| histopathological aspects of neurocryptococcosis in hiv-infected patients: autopsy report of 45 patients. | the authors describe the histopathological necropsy findings of 45 human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients with neurocryptococcosis. systemic cryptococcosis with involvement of multiple organs such as spleen, liver, and lungs was present in all patients. predominant diffuse meningoencephalitis predominantly in the basal ganglia, thalamus, and mid-brain, with minimal inflammatory infiltrate was seen in 30 aids patients (70%). we frequently observed in those patients the presence of m ... | 2009 | 18611927 |
| mortality rate of early versus deferred initiation of antiretroviral therapy in hiv-1-infected patients with cryptococcal meningitis. | | 2008 | 18614933 |
| disseminated cryptococcus infection in a liver-transplant recipient presenting with a chronic scalp eruption. | | 2008 | 18616727 |
| profile of central nervous system disease in hiv/aids patients with special reference to cryptococcal infections. | central nervous system involvement is common in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids), with cryptococcus neoformans being an important cause among etiologies causing fungal meningitis. seventeen human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-positive adults with symptoms of chronic meningitis were investigated for fungal meningitis because of c. neoformans and a correlation was attempted with the cd4 counts of these patients. | 2008 | 18617851 |
| clinical and microbiological characteristics of community-acquired pneumonia among human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients in northern thailand. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infections are prevalent in thailand. however, the clinical and microbiological characteristics of community-acquired pneumonia (cap) in such patients are not completely clear at present. in the present study, we analyzed the characteristics of cap in 191 hiv-infected patients (192 episodes, 130 males and 61 females, mean age 32.9 years, range: 20-62) who had been admitted to nakornping hospital in northern thailand between december 1996 and january 2002. the m ... | 2008 | 18622672 |
| hodgkin's disease and intercurrent processes that may simulate a relapse. | hodgkin's disease (hd) is an example of a curable disease. in addition, it can serve as a lesson about other pathologies because of the delayed side effects it produces and the appearance of associated processes that may simulate disease progression. here we provide a case report of a patient who encapsulates a compendium of situations that may occur in hd. | 2008 | 18628074 |
| multiplex tandem pcr: a novel platform for rapid detection and identification of fungal pathogens from blood culture specimens. | we describe the first development and evaluation of a rapid multiplex tandem pcr (mt-pcr) assay for the detection and identification of fungi directly from blood culture specimens that have been flagged as positive. the assay uses a short-cycle multiplex amplification, followed by 12 simultaneous pcrs which target the fungal internal transcribed spacer 1 (its1) and its2 region, elongation factor 1-alpha (ef1-alpha), and beta-tubulin genes to identify 11 fungal pathogens: candida albicans, candid ... | 2008 | 18632914 |
| defining responses to therapy and study outcomes in clinical trials of invasive fungal diseases: mycoses study group and european organization for research and treatment of cancer consensus criteria. | invasive fungal diseases (ifds) have become major causes of morbidity and mortality among highly immunocompromised patients. authoritative consensus criteria to diagnose ifd have been useful in establishing eligibility criteria for antifungal trials. there is an important need for generation of consensus definitions of outcomes of ifd that will form a standard for evaluating treatment success and failure in clinical trials. therefore, an expert international panel consisting of the mycoses study ... | 2008 | 18637757 |
| cryptococcus meningitis and skin lesions in an hiv negative child. | disseminated cryptococcosis is an uncommon occurrence in immunocompetent populations and occurs mainly in immunocompromised patients. the first case of cryptococcus meningitis and skin lesions in a 4-year-old confirmed hiv negative boy who presented with fever, meningism and skin lesions is reported. on examination the child was confused, uncooperative, and had neck stiffness and raised skin lesions. a septic screen, including skin scraping, was performed; the child was treated with penicillin a ... | 2008 | 18641406 |
| detection of igm and igg antibodies to cryptococcus neoformans proteins in blood donors and hiv patients with active cryptococcosis. | the serological responses to cryptococcus neoformans proteins of blood donors and hiv patients with active cryptococcosis from a tropical region were investigated in this study. exposure to c. neoformans, an organism ubiquitous in the environment, contributes to the antibody responses observed in the blood donors. igg responses to cryptococcal proteins were stronger than igm responses in most sera tested in this study. a 53-kda cryptococcal protein fragment was identified as the most immunoreact ... | 2009 | 18643920 |
| mitracarpus frigidus aerial parts exhibited potent antimicrobial, antileishmanial, and antioxidant effects. | the crude extract and the hexane, ch(2)cl(2), etoac, n-buoh, and hydromethanolic fractions of the aerial parts of mitracarpus frigidus were evaluated against promastigote forms of two species of leishmania (l. chagasi and l. amazonensis), 11 strains of bacteria (staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas aeruginosa, salmonella enterica sorovar tythimurium, shigella sonnei, klebsiella pneumoniae, escherichia coli, micrococcus luteus, enterococcus faecalis, enterobacter cloacae, streptococcus pyogenes and ... | 2009 | 18644325 |
| in vitro evidence of phyto-synergy for plant part combinations of croton gratissimus (euphorbiaceae) used in african traditional healing. | despite the extensive traditional use of croton gratissimus burch. var. gratissimus for medicinal purposes, scientific studies validating the therapeutic properties of this indigenous plant are lacking. as the bark, roots and leaves of c. gratissimus are used separately as well as in combination, this study focused on determining antimicrobial efficacies of the plant parts independently and in combination to assess possible pharmacological interactions (e.g. synergy, antagonism). | 2008 | 18644430 |
| capsular polysaccharide induction of apoptosis by intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms. | a purified microbial capsular polysaccharide of cryptococcus neoformans, glucuronoxylomannan (gxm), induces fas ligand (fasl) upregulation on macrophages and, as a consequence, apoptosis of lymphocytes. the mechanisms that lead to lymphocyte apoptosis in both in vitro and in vivo systems were investigated by cytofluorimetric analysis and western blotting experiments. caspase 8 cleaves caspase 3 in two different pathways: directly as well as indirectly by activation of bcl-2 interacting domain, w ... | 2008 | 18647312 |
