| identification of "safe harbor" loci in indica rice genome by harnessing the property of zinc-finger nucleases to induce dna damage and repair. | zinc-finger nucleases (zfns) have proved to be successful tools for targeted genome manipulation in several organisms. their main property is the induction of double-strand breaks (dsbs) at specific sites, which are further repaired through homologous recombination (hr) or non-homologous end joining (nhej). however, for the appropriate integration of genes at specific chromosomal locations, proper sites for gene integration need to be identified. these regions, hereby named safe harbor loci, mus ... | 2014 | 25018764 |
| rna silencing is induced by the expression of foreign recombinant products in transgenic rice. | rna silencing plays important roles in the regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes. we previously reported that rna silencing of a linked endogenous gene and a transgene in transgenic rice seeds can be induced by the expression of foreign recombinant mglp-1, which acts as a silencing-inducible sequence through rna interference. in this study, we found that the induction of rna silencing by foreign transgenes is not restricted to mglp-1 but is observed in many other genes as a relatively gene ... | 2014 | 25017169 |
| analysis of gene-disruption mutants of a sucrose phosphate synthase gene in rice, ossps1, shows the importance of sucrose synthesis in pollen germination. | the molecular function of an isoform of sucrose phosphate synthase (sps) in rice, ossps1, was investigated using gene-disruption mutant lines generated by retrotransposon insertion. the progeny of the heterozygote of disrupted ossps1 (sps1(+/-)) segregated into sps1(+/+), sps1(+/-), and sps1(-/-) at a ratio of 1:1:0. this distorted segregation ratio, together with the expression of ossps1 in the developing pollen revealed by quantitative rt-pcr analysis and promoter-beta-glucuronidase (gus) fusi ... | 2014 | 25017165 |
| genome-wide expression analysis of rice abc transporter family across spatio-temporal samples and in response to abiotic stresses. | although the super family of atp-binding cassette (abc) proteins plays key roles in the physiology and development of plants, the functions of members of this interesting family mostly remain to be clarified, especially in crop plants. thus, systematic analysis of this family in rice (oryza sativa), a major model crop plant, will be helpful in the design of effective strategies for functional analysis. phylogenomic analysis that integrates anatomy and stress meta-profiling data based on a large ... | 2014 | 25014263 |
| the structure of the catalytic domain of a plant cellulose synthase and its assembly into dimers. | cellulose microfibrils are para-crystalline arrays of several dozen linear (1→4)-β-d-glucan chains synthesized at the surface of the cell membrane by large, multimeric complexes of synthase proteins. recombinant catalytic domains of rice (oryza sativa) cesa8 cellulose synthase form dimers reversibly as the fundamental scaffold units of architecture in the synthase complex. specificity of binding to udp and udp-glc indicates a properly folded protein, and binding kinetics indicate that each monom ... | 2014 | 25012190 |
| nuclear and chloroplast diversity and phenotypic distribution of rice (oryza sativa l.) germplasm from the democratic people's republic of korea (dprk; north korea). | rice accounts for 43% of staple food production in the democratic people's republic of korea (dprk). the most widely planted rice varieties were developed from a limited number of ancestral lines that were repeatedly used as parents in breeding programs. however, detailed pedigrees are not publicly available and little is known about the genetic, phenotypic, and geographical variation of dprk varieties. | 2014 | 25006358 |
| risk assessment of heavy metals contamination in paddy soil, plants, and grains (oryza sativa l.) at the east coast of india. | heavy metals known to be accumulated in plants adversely affect human health. this study aims to assess the effects of agrochemicals especially chemical fertilizers applied in paddy fields, which release potential toxic heavy metals into soil. those heavy metals get accumulated in different parts of paddy plant (oryza sativa l.) including the grains. concentrations of nonessential toxic heavy metals (cd, cr, and pb) and the micronutrients (cu, mn, and zn) were measured in the paddy field soil an ... | 2014 | 24995308 |
| exogenous proline and glycine betaine mediated upregulation of antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systems provides better protection against salt-induced oxidative stress in two rice (oryza sativa l.) varieties. | the present study investigates the roles of exogenous proline (pro, 5 mm) and glycine betaine (gb, 5 mm) in improving salt stress tolerance in salt sensitive (brri dhan49) and salt tolerant (brri dhan54) rice (oryza sativa l.) varieties. salt stresses (150 and 300 mm nacl for 48 h) significantly reduced leaf relative water (rwc) and chlorophyll (chl) content and increased endogenous pro and increased lipid peroxidation and h2o2 levels. ascorbate (asa), glutathione (gsh) and gsh/gssg, ascorbate p ... | 2014 | 24991566 |
| deep rooting conferred by deeper rooting 1 enhances rice yield in paddy fields. | to clarify the effect of deep rooting on grain yield in rice (oryza sativa l.) in an irrigated paddy field with or without fertilizer, we used the shallow-rooting ir64 and the deep-rooting dro1-nil (a near-isogenic line homozygous for the kinandang patong allele of deeper rooting 1 (dro1) in the ir64 genetic background). although total root length was similar in both lines, more roots were distributed within the lower soil layer of the paddy field in dro1-nil than in ir64, irrespective of fertil ... | 2014 | 24988911 |
| genetic dissection of black grain rice by the development of a near isogenic line. | rice (oryza sativa l.) can produce black grains as well as white. in black rice, the pericarp of the grain accumulates anthocyanin, which has antioxidant activity and is beneficial to human health. we developed a black rice introgression line in the genetic background of oryza sativa l. 'koshihikari', which is a leading variety in japan. we used oryza sativa l. 'hong xie nuo' as the donor parent and backcrossed with 'koshihikari' four times, resulting in a near isogenic line (nil) for black grai ... | 2014 | 24987299 |
| selenium ameliorates arsenic induced oxidative stress through modulation of antioxidant enzymes and thiols in rice (oryza sativa l.). | arsenic (as) contamination of rice is a major problem for south-east asia. in the present study, the effect of selenium (se) on rice (oryza sativa l.) plants exposed to as was studied in hydroponic culture. arsenic accumulation, plant growth, thiolic ligands and antioxidative enzyme activities were assayed after single (as and se) and simultaneous supplementations (as + se). the results indicated that the presence of se (25 µm) decreased as accumulation by threefold in roots and twofold in shoot ... | 2014 | 24985886 |
| plant stress biomarkers from biosimulations: the transcriptome-to-metabolome (ttm) technology - effects of drought stress on rice. | measuring biomarkers from plant tissue samples is challenging and expensive when the desire is to integrate transcriptomics, fluxomics, metabolomics, lipidomics, proteomics, physiomics and phenomics. we present a computational biology method where only the transcriptome needs to be measured and is used to derive a set of parameters for deterministic kinetic models of metabolic pathways. the technology is called transcriptome-to-metabolome (ttm) biosimulations, currently under commercial developm ... | 2015 | 24985701 |
