ecm have not been fully elucidated. in the present study, we report the presence of endoplasmic reticulum (er) stress markers and activation of the unfolded protein response (upr) in the brain during the pathogenesis of ecm. specific findings included activation of pkr-like erkinase, inositol-requiring ... | 2013 | 22584375 |
| improved methods for haemozoin quantification in tissues yield organ-and parasite-specific information in malaria-infected mice. | despite intensive research, malaria remains a major health concern for non-immune residents and travelers in malaria-endemic regions. efficient adjunctive therapies against life-threatening complications such as severe malarial anaemia, encephalopathy, placental malaria or respiratory problems are still lacking. therefore, new insights into the pathogenesis of severe malaria are imperative. haemozoin (hz) or malaria pigment is produced during intra-erythrocytic parasite replication, released in ... | 2012 | 22583751 |
| the antiplasmodial and radical scavenging activities of flavonoids of erythrina burttii. | the acetone extract of the root bark of erythrina burttii showed in vitro antiplasmodial activity against the chloroquine-sensitive (d6) and chloroquine-resistant (w2) strains of plasmodium falciparum with ic(50) values of 0.97 ± 0.2 and 1.73 ± 0.5 μg/ml respectively. the extract also had radical scavenging activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (dpph) radical with an ec(50) value of 12.0 μg/ml. the isoflav-3-enes burttinol-a and burttinol-c, and the 2-arylbenzofuran derivative burttinol ... | 2012 | 22575309 |
| in vivo hemozoin kinetics after clearance of plasmodium berghei infection in mice. | hemozoin (hz) is released into the blood stream after rupture of infected red blood cells (irbcs) at the end of each parasite replication cycle. this free hz is ingested by circulating and resident phagocytes. the presence of hz in tissues after clearance of infection has been previously reported. still, little is known about the kinetics of hz in vivo, during and after plasmodium infection. it is particularly important to understand hz kinetics after malaria infections as it has been reported t ... | 2012 | 22567535 |
| generation of quinolone antimalarials targeting the plasmodium falciparum mitochondrial respiratory chain for the treatment and prophylaxis of malaria. | there is an urgent need for new antimalarial drugs with novel mechanisms of action to deliver effective control and eradication programs. parasite resistance to all existing antimalarial classes, including the artemisinins, has been reported during their clinical use. a failure to generate new antimalarials with novel mechanisms of action that circumvent the current resistance challenges will contribute to a resurgence in the disease which would represent a global health emergency. here we prese ... | 2012 | 22566611 |
| curcuminoids-loaded liposomes in combination with arteether protects against plasmodium berghei infection in mice. | curcuminoids are poorly water-soluble compounds with promising antimalarial activity. to overcome some of the drawbacks of curcuminoids, we explored the potential of liposomes for the intravenous delivery of curcuminoids in a model of mouse malaria. the curcuminoids-loaded liposomes were formulated from phosphatidylcholine (soy pc) by the thin-film hydration method. antimalarial activity of curcuminoids-loaded liposomes alone and in combination with α/β arteether when administered intravenously, ... | 2012 | 22561991 |
| effects of vitamin e administration on plasmodium berghei induced pathological changes and oxidative stress in mice. | the effects of daily intraperitoneal doses of 1000 i.u/kg body weight of vitamin e on the course of plasmodium berghei nk 65 infection and the parasite-induced anemia as well as alterations in the relative weight of some selected organs and antioxidant status in mice were investigated. the number of parasitized red cells were not initially affected by the vitamin administration but were persistently lowered after 11th day post infection to the termination of the experiment. the p. berghei infect ... | 2012 | 22543609 |
| plasmodium subtilisin-like protease 1 (sub1): insights into the active-site structure, specificity and function of a pan-malaria drug target. | release of the malaria merozoite from its host erythrocyte (egress) and invasion of a fresh cell are crucial steps in the life cycle of the malaria pathogen. subtilisin-like protease 1 (sub1) is a parasite serine protease implicated in both processes. in the most dangerous human malarial species, plasmodium falciparum, sub1 has previously been shown to have several parasite-derived substrates, proteolytic cleavage of which is important both for egress and maturation of the merozoite surface to e ... | 2012 | 22543039 |