| isolation of cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii from trunk hollows of living trees in buenos aires city, argentina. | the aim of this work was to describe the distribution of the members of the cryptococcus species complex (cryptococcus neoformans and c. gattii) in hollows of trees from seven parks in buenos aires city, to determine the serotypes and genotypes of these environmental isolates and to compare them with the ones reported in the 2001 survey. four hundred and eighty nine samples were collected by swabbing all trees which had hollows or fissures in the seven parks studied. each tree was sampled once d ... | 2009 | 18654914 |
| recurrent pulmonary cryptococcosis in a patient with idiopathic cd4 lymphocytopenia. | a case of recurrent cryptococcosis with idiopathic cd4 lymphocytopenia is reported in this article. after an initial cryptococcal infection in the lung, the patient experienced one episode of cryptococcal meningitis and two more episodes of cryptococcal pneumonia within a period of 12 years. genetic studies revealed that all isolated microbes were identical, indicating that all subsequent episodes were recurrence instead of re-infection. | 2008 | 18654919 |
| susceptibility testing of cryptococcus diffluens against amphotericin b, flucytosine, fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole and posaconazole. | cryptococcus diffluens is a recently re-established species that shares several phenotypic features with cryptococcus neoformans. we evaluated the application of the clinical laboratory standards institute (clsi, formerly nccls) macro- and microbroth dilution methods and the e-test agar diffusion method to determine the in vitro susceptibilities of known strains of c. diffluens against amphotericin b (amb), flucytosine (5-fc), fluconazole (flc), itraconazole (itc) and the novel triazoles, vorico ... | 2009 | 18654925 |
| the rgs protein crg2 regulates pheromone and cyclic amp signaling in cryptococcus neoformans. | crg1 and crg2 are regulators of g-protein signaling homologs found in the human fungal pathogen cryptococcus neoformans. crg1 negatively regulates pheromone responses and mating through direct inhibition of galpha subunits gpa2 and gpa3. it has also been proposed that crg2 has a role in mating, as genetic crosses involving deltacrg2 mutants resulted in formation of hyperfilaments. we found that mutation of gpa2 and gpa3 partially suppressed the hyperfilamentation, mutation of gpa3 alleviated del ... | 2008 | 18658258 |
| identification of genomic differences between cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii by representational difference analysis (rda). | cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii are basidiomycetous yeasts that cause cryptococcosis in immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals, respectively. in this study, representational difference analysis (rda) was applied to isolate sequences representing genomic differences between c. neoformans var. grubii and c. gattii. rda is a pcr based subtractive enrichment procedure for isolating the differences between two nearly identical genomes. we have approximately 200 clones seque ... | 2009 | 18668420 |
| genotype and mating type analysis of cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii isolates from china that mainly originated from non-hiv-infected patients. | cryptococcosis has been reported to be mostly associated with non-hiv-related patients in china. however, little is known about the molecular characteristics of clinical isolates from the cryptococcus neoformans species complex in this country. in this study, 115 clinical isolates were included. molecular type vni was the most representative (n=103), followed by vgi (n=8), vniii (n=2), vniv (n=1), and vgii (n=1). with the exception of a serotype d mating type a isolate, all possessed the matalph ... | 2008 | 18671745 |
| metabolic adaptation in cryptococcus neoformans during early murine pulmonary infection. | summary: the pathogenic fungus cryptococcus neoformans generally initiates infection in mammalian lung tissue and subsequently disseminates to the brain. we performed serial analysis of gene expression (sage) on c. neoformans cells recovered from the lungs of mice and found elevated expression of genes for central carbon metabolism including functions for acetyl-coa production and utilization. deletion of the highly expressed acs1 gene encoding acetyl-coa synthetase revealed a requirement for gr ... | 2008 | 18673460 |
| [cryptococcosis]. | cryptococcus neoformans infection is an opportunistic infection affecting mainly patients lacking cell mediated immunity whose incidence has dramatically risen with the advent of hiv infection. this infection has rarely been reported in patients with humoral immunity deficiencies. we report two patients with cryptococcus neoformans infection with a fatal outcome: a man with disseminated criptococcosis leading to the diagnosis of aids; and a woman with stage iii- b k light chains multiple myeloma ... | 2008 | 18674423 |
| beta1,2-xylosyltransferase cxt1p is solely responsible for xylose incorporation into cryptococcus neoformans glycosphingolipids. | the manalpha1,3(xylbeta1,2)manalpha structural motif is common to both capsular polysaccharides of cryptococcus neoformans and to cryptococcal glycosphingolipids. comparative analysis of glycosphingolipid structural profiles in wild-type and mutant strains showed that the xylbeta1,2-transferase (cxt1p) that participates in capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis is also the sole transferase responsible for adding xylose to c. neoformans glycosphingolipids. | 2008 | 18676952 |
| [cryptococcus meningitis, five years of experience and literature review]. | the aim of this study was to determine the distribution and antifungal susceptibility profile of cryptococcus spp. isolated from patients in northeast romania. | 2008 | 18677910 |
| enhanced innate immune responsiveness to pulmonary cryptococcus neoformans infection is associated with resistance to progressive infection. | genetically regulated mechanisms of host defense against cryptococcus neoformans infection are not well understood. in this study, pulmonary infection with the moderately virulent c. neoformans strain 24067 was used to compare the host resistance phenotype of c57bl/6j with that of inbred mouse strain sjl/j. at 7 days or later after infection, c57bl/6j mice exhibited a significantly greater fungal burden in the lungs than sjl/j mice. characterization of the pulmonary innate immune response at 3 h ... | 2008 | 18678664 |
| cryptococcus neoformans enters the endolysosomal pathway of dendritic cells and is killed by lysosomal components. | cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that primarily causes disease in immunocompromised individuals. dendritic cells (dcs) can phagocytose c. neoformans, present cryptococcal antigen, and kill c. neoformans. however, early events following c. neoformans phagocytosis by dcs are not well defined. we hypothesized that c. neoformans traffics to the endosome and the lysosome following phagocytosis by dcs and is eventually killed in the lysosome. murine bone marrow-derived dcs ( ... | 2008 | 18678670 |
