| the plasmodium protein p113 supports efficient sporozoite to liver stage conversion in vivo. | invasive stages of plasmodium parasites possess distinct integral and peripheral membrane proteins that mediate host cell attachment and invasion. p113 is an abundant protein in detergent-resistant high molecular weight complexes in plasmodium schizonts, but is unusual since expression extends to gametocytes and sporozoites. in this study, we tested whether p113 performs important functions for parasite propagation in plasmodium berghei. we show that pre-erythrocytic expression of p113 displays ... | 2014 | 24657782 |
| production, fate and pathogenicity of plasma microparticles in murine cerebral malaria. | in patients with cerebral malaria (cm), higher levels of cell-specific microparticles (mp) correlate with the presence of neurological symptoms. mp are submicron plasma membrane-derived vesicles that express antigens of their cell of origin and phosphatidylserine (ps) on their surface, facilitating their role in coagulation, inflammation and cell adhesion. in this study, the in vivo production, fate and pathogenicity of cell-specific mp during plasmodium berghei infection of mice were evaluated. ... | 2014 | 24651155 |
| in vivo and in vitro antimalarial activity of bergenin. | malaria is a potentially life-threatening protozoal parasitic disease transmitted by female anopheles mosquitoes. drug therapy is currently the most widely used method for the control and treatment of this disease. several plants were found to contain substances possessing antimalarial properties. in this study, we investigated the antimalarial activity of bergenin, a sesquiterpene lactone compound derived from rodgersia aesculifolia batal. the results indicated that bergenin effectively inhibit ... | 2014 | 24649107 |
| increased survival in b-cell-deficient mice during experimental cerebral malaria suggests a role for circulating immune complexes. | the pathogenesis of malaria, an insect-borne disease that takes millions of lives every year, is still not fully understood. complement receptor 1 (cr1) has been described as a receptor for plasmodium falciparum, which causes cerebral malaria in humans. we investigated the role of cr1 in an experimental model of cerebral malaria. transgenic mice expressing human cr1 (hcr1(+)) on erythrocytes were infected with plasmodium berghei anka and developed cerebral malaria. no difference in survival was ... | 2014 | 24643866 |
| bioassay-guided isolation and characterization of active antiplasmodial compounds from murraya koenigii extracts against plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium berghei. | malaria is an overwhelming impact in the poorest countries in the world due to their prevalence, virulence and drug resistance ability. currently, there is inadequate armoury of drugs for the treatment of malaria. this underscores the continuing need for the discovery and development of new effective and safe antimalarial drugs. to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo antimalarial activity of the leaf ethyl acetate extract of murraya koenigii, bioassay-guided chromatographic fractionation was emplo ... | 2014 | 24638906 |
| molecular cloning, characterization and expression profile of a glutathione peroxidase-like thioredoxin peroxidase (tpxgl) of the rodent malaria parasite plasmodium berghei. | glutathione peroxidases (gpx) comprise an important group of redox active proteins with diverse functions, including antioxidant defense and signaling. although the genome of the malaria parasite plasmodium does not contain a genuine gpx gene a glutathione peroxidase-like thioredoxin peroxidase (tpx(gl)) has recently been identified and biochemically characterized in the human malaria parasite p. falciparum. to gain more insight into the potential biological function of this enzyme we have clone ... | 2015 | 24637102 |
| in vitro and in vivo combination of cepharanthine with anti-malarial drugs. | stephania rotunda is used by traditional health practitioners in southeast asia to treat a wide range of diseases and particularly symptoms related to malaria. cepharanthine (cep) is an alkaloid isolated from this plant with potential innovative antiplasmodial activity. the analysis of interactions between antiplasmodial drugs is necessary to develop new drugs combinations to prevent de novo emergence of resistance. the objective of this study was to evaluate the anti-malarial activity of cep in ... | 2014 | 24618129 |
| calcium dynamics of plasmodium berghei sporozoite motility. | calcium is a key signalling molecule in apicomplexan parasites and plays an important role in diverse processes including gliding motility. gliding is essential for the malaria parasite to migrate from the skin to the liver as well as to invade host tissues and cells. here we investigated the dynamics of intracellular ca(2+) in the motility of plasmodium berghei sporozoites by live imaging and flow cytometry. we found that cytosolic levels of ca(2+) increase when sporozoites are activated in sus ... | 2014 | 24617597 |