| plasmodium berghei: influence of infection on the oxidant and antioxidants levels in pregnant balb/c mice. | malarial infection during pregnancy has been associated with maternal anemia and death, abortion, still-birth and is a major cause of low birth weight, an important risk factor for infant morbidity and mortality in endemic areas. the present study was designed to delineate the oxidative stress in various organs (liver, spleen, kidney, brain and placenta) of pregnant plasmodium berghei infected balb/c mice. it was observed that pregnant-infected mice had higher parasitaemia than nonpregnant-infec ... | 2012 | 22542801 |
| endogenous galectin-3 controls experimental malaria in a species-specific manner. | galectins are evolutionarily conserved glycan-binding proteins with pleiotropic roles in innate and adaptive immune responses. galectin-3 has been implicated in several immunological processes as well as in pathogen recognition through specific binding to glycosylated receptors on the surface of host cells or microorganisms. in spite of considerable evidence supporting a role for galectin-3 in host-pathogen interactions, the relevance of this lectin in the regulation of the host defence mechanis ... | 2012 | 22486577 |
| improved negative selection protocol for plasmodium berghei in the rodent malarial model. | an improved methodology is presented here for transgenic plasmodium berghei lines that express the negative selectable marker yfcu (a bifunctional protein that combines yeast cytosine deaminase and uridyl phosphoribosyl transferase (uprt)) and substitutes delivery of selection drug 5-fluorocytosine (5fc) by intraperitoneal injection for administration via the drinking water of the mice. the improved methodology is shown to be as effective, less labour-intensive, reduces animal handling and anima ... | 2012 | 22463060 |
| the effect of otostegia persica in combination with chloroquine on chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant strains of plasmodium berghei using in-vivo fixed ratios method. | malaria is one of the worldwide parasitic diseases which threaten the life of hundreds of millions of people at the malarious areas each year. the emergence of chloroquine-resistant strains of plasmodium falciparum in most of the malarious areas has encountered the relevant countries with some difficulties about treating the acute cases of the disease particulary if the monotherapy regimen has been used. because of many advantages for the combination therapy, the effectiveness of chloroquine (cq ... | 2012 | 24250482 |
| cross-species immunity following immunization with a circumsporozoite protein-based vaccine for malaria. | malaria continues to be a major public health concern, and there are concerted efforts to eliminate it. the quest for a vaccine remains a top priority, and vaccines based on the circumsporozoite protein (csp) are among the lead candidates, with the rts,s vaccine currently undergoing phase 3 testing in africa. previous studies have reported anti-csp antibody-mediated enhancement of in vitro invasion of homologous sporozoites. this effect has been shown to be concentration dependent; high-level an ... | 2012 | 22457289 |
| improved plasmodium berghei lines for conditional mutagenesis. | conditional mutagenesis is a powerful tool for genetic analysis in plasmodium berghei. it allows the study of proteins that function both during the parasite's pre-erythocytic and erythrocytic development. currently available parasite lines used for conditional mutagenesis were constructed in the nk65 strain, and express a dna recombinase under the control of pre-erythrocytic stage-specific promoters. however, the integration of the recombinase in these lines is unstable leading to inconsistent ... | 2012 | 22450301 |
| in vitro and in vivo antimalarial activity of essential oils and chemical components from three medicinal plants found in northeastern brazil. | the prophylactic and therapeutic arsenal against malaria is quite restricted and all the antimalarials currently in use have limitations. thus, there is a need to investigate medicinal plants in the search for phytochemicals which can be developed into drugs. in our investigation, essential oils (eos) were obtained from vanillosmopsis arborea (gardner) baker, lippia sidoides cham. and croton zehntneri pax & k. hoffm., aromatic plants abundant in northeastern brazil, which are found in the caatin ... | 2012 | 22441836 |