| major role for amphotericin b-flucytosine combination in severe cryptococcosis. | the infectious diseases society of america published in 2000 practical guidelines for the management of cryptococcosis. however, treatment strategies have not been fully validated in the various clinical settings due to exclusion criteria during therapeutic trials. we assessed here the optimal therapeutic strategies for severe cryptococcosis using the observational prospective cryptoa/d study after analyzing routine clinical care of cryptococcosis in university or tertiary care hospitals. | 2008 | 18682846 |
| pkc1 is essential for protection against both oxidative and nitrosative stresses, cell integrity, and normal manifestation of virulence factors in the pathogenic fungus cryptococcus neoformans. | cell wall integrity is crucial for fungal growth, survival, and pathogenesis. responses to environmental stresses are mediated by the highly conserved pkc1 protein and its downstream components. in this study, we demonstrate that both oxidative and nitrosative stresses activate the pkc1 cell integrity pathway in wild-type cells, as measured by phosphorylation of mpk1, the terminal protein in the pkc1 phosphorylation cascade. furthermore, deletion of pkc1 shows that this gene is essential for def ... | 2008 | 18689526 |
| maldi-tof mass signatures for differentiation of yeast species, strain grouping and monitoring of morphogenesis markers. | matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof-ms) is demonstrated to be a potentially useful tool for the rapid identification of yeasts, the grouping of candida albicans strains, and the monitoring of germ tube-specific markers. co-crystallized with sinapinic acid as the maldi matrix, intact yeast cells yielded a sufficient number of medium-sized ions (4-15 kda) in maldi mass spectra to provide "mass signatures" that were diagnostic of strain type. for ... | 2008 | 18690424 |
| interleukin-2 treatment for persistent cryptococcal meningitis in a child with idiopathic cd4(+) t lymphocytopenia. | we report a 16-year-old male patient who presented with headache, behavior changes, and fever. his cerebral spinal fluid and blood cultures grew cryptococcus neoformans. his laboratory evaluation was negative for human immunodeficiency virus infection but flow cytometry revealed low cd4(+) count of 39 cells/mm(3) and cd4:cd8 ratio of 0.43. he was initially treated with antifungal agents with only partial clinical improvement, and he was discharged to home on oral fluconazole and prophylactic co- ... | 2008 | 18702891 |
| [atypical pseudotumoral neuromeningeal cryptococcosis in an immunocompromised patient treated for pontine glioma. case report and literature review]. | we report an atypical feature of neuromeningeal cryptococcosis presenting as spinal cystic arachnoiditis and cerebellar cryptococcoma in a child treated for pontine glioma. | 2009 | 18706663 |
| disseminated cryptococcal infection with eosinophilia in a healthy person. | a 23-year-old man with no recent medical history was hospitalized complaining of high fever and cough. in addition to very marked eosinophilia, chest x-ray revealed extensive bronchovascular bundle thickening. transbronchial lung biopsy (tblb) showed moderate eosinophil infiltration. cryptococcus neoformans infection was diagnosed, based on blood culture, cerebrospinal fluid culture, urine culture, and lung biopsy specimens. the eosinophilia was successfully alleviated by treatment for cryptococ ... | 2008 | 18709538 |
| ophthalmic manifestations of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome associated with cryptococcus neoformans. | to describe the ophthalmic manifestations of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (iris) associated with cryptococcus neoformans. | 2008 | 18716955 |
| primary bilateral multifocal choroiditis as an initial manifestation of disseminated cryptococcosis in a hiv-positive patient. | to report a rare case of primary bilateral multifocal choroiditis due to disseminated cryptococcus infection in a hiv-positive patient. | 2008 | 18716956 |
| cutaneous cryptococcosis of the penis. | disseminated cryptococcosis is a well-known opportunistic infection in aids patients. we report an unusual patient who demonstrated an isolated plaque of cryptococcosis on the penis. resolution of this plaque was obtained after treatment with fluconazole, but subsequent cutaneous dissemination occurred that was responsive to amphotericin b. | 2008 | 18718193 |
| role of (1-->3)-beta-d-glucan in the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis. | measurement of serum (1-->3)-beta-d-glucan (bg) is an aid in the diagnosis of fungemia and deep-seated mycoses, including invasive aspergillosis (ia). bg is present in the cell wall of most pathogenic fungi (including pneumocystis jiroveci) in significant amounts with some notable exceptions such as cryptococcus neoformans and zygomycetes. commercially available assays can detect serum bg concentrations as low as 1 pg/ml. published validation studies have included patients with ia and other inva ... | 2009 | 18720216 |
| carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: inhibition of the beta-class enzymes from the fungal pathogens candida albicans and cryptococcus neoformans with simple anions. | the catalytic activity and inhibition of the beta-carbonic anhydrases (cas, ec 4.2.1.1) from the pathogenic fungi candida albicans (nce103) and cryptococcus neoformans (can2) with inorganic anions such as halogenides, pseudohalogenides, bicarbonate, carbonate, nitrate, nitrite, hydrogen sulfide, bisulfite, perchlorate, sulfate were investigated. the two enzymes showed appreciable co(2) hydrase activity (k(cat) in the range of (3.9-8.0)x10(5)s(-1), and k(cat)/k(m) in the range of (4.3-9.7)x10(7)m ... | 2008 | 18723348 |
| transitions in sexuality: recapitulation of an ancestral tri- and tetrapolar mating system in cryptococcus neoformans. | sex is orchestrated by the mating-type locus (mat) in fungi and by sex chromosomes in plants and animals. in fungi, two patterns of sexuality occur: bipolar with a single, typically biallelic sex determinant that promotes inbreeding, and tetrapolar with two unlinked, often multiallelic sex determinants that restrict inbreeding. multiallelism in either bipolar or tetrapolar mating systems promotes outcrossing. cryptococcus neoformans is a pathogenic bipolar yeast with two unusually large mat alle ... | 2008 | 18723606 |
| cryptococcal meningitis in an immunocompetent adolescent. | cryptococcus neoformans is a rare cause of meningitis especially in immunocompetent children. cryptococcal meningitis in a healthy chinese adolescent is reported. she responded well to treatment with intravenous amphotericin and oral flucytosine. | 2008 | 18727853 |