| increased resistance to malaria in mice with methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (mthfr) deficiency suggests a mechanism for selection of the mthfr 677c>t (c.665c>t) variant. | the polymorphism 677c>t (nm_005957.4:c.665c>t/p.ala222val, rs1801133:c>t) in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (mthfr) results in mild enzymatic deficiency and increased risk for several complex traits including adverse reproductive outcomes, birth defects, and heart disease. despite these deleterious effects, homozygosity is high (5%-15%) in many populations, and among the highest in mediterranean regions, where malaria was historically endemic and may have conferred a selective advantage for ... | 2014 | 24616178 |
| pparγ agonists improve survival and neurocognitive outcomes in experimental cerebral malaria and induce neuroprotective pathways in human malaria. | cerebral malaria (cm) is associated with a high mortality rate, and long-term neurocognitive impairment in approximately one third of survivors. adjunctive therapies that modify the pathophysiological processes involved in cm may improve outcome over anti-malarial therapy alone. pparγ agonists have been reported to have immunomodulatory effects in a variety of disease models. here we report that adjunctive therapy with pparγ agonists improved survival and long-term neurocognitive outcomes in the ... | 2014 | 24603727 |
| protective effect of thunbergia laurifolia extract on hemolysis during plasmodium berghei infection. | this study was aimed to investigate the efficacy of thunbergia laurifolia leaf extract to protect hemolysis in mice infected with plasmodium berghei. aqueous leaf extract of t. laurifolia was freshly prepared, and total polyphenol was then measured using folin-ciocalteu reagent method. for in vivo test, icr mice were given intraperitoneally with this extract (1,000 mg/kg) once a day for four consecutive days and subsequently inoculated with 1 × 10(6) parasitized erythrocytes of p. berghei anka b ... | 2014 | 24595643 |
| tempol, an intracellular antioxidant, inhibits tissue factor expression, attenuates dendritic cell function, and is partially protective in a murine model of cerebral malaria. | the role of intracellular radical oxygen species (ros) in pathogenesis of cerebral malaria (cm) remains incompletely understood. | 2014 | 24586264 |
| synergistic effect of aqueous extract of telfaria occidentalis on the biological activities of artesunate in plasmodium berghei infected mice. | resistance to most antimalarial drugs has encouraged the use of herbal preparations along with prescribed orthodox drugs. | 2014 | 26060466 |
| in vivo antimalarial activities of enantia polycarpa stem bark against plasmodium berghei berghei in mice. | enantia polycarpa (pc) engl. et diels (annonaceae) is used in traditional medicine as an antimalarial remedy in southern nigeria. | 2014 | 24561382 |
| proposal for a new therapy for drug-resistant malaria using plasmodium synthetic lethality inference. | many antimalarial drugs kill malaria parasites, but antimalarial drug resistance (adr) and toxicity to normal cells limit their usefulness. to solve this problem, we suggest a new therapy for drug-resistant malaria. the approach consists of data integration and inference through homology analysis of yeast-human-plasmodium. if one gene of a plasmodium synthetic lethal (sl) gene pair has a mutation that causes adr, a drug targeting the other gene of the sl pair might be used as an effective treatm ... | 2013 | 24533301 |
| interleukin-27 exhibited anti-inflammatory activity during plasmodium berghei infection in mice. | interleukin-27 (il-27) has a pleiotropic role either as a pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory cytokine in inflammatory related diseases. the role and involvement of il-27 during malaria was investigated and the effects of modulating its release on the production of major inflammatory cytokines and the histopathological consequences in major affected organs during the infection were evaluated. results showed that il-27 concentration was significantly elevated throughout the infection but no pos ... | 2013 | 24522137 |
| azadirachta indica extract-artesunic acid combination produces an increased cure rate of plasmodium berghei-infected mice. | available artemisinin-combination therapies (acts) are expensive. various traditional herbal remedies for malaria involve plants, proven scientifically to have antiplasmodial effects, e.g., azadirachta indica a. juss. (meliaceae). | 2014 | 24517279 |