| a high-coverage artificial chromosome library for the genome-wide screening of drug-resistance genes in malaria parasites. | the global spread of drug-resistant parasites is a serious problem for the treatment of malaria. although identifying drug-resistance genes is crucial for the efforts against resistant parasites, an effective approach has not yet been developed. here, we report a robust method for identifying resistance genes from parasites by using a plasmodium artificial chromosome (pac). large genomic dna fragments (10-50 kb) from the drug-resistant rodent malaria parasite plasmodium berghei were ligated into ... | 2012 | 22426943 |
| extracellular atp triggers proteolysis and cytosolic ca²⁺ rise in plasmodium berghei and plasmodium yoelii malaria parasites. | plasmodium has a complex cell biology and it is essential to dissect the cell-signalling pathways underlying its survival within the host. | 2012 | 22420332 |
| role of oxidative stress and apoptosis in the placental pathology of plasmodium berghei infected mice. | placental malaria is a common clinical complication during pregnancy and is associated with abortion, premature delivery, intrauterine growth retardation and low birth weight. the present study was designed to delineate the underlying mechanism of placental pathology during malarial infection with special reference to oxidative stress and apoptosis. experimentally, pregnant balb/c mice were infected with plasmodium berghei infected red blood cells on gestation day 10. the presence of malarial in ... | 2012 | 22396790 |
| s-nitrosoglutathione prevents experimental cerebral malaria. | administration of the exogenous nitric oxide (no) donor dipropylenetriamine-nonoate (dpta-no) to mice during plasmodium berghei anka (pba) infection largely prevents development of experimental cerebral malaria (ecm). however, a high dose (1 mg/mouse twice a day) is necessary and causes potent side effects such as marked hypotension. in the present study we evaluated whether an alternative, physiologically relevant no donor, s-nitrosoglutathione (gsno), was able to prevent ecm at lower doses wit ... | 2012 | 22391863 |
| 3,5-diaryl-2-aminopyridines as a novel class of orally active antimalarials demonstrating single dose cure in mice and clinical candidate potential. | a novel class of orally active antimalarial 3,5-diaryl-2-aminopyridines has been identified from phenotypic whole cell high-throughput screening of a commercially available softfocus kinase library. the compounds were evaluated in vitro for their antiplasmodial activity against k1 (chloroquine and drug-resistant strain) and nf54 (chloroquine-susceptible strain) as well as for their cytotoxicity. synthesis and structure-activity studies identified a number of promising compounds with selective an ... | 2012 | 22390538 |
| identification, design and biological evaluation of heterocyclic quinolones targeting plasmodium falciparum type ii nadh:quinone oxidoreductase (pfndh2). | following a program undertaken to identify hit compounds against nadh:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (pfndh2), a novel enzyme target within the malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum, hit to lead optimization led to identification of ck-2-68, a molecule suitable for further development. in order to reduce clogp and improve solubility of ck-2-68 incorporation of a variety of heterocycles, within the side chain of the quinolone core, was carried out, and this approach led to a lead compound sl-2-25 (8b ... | 2012 | 22364417 |
| artesunate-loaded chitosan/lecithin nanoparticles: preparation, characterization, and in vivo studies. | artesunate (ast), the most widely used artemisnin derivative, has poor aqueous solubility and suffers from low oral bioavailability (~40%). under these conditions, nanoparticles with controlled and sustained released properties can be a suitable solution for improving its biopharmaceuticals properties. this work reports the preparation and characterization of auto-assembled chitosan/lecithin nanoparticles loaded with ast and ast complexed with β-cyclodextrin (β-cd) to boost its antimalarial acti ... | 2012 | 22348223 |