| threonine biosynthetic genes are essential in cryptococcus neoformans. | we identified and attempted to disrupt the cryptococcus neoformans homoserine and/or threonine biosynthetic genes encoding aspartate kinase (hom3), homoserine kinase (thr1) and threonine synthase (thr4); however, each gene proved recalcitrant to disruption. by replacing the endogenous promoters of hom3 and thr1 with the copper-repressible ctr4-1 promoter, we showed that hom3 and thr1 were essential for the growth of c. neoformans in rich media, when ammonium was the nitrogen source, or when thre ... | 2008 | 18757810 |
| the rgs protein crg2 regulates both pheromone and camp signalling in cryptococcus neoformans. | g proteins orchestrate critical cellular functions by transducing extracellular signals into internal signals and controlling cellular responses to environmental cues. g proteins typically function as switches that are activated by g protein-coupled receptors (gpcrs) and negatively controlled by regulator of g protein signalling (rgs) proteins. in the human fungal pathogen cryptococcus neoformans, three g protein alpha subunits (gpa1, gpa2 and gpa3) have been identified. in a previous study, we ... | 2008 | 18761692 |
| variability in uvb tolerances of melanized and nonmelanized cells of cryptococcus neoformans and c. laurentii. | solar radiation is one of the major factors responsible for the control of fungus populations in the environment. inactivation by uva and uvb radiation is especially important for the control of fungi that disperse infective units through the air, including fungi such as cryptococcus spp. that infect their vertebrate hosts by inhalation. cryptococcus neoformans produces melanin in the presence of certain exogenous substrates such as l-3,4 dihydroxyphenylalanine and melanization may protect the f ... | 2009 | 18764906 |
| hybrid molecules between benzenesulfonamides and active antimicrobial benzo[d]isothiazol-3-ones. | novel hybrid molecules between benzenesulfonamides and active antimicrobial 2-amino-benzo[d]isothiazol-3-ones were synthesized and characterised and their in vitro antimicrobial activity was evaluated by the minimal inhibitory concentration (mic). the compounds exhibit moderate antibacterial properties against gram-positive bacteria (mic 6-100 microg ml(-1)) such as several bacilli, staphylococci and streptococci, including methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus and staphylococcus epidermid ... | 2009 | 18775586 |
| formulation of a defined v8 medium for induction of sexual development of cryptococcus neoformans. | for over 3 decades, sexual development in the human fungal pathogen cryptococcus neoformans and other fungi has been initiated by growing compatible mating partners on v8 juice medium. although this medium is an efficient inducer of sexual development, the mechanism by which it promotes the process is unknown. to understand how v8 juice medium induces sexual development, we attempted to purify inducing factors from v8 juice, and we carried out a complete compositional analysis of v8 juice. we di ... | 2008 | 18776031 |
| the cryptococcus neoformans rho-gdp dissociation inhibitor mediates intracellular survival and virulence. | rho-gdp dissociation inhibitors (rho-gdi) are repressors of rho-type monomeric gtpases that control fundamental cellular processes, such as cytoskeletal arrangement, vesicle trafficking, and polarized growth. we identified and altered the expression of the gene encoding a rho-gdi homolog in the human fungal pathogen cryptococcus neoformans and investigated its impact on pathogenicity in animal models of cryptococcosis. consistent with its predicted function to inhibit and sequester rho-type gtpa ... | 2008 | 18779335 |
| biological activity of two related triterpenes isolated from combretum nelsonii (combretaceae) leaves. | antifungal bioassay-guided fractionation of combretum nelsonii leaf extracts afforded two closely related triterpenes, asiatic acid and arjunolic acid. antifungal activities of the mixture of asiatic acid and arjunolic acid were determined against five fungal animal pathogens. the minimum inhibitory concentrations of the mixture to the different pathogens varied from 0.2 to 1.6 microg ml(-1); candida albicans (0.9 microg ml(-1)), cryptococcus neoformans (0.4 microg ml(-1)), aspergillus fumigatus ... | 2008 | 18780249 |
| spinal cryptococcoma in an immunocompetent cat. | this report describes an unusual case of primary cryptococcoma in the proximal thoracic spinal cord of an 11-year-old immunocompetent cat from a farm on which there were large numbers of pigeons. this animal was referred for examination with progressive paralysis and shown to be free from feline immunodeficiency virus, feline leukaemia virus, feline coronavirus and toxoplasma gondii. it died 2 months later. at necropsy, the only lesion detected was a malacic area, 4cm in length, in the spinal co ... | 2008 | 18783789 |
| [in vitro determination of virulence factors activity associated with several cryptococcus neoformans clinical isolates]. | different phenotypic characteristics associated with virulence of the cryptococcus neoformans species complex have shown an important role in their pathogenicity. in this study we have determined the role of phenotypically and genotypically factors of some virulence factors from clinical isolates in the two species of the complex; 35 c. neoformans and 19 cryptococcus gattii. growth at 37 degrees c, macroscopic and microscopic morphology, switching phenomenon, activity of 23 extracellular enzymes ... | 2008 | 18785782 |
| laccase activity in cryptococcus gattii strains isolated from goats. | cryptococcosis is a life-threatening infection in humans and animals caused by encapsulated yeasts of the genus cryptococcus. cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii are the main agents of this mycosis. until 2002 c. gattii was classified as a variety of c. neoformans but now is accepted as an independent species. the laccase (phenoloxydase) enzyme produced by these yeasts is considered one of the main pathogenic factors for its ability to induce melanin from dihydroxyphenolic compounds. ... | 2008 | 18785783 |
| disseminated cryptococcosis in an aids patient with unusual clinical presentation. | disseminated cryptocococcosis is a rare and often fatal disease. here in we report an unusual fatal case of disseminated cryptococcosis. the patient presented with a past history of postmenopausal bleeding with loss of consciousness, altered mental status, few seizures and a low grade fever. lumbar puncture revealed elevated pressure, lymphocytic pleocytosis, elevated protein and markedly reduced glucose level. cryptococcus neoformans was isolated from cerebrospinal fluid and blood. serological ... | 2008 | 18785790 |
| activity of voriconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole and amphotericin b in vitro against 1763 yeasts from 472 patients in the voriconazole phase iii clinical studies. | the susceptibility of 1763 yeast isolates (from 22 species and seven genera) was tested using clinical and laboratory standards institute m27-a2 microdilution methodology. candida spp. predominated (97.1%), mainly c. albicans (51.4%), c. glabrata (16.4%) and c. tropicalis (13.7%), followed by trichosporon spp. (1.1%) and cryptococcus neoformans (1.0%). most isolates came from blood/catheters (72.0%) or the oesophagus/oropharynx (11.3%). the voriconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole and amphoterici ... | 2008 | 18790613 |