| cd8(+) t cells mediate robust stage-specific immunity to p. berghei under chemoprophylaxis and this protective environment is not downregulated by the presence of blood-stage infection. | sterile protection against malaria infection can be achieved by the inoculation of intact sporozoites while treating concomitantly with the 4-aminoquinoline chloroquine. we present an analysis of protective immunity elicited by successive immunization with plasmodium berghei sporozoites under chemoprophylaxis. immunization resulted in a protective, stage-specific immune response. protection appeared to be mediated by cd8(+) t cells and was abrogated upon their specific depletion. adoptive transf ... | 2014 | 24516592 |
| the survival times of malaria-infected mice are prolonged more by several new two-carbon-linked artemisinin-derived dimer carbamates than by the trioxane antimalarial drug artemether. | sixteen new artemisinin-derived 2-carbon-linked trioxane dimers were prepared to study chemical structure/antimalarial activity relationships (sar). administering a very low single oral dose of only 5mg/kg of dimer secondary alcohol 6a or 6b plus 15 mg/kg of mefloquine hydrochloride prolonged the lives of plasmodium berghei-infected mice to an average of 25 days after infection. this act chemotherapy result is of high medicinal significance because the antimalarial efficacy of the popular trioxa ... | 2014 | 24508128 |
| antimalarial properties of artemisia vulgaris l. ethanolic leaf extract in a plasmodium berghei murine malaria model. | artemisinin isolated from artemisia annua is the most potent antimalarial drug against chloroquine-resistant plasmodium falciparum malaria. artemisia vulgaris, an invasive weed, is the only artemisia species available in sri lanka. a pilot study was undertaken to investigate the antiparasitic activity of an a. vulgaris ethanolic leaf extract (avele) in a p. berghei anka murine malaria model that elicits pathogenesis similar to falciparum malaria. | 2013 | 24499850 |
| evaluation of haematological changes in plasmodium-berghei-infected mice administered with aqueous extract of phyllantus amarus. | this study was designed to evaluate the changes in some hematological parameters of p-berghei-infected mice treated with aqueous extract of phyllantus amarus, a plant that is used traditionally to treat malaria patients in some nigerian communities. the aqueous extract of the leaves at 200, 400 and 600 mg kg(-1) body weight/day dose levels were used to treat the test groups immediately after infection for the suppressive test and 72 hours post infection for the curative test while a standard ant ... | 2013 | 24498819 |
| contribution of the ly49e natural killer receptor in the immune response to plasmodium berghei infection and control of hepatic parasite development. | natural killer (nk) cells have different roles in the host response against plasmodium-induced malaria depending on the stage of infection. liver nk cells have a protective role during the initial hepatic stage of infection by production of the th1-type cytokines ifn-γ and tnf-α. in the subsequent erythrocytic stage of infection, nk cells also induce protection through th1-type cytokines but, in addition, may also promote development of cerebral malaria via cxcr3-induction on cd8(+) t cells resu ... | 2014 | 24498110 |
| signatures of malaria vaccine efficacy in ageing murine immune memory. | malaria transmission occurs by mosquito bite. thereafter, plasmodium sporozoites specifically invade the liver, where they develop into thousands of merozoites that initiate blood-stage infection and clinical malaria. the pre-erythrocytic phase of a plasmodium infection is the target of experimental whole-parasite vaccines against malaria. repeated immunizations with high doses of live, metabolically active sporozoites can induce protracted protection against plasmodium reinfection. parasites la ... | 2014 | 24495208 |
| formulation development and evaluation of the anti-malaria properties of sustained release artesunate-loaded solid lipid microparticles based on phytolipids. | contexts: artemisinins and its derivatives are considered the basis in the treatment of plasmodium falciparum malaria due to their high potency and rapid action. however, they have short half life, low solubility, and poor oral bioavailability, hence the need to formulate sustained release lipid particulate dosage form of these drugs. | 2015 | 24479677 |
| myd88 signaling is directly involved in the development of murine placental malaria. | malaria is a widespread infectious disease caused by the parasite plasmodium. during pregnancy, malaria infection leads to a range of complications that can affect both the mother and fetus, including stillbirth, infant mortality, and low birth weight. in this study, we utilized a mouse model of placental malaria (pm) infection to determine the importance of the protein myd88 in the host immune response to plasmodium during pregnancy. initially, we demonstrated that plasmodium berghei nk65gfp ad ... | 2014 | 24478096 |