| efficacy of different nitric oxide-based strategies in preventing experimental cerebral malaria by plasmodium berghei anka. | low nitric oxide (no) bioavailability plays a role in the pathogenesis of human as well as of experimental cerebral malaria (ecm) caused by plasmodium berghei anka (pba). ecm is partially prevented by administration of the no-donor dipropylenetriamine nonoate (dpta-no) at high concentration (1 mg/mouse), which also induces major side effects such as a sharp drop in blood pressure. we asked whether alternative strategies to improve no bioavailability with minor side effects would also be effectiv ... | 2012 | 22348145 |
| the generation and evaluation of two panels of epitope-matched mouse igg1, igg2a, igg2b and igg3 antibodies specific for plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium yoelii merozoite surface protein 1-19 (msp1(19)). | murine immunoglobulin g (igg) plays an important role in mediating protective immune responses to malaria. we still know relatively little about which igg subclasses protect against this disease in mouse models, although igg2a and igg2b are considered to be the most potent and dominate in successful passive transfer experiments in rodent malarias. to explore the mechanism(s) by which the different mouse igg subclasses may mediate a protective effect, we generated mouse igg1, igg2a, igg2b and igg ... | 2012 | 22343045 |
| assessing the adequacy of attenuation of genetically modified malaria parasite vaccine candidates. | the critical first step in the clinical development of a malaria vaccine, based on live-attenuated plasmodium falciparum sporozoites, is the guarantee of complete arrest in the liver. we report on an approach for assessing adequacy of attenuation of genetically attenuated sporozoites in vivo using the plasmodium berghei model of malaria and p. falciparum sporozoites cultured in primary human hepatocytes. we show that two genetically attenuated sporozoite vaccine candidates, δp52+p36 and δfabb/f, ... | 2012 | 22342550 |
| proteomic analysis of plasmodium in the mosquito: progress and pitfalls. | here we discuss proteomic analyses of whole cell preparations of the mosquito stages of malaria parasite development (i.e. gametocytes, microgamete, ookinete, oocyst and sporozoite) of plasmodium berghei. we also include critiques of the proteomes of two cell fractions from the purified ookinete, namely the micronemes and cell surface. whereas we summarise key biological interpretations of the data, we also try to identify key methodological constraints we have met, only some of which we were ab ... | 2012 | 22336136 |
| the ctla-4 and pd-1/pd-l1 inhibitory pathways independently regulate host resistance to plasmodium-induced acute immune pathology. | the balance between pro-inflammatory and regulatory immune responses in determining optimal t cell activation is vital for the successful resolution of microbial infections. this balance is maintained in part by the negative regulators of t cell activation, ctla-4 and pd-1/pd-l, which dampen effector responses during chronic infections. however, their role in acute infections, such as malaria, remains less clear. in this study, we determined the contribution of ctla-4 and pd-1/pd-l to the regula ... | 2012 | 22319445 |
| antimalarial effects of iranian flora artemisia sieberi on plasmodium berghei in vivo in mice and phytochemistry analysis of its herbal extracts. | the aim of this study is pharmacochemistry of iranian flora artemisia sieberi and its antimalarial effects on plasmodium berghei in vivo. this is the first application of a. sieberi for treatment of murine malaria. a. sieberi were collected at flowering stage from the khorassan and semnan provinces of iran; the aerial parts were air-dried at room temperature and then powdered. the powder was macerated in methanol, filtered with bokhner hopper and solvent was separated in rotary evaporator. total ... | 2012 | 22315701 |
| antiplasmodial and analgesic activities of clausena anisata. | antiplasmodial and analgesic activities of the leaf extract and fractions of clausena anisata (c. anisata) were evaluated for antimalarial and analgesic activities. | 2012 | 22305787 |
| antimalarial plant remedies from burkina faso: their potential for prophylactic use. | saye, a combination remedy prepared from cochlospermum planchonii hook.f. (cochlospermaceae), cassia alata l. (fabaceae) and phyllanthus amarus schumach. et thonn. (euphorbiaceae), n'dribala, a cochlospermum planchonii root decoction, and a fruit preparation of azadirachta indica a. juss. (meliaceae) are plant remedies of the folk medicine in burkina faso and are commonly used by traditional healers for the treatment of malaria. | 2012 | 22301449 |