| fungal endophthalmitis: fourteen years' experience from a centre in india. | background:: as fungal endophthalmitis is an emerging challenge, the study was carried out to determine the prevalence and the spectrum of fungal agents causing endophthalmitis from a single center, to identify the risk factors, and to correlate clinical course of illness with the agents involved. methods:: the microbiological and clinical records of all fungal endophthalmitis diagnosed during january 1992 through december 2005 at a tertiary center in india were reviewed retrospectively. during ... | 2008 | 18791488 |
| bacterial and h2o2 stress-induced apoptosis-like events in cryptococcus neoformans. | cell death induced by adherence of staphylococcus aureus was observed in cryptococcus neoformans. to investigate this death mechanism, we examined three factors: actin dynamics using rhodamine-phalloidin staining, accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ros) via conversion of 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate to 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein, and dna fragmentation via terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dutp nick end labeling (tunel). in co-culture, actin visibly clumped and the percen ... | 2008 | 18793720 |
| the outcome of phagocytic cell division with infectious cargo depends on single phagosome formation. | given that macrophages can proliferate and that certain microbes survive inside phagocytic cells, the question arises as to the post-mitotic distribution of microbial cargo. using macrophage-like cells we evaluated the post-mitotic distribution of intracellular cryptococcus yeasts and polystyrene beads by comparing experimental data to a stochastic model. for beads, the post-mitotic distribution was that expected from chance alone. however, for yeast cells the post-mitotic distribution was unequ ... | 2008 | 18795151 |
| regional pattern of the molecular types of cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii in brazil. | the molecular types of 443 brazilian isolates of cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii were analyzed to determine their geographic distribution within brazil and their underlying host conditions. the following data, imported from previous epidemiological studies as well as two culture collections, were analyzed for: place of isolation, source (clinical or environmental), host risk factors, species, serotype, mating type, and molecular type. molecular typing by pcr-fingerprinting using ... | 2008 | 18797758 |
| importance of mitochondria in survival of cryptococcus neoformans under low oxygen conditions and tolerance to cobalt chloride. | cryptococcus neoformans is an environmental fungal pathogen that requires atmospheric levels of oxygen for optimal growth. for the fungus to be able to establish an infection, it must adapt to the low oxygen concentrations in the host environment compared to its natural habitat. in order to investigate the oxygen sensing mechanism in c. neoformans, we screened t-dna insertional mutants for hypoxia-mimetic cobalt chloride (cocl(2))-sensitive mutants. all the cocl(2)-sensitive mutants had a growth ... | 2008 | 18802457 |
| [cryptococcosis of the central nervous system in immunocompetent patients]. | | 2008 | 18803167 |
| isothermal titration calorimetry reveals differential binding thermodynamics of variable region-identical antibodies differing in constant region for a univalent ligand. | the classical view of immunoglobulin molecules posits two functional domains defined by the variable (v) and constant (c) regions, which are responsible for antigen binding and antibody effector functions, respectively. these two domains are thought to function independently. however, several lines of evidence strongly suggest that c region domains can affect the specificity and affinity of an antibody for its antigen (ag), independent of avidity-type effects. in this study, we used isothermal t ... | 2008 | 18806257 |
| uge1 and uge2 regulate the udp-glucose/udp-galactose equilibrium in cryptococcus neoformans. | the genome of the basidiomycete pathogenic yeast cryptococcus neoformans carries two udp-glucose epimerase genes (uge1 and uge2). uge2 maps within a galactose cluster composed of a galactokinase homologue gene and a galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase. this clustered organization of the gal genes is similar to that in most of the hemiascomycete yeast genomes and in schizosaccharomyces pombe but is otherwise not generally conserved in the fungal kingdom. uge1 has been identified as necessar ... | 2008 | 18820075 |
| diversity of laccase among cryptococcus neoformans serotypes. | the pathogenic yeast c. neoformans is classified into three varieties with five serotypes; var. grubii (serotype a), var. neoformans (serotype d), var. gattii (serotypes b and c), and serotype ad. melanin is a virulence factor in the species, and its biosynthesis is catalyzed by laccase, encoded by the lac1 gene. in order to estimate the natural variability of the lac1 gene among cryptococcus serotypes, the laccase protein sequence from 55 strains was determined and the phylogenetic relationship ... | 2008 | 18822083 |
| [cryptococcus neoformans meningitis in a hiv negative miliary tuberculosis-suspected patient]. | cryptococcosis caused by cryptococcus neoformans has a wide range of clinical presentations, varying from asymptomatic colonization of the respiratory airways to the dissemination of infection into different parts of body. it is more common among immunosupressed patients such as human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) positive ones. in this report we present a case with c. neoformans meningitis and miliary pulmonary infiltrates suggesting pulmonary tuberculosis without hiv infection. a-70-years-old m ... | 2008 | 18822899 |
| chemical composition, antifungal and antitumor properties of ether extracts of scapania verrucosa heeg. and its endophytic fungus chaetomium fusiforme. | an endophytic fungus chaetomium fusiforme was obtained from a liverwort, scapania verrucosa. a comparison of the constituents of the ether extracts between s. verrucosa and the c. fusiforme culture was investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (gc/ms). the yield of ether extract based on dried plant material was 0.6% and 59 compounds were found in s. verrucosa. (+)-aromadendrene (9.12%), hexadecanoic acid (6.92%), 6-isopropenyl-4,8a-dimethyl-1,2,3,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-naphthalen-2-ol ... | 2008 | 18830144 |
| cryptococcal lymphadenitis as a manifestation of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in an hiv-positive patient: a case report and review of the literature. | cryptococcus neoformans infections are typically associated with t-cell deficiencies, including acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). although highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) has strongly reduced aids-related opportunistic infections, the restoration and reactivation of cd4+ cells can induce an immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (iris), consisting in a deregulated inflammatory response to latent infectious pathogens and/or to their residual antigens. cryptococcal lymph ... | 2008 | 18831914 |