| genetic crosses and complementation reveal essential functions for the plasmodium stage-specific actin2 in sporogonic development. | malaria parasites have two actin isoforms, ubiquitous actin1 and specialized actin2. actin2 is essential for late male gametogenesis, prior to egress from the host erythrocyte. here, we examined whether the two actins fulfil overlapping functions in plasmodium berghei. replacement of actin2 with actin1 resulted in partial complementation of the defects in male gametogenesis and, thus, viable ookinetes were formed, able to invade the midgut epithelium and develop into oocysts. however, these rema ... | 2014 | 24471657 |
| antimalarial potential of kolaviron, a biflavonoid from garcinia kola seeds, against plasmodium berghei infection in swiss albino mice. | to investigate the antimalarial potential of kolaviron (kv), a biflavonoid fraction from garcinia kola seeds, against plasmodium berghei (p. berghei) infection in swiss albino mice. | 2014 | 24461521 |
| post-transcriptional silencing of uis4 in plasmodium berghei sporozoites is important for host switch. | plasmodium sporozoites are transmitted by mosquitoes and first infect hepatocytes of their mammalian host, wherein they develop as liver stages, surrounded by the parasitophorous vacuole membrane (pvm). the parasite must rapidly adapt to its changing environment after switching host. shortly after invasion, the pvm is remodelled by insertion of essential parasite proteins of the early transcribed membrane protein family such as uis4. here, using the rodent malaria model plasmodium berghei, we sh ... | 2014 | 24446886 |
| 2,4-diaminothienopyrimidines as orally active antimalarial agents. | a novel series of 2,4-diaminothienopyrimidines with potential as antimalarials was identified from whole-cell high-throughput screening of a softfocus ion channel library. synthesis and structure-activity relationship studies identified compounds with potent antiplasmodial activity and low in vitro cytotoxicity. several of these analogues exhibited in vivo activity in the plasmodium berghei mouse model when administered orally. however, inhibition of the herg potassium channel was identified as ... | 2014 | 24446664 |
| the accumulation of macrophages expressing myeloid-related protein 8 (mrp8) and mrp14 in the spleen of balb/ca mice during infection with plasmodium berghei. | splenomegaly is one of the typical symptoms of malaria. however, the pathogenesis of splenic enlargement still remains unclear. spleen is a major organ for clearance of malaria parasites, but excessive response to the parasites can lead to splenomegaly. myeloid-related protein (mrp) 8 and mrp14 are expressed by myeloid cells and are regarded as marker proteins of an immature and inflammatory subtype of macrophage. previous studies have demonstrated that accumulation of mrp8(+) and mrp14(+) macro ... | 2014 | 24440297 |
| effect of artesunate based combination therapy with homeopathic medicine china on liver and kidney of plasmodium berghei infected mice. | present study has been undertaken to evaluate antimalarial potential and safety of artesunate based combination therapy with homeopathic medicine china (ϕ/30 potency) against plasmodium berghei (nk-65), a lethal rodent malaria parasite. in combination therapy, the oral administration of artesunate (100 mg/kg) + china ϕ/30 proved to be highly efficacious as it completely cleared the blood stage infection. during the follow up period up to day 28, no recrudescence was observed and the survival rat ... | 2013 | 24431543 |
| the spatiotemporal dynamics and membranous features of the plasmodium liver stage tubovesicular network. | for membrane-bound intracellular pathogens, the surrounding vacuole is the portal of communication with the host cell. the parasitophorous vacuole (pv) harboring intrahepatocytic plasmodium parasites satisfies the parasites' needs of nutrition and protection from host defenses to allow the rapid parasite growth that occurs during the liver stage of infection. in this study, we visualized the pv membrane (pvm) and the associated tubovesicular network (tvn) through fluorescent tagging of two pvm-r ... | 2014 | 24423236 |
| albumin-bound nanoparticles of practically water-insoluble antimalarial lead greatly enhance its efficacy. | we recently showed that the indolone-n-oxides can be promising candidates for the treatment of chloroquine-resistant malaria. however, the in vivo assays have been hampered by the very poor aqueous solubility of these compounds resulting in poor and variable activity. here, we describe the preparation, characterization and in vivo evaluation of biodegradable albumin-bound indolone-n-oxide nanoparticles. nanoparticles were prepared by precipitation followed by high-pressure homogenization and cha ... | 2014 | 24412521 |
| antimalarial activity of plumbagin in vitro and in animal models. | plumbagin is the major active constituent in several plants including plumbago indica linn. (root). this compound has been shown to exhibit a wide spectrum of biological and pharmacological activities. the present study aimed to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo antimalarial activity of plumbagin including its acute and subacute toxicity in mice. | 2014 | 24410949 |