| linking ecophysiological modelling with quantitative genetics to support marker-assisted crop design for improved yields of rice (oryza sativa) under drought stress. | genetic markers can be used in combination with ecophysiological crop models to predict the performance of genotypes. crop models can estimate the contribution of individual markers to crop performance in given environments. the objectives of this study were to explore the use of crop models to design markers and virtual ideotypes for improving yields of rice (oryza sativa) under drought stress. | 2014 | 24984712 |
| rice actin-binding protein rmd is a key link in the auxin-actin regulatory loop that controls cell growth. | the plant hormone auxin plays a central role in plant growth and development. auxin transport and signaling depend on actin organization. despite its functional importance, the mechanistic link between actin filaments (f-actin) and auxin intracellular signaling remains unclear. here, we report that the actin-organizing protein rice morphology determinant (rmd), a type ii formin from rice (oryza sativa), provides a key link. mutants lacking rmd display abnormal cell growth and altered configurati ... | 2014 | 24982173 |
| mutation of the rdr1 gene caused genome-wide changes in gene expression, regional variation in small rna clusters and localized alteration in dna methylation in rice. | endogenous small (sm) rnas (primarily si- and mirnas) are important trans/cis-acting regulators involved in diverse cellular functions. in plants, the rna-dependent rna polymerases (rdrs) are essential for smrna biogenesis. it has been established that rdr2 is involved in the 24 nt sirna-dependent rna-directed dna methylation (rddm) pathway. recent studies have suggested that rdr1 is involved in a second rddm pathway that relies mostly on 21 nt smrnas and functions to silence a subset of genomic ... | 2014 | 24980094 |
| rice methylmercury exposure and mitigation: a comprehensive review. | rice cultivation practices from field preparation to post-harvest transform rice paddies into hot spots for microbial mercury methylation, converting less-toxic inorganic mercury to more-toxic methylmercury, which is likely translocated to rice grain. this review includes 51 studies reporting rice total mercury and/or methylmercury concentrations, based on rice (orzya sativa) cultivated or purchased in 15 countries. not surprisingly, both rice total mercury and methylmercury levels were signific ... | 2014 | 24972509 |
| basal transcription factor 3 plays an important role in seed germination and seedling growth of rice. | btf3 has been recognized to be involved in plant growth and development. but its function remains mostly unknown during seed germination and seedling stage. here, we have analyzed osbtf3-related sequences in oryza sativa l. subspecies, japonica, which resembles with the conserved domain of a nascent polypeptide associated complex (nac) with different homologs of osbtf3 and human btf3. inhibition of osj10gbtf3 has led to considerable morphological changes during seed germination and seedling grow ... | 2014 | 24971328 |
| anti-invasive activity against cancer cells of phytochemicals in red jasmine rice (oryza sativa l.). | red rice contains pharmacological substances including phenolics, oryzanol, tocotrienol and tocopherol. recently, red rice extract has been employed as a source of antioxidants for inhibition of tumor growth. this study was carried out to evaluate the anti-invasion effects of red rice extract fractions on cancer cells. it was found that at 100 μg/ml of crude ethanolic extract (cee), hexane fraction (hex) and dichloromethane fraction (dcm) could reduce ht1080 and mda-mb-231 cancer cell invasion. ... | 2014 | 24969892 |
| origin and development of the root cap in rice. | the tip of the root is covered by a thimble-shaped root cap that is the site of perception and transduction for many environmental stimuli. until now, little was known about how the root cap of rice (oryza sativa) develops and functions to regulate the adaptive behavior of the root. to address this, we examined the formation of the rice root cap during embryogenesis and characterized the anatomy and structure of the rice radicle root cap. we further investigated the role of the quiescent center ... | 2014 | 24958716 |
| the node, a hub for mineral nutrient distribution in graminaceous plants. | mineral elements, including both essential and toxic elements, are delivered to different tissues after they are taken up from the roots, but the mechanism (or mechanisms) underlying the distribution remains poorly understood. in graminaceous plants, this distribution occurs in nodes, which have a complex, well-organized vascular system. a transfer of mineral elements between different vascular bundles is required, especially for preferential distribution to developing tissues that have low tran ... | 2014 | 24953837 |
| yield-enhancing heterotic qtl transferred from wild species to cultivated rice oryza sativa l. | utilization of "hidden genes" from wild species has emerged as a novel option for enrichment of genetic diversity for productivity traits. in rice we have generated more than 2000 lines having introgression from 'a' genome-donor wild species of rice in the genetic background of popular varieties pr114 and pusa44 were developed. out of these, based on agronomic acceptability, 318 lines were used for developing rice hybrids to assess the effect of introgressions in heterozygous state. these introg ... | 2014 | 24949743 |
| dynamics of male and female chromatin during karyogamy in rice zygotes. | in angiosperms, the conversion of an egg cell into a zygote involves two sequential gametic processes: plasmogamy, the fusion of the plasma membranes of male and female gametes, and karyogamy, the fusion of the gametic nuclei. in this study, the nuclei and nuclear membranes of rice (oryza sativa) gametes were fluorescently labeled using histones 2b-green fluorescent protein/red fluorescent protein and sad1/unc-84-domain protein2-green fluorescent protein, respectively, which were heterologously ... | 2014 | 24948834 |
| selenium addition alters mercury uptake, bioavailability in the rhizosphere and root anatomy of rice (oryza sativa). | mercury (hg) is an extremely toxic pollutant, especially in the form of methylmercury (mehg), whereas selenium (se) is an essential trace element in the human diet. this study aimed to ascertain whether addition of se can produce rice with enriched se and lowered hg content when growing in hg-contaminated paddy fields and, if so, to determine the possible mechanisms behind these effects. | 2014 | 24948669 |
| normal solid gastric emptying values measured by scintigraphy using asian-style meal:a multicenter study in healthy volunteers. | to report gastric emptying scintigraphy, normal values should be established for a specific protocol. the aim of this study was to provide normal gastric emptying values and determine factors affecting gastric emptying using asian rice-based meal in healthy volunteers. | 2014 | 24948129 |
| transport of rice cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer photolyase into mitochondria relies on a targeting sequence located in its c-terminal internal region. | the cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (cpd), which represents a major type of dna damage induced by ultraviolet-b (uvb) radiation, is a principal cause of uvb-induced growth inhibition in plants. cpd photolyase is the primary enzyme for repairing cpds and is crucial for determining the sensitivity of oryza sativa (rice) to uvb radiation. cpd photolyase is widely distributed among species ranging from eubacteria to eukaryotes, and is classified into class i or ii based on its primary structure. we pre ... | 2014 | 24947012 |