| treatment of acute cryptococcal meningitis in hiv infected adults, with an emphasis on resource-limited settings. | despite the advent and increasingly wide availability of antiretroviral therapy, cryptococcal meningitis (cm) remains a significant cause of mortality and morbidity amongst individuals with hiv infection in resource-limited settings. the ideal management of cm remains unclear. the aim of this review is to assess the evidence for deciding on which antifungal regimen to use as well as other modalities of management to utilise especially resource poor settings in order to achieve the best possible ... | 2008 | 18843697 |
| sorocenols g and h, anti-mrsa oxygen heterocyclic diels-alder-type adducts from sorocea muriculata roots. | bioassay-guided fractionation of a root extract of sorocea muriculata led to the isolation and identification of two new oxygen heterocyclic diels-alder-type adducts, sorocenols g (1) and h (2), along with lupeol-3-(3' r-hydroxytetradecanoate) and oxyresveratrol. the structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated using 1d and 2d nmr spectroscopic and hrms data and by comparison with reported values. the absolute configurations of 1 and 2 were established by analysis of their experimental and theoreticall ... | 2008 | 18847244 |
| plasma exchange for disseminated cryptococcosis. | acute renal failure is frequent in hiv-infected patients and may be related to hiv-associated nephropathy, drugs, or opportunistic infections. we report a peculiar case of disseminated cryptococcosis complicated by acute renal failure associated with obstruction of intrarenal capillaries by cryptococus neoformans dead bodies and successfully treated with plasma exchanges. | 2009 | 18848378 |
| chemotherapeutic activity of liposomal sja-95: a new polyene macrolide antibiotic in experimental aspergillosis and cryptococcosis. | the incidence of systemic fungal infections that has risen dramatically over the past three decades has propelled a continuous need for more potent antifungal drugs. the purpose of this research was to evaluate the chemotherapeutic activity of a new heptaene polyene macrolide antibiotic (sja-95) and liposomal incorporated sja-95 (lip. sja-95) in a mouse model of aspergillosis and cryptococcosis respectively. lip. sja-95 was prepared in our laboratory by the proliposome method involving incorpora ... | 2009 | 18848764 |
| growth and mating of cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii on woody debris. | a total of 36 cryptococcus neoformans strains originating from south africa were screened for wood degrading enzymes. all strains tested positive for cellulase activity while none where capable of xylan degradation. three c. neoformans var. grubii strains, originating from clinical and environmental samples, representing the same genotype (vni/aflp1-c. neoformans var. grubii) and matalpha, were evaluated for growth on debris of two common tree species in south africa: acacia mearnsii and eucalyp ... | 2009 | 18850241 |
| computational modeling and in silico analysis of differential regulation of myo-inositol catabolic enzymes in cryptococcus neoformans. | inositol is a key cellular metabolite for many organisms. cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic pathogen which primarily infects the central nervous system, a region of high inositol concentration, of immunocompromised individuals. through the use of myo-inositol oxygenase c. neoformans can catabolize inositol as a sole carbon source to support growth and viability. | 2008 | 18854045 |
| systematic genetic analysis of virulence in the human fungal pathogen cryptococcus neoformans. | the fungus cryptococcus neoformans is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity among hiv-infected individuals. we utilized the completed genome sequence and optimized methods for homologous dna replacement using high-velocity particle bombardment to engineer 1201 gene knockout mutants. we screened this resource in vivo for proliferation in murine lung tissue and in vitro for three well-recognized virulence attributes-polysaccharide capsule formation, melanization, and growth at body temperatur ... | 2008 | 18854164 |
| beyond the big three: systematic analysis of virulence factors in cryptococcus neoformans. | the fungal pathogen cryptococcus neoformans has three major virulence factors: growth at 37 degrees c, capsule synthesis, and melanin formation. recently in cell, liu et al. (2008) employed signature tagged mutagenesis to systematically identify virulence genes. remarkably, mutations in many of these genes did not influence the major virulence traits. | 2008 | 18854233 |
| the in vitro effect of atabrine on cryptococcus neoformans. | | 1948 | 18858030 |
| torula histolytica infection of central nervous system. | | 1948 | 18864158 |
| antimicrobial activity of a protein purified from the latex of hevea brasiliensis on oral microorganisms. | this study aimed at screen for antimicrobial activity present in the non-rubber constituents of rubber latex of hevea brasiliensis against various microbial strains. an antimicrobial protein, hevein was extracted from the bottom fraction after centrifugation and purified by acetone fractionation and anion exchange chromatography on a deae-sepharose fast flow column. this procedure was more efficient and rapid than the previously described procedures. the antimicrobial activity was investigated a ... | 2008 | 18924261 |
| cryptococcus neoformans glucuronoxylomannan induces macrophage apoptosis mediated by nitric oxide in a caspase-independent pathway. | glucuronoxylomannan (gxm) is the major component of cryptococcus capsular polysaccharide, which represents an essential virulence factor for this yeast. cryptococcus neoformans infections in immunocompetent rats are associated with inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos) expression and nitric oxide (no) production by macrophages. this study demonstrates in vitro and in vivo that gxm promotes inos expression with no production in rat macrophages. gxm also induced macrophage apoptosis after 48 h of ... | 2008 | 18927317 |
| the diverse roles of autophagy in medically important fungi. | autophagy is a highly conserved eukaryotic mechanism whereby cells recycle cellular elements to survive under adverse conditions. surprisingly, of the three fungal pathogens of greatest relevance to human health, only cryptococcus neoformans has been shown to require this process during infection. in contrast, autophagy is dispensable for the virulence of both candida albicans and aspergillus fumigatus. the divergent roles for autophagy in these opportunistic species underscore the uniqueness of ... | 2008 | 18927489 |