| aspidosperma (apocynaceae) plant cytotoxicity and activity towards malaria parasites. part i: aspidosperma nitidum (benth) used as a remedy to treat fever and malaria in the amazon. | infusions of aspidosperma nitidum (apocynaceae) wood bark are used to treat fever and malaria in the amazon region. several species of this family are known to possess indole alkaloids and other classes of secondary metabolites, whereas terpenoids, an inositol and the indole alkaloids harmane-3 acid and braznitidumine have been described in a. nitidum . in the present study, extracts from the wood bark, leaves and branches of this species were prepared for assays against malaria parasites and cy ... | 2013 | 24402150 |
| flt3 ligand treatment modulates parasitemia during infection with rodent malaria parasites via myd88- and ifn-γ-dependent mechanisms. | we previously showed that treatment of mice with the flt3 ligand (flt3l) prevents development of lethal experimental cerebral malaria and inhibits parasitemia during plasmodium berghei anka (pba) infection. in this study, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the reduction of parasitemia in flt3l-treated mice. studies using gene knockout mice and antibody treatment indicated that the anti-parasitemia effect of flt3l was mediated by innate immune system and was dependent on myd88, ifn-γ, il-1 ... | 2014 | 24400637 |
| toxoplasma gondii upregulates interleukin-12 to prevent plasmodium berghei-induced experimental cerebral malaria. | a chronic infection with the parasite toxoplasma gondii has previously been shown to protect mice against subsequent viral, bacterial, or protozoal infections. here we have shown that a chronic t. gondii infection can prevent plasmodium berghei anka-induced experimental cerebral malaria (ecm) in c57bl/6 mice. treatment with soluble t. gondii antigens (stag) reduced parasite sequestration and t cell infiltration in the brains of p. berghei-infected mice. administration of stag also preserved bloo ... | 2014 | 24396042 |
| interleukin-3-deficient mice have increased resistance to blood-stage malaria. | the contribution of interleukin-3 (il-3), a hematopoietic growth factor and immunoregulatory cytokine, to resistance to blood-stage malaria was investigated by infecting il-3-deficient (knockout [ko]) mice with plasmodium berghei nk65. male il-3 ko mice, but not female mice, were more resistant to infection than wild-type (wt) mice, as evidenced by lower peak parasitemia and prolonged survival. both male and female il-3 ko mice had increased splenomegaly and were more anemic than corresponding w ... | 2014 | 24379292 |
| alpha-tocopherol transfer protein gene inhibition enhances the acquired immune response during malaria infection in mice. | immune response to malaria infection is complex and seems to be regulated by innate and adaptive immune response as well as environmental factors such as host genetics and nutritional status. previously, we have reported that α-tocopherol transfer protein knockout (α-ttp(δ)) mice, showing low concentrations of α-tocopherol in circulation, infected with plasmodium berghei nk65 survived significantly longer as compared with the wild-type mice. in addition, plasmodium yoelii xl-17, a lethal strain, ... | 2014 | 24363183 |
| characterization of the atg8-conjugation system in 2 plasmodium species with special focus on the liver stage: possible linkage between the apicoplastic and autophagic systems? | plasmodium parasites successfully colonize different habitats within mammals and mosquitoes, and adaptation to various environments is accompanied by changes in their organelle composition and size. previously, we observed that during hepatocyte infection, plasmodium discards organelles involved in invasion and expands those implicated in biosynthetic pathways. we hypothesized that this process is regulated by autophagy. plasmodium spp. possess a rudimentary set of known autophagy-related protei ... | 2014 | 24342964 |
| in vitro antiplasmodial activity, cytotoxicity and chemical profiles of sponge species of cuban coasts. | aqueous and organic fractions from the crude extracts of 17 sponge species collected at boca de calderas, havana, cuba were analysed. the organic fractions of mycale laxissima, clathria echinata and agelas cerebrum exhibited values of concentrations causing 50% inhibition of in vitro growth of plasmodium berghei (ic50) of 42.3 ± 5.1, 52 ± 9.7 and 60.3 ± 10.6 μg/ml, respectively, while their selectivity indexes for fibroblast cell lines were 9.45, 4.24 and 8.7, correspondingly. these fractions re ... | 2014 | 24304347 |