| identification and characterization of mini1, a gene regulating rice shoot development. | the aerial parts of higher plants are generated from the shoot apical meristem (sam). in this study, we isolated a small rice (oryza sativa l.) mutant that showed premature termination of shoot development and was named mini rice 1 (mini1). the mutant was first isolated from a japonica cultivar zhonghua11 (zh11) subjected to ethyl methanesulfonate (ems) treatment. with bulked segregant analysis (bsa) and map-based cloning method, mini1 gene was finally fine-mapped to an interval of 48.6 kb on ch ... | 2015 | 24946831 |
| cloning and characterization of the drought-resistance osrci2-5 gene in rice (oryza sativa l.). | the genomic expression profile of the super-hybrid rice liangyoupeijiu female parent pei'ai 64s in different tissues at different developmental stages under low temperature, drought, and high temperature stresses were detected using an affymetrix genechip rice genome array to screen upregulated and downregulated genes. in this study, we screened the drought-resistant gene osrci2-5, after which a constitutive osrci2-5 construct was created and transferred into nipponbare. after polyethylene glyco ... | 2014 | 24938613 |
| a new room temperature gas sensor based on pigment-sensitized tio2 thin film for amines determination. | a new room temperature gas sensor was fabricated with pigment-sensitized tio2 thin film as the sensing layer. four natural pigments were extracted from spinach (spinacia oleracea), red radish (raphanus sativus l), winter jasmine (jasminum nudiflorum), and black rice (oryza sativa l. indica) by ethanol. natural pigment-sensitized tio2 sensor was prepared by immersing porous tio2 films in an ethanol solution containing a natural pigment for 24h. the hybrid organic-inorganic formed films here were ... | 2015 | 24934102 |
| mapped clone and functional analysis of leaf-color gene ygl7 in a rice hybrid (oryza sativa l. ssp. indica). | leaf-color is an effective marker to identify the hybridization of rice. leaf-color related genes function in chloroplast development and the photosynthetic pigment biosynthesis of higher plants. the ygl7 (yellow-green leaf 7) is a mutant with spontaneous yellow-green leaf phenotype across the whole lifespan but with no change to its yield traits. we cloned gene ygl7 (os03g59640) which encodes a magnesium-chelatase chld protein. expression of ygl7 turns green-leaves to yellow, whereas rnai-media ... | 2014 | 24932524 |
| a simple method for construction of artificial microrna vector in plant. | artificial microrna (amirna) is a powerful tool for silencing genes in many plant species. here we provide an easy method to construct amirna vectors that reinvents the golden gate cloning approach and features a novel system called top speed amirna construction (tac). this speedy approach accomplishes one restriction-ligation step in only 5 min, allowing easy and high-throughput vector construction. three primers were annealed to be a specific adaptor, then digested and ligated on our novel vec ... | 2014 | 24930106 |
| roles for root iron plaque in sequestration and uptake of heavy metals and metalloids in aquatic and wetland plants. | toxic metal(loid) contamination of soil and sediment poses long term risk to soil and human health through plant-human or plant-animal-human food chain pathways. iron plaque (ip) formation is frequent in aquatic and wetland plant species and is responsible for the sequestration of various metal(loids). the presence of ip may act as a buffer or barrier and may thus enhance or reduce the uptake of potentially phytotoxic metals and metalloids by plants. if ip acts as a barrier, then low ip producin ... | 2014 | 24925182 |
| small kernel 1 encodes a pentatricopeptide repeat protein required for mitochondrial nad7 transcript editing and seed development in maize (zea mays) and rice (oryza sativa). | rna editing modifies cytidines (c) to uridines (u) at specific sites in the transcripts of mitochondria and plastids, altering the amino acid specified by the dna sequence. here we report the identification of a critical editing factor of mitochondrial nad7 transcript via molecular characterization of a small kernel 1 (smk1) mutant in zea mays (maize). mutations in smk1 arrest both the embryo and endosperm development. cloning of smk1 indicates that it encodes an e-subclass pentatricopeptide rep ... | 2014 | 24923534 |
| the bel1-type homeobox gene sh5 induces seed shattering by enhancing abscission-zone development and inhibiting lignin biosynthesis. | seed shattering is an important trait that influences grain yield. a major controlling quantitative trait locus in rice is qsh1. although the degree of shattering is correlated with the level of expression of qsh1, some qsh1-defective cultivars display moderate shattering while others show a non-shattering phenotype. os05 g38120 (sh5) on chromosome 5 is highly homologous to qsh1. although we detected sh5 transcripts in various organs, this gene was highly expressed at the abscission zone (az) in ... | 2014 | 24923192 |
| genetic and physiological analysis of tolerance to acute iron toxicity in rice. | fe toxicity occurs in lowland rice production due to excess ferrous iron (fe(2+)) formation in reduced soils. to contribute to the breeding for tolerance to fe toxicity in rice, we determined quantitative trait loci (qtl) by screening two different bi-parental mapping populations under iron pulse stresses (1,000 mg l(-1) = 17.9 mm fe(2+) for 5 days) in hydroponic solution, followed by experiments with selected lines to determine whether qtls were associated with iron exclusion (i.e. root based m ... | 2014 | 24920973 |
| heat-tolerant rice cultivars retain grain appearance quality under free-air co2 enrichment. | heat-tolerant rice cultivars have been developed as a countermeasure to poor grain appearance quality under high temperatures. recent studies showed that elevated co2 concentrations (e-[co2]) also reduce grain quality. to determine whether heat-tolerant cultivars also tolerate e-[co2], we conducted a free-air co2 enrichment (face) experiment with 12 rice cultivars differing in heat tolerance. | 2014 | 24920972 |
| arsenic speciation in rice-based food for adults with celiac disease. | celiac disease (cd) may affect up to 1% of the western population. it is a disease whose diagnosis has been made mainly in childhood, but now the profile has changed, with one out of five newly diagnosed individuals being over 65 years old. the only treatment for this population is a gluten-free diet. therefore, the objective of this study was to analyse the occurrence of arsenic (as) in gluten-free products, basically those rice-based, intended for celiac adult consumers. the current study demo ... | 2014 | 24919988 |
| crystallization and preliminary x-ray crystallographic studies of dehydroascorbate reductase (dhar) from oryza sativa l. japonica. | dehydroascorbate reductase from oryza sativa l. japonica (osdhar), a key enzyme in the regeneration of vitamin c, maintains reduced pools of ascorbic acid to detoxify reactive oxygen species. in previous studies, the overexpression of osdhar in transgenic rice increased grain yield and biomass as well as the amount of ascorbate, suggesting that ascorbate levels are directly associated with crop production in rice. hence, it has been speculated that the increased level of antioxidants generated b ... | 2014 | 24915093 |
| microarray analysis of laser-microdissected tissues indicates the biosynthesis of suberin in the outer part of roots during formation of a barrier to radial oxygen loss in rice (oryza sativa). | internal aeration is crucial for root growth in waterlogged soil. a barrier to radial oxygen loss (rol) can enhance long-distance oxygen transport via the aerenchyma to the root tip; a higher oxygen concentration at the apex enables root growth into anoxic soil. the rol barrier is formed within the outer part of roots (opr). suberin and/or lignin deposited in cell walls are thought to contribute to the barrier, but it is unclear which compound is the main constituent. this study describes gene e ... | 2014 | 24913626 |