| curcumin-arteether combination therapy of plasmodium berghei-infected mice prevents recrudescence through immunomodulation. | earlier studies in this laboratory have shown the potential of artemisinin-curcumin combination therapy in experimental malaria. in a parasite recrudescence model in mice infected with plasmodium berghei (anka), a single dose of alpha,beta-arteether (art) with three oral doses of curcumin prevented recrudescence, providing almost 95% protection. the parasites were completely cleared in blood with art-alone (ae) or art+curcumin (ac) treatments in the short-term, although the clearance was faster ... | 2012 | 22276114 |
| clotrimazole nanoemulsion for malaria chemotherapy. part ii: stability assessment, in vivo pharmacodynamic evaluations and toxicological studies. | the aim of present investigation was to evaluate the potential of clotrimazole as antimalarial drug. due to poor aqueous solubility and high lipophilicity, it was previously formulated in a nanoemulsion based system. the intrinsic effects of nanoemulsion on improvement of antimalarial activity of clotrimazole were assessed in mice infected with plasmodium berghei and compared to its suspension formulation. in four-day suppressive test, mice treated with 10mg/kg clotrimazole nanoemulsion showed t ... | 2012 | 22265913 |
| marilones a-c, phthalides from the sponge-derived fungus stachylidium sp. | the marine-derived fungus stachylidium sp. was isolated from the sponge callyspongia sp. cf. c. flammea. culture on a biomalt medium supplemented with sea salt led to the isolation of three new phthalide derivatives, i.e., marilones a-c (1-3), and the known compound silvaticol (4). the skeleton of marilones a and b is most unusual, and its biosynthesis is suggested to require unique biochemical reactions considering fungal secondary metabolism. marilone a (1) was found to have antiplasmodial act ... | 2011 | 22238541 |
| in vivo antiplasmodial activities of aqueous extract of bridelia ferruginea stem bark against plasmodium berghei berghei in mice. | bridelia ferruginea benth (euphorbiaceae) is an indigenous medicinal plant in nigeria. it is usually a gnarled shrub which sometimes reaches the size of a tree in suitable condition. decoctions of parts of this plant have been employed in ethno medicine in many parts of africa for treatment of many ailments including malaria fever. | 2012 | 22235887 |
| atorvastatin treatment is effective when used in combination with mefloquine in an experimental cerebral malaria murine model. | one of the major complications of plasmodium falciparum infection is cerebral malaria (cm), which causes one million deaths worldwide each year, results in long-term neurological sequelae and the treatment for which is only partially effective. statins are recognized to have an immunomodulatory action, attenuate sepsis and have a neuroprotective effect. atorvastatin (ava) has shown in vitro anti-malarial activity and has improved the activity of mefloquine (mq) and quinine. | 2012 | 22233563 |
| flow cytometric enumeration of plasmodium berghei-infected red blood cells stained with sybr green i. | high-throughput methods for evaluation of in vivo efficacy of candidate compounds against plasmodium parasites are necessary during the antimalarial drug development process. it is essential that enumeration of parasitemia in the infected blood from experimental host animals is accurate and reliable. flow cytometric enumeration of parasitized cells stained with fluorescent dye is a rapid alternative method to conventional microscopic counting. in this study, a protocol for flow cytometric enumer ... | 2012 | 22222185 |
| antimalarial potency of the leaf extract of aspilia africana (pers.) c.d. adams. | to investigate the antimalarial activity of ethanol extract of aspilia africana (a. africana) leaf. | 2012 | 22221756 |
| antiplasmodial and antiulcer activities of melanthera scadens. | to evaluate the antimalarial and antiulcerogenic activities of leaf extract and fractions of melanthera scandens (m. scandens). | 2012 | 23569827 |
| antimalarial and hepatoprotective effects of crude ethanolic extract of lingzhi or reishi medicinal mushroom, ganoderma lucidum (w.curt.:fr.)p.karst. (higher basidiomycetes), in plasmodium berghei-infected mice. | this study was aimed at investigating the in vivo antimalarial activity (using some biochemical indices) of crude aqueous extracts of the fruiting bodies of ganoderma lucidum, a mushroom with well-established medicinal properties. a rodent malaria parasite, plasmodium berghei (1 × 107), was inoculated intraperitoneally into swiss albino mice. the test groups were administered g. lucidum extract and chloroquine (cq, as standard drug), while the control groups were administered the same amount of ... | 2012 | 23510214 |