| cost of immune priming within generations: trade-off between infection and reproduction. | immune priming is a new paradigm in innate immunity. however, most studies have focused on the benefits of priming (enhanced survival and parasite clearance after a second challenge), while little attention has been paid to the costs. in this study, both factors were investigated in anopheles albimanus primed against plasmodium berghei. as previously observed in other invertebrates, compared to un-primed mosquitoes, those primed better controlled a challenge from the same parasite, and had a hig ... | 2014 | 24291714 |
| malaria infection alters the expression of hepatobiliary and placental drug transporters in pregnant mice. | preventing and treating malaria in pregnancy is a global health priority. however little is known regarding the impact of malaria infection on the maternal and fetal disposition of pharmaceuticals and other xenobiotics. our objective was to characterize expression of key determinants of drug-disposition in maternal and fetal tissues in a validated murine model of experimental placental malaria. balb/c mice were infected with plasmodium berghei at mid gestation [gestational day (gd) 13] and mater ... | 2014 | 24281836 |
| in vivo antimalarial evaluation of mama decoction on plasmodium berghei in mice. | the use of decoctions of different plant materials is common practice in antimalarial ethnomedicine in africa. scientific evaluation of such herbal combinations to verify the claims is important. the study has evaluated the antimalarial efficacy of mama decoction (md), a multicomponent herbal preparation and its individual plant components, namely leaves of morinda lucida benth [rubiaceae] (ml), azadirachta indica a. juss [meliaceae] (ai), alstonia boonei de wild [apocynaceae] (ab) and mangifera ... | 2014 | 24271081 |
| in vitro and in vivo characterization of the antimalarial lead compound ssj-183 in plasmodium models. | the objective of this work was to characterize the in vitro (plasmodium falciparum) and in vivo (plasmodium berghei) activity profile of the recently discovered lead compound ssj-183. the molecule showed in vitro a fast and strong inhibitory effect on growth of all p. falciparum blood stages, with a tendency to a more pronounced stage-specific action on ring forms at low concentrations. furthermore, the compound appeared to be equally efficacious on drug-resistant and drug-sensitive parasite str ... | 2013 | 24255594 |
| antimalarial efficacy of hydroxyethylapoquinine (sn-119) and its derivatives. | quinine and other cinchona-derived alkaloids, although recently supplanted by the artemisinins (arts), continue to be important for treatment of severe malaria. quinine and quinidine have narrow therapeutic indices, and a safer quinine analog is desirable, particularly with the continued threat of antimalarial drug resistance. hydroxyethylapoquinine (heaq), used at 8 g a day for dosing in humans in the 1930s and halving mortality from bacterial pneumonias, was shown to cure bird malaria in the 1 ... | 2014 | 24247136 |
| functional roles for c5a and c5ar but not c5l2 in the pathogenesis of human and experimental cerebral malaria. | the host immune response plays an important role in the onset and progression of cerebral malaria (cm). the complement system is an essential component of the innate immune response to malaria, and its activation generates the anaphylatoxin c5a. to test the hypothesis that c5a signaling contributes to the pathogenesis of cm, we investigated a causal role for the c5a receptors c5ar and c5l2 in a mouse model of experimental cm (ecm) induced by plasmodium berghei anka infection, and using a case-co ... | 2014 | 24191300 |
| emerging roles for protein s-palmitoylation in toxoplasma biology. | post-translational modifications are refined, rapidly responsive and powerful ways to modulate protein function. among post-translational modifications, acylation is now emerging as a widespread modification exploited by eukaryotes, bacteria and viruses to control biological processes. protein palmitoylation involves the attachment of palmitic acid, also known as hexadecanoic acid, to cysteine residues of integral and peripheral membrane proteins and increases their affinity for membranes. impor ... | 2014 | 24184909 |
| further evidence for an anti-inflammatory role of artesunate in experimental cerebral malaria. | cerebral malaria (cm) is a clinical syndrome resulting from plasmodium falciparum infection. a wide range of clinical manifestations follow the disease including cognitive dysfunction, seizures and coma. cm pathogenesis remains incompletely understood and without treatment this condition is invariably fatal. artesunate has been accepted as the most effective drug for treating severe malaria. besides its antiparasitic activity, an anti-inflammatory property has also been reported. in the current ... | 2013 | 24180288 |