| oshk3 is a crucial regulator of abscisic acid signaling involved in antioxidant defense in rice. | in this study, the role of the rice (oryza sativa l.) histidine kinase oshk3 in abscisic acid (aba)-induced antioxidant defense was investigated. treatments with aba, h2 o2 , and polyethylene glycol (peg) induced the expression of oshk3 in rice leaves, and h2 o2 is required for aba-induced increase in the expression of oshk3 under water stress. subcellular localization analysis showed that oshk3 is located in the cytoplasm and the plasma membrane. the transient expression analysis and the transi ... | 2015 | 24912543 |
| genome-wide mapping of virulence in brown planthopper identifies loci that break down host plant resistance. | insects and plants have coexisted for over 350 million years and their interactions have affected ecosystems and agricultural practices worldwide. variation in herbivorous insects' virulence to circumvent host resistance has been extensively documented. however, despite decades of investigation, the genetic foundations of virulence are currently unknown. the brown planthopper (nilaparvata lugens) is the most destructive rice (oryza sativa) pest in the world. the identification of the resistance ... | 2014 | 24911169 |
| rice rcn1/osabcg5 mutation alters accumulation of essential and nonessential minerals and causes a high na/k ratio, resulting in a salt-sensitive phenotype. | mineral balance and salt stress are major factors affecting plant growth and yield. here, we characterized the effects of rice (oryza sativa l.) reduced culm number1 (rcn1), encoding a g subfamily abc transporter (osabcg5) involved in accumulation of essential and nonessential minerals, the na/k ratio, and salt tolerance. reduced potassium and elevated sodium in field-grown plants were evident in rcn1 compared to original line 'shiokari' and four independent rcn mutants, rcn2, rcn4, rcn5 and rcn ... | 2014 | 24908511 |
| in vitro studies of enzymatic properties of starch synthases and interactions between starch synthase i and starch branching enzymes from rice. | the present study was conducted to characterize the functions of the major starch synthase (ss) isozymes ssi, ssiia, and ssiiia in rice endosperm and their functional interaction with starch branching enzyme (be), by using their purified recombinant proteins. all the ss isozymes had similarly significant activities toward branched glucans such as amylopecin and glycogen whereas they scarcely showed activities toward maltohexaose. in vitro studies indicate that ssi mainly attacked a and b chains ... | 2014 | 24908500 |
| genome-wide association analyses provide genetic and biochemical insights into natural variation in rice metabolism. | plant metabolites are important to world food security in terms of maintaining sustainable yield and providing food with enriched phytonutrients. here we report comprehensive profiling of 840 metabolites and a further metabolic genome-wide association study based on ∼6.4 million snps obtained from 529 diverse accessions of oryza sativa. we identified hundreds of common variants influencing numerous secondary metabolites with large effects at high resolution. we observed substantial heterogeneity ... | 2014 | 24908251 |
| osmyb103l, an r2r3-myb transcription factor, influences leaf rolling and mechanical strength in rice (oryza sativa l.). | the shape of grass leaves possesses great value in both agronomy and developmental biology research. leaf rolling is one of the important traits in rice (oryza sativa l.) breeding. myb transcription factors are one of the largest gene families and have important roles in plant development, metabolism and stress responses. however, little is known about their functions in rice. | 2014 | 24906444 |
| heme-heme oxygenase 1 system is involved in ammonium tolerance by regulating antioxidant defence in oryza sativa. | despite substantial evidence showing the ammonium-altered redox homeostasis in plants, the involvement and molecular mechanism of heme-heme oxygenase 1 (heme-ho1), a novel antioxidant system, in the regulation of ammonium tolerance remain elusive. to fill in these gaps, the biological function of rice ho1 (osse5) was investigated. results showed that nh4 cl up-regulated rice osse5 expression. oxidative stress and subsequent growth inhibition induced by excess nh4 cl was partly mitigated by pretr ... | 2015 | 24905845 |
| arsenate induced differential response in rice genotypes. | to study the differential response in two rice genotypes (pb1 and ir-64), hydroponically grown 14 days old plants were exposed to 50, 150 and 300µm as(v) for 24 and 96h. accumulation of as was not significantly higher in pb1 variety except at higher concentration (300μm) and duration (96h), but up regulation of gene transcripts were higher as compared to ir-64. inhibition in seed germination, root-shoot length, chlorophyll and protein content was observed in both varieties with increasing concen ... | 2014 | 24905696 |
| grain sterility in relation to dry mass production and distribution in rice (oryza sativa l.). | the experiment was conducted to investigate potential causes of grain sterility in widely cultivated rice variety in malaysia, mr219 and its two mutant lines (rm311 and rm109) by examining the source-sink relations. rm311 produced increased dry matter yield both at heading and maturity and also showed higher grain yield with greater proportion of grain sterility than the other two genotypes (rm109 and mr219) resulting in the lowest harvest index (49.68%). in contrast, harvest index was greater i ... | 2014 | 24895563 |
| the bhlh142 transcription factor coordinates with tdr1 to modulate the expression of eat1 and regulate pollen development in rice. | male sterility plays an important role in f1 hybrid seed production. we identified a male-sterile rice (oryza sativa) mutant with impaired pollen development and a single t-dna insertion in the transcription factor gene bhlh142. knockout mutants of bhlh142 exhibited retarded meiosis and defects in tapetal programmed cell death. rt-pcr and in situ hybridization analyses showed that bhlh142 is specifically expressed in the anther, in the tapetum, and in meiocytes during early meiosis. three basic ... | 2014 | 24894043 |
| growth promotion and inhibition of the amazonian wild rice species oryza grandiglumis to survive flooding. | in asian cultivated rice (oryza sativa), distinct mechanisms to survive flooding are activated in two groups of varieties. submergence-tolerant rice varieties possessing the submergence1a (sub1a) gene display reduced growth during flash floods at the seedling stage and resume growth after the flood recedes, whereas deepwater rice varieties possessing the snorkel1 (sk1) and snorkel2 (sk2) genes display enhanced growth based on internodal elongation during prolonged submergence at the mature stage ... | 2014 | 24893854 |
| strigolactone signaling regulates rice leaf senescence in response to a phosphate deficiency. | strigolactones (sls) act as plant hormones that inhibit shoot branching and stimulate secondary growth of the stem, primary root growth, and root hair elongation. in the moss physcomitrella patens, sls regulate branching of chloronemata and colony extension. in addition, sl-deficient and sl-insensitive mutants show delayed leaf senescence. to explore the effects of sls on leaf senescence in rice (oryza sativa l.), we treated leaf segments of rice dwarf mutants with a synthetic sl analogue, gr24, ... | 2014 | 24888863 |