| anti-plasmodial effects of azadirachta indica in experimental cerebral malaria: apoptosis of cerebellar purkinje cells of mice as a marker. | malaria is a major public health problem in the world, but treatment of malaria is becoming more difficult due to increasing drug resistance. therefore, the need for alternative drugs is acute. | 2010 | 22558559 |
| discovery of novel benzo[a]phenoxazine ssj-183 as a drug candidate for malaria. | malaria is a serious infectious disease caused by protozoan parasites in tropical and subtropical regions. even inhabitants of temperate zones are exposed to the danger of malaria infection because of travel and global warming. novel, effective, safe, and inexpensive drugs are required to treat malaria and contribute to the global goal of eradication. a search for new antimalarial agents has been performed by the synthesis of new benzo[a]phenoxazines, followed by biological evaluations. the deri ... | 2010 | 24900219 |
| alterations in the brain transcriptome in plasmodium berghei anka infected mice. | we have used cdna microarrays to compare gene expression profiles in brains from normal mice to those infected with the anka strain of plasmodium berghei, a model of cerebral malaria. for each of three brains in each group, we computed ratios of all quantifiable genes with a composite reference sample and then computed ratios of gene expression in infected brains compared to untreated controls. of the almost 12,000 unigenes adequately quantified in all arrays, approximately 3% were significantly ... | 2010 | 23467761 |
| synthesis and antimalarial evaluation of some 4-quinazolinone derivatives based on febrifugine. | a series of 2-substituted and 2,3-substituted quinazolin -4(3h)-one derivatives were designed and synthesized based on the structure of febrifugine. the structures of the new compounds were confirmed by spectral analysis. the in vivo biological activity test results indicated that those compounds exhibited antimalarial activities against plasmodium berghei in mice, at a dose of 5 mg/kg. compared to chloroquine and artemisinin, these compounds have the advantages of shorter synthetic routes and c ... | 2010 | 22247880 |
| in vivo antimalarial effects of iranian flora artemisia khorassanica against plasmodium berghei and pharmacochemistry of its natural components. | the aim of this study was to evaluate the antimalarial effects of iranian flora artemisia khorassanica against plasmodium bergheiin vivo and pharmacochemistry of its natural components. | 2010 | 22347230 |
| [experimental malaria: plasmodium berghei]. | | 1958 | 13540751 |
| [plasmodium berghei infection (malaria) in rats kept on milk diet]. | | 1955 | 13255095 |
| the schizonticidal effect of some antimalarials against plasmodium berghei. | | 1950 | 24538832 |
| yeast lysates carrying the nucleoprotein from measles virus vaccine as a novel subunit vaccine platform to deliver plasmodium circumsporozoite antigen. | yeast cells represent an established bioreactor to produce recombinant proteins for subunit vaccine development. in addition, delivery of vaccine antigens directly within heat-inactivated yeast cells is attractive due to the adjuvancy provided by the yeast cell. in this study, pichia pastoris yeast lysates carrying the nucleoprotein (n) from the measles vaccine virus were evaluated as a novel subunit vaccine platform to deliver the circumsporozoite surface antigen (cs) of plasmodium. when expres ... | 2017 | 28662722 |
| virus-like particle (vlp) plus microcrystalline tyrosine (mct) adjuvants enhance vaccine efficacy improving t and b cell immunogenicity and protection against plasmodium berghei/vivax. | vaccination is the most effective prophylactic tool against infectious diseases. despite continued efforts to control malaria, the disease still generally represents a significant unmet medical need. microcrystalline tyrosine (mct) is a well described depot used in licensed allergy immunotherapy products and in clinical development. however, its proof of concept in prophylactic vaccines has only recently been explored. mct has never been used in combination with virus-like particles (vlps), whic ... | 2017 | 28468322 |