| review of risk factors in four cases of cryptococcosis after heart transplantation. | cryptococcosis is a rare infection with high mortality in patients who have undergone heart transplantation (ht). in this study, we report four cases of the disease selected from our 328 ht cases (1.22%) between 1987 and 2007. the purpose of this study was to review risk factors for cryptococcosis after ht. three of the four patients were men. the mean time from ht to diagnosis was 8.5 months (range, 3-17 months). cryptococcosis was subcutaneous in one patient, systemic in one, and meningeal in ... | 2008 | 18929817 |
| evidence of a role for monocytes in dissemination and brain invasion by cryptococcus neoformans. | the pathogenesis of cryptococcosis, including the events leading to the production of meningoencephalitis, is still largely unknown. evidence of a transcellular passage of cryptococcus neoformans across the blood-brain barrier (bbb) and subsequent bbb disruption exists, but the paracellular passage of free yeasts and the role of monocytes in yeast dissemination and brain invasion (trojan horse method) remain uncertain. we used our model of disseminated cryptococcosis, in which crossing of the bb ... | 2009 | 18936186 |
| pharmacotherapy of yeast infections. | the rise of immunocompromised individuals in our society has provoked a significant emergence in the number of patients affected by opportunistic pathogenic yeast. the microorganisms with a major clinical incidence are species from the genera candida (especially candida albicans) and cryptococcus (particularly cryptococcus neoformans), although there has been a significant increase in other pathogenic yeasts, such as trichosporon spp. and rhodotorula spp. in addition, there are an increasing num ... | 2008 | 18937613 |
| chemical characterization and biological activity of essential oils from daucus carota l. subsp. carota growing wild on the mediterranean coast and on the atlantic coast. | the essential oils and supercritical co(2) extracts of wild daucus carota l. subsp. carota growing spontaneously in sardinia and in portugal were investigated. the main components in the sardinian essential oil of flowering and mature umbels with seeds are beta-bisabolene (17.6-51.0%) and 11-alpha-(h)-himachal-4-en-1-beta-ol (9.0-21.6%); instead, the oils from portuguese samples are predominantly composed of geranyl acetate (5.2-65.0%) and alpha-pinene (3.5-37.9%). supercritical extracts contain ... | 2009 | 18950693 |
| three galactose inducible promoters for use in c. neoformans var. grubii. | cryptococcus neoformans is the causative agent of cryptococcal meningoencephalitis, most frequently occurring in immunocompromised individuals. there are three varieties of c. neoformans, var. grubii, var. neoformans, and var. gatti. worldwide var. grubii is the most prevalent clinical isolate. however, few tools for the study of essential genes in var. grubii exist. here we describe three endogenous inducible promoters for use in the study of this important opportunistic pathogen. we identified ... | 2009 | 18952189 |
| capsular localization of the cryptococcus neoformans polysaccharide component galactoxylomannan. | cryptococcus neoformans capsular polysaccharide is composed of at least two components, glucuronoxylomannan (gxm) and galactoxylomannans (galxm). although gxm has been extensively studied, little is known about the location of galxm in the c. neoformans capsule, in part because there are no serological reagents specific to this antigen. to circumvent the poor immunogenicity of galxm, this antigen was conjugated to protective antigen from bacillus anthracis as a protein carrier. the resulting con ... | 2009 | 18952901 |
| a gene-dosage effect for interleukin-4 receptor alpha-chain expression has an impact on th2-mediated allergic inflammation during bronchopulmonary mycosis. | interleukin (il)-4 and il-13 are key factors in the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary mycosis induced in mice by infection with cryptococcus neoformans. both cytokines use the il-4 receptor alpha-chain (il-4ralpha). in this study, we investigated the role played by il-4ralpha expression in susceptibility to pulmonary c. neoformans infection. il-4ralpha(-/-) mice were extremely resistant. to characterize the effect of il-4ralpha expression level on disease outcome, we generated il-4ralpha(+/-) fir ... | 2008 | 18954266 |
| loss of allergen 1 confers a hypervirulent phenotype that resembles mucoid switch variants of cryptococcus neoformans. | microbial survival in a host is usually dependent on the ability of a pathogen to undergo changes that promote escape from host defense mechanisms. the human-pathogenic fungus cryptococcus neoformans undergoes phenotypic switching in vivo that promotes persistence in tissue. by microarray and real-time pcr analyses, the allergen 1 gene (all1) was found to be downregulated in the hypervirulent mucoid switch variant, both during logarithmic growth and during intracellular growth in macrophages. th ... | 2009 | 18955480 |
| antifungal susceptibilities among different serotypes of cryptococcus gattii and cryptococcus neoformans. | we measured antifungal activity against 128 cryptococcal isolates (86 of c. neoformans and 42 of c. gattii) to determine if differences in serotype susceptibility exist. contrary to previous results, we found no serotype susceptibility differences. isavuconazole, posaconazole, and voriconazole demonstrated excellent potency against each isolate and serotype, including isolates with reduced fluconazole susceptibilities. | 2009 | 18955539 |
| [neuromeningeal cryptococcosis in non-hiv patients to chu ward of point g in bamako (mali): 3 case report]. | we report 3 clinical observations of neuromeningeal cryptococcosis which occurred without any immunodepression related to hiv infection. our patients were male. they did not present any particular medical history indicating a diagnosis of cryptococcosis. nevertheless we found a professional exposure to the risk of inhalation of c. neoformans capsules. the diagnosis was based on presence of encapsulated yeast of cryptococcus in the direct exam by china ink and culture on sabouraud medium. cd4 lym ... | 2008 | 18956811 |
| common aids-associated opportunistic infections. | | 2008 | 18975491 |
| bioactive pentacyclic triterpenes from the stems of combretum laxum. | two new triterpene glucosides, beta-d-glucopyranosyl 2alpha,3beta,24-trihydroxyolean- 12-en-28-oate and beta-d-glucopyranosyl 2alpha,3beta,23,24-tetrahydroxyurs-12-en-28-oate, in addition to nine known compounds belonging to three different triterpene classes (oleanane-, ursane- and lupane-type) have been isolated from the stems of a specimen of combretum laxum growing in the "pantanal" of the central-western region of brazil. among the known triterpenes, beta-d-glucopyranosyl 2alpha,3beta,6beta ... | 2008 | 18978701 |
| in vitro andin vivo antifungal activities of 6-[(n-4-bromophenyl) amino]-7-chloro-5,8-quinolinediones. | antifungal activities of 6-[(n-4-bromophenyl)amino]-7-chloro-5,8-quinolinedione (rck7) were tested. the mic values of rck7 were determined for antifungal suceptibility,in vitro againstaspergillus niger, cryptococcus neoformans andtrichophyton mentagrophyte by standard agar streak method.in vitro, rck7 showed more potent antifungal activity than fluconazole and ketoconazole. also, rck7 was tested forin vivo antifungal activity in the treatment of systemic infection withcandida albicans in normal ... | 1997 | 18982264 |