| high light acclimation of oryza sativa l. leaves involves specific photosynthetic-sourced changes of nadph/nadp⁺ in the midvein. | previous studies have shown that exposure of arabidopsis leaves to high light (hl) causes a systemic acquired acclimation (saa) response in the vasculature. it has been postulated that c₄-like photosynthesis in the leaf veins triggers this response via the mehler reaction. to investigate this proposed connection and extend saa to other plants, we examined the redox state of nadph, ascorbate (asa), and glutathione (gsh) pools; levels and histochemical localization of o₂- and h₂o₂ signals; and act ... | 2015 | 24888399 |
| quantitative trait loci identification, fine mapping and gene expression profiling for ovicidal response to whitebacked planthopper (sogatella furcifera horvath) in rice (oryza sativa l.). | the whitebacked planthopper (wbph), sogatella furcifera horváth, is a serious rice pest in asia. ovicidal resistance is a natural rice defense mechanism against wbph and is characterized by the formation of watery lesions (wls) and increased egg mortality (em) at the wbph oviposition sites. | 2014 | 24886295 |
| genome-wide response to selection and genetic basis of cold tolerance in rice (oryza sativa l.). | cold stress is an important factor limiting rice yield in many areas of high latitude and altitude. considerable efforts have been taken to genetically dissect cold tolerance (ct) in rice using dna markers. because of possible epistasis and gene × environment interactions associated with identified quantitative trait loci, the results of these genetic studies have unfortunately not been directly applicable to marker-assisted selection for improved rice ct. in this study, we demonstrated the util ... | 2014 | 24885138 |
| genomic regions involved in yield potential detected by genome-wide association analysis in japanese high-yielding rice cultivars. | high-yielding cultivars of rice (oryza sativa l.) have been developed in japan from crosses between overseas indica and domestic japonica cultivars. recently, next-generation sequencing technology and high-throughput genotyping systems have shown many single-nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) that are proving useful for detailed analysis of genome composition. these snps can be used in genome-wide association studies to detect candidate genome regions associated with economically important traits. ... | 2014 | 24885019 |
| genome-wide identification of heat shock proteins (hsps) and hsp interactors in rice: hsp70s as a case study. | heat shock proteins (hsps) perform a fundamental role in protecting plants against abiotic stresses. although researchers have made great efforts on the functional analysis of individual family members, hsps have not been fully characterized in rice (oryza sativa l.) and little is known about their interactors. | 2014 | 24884676 |
| vertisol prevent cadmium accumulation in rice: analysis by ecophysiological toxicity markers. | alfisol and vertisol cover more than fifty percent of rice fields in asia. rice cultivated in these soils is found to be contaminated with cadmium (cd). influence of physiochemical properties of these soils on cd accumulation and ecophysiological functions of oryza sativa l. cv mtu 7029 and mo 16 were analyzed. plants grown in vertisol accumulated lower amount of cd compare with those in alfisol. soil properties such as cation exchange capacity and alkalinity played major role in decrease in cd ... | 2014 | 24875916 |
| the 3,000 rice genomes project: new opportunities and challenges for future rice research. | rice is the world's most important staple grown by millions of small-holder farmers. sustaining rice production relies on the intelligent use of rice diversity. the 3,000 rice genomes project is a giga-dataset of publically available genome sequences (averaging 14× depth of coverage) derived from 3,000 accessions of rice with global representation of genetic and functional diversity. the seed of these accessions is available from the international rice genebank collection. together, they are an ... | 2014 | 24872878 |
| the 3,000 rice genomes project. | rice, oryza sativa l., is the staple food for half the world's population. by 2030, the production of rice must increase by at least 25% in order to keep up with global population growth and demand. accelerated genetic gains in rice improvement are needed to mitigate the effects of climate change and loss of arable land, as well as to ensure a stable global food supply. | 2014 | 24872877 |
| transcription of nuclear organellar dna in a model plant system. | endosymbiotic gene transfer from cytoplasmic organelles (chloroplasts and mitochondria) to the nucleus is an ongoing process in land plants. although the frequency of organelle dna migration is high, functional gene transfer is rare because a nuclear promoter is thought necessary for activity in the nucleus. here we show that a chloroplast promoter, 16s rrn, drives nuclear transcription, suggesting that a transferred organellar gene may become active without obtaining a nuclear promoter. examini ... | 2014 | 24868015 |
| osrack1 is involved in abscisic acid- and h2o2-mediated signaling to regulate seed germination in rice (oryza sativa, l.). | the receptor for activated c kinase 1 (rack1) is one member of the most important wd repeat-containing family of proteins found in all eukaryotes and is involved in multiple signaling pathways. however, compared with the progress in the area of mammalian rack1, our understanding of the functions and molecular mechanisms of rack1 in the regulation of plant growth and development is still in its infancy. in the present study, we investigated the roles of rice rack1a gene (osrack1a) in controlling ... | 2014 | 24865690 |
| distribution of lysophosphatidylcholine in the endosperm of oryza sativa rice. | sake is made from fermented rice and has been drunk in japan for more than 1000 years. the rice must be polished prior to fermentation to obtain high-quality sake. it is traditionally recognized that the quality of sake is improved as the rice polishing ratio (percentage removed in the polishing process) increases. however, the underlying chemistry of the rice polishing process is incompletely understood. herein, we analyzed the distribution of lysophosphatidylcholine (lpc) molecular species wit ... | 2014 | 24861602 |
| metabolic variation between japonica and indica rice cultivars as revealed by non-targeted metabolomics. | seed metabolites are critically important both for plant development and human nutrition; however, the natural variation in their levels remains poorly characterized. here we profiled 121 metabolites in mature seeds of a wide panel oryza sativa japonica and indica cultivars, revealing correlations between the metabolic phenotype and geographic origin of the rice seeds. moreover, japonica and indica subspecies differed significantly not only in the relative abundances of metabolites but also in t ... | 2014 | 24861081 |
| cloning of quantitative trait genes from rice reveals conservation and divergence of photoperiod flowering pathways in arabidopsis and rice. | flowering time in rice (oryza sativa l.) is determined primarily by daylength (photoperiod), and natural variation in flowering time is due to quantitative trait loci involved in photoperiodic flowering. to date, genetic analysis of natural variants in rice flowering time has resulted in the positional cloning of at least 12 quantitative trait genes (qtgs), including our recently cloned qtgs, hd17, and hd16. the qtgs have been assigned to specific photoperiodic flowering pathways. among them, 9 ... | 2014 | 24860584 |
| blue light-promoted rice leaf bending and unrolling are due to up-regulated brassinosteroid biosynthesis genes accompanied by accumulation of castasterone. | in this study the relationship between blue light- and brassinosteroid-enhanced leaf lamina bending and unrolling in rice was investigated. twenty-four hours (h) irradiation with white or blue light increased endogenous brassinosteroid levels, especially those of typhasterol and castasterone, in aerial tissues of rice seedlings. there was an accompanying up-regulation of transcript levels of cyp85a1/osdwarf, encoding an enzyme catalyzing c-6 oxidation, after 6h under either white or blue light. ... | 2014 | 24856112 |