| in vivo imaging of pathogen homing to the host tissues. | hematogenous dissemination followed by tissue tropism is a characteristic of the infectious process of many pathogens including those transmitted by blood-feeding vectors. after entering into the blood circulation, these pathogens must arrest in the target organ before they infect a specific tissue. here, we describe a non-invasive method to visualize and quantify the homing of pathogens to the host tissues. by using in vivo bioluminescence imaging we quantify the accumulation of luciferase-expr ... | 2017 | 28522323 |
| antecedent nippostrongylus infection alters the lung immune response to plasmodium berghei. | in endemic regions, it is not uncommon for patients to be co-infected with soil-transmitted helminths and malaria. although both malaria and many helminth species use the lungs as a site of development, little attention has been paid to the impact that pulmonary immunity induced by one parasite has on the lung response to the other. to model the consequences of a prior hookworm exposure on the development of immunity to malaria in the lungs, mice were infected with nippostrongylus brasiliensis a ... | 2017 | 28475238 |
| a plasmodium plasma membrane reporter reveals membrane dynamics by live-cell microscopy. | during asexual replication within the anopheles mosquito and their vertebrate host, plasmodium parasites depend on the generation of a massive amount of new plasma membrane to produce thousands of daughter parasites. how the parasite plasma membrane (ppm) is formed has mostly been studied by electron microscopy, which does not allow an insight into the dynamics of this process. we generated a plasmodium berghei reporter parasite line by gfp-tagging of a non-essential ppm-localized protein, and f ... | 2017 | 28851956 |
| multifunctional involvement of a c2h2 zinc finger protein (pbzfp) in malaria transmission, histone modification, and susceptibility to dna damage response. | in sexually reproducing organisms, meiosis is an essential step responsible for generation of haploid gametes from diploid somatic cells. the quest for understanding regulatory mechanisms of meiotic recombination in plasmodium led to identification of a gene encoding a protein that contains 11 copies of c2h2 zinc fingers (znf). reverse genetic approaches were used to create plasmodium berghei parasites either lacking expression of full-length plasmodium berghei zinc finger protein (pbzfp) (knock ... | 2017 | 28851851 |
| preparation and in vivo evaluation of anti-plasmodial properties of artemisinin loaded pcl-peg-pcl nanoparticles. | artemisinin (art) has anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-amyloid, and anti-malarial effects, but its application is limited due to its low water solubility and poor oral bioavailability. in this study, the bioavailability, water solubility and anti-plasmodial property of art were improved by pcl-peg-pcl triblock copolymers. | 2017 | 28851256 |
| antioxidant defense system induced by cysteine-stabilized peptide fraction of aqueous extract of morinda lucida leaf in selected tissues of plasmodium berghei-infected mice. | this study evaluated the responses of some antioxidant parameters in selected tissues of plasmodium berghei-infected mice treated with cysteine-stabilized peptide fraction (cspf) of aqueous extract of morinda lucida leaf. | 2017 | 28844216 |
| chemopreventive and remediation effect of adansonia digitata l. baobab (bombacaceae) stem bark extracts in mouse model malaria. | adansonia digitata l. baobab (bombacaceae) solvent extracts have been reported to possess medicinal properties and are currently been used traditionally for the treatment of malaria and several other diseases and infection; however few reports exist in literature that provides supportive scientific evidence in favour of its medicinal use. | 2017 | 28843893 |
| perillyl alcohol exhibits in vitro inhibitory activity against plasmodium falciparum and protects against experimental cerebral malaria. | the development of new drugs is one of the strategies to control malaria. isoprenoid biosynthesis in plasmodium falciparum is an essential pathway for parasite survival, and therefore a potential target for new antimalarial drugs. indeed, plant-derived secondary metabolites such as terpenes exhibit antimalarial activity in vitro by inhibiting isoprenoid biosynthesis in p. falciparum. in this study, the in vitro antiplasmodial activity of perillyl alcohol (poh) was evaluated, along with its in vi ... | 2017 | 28843818 |