| [neurocryptococcosis as an emerging disease in immunocompetent patients]. | | 2008 | 18985605 |
| mycophenolic derivatives from eupenicillium parvum. | a new compound, euparvic acid (1, c(14)h(16)o(6)), and the known compounds 5,7-dihydroxy-4-methylphthalide (2), 6-(3-carboxybutyl)-7-hydroxy-5-methoxy-4-methylphthalan-1-one (3), 6-(5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-enyl)-7-hydroxy-5-methoxy-4-methylphthalan-1-one (4), and 6-(5-carboxy-4-hydroxy-3-methylpent-2-enyl)-7-hydroxy-5-methoxy-4-methylphthalan-1-one (5) were isolated from the etoac extract of eupenicillium parvum. the structure of 1 was determined by interpretation of ms and homo- and heteronucl ... | 2008 | 18991460 |
| a screening for suppressor mutants reveals components involved in the blue light-inhibited sexual filamentation in cryptococcus neoformans. | blue light regulates diverse physiological and developmental processes in fungi. our prior studies demonstrated that the evolutionally conserved cwc1 and cwc2 proteins mediate the blue light-inhibited sexual filamentation in cryptococcus neoformans. to characterize the putative domains of the cwc1 and cwc2 proteins, we generated partially deleted versions of these genes under the gpd1 promoter and examined their effects. the results confirmed that lov and pas domains are essential for the functi ... | 2009 | 18996495 |
| cryptococcal infection presenting as cellulitis in a renal transplant recipient. | opportunistic infections of skin and soft tissue represent a rare but serious complication following solid organ transplantation. we report a case of severe soft tissue infection caused by cryptococcus neoformans in a renal transplant recipient. physicians need to consider the possibility of opportunistic pathogens when managing infections in immunocompromised hosts, especially when symptoms persist despite seemingly appropriate empiric antimicrobial therapy. tissue sampling for histological and ... | 2009 | 19000155 |
| results from the artemis disk global antifungal surveillance study, 1997 to 2007: 10.5-year analysis of susceptibilities of noncandidal yeast species to fluconazole and voriconazole determined by clsi standardized disk diffusion testing. | fluconazole in vitro susceptibility test results determined by the clsi m44-a disk diffusion method for 11,240 isolates of noncandidal yeasts were collected from 134 study sites in 40 countries from june 1997 through december 2007. data were collected for 8,717 yeast isolates tested with voriconazole from 2001 through 2007. a total of 22 different species/organism groups were isolated, of which cryptococcus neoformans was the most common (31.2% of all isolates). overall, cryptococcus (32.9%), sa ... | 2009 | 19005141 |
| cryptococcal granulomas in an immunocompromised hiv-negative patient. | disseminated cryptococcosis usually occurs in immunocompromised individuals with defective cell-mediated immunity, most commonly seen with hiv infection. we present a case of disseminated cryptococcosis in an hiv-negative male patient who presented with headache, fever, altered sensorium of short duration and multiple cutaneous lesions. an emergency ct scan of the head showed multiple intracranial and intraventricular granulomas. routine laboratory investigations were within the normal range. a ... | 2008 | 19008595 |
| cryptococcal meningitis in rio de janeiro state, brazil, 1994-2004. | the objective of this article was to evaluate the epidemiology of cryptococcal meningitis in rio de janeiro state, brazil, from 1994 to 2004. six hundred and ninety-six cases of cryptococcal meningitis were reported, with a mean incidence of 0.45 per 100,000 inhabitants. patients were predominantly male; mean age was 35.9 years; aids was practically the only underlying disease, reported in 61.2% of cases; case-fatality was 51.8%. no decline in incidence was observed during the study period. aids ... | 2008 | 19009138 |
| [first isolation of cryptococcus gattii from the environment in the state of espírito santo]. | the presence of cryptococcus gattii was investigated in different regions of the state of espírito santo. the largest number (73) of samples was collected from trees located in public places in vitória; 47 came from preserved areas or areas with only minor human impact, surrounding this city, at altitudes from 0 to 900m above sea level; 48 came from trees native of the northern and southern regions of the state. the samples were collected from tree hollows and trunks by of swabs and yielded two ... | 2008 | 19009184 |
| fungal endophthalmitis: fourteen years' experience from a center in india. | as fungal endophthalmitis is an emerging challenge, the study was carried out to determine the prevalence and the spectrum of fungal agents causing endophthalmitis from a single center, to identify the risk factors, and to correlate clinical course of illness with the agents involved. | 2008 | 19009680 |
| sterol 24-c-methyltransferase: an enzymatic target for the disruption of ergosterol biosynthesis and homeostasis in cryptococcus neoformans. | growth of cryptococcus neoformans was inhibited by nine nitrogen and sulfur-containing sterols with a heteroatom positioned at c3, c7, c24, c25 or c32 in the lanostane frame. analysis of the sterol composition of control and treated cells by gc-ms and (1)h nmr has proven that the c-methylation reaction catalyzed by the sterol 24-c-methyltransferase (24-smt) is the crucial first step in a kinetically favored pathway that fails to include obtusifoliol or zymosterol as intermediates. cultures fed [ ... | 2009 | 19014901 |
| disseminated cryptococcosis complicated with bilateral pleural effusion and ascites during corticosteroid therapy for organizing pneumonia with myelodysplastic syndrome. | an 83-year-old man with myelodysplastic syndrome was admitted to our hospital due to dyspnea and abnormal shadows on chest x-ray films during corticosteroid therapy for organizing pneumonia. he was diagnosed as having disseminated cryptococcosis with pulmonary lesions after detecting cryptococcus neoformans. both bilateral pleural effusion with or without ipsilateral pulmonary lesions and ascites ensued, and it was assumed that both direct involvement and serositis were associated with the fluid ... | 2008 | 19015612 |
| the nadp-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase gene from the astaxanthin producer xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous: use of its promoter for controlled gene expression. | the gdha gene encoding the nadp-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) activity from xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous has been cloned and characterized, and its promoter used for controlled gene expression in this red-pigmented heterobasidiomycetous yeast. we determined the nucleotide sequence of a 4701 bp dna genomic fragment, showing an open reading frame of 1871 bp interrupted by five introns with fungal consensus splice-site junctions. the predicted protein (455 amino acids; 49 kda) revealed h ... | 2009 | 19016007 |