| changes in free polyamine levels, expression of polyamine biosynthesis genes, and performance of rice cultivars under salt stress: a comparison with responses to drought. | soil salinity affects a large proportion of rural area and limits agricultural productivity. to investigate differential adaptation to soil salinity, we studied salt tolerance of 18 varieties of oryza sativa using a hydroponic culture system. based on visual inspection and photosynthetic parameters, cultivars were classified according to their tolerance level. additionally, biomass parameters were correlated with salt tolerance. polyamines have frequently been demonstrated to be involved in plan ... | 2014 | 24847340 |
| maintenance of chloroplast structure and function by overexpression of the rice monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase gene leads to enhanced salt tolerance in tobacco. | in plants, the galactolipids monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (mgdg) and digalactodiacylglycerol (dgdg) are major constituents of photosynthetic membranes in chloroplasts. one of the key enzymes for the biosynthesis of these galactolipids is mgdg synthase (mgd). to investigate the role of mgd in the plant's response to salt stress, we cloned an mgd gene from rice (oryza sativa) and generated tobacco (nicotiana tabacum) plants overexpressing osmgd. the mgd activity in osmgd transgenic plants was conf ... | 2014 | 24843077 |
| comparative proteomic analysis of early salt stress responsive proteins in roots and leaves of rice. | growth and productivity of rice (oryza sativa l.) are severely affected by salinity. understanding the mechanisms that protect rice and other important cereal crops from salt stress will help in the development of salt-stress-tolerant strains. in this study, rice seedlings of the same genetic species with various salt tolerances were studied. we first used 2de to resolve the expressed proteome in rice roots and leaves and then used nanospray liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry to iden ... | 2014 | 24841874 |
| regulation of jasmonic acid biosynthesis by silicon application during physical injury to oryza sativa l. | we investigated the effects of silicon (si) application on rice plants (oryza sativa l.) and its responses in the regulation of jasmonic acid (ja) during wounding stress. endogenous ja was significantly higher in wounded rice plants than in non-wounded. in contrast, si treatment significantly reduced ja synthesis as compared to non-si applications under wounding stress. mrna expression of o. sativa genes showed down-regulation of lipoxygenase, allene oxide synthase 1, allene oxide synthase 2, 12 ... | 2014 | 24840865 |
| fine mapping of the lesion mimic and early senescence 1 (lmes1) in rice (oryza sativa). | a novel rice mutant, lesion mimic and early senescence 1 (lmes1), was induced from the rice 93-11 cultivar in a γ-ray field. this mutant exhibited spontaneous disease-like lesions in the absence of pathogen attack at the beginning of the tillering stage. moreover, at the booting stage, lmes1 mutants exhibited a significantly increased mda but decreased chlorophyll content, soluble protein content and photosynthetic rate in the leaves, which are indicative of an early senescence phenotype. the lm ... | 2014 | 24832615 |
| differential expression of nrat1 is responsible for al-tolerance qtl on chromosome 2 in rice. | although rice (oryza sativa) is the most al-tolerant species among small-grain cereal crops, there is wide genotypic variation in its tolerance to al toxicity. a number of quantitative trait loci (qtls) for al tolerance have been detected, but the responsible genes have not been identified. by using chromosome segment substitution lines, this work found that nrat1, a gene encoding an al transporter, is responsible for a qtl previously detected on chromosome 2. substitution of the chromosome segm ... | 2014 | 24821956 |
| use of multicopy transposons bearing unfitness genes in weed control: four example scenarios. | we speculate that multicopy transposons, carrying both fitness and unfitness genes, can provide new positive and negative selection options to intractable weed problems. multicopy transposons rapidly disseminate through populations, appearing in approximately 100% of progeny, unlike nuclear transgenes, which appear in a proportion of segregating populations. different unfitness transgenes and modes of propagation will be appropriate for different cases: (1) outcrossing amaranthus spp. (that evol ... | 2014 | 24820021 |
| physiological and proteomic alterations in rice (oryza sativa l.) seedlings under hexavalent chromium stress. | rice plants employ two strategies to cope with cr toxicity: immobilizing cr ions into cell walls to reduce its translocation and activating antioxidant defense to mitigate cr-induced oxidative stress. the investigation aimed at understanding the physiological and proteomic responses of rice seedlings to hexavalent chromium (cr(6+)) stress was conducted using two rice genotypes, which differ in cr tolerance and accumulation. cr toxicity (200 µm) heavily increased the accumulation of h2o2 and [for ... | 2014 | 24819712 |
| imprinting in rice: the role of dna and histone methylation in modulating parent-of-origin specific expression and determining transcript start sites. | over 200 imprinted genes in rice endosperm are known, but the mechanisms modulating their parental allele-specific expression are poorly understood. here we use three imprinted genes, osyucca11, yellow2-like and ubiquitin hydrolase, to show that differential dna methylation and tri-methylation of histone h3 lysine 27 (h3k27me3 ) in the promoter and/or gene body influences allele-specific expression or the site of transcript initiation. paternal expression of osyucca11 required dna methylation in ... | 2014 | 24819479 |
| identification and functional characterization of sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase protein from rice and structural elucidation by in silico approach. | the sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (s6pdh) is a key enzyme for sorbitol synthesis and plays an important role in the alleviation of salinity stress in plants. despite the huge significance, the structure and the mode of action of this enzyme are still not known. in the present study, sequence analysis, cloning, expression, activity assays and enzyme kinetics using various substrates (glucose-6-phosphate, sorbitol-6-phosphate and mannose-6-phosphate) were performed to establish the functional ... | 2014 | 24817585 |
| water-stress-induced inhibition of α-tubulin gene expression during growth, and its implications for reproductive success in rice. | a drought-suppressed cdna (rip-3), encoding a putative α-tubulin protein was isolated from rice panicle at pollen-mother-cell meiosis stage. analysis of its deduced amino acid sequence showed all the typical structural motifs for plant α-tubulins. the expression of α-tubulin transcripts was observed in all the reproductive organs of rice panicle, and in 5- or 15-day old seedlings, but not in mature leaves. expression levels were positively correlated with the regions and periods of high growth, ... | 2014 | 24814750 |
| overexpression of osmyb4p, an r2r3-type myb transcriptional activator, increases phosphate acquisition in rice. | r2r3 myb transcription factors play regulatory roles in plant responses to various environmental stresses and nutrient deficiency. in this study, we isolated and designated osmyb4p, an r2r3 myb transcription factor, from rice (oryza sativa l. 'dongjin') under phosphate-deficient conditions. osmyb4p was localized in the nucleus and acted as a transcriptional activator. transcriptional levels of osmyb4p in cell suspension, shoots, and roots of rice increased under phosphate-deficient conditions. s ... | 2014 | 24813725 |
| arsenic stress in rice: redox consequences and regulation by iron. | arsenic (as) contamination is a serious hazard to human health and agriculture. it has emerged as an important threat for rice cultivation mainly in south asian countries. in this study, we investigated the effect of iron (fe) supplementation on arsenic (as(v)) induced oxidative stress responses in rice (oryza sativa l.). rice seedlings treated with as(v) for 24 and 48 h in presence or absence of 2.5 mm fe after which the root and shoot tissues were harvested for analysis. the results indicate s ... | 2014 | 24811675 |
| identification of a geranylgeranyl reductase gene for chlorophyll synthesis in rice. | geranylgeranyl reductase (chl p) catalyzes the reduction of geranylgeranyl diphosphate to phytyl diphosphate, and provides phytol for both chlorophyll (chl) and tocopherol synthesis. in this study, we isolated a yellow-green leaf mutant, 502ys, in rice (oryza sativa). the mutant exhibited reduced level of chls, arrested development of chloroplasts, and retarded growth rate. the phenotype of the 502ys mutant was controlled by by a recessive mutation in a nuclear gene on the long arm of rice chrom ... | 2014 | 24809003 |
| cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase4 integrates cytokinin and auxin signaling to control rice crown root formation. | crown roots constitute the majority of the rice (oryza sativa) root system and play an important role in rice growth and development. however, the molecular mechanism of crown root formation in rice is not well understood. here, we characterized a rice dominant mutant, root enhancer1 (ren1-d), which was observed to exhibit a more robust root system, increased crown root number, and reduced plant height. molecular and genetic analyses revealed that these phenotypes are caused by the activation of ... | 2014 | 24808099 |
| rice cyp703a3, a cytochrome p450 hydroxylase, is essential for development of anther cuticle and pollen exine. | anther cuticle and pollen exine act as protective envelopes for the male gametophyte or pollen grain, but the mechanism underlying the synthesis of these lipidic polymers remains unclear. previously, a tapetum-expressed cyp703a3, a putative cytochrome p450 fatty acid hydroxylase, was shown to be essential for male fertility in rice (oryza sativa l.). however, the biochemical and biological roles of cyp703a3 has not been characterized. here, we observed that cyp703a3-2 caused by one base insertio ... | 2014 | 24798002 |
| role of gamma-oryzanol in drought-tolerant and susceptible cultivars of rice (oryza sativa l.). | drought-tolerant cultivars and their phytochemical composition, which has a role in providing drought tolerance are gaining importance. in this study, rice bran oil and semi-purified oryzanol (spo) obtained from five rice (oryza sativa l.) cultivars, namely p1401 and pb1 (drought-susceptible) and n22, pnr381 and apo (drought-tolerant) were analyzed for the gamma-oryzanol content, an antioxidant present in considerable amount in the rice bran. the higher level of gamma-oryzanol and its antioxidan ... | 2014 | 24791420 |
| functional characterization of the rice udp-glucose 4-epimerase 1, osuge1: a potential role in cell wall carbohydrate partitioning during limiting nitrogen conditions. | plants grown under inadequate mineralized nitrogen (n) levels undergo n and carbon (c) metabolic re-programming which leads to significant changes in both soluble and insoluble carbohydrate profiles. however, relatively little information is available on the genetic factors controlling carbohydrate partitioning during adaptation to n-limitation conditions in plants. a gene encoding a uridine-diphospho-(udp)-glucose 4-epimerase (osuge-1) from rice (oryza sativa) was found to be n-responsive. we d ... | 2014 | 24788752 |
| physiological response of rice (oryza sativa l.) genotypes to elevated nitrogen applied under field conditions. | field experiment was conducted at g.b.p.u.a.t. pantnagar, uttarakhand, india in rainy season of 2008 and 2009 to study the impacts of increased nitrogen doses on growth dynamics, biomass partitioning, chaffy grain and nitrogen use efficiency in 4 rice genotypes viz., vasumati, tulsi, kasturi and krishna hamsa. four doses (n 0, n 50, n 100 and n 200 kg n ha-1) of nitrogen in the form of urea were applied in 3 split. increased trend in growth dynamics during active tillering and flowering stage, a ... | 2014 | 24787577 |
| characterisation of indica special protein (isp), a marker protein for the differentiation of oryza sativa subspecies indica and japonica. | based on both morphological and physiological traits, asian cultivated rice (oryza sativa l.) can be classified into two distinct subspecies, indica and japonica. to better understand the differences between the two subspecies, a proteomic approach was used to profile proteins present in the yellow seedling stage of 10 indica and 10 japonica rice varieties. we report the discovery of a new protein, indica special protein (isp), which was only detected in yellow seedlings of indica varieties, and ... | 2014 | 24786093 |
| influence of nutrient composition and plant growth regulators on callus induction and plant regeneration in glutinous rice (oryza sativa l.). | the potential for callus induction and regeneration depends on nutrient composition and plant growth regulators. the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of nutrient composition and plant growth regulators on callus induction and plant regeneration in the glutinous rice cultivar khunvang. the effect of 2,4-d concentrations (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 mg l(-1)) on callus induction and growth were investigated. the results revealed that the highest percentage of callus induction (97%) was ... | 2014 | 24783785 |
| analysis of genetic diversity and trait correlations among korean landrace rice (oryza sativa l.). | this study analyzed 394 korean rice landrace accessions, including 93 waxy varieties, for polymorphisms using 29 simple sequence repeat (ssr) markers. in total, 381 alleles served as raw data for estimating the genetic diversity (gd) and population structure. the number of alleles per locus ranged from 3 to 44 (average = 13.14). the expected heterozygosity and polymorphism information content (pic) ranged from 0.0341 to 0.9358 (mean = 0.5623) and from 0.0783 to 0.9367 (mean = 0.5839), respective ... | 2014 | 24782213 |
| functional and molecular characterization of plastid terminal oxidase from rice (oryza sativa). | the plastid terminal oxidase (ptox) is a plastohydroquinone:oxygen oxidoreductase that shares structural similarities with alternative oxidases (aox). multiple roles have been attributed to ptox, such as involvement in carotene desaturation, a safety valve function, participation in the processes of chlororespiration and setting the redox poise for cyclic electron transport. we have investigated a homogenously pure mbp fusion of ptox. the protein forms a homo-tetrameric complex containing 2 fe p ... | 2014 | 24780313 |
| cadmium in locally grown rice (oryza sativa) in nigeria. | cadmium levels were determined in locally grown rice samples in nigeria and any potential risk involved in their consumption was assessed. the dried samples were digested with a 1:1 hno3:hclo4 mixture and analysed with atomic absorption spectrophotometer (aas). mean cadmium values (mg/kg) were: adamawa (0.50 ± 0.02), benue (0.63 ± 0.05), nasarawa (0.48 ± 0.10), taraba (0.48 ± 0.10), anambra (0.49 ± 0.09), ebonyi (0.60 ± 0.08) and enugu (0.59 ± 0.10). all samples exceeded the codex alimentarius m ... | 2013 | 24779937 |
| heterotrimeric g proteins regulate nitrogen-use efficiency in rice. | the drive toward more sustainable agriculture has raised the profile of crop plant nutrient-use efficiency. here we show that a major rice nitrogen-use efficiency quantitative trait locus (qngr9) is synonymous with the previously identified gene dep1 (dense and erect panicles 1). the different dep1 alleles confer different nitrogen responses, and genetic diversity analysis suggests that dep1 has been subjected to artificial selection during oryza sativa spp. japonica rice domestication. the plan ... | 2014 | 24777451 |
| effects of hydrothermal processes on antioxidants in brown, purple and red bran whole grain rice (oryza sativa l.). | the impacts of parboiling and wet-cooking, alone and in combination, on the concentrations of lipophilic antioxidants (vitamin e and γ-oryzanol), soluble (including proanthocyanidins and anthocyanins) and cell wall-bound phenolics, and antioxidant capacities in whole grain rice from six cultivars having different bran colours were investigated. parboiling rough and brown rice increased the concentrations of lipophilic antioxidants in whole grain rice but decreased the concentrations of total phe ... | 2014 | 24767032 |
| gas film retention and underwater photosynthesis during field submergence of four contrasting rice genotypes. | floods can completely submerge some rice (oryza sativa l.) fields. leaves of rice have gas films that aid o2 and co2 exchange under water. the present study explored the relationship between gas film persistence and underwater net photosynthesis (pn) as influenced by genotype and submergence duration. four contrasting genotypes (fr13a, ir42, swarna, and swarna-sub1) were submerged for 13 days in the field and leaf gas films, chlorophyll, and the capacity for underwater pn at near ambient and hig ... | 2014 | 24759881 |
| se14, encoding a jmjc domain-containing protein, plays key roles in long-day suppression of rice flowering through the demethylation of h3k4me3 of rft1. | floral transition from the vegetative to the reproductive growth phase is a major change in the plant life cycle and a key factor in reproductive success. in rice (oryza sativa l.), a facultative short-day plant, numerous flowering time and flower formation genes that control floral transition have been identified and their physiological effects and biochemical functions have been clarified. in the present study, we used a se14-deficient mutant line (hs112) and other flowering mutant lines to in ... | 2014 | 24759811 |
| a novel function of sanshools: the alleviation of injury from metolachlor in rice seedlings. | szechuan peppers are extensively used as a spice and in traditional medicine in asia, primarily because of its active compounds, sanshools (s). however, there is only limited mention in agriculture, and there are no papers reporting its use as an herbicide safener. in this study, we provide the first evidence that s can effectively alleviate rice-seedling injury from metolachlor (m). we observed that the m-treated (0.25 μm) rice seedlings, which were 56.0%, 66.0%, and 57.0% of the non-treated co ... | 2014 | 24759050 |
| objective evaluation of whiteness of cooked rice and rice cakes using a portable spectrophotometer. | the whiteness of cooked rice and rice cakes was evaluated using a portable spectrophotometer with a whiteness index (wi). also, by using boiled rice for measurement of mido values by mido meter, it was possible to infer the whiteness of cooked rice without rice cooking. in the analysis of varietal differences of cooked rice, 'tsuyahime', 'koshihikari' and 'koshinokaori' showed high whiteness, while 'satonoyuki' had inferior whiteness. the whiteness of rice cakes made from 'koyukimochi' and 'dewa ... | 2014 | 24757389 |
| qtl pyramiding for improving of cold tolerance at fertilization stage in rice. | vigorous cold tolerance at the fertilization stage (ctf) is a very important characteristic for stable rice production in cold temperature conditions. because ctf is a quantitatively inherited trait, pyramiding quantitative trait loci (qtls) using marker-assisted selection (mas) is effective for improving ctf levels in rice breeding programs. we previously identified three qtls controlling ctf, qctf7, qctf8 and qctf12, using backcrossed inbred lines derived from a cross between rice cultivar eik ... | 2014 | 24757388 |
| assessment of genetic diversity in rice [oryza sativa l.] germplasm based on agro-morphology traits and zinc-iron content for crop improvement. | genetic resources of landraces (84 cultivars) were collected from various agro-ecological regions of west bengal and adjoining areas and characterized based on qualitative and quantitative agro-morphological descriptors along with zinc (zn) and iron (fe) content. the dus protocol was employed to study 16 agro-morphological passport data such as: vegetative data (anthocyanin pigmentation, plant habit), reproductive data (flag leaf attitude, stigma colour, panicle attitude), including eight grain ... | 2014 | 24757325 |
| the rice basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor tdr interacting protein2 is a central switch in early anther development. | in male reproductive development in plants, meristemoid precursor cells possessing transient, stem cell-like features undergo cell divisions and differentiation to produce the anther, the male reproductive organ. the anther contains centrally positioned microsporocytes surrounded by four distinct layers of wall: the epidermis, endothecium, middle layer, and tapetum. here, we report that the rice (oryza sativa) basic helix-loop-helix (bhlh) protein tdr interacting protein2 (tip2) functions as a c ... | 2014 | 24755456 |
| lanthanum ions intervened in enzymatic production and elimination of reactive oxygen species in leaves of rice seedlings under cadmium stress. | rare earth elements at proper concentrations were observed to alleviate heavy metal stress. however, the potential mechanisms of alleviation are not clear. thus, the present study focused on the mechanisms of lanthanum (la) ions on the generation and elimination of reactive oxygen species (ros) production in leaves of rice seedlings hydroponically cultivated in 30 µm cadmium chloride (cdcl2) for 2 d. results showed that the decline of superoxide (o2 · (-)) or hydrogen peroxide (h2o2) was attribu ... | 2014 | 24753051 |
| exogenous sodium nitroprusside and glutathione alleviate copper toxicity by reducing copper uptake and oxidative damage in rice (oryza sativa l.) seedlings. | nitric oxide (no) and glutathione (gsh) regulate a variety of physiological processes and stress responses; however, their involvement in mitigating cu toxicity in plants has not been extensively studied. this study investigated the interactive effect of exogenous sodium nitroprusside (snp) and gsh on cu homeostasis and cu-induced oxidative damage in rice seedlings. hydroponically grown 12-day-old seedlings were subjected to 100 μm cuso4 alone and in combination with 200 μm snp (an no donor) and ... | 2014 | 24752795 |
| modeling and phylogenetic analysis of cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase (osapx1) from rice reveal signature motifs that may play a role in stress tolerance. | ascorbate peroxidase (apx) is a crucial, haeme-containing enzyme of the ascorbate glutathione cycle that detoxifies reactive oxygen species in plants by catalyzing the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water using ascorbate as a specific electron donor. different apx isoforms are present in discrete subcellular compartments in rice and their expression is stress regulated. we revealed the homology model of osapx1 protein using the crystal structure of soybean gmapx1 (pdb id: 2xif) as template b ... | 2014 | 24748750 |