| cytokine response to pregnancy-associated recrudescence of plasmodium berghei infection in mice with pre-existing immunity to malaria. | during childhood, residents of areas with stable transmission of plasmodium falciparum parasites acquire substantial protective immunity to malaria, and adults therefore rarely experience clinical disease episodes. however, susceptibility to infection reappears in pregnant women, particularly primigravidae. this is due to appearance of antigenic parasite variants that are restricted to pregnancy. variant-specific immunity also governs pregnancy-associated recrudescence of plasmodium berghei infe ... | 2013 | 24180253 |
| oxidative stress and micronutrient therapy in malaria: an in vivo study in plasmodium berghei infected mice. | free radical production from oxidative stress induced by malaria infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of malaria. however, the use of agents with antioxidant activity may interfere with malaria progression. the study involves an in vivo evaluation of the role of some antioxidant micronutrients in the modulation of malaria infection. rodent malaria model using plasmodium berghei nk-65 strain (chloroquine sensitive) was used for the study. forty five mice of either sex weighing 20.05 + ... | 2013 | 24171263 |
| evidence for pyronaridine as a highly effective partner drug for treatment of artemisinin-resistant malaria in a rodent model. | the increasing prevalence in southeast asia of plasmodium falciparum infections with delayed parasite clearance rates, following treatment of malaria patients with the artemisinin derivative artesunate, highlights an urgent need to identify which of the currently available artemisinin-based combination therapies (acts) are most suitable to treat populations with emerging artemisinin resistance. here, we demonstrate that the rodent plasmodium berghei sana strain has acquired artemisinin resistanc ... | 2014 | 24145526 |
| ferrous iron-dependent drug delivery enables controlled and selective release of therapeutic agents in vivo. | the precise targeting of cytotoxic agents to specific cell types or cellular compartments is of significant interest in medicine, with particular relevance for infectious diseases and cancer. here, we describe a method to exploit aberrant levels of mobile ferrous iron (fe(ii)) for selective drug delivery in vivo. this approach makes use of a 1,2,4-trioxolane moiety, which serves as an fe(ii)-sensitive "trigger," making drug release contingent on fe(ii)-promoted trioxolane fragmentation. we demon ... | 2013 | 24145449 |
| effect of mature blood-stage plasmodium parasite sequestration on pathogen biomass in mathematical and in vivo models of malaria. | parasite biomass and microvasculature obstruction are strongly associated with disease severity and death in plasmodium falciparum-infected humans. this is related to sequestration of mature, blood-stage parasites (schizonts) in peripheral tissue. the prevailing view is that schizont sequestration leads to an increase in pathogen biomass, yet direct experimental data to support this are lacking. here, we first studied parasite population dynamics in inbred wild-type (wt) mice infected with the r ... | 2014 | 24144725 |
| 3,5-bis(benzylidene)-4-piperidones and related n-acyl analogs: a novel cluster of antimalarials targeting the liver stage of plasmodium falciparum. | drug resistance is a major challenge in antimalarial chemotherapy. in addition, a complete cure of malaria requires intervention at various stages in the development of the parasite within the host. there are only a few antimalarials that target the liver stage of the plasmodium species which is an essential part of the life cycle of the malarial parasite. we report a series of antimalarial 3,5-bis(benzylidene)-4-piperidones and related n-acyl analogs 1-5, a number of which exhibit potent in vit ... | 2013 | 24139941 |
| cerebral tissue oxygenation impairment during experimental cerebral malaria. | ischemia and hypoxia have been implicated in cerebral malaria (cm) pathogenesis, although direct measurements of hypoxia have not been conducted. c57bl/6 mice infected with plasmodium berghei anka (pba) develop a neurological syndrome known as experimental cerebral malaria (ecm), whereas balb/c mice are resistant to ecm. in this study, intravital microscopy methods were used to quantify hemodynamic changes, vascular/tissue oxygen (o₂) tension (po₂), and perivascular ph in vivo in ecm and non-ecm ... | 2013 | 24128424 |
| erythropoietin protects against murine cerebral malaria through actions on host cellular immunity. | cerebral malaria (cm) is associated with excessive host proinflammatory responses and endothelial activation. the hematopoietic hormone erythropoietin (epo) possesses neuroprotective functions in animal models of ischemic-hypoxic, traumatic, and inflammatory injuries. in the plasmodium berghei anka model of experimental cm (ecm), recombinant human epo (rhepo) has shown evident protection against ecm. to elucidate the mechanism of epo in this ecm model, we investigated the effect of rhepo on host ... | 2014 | 24126529 |
| flavones as isosteres of 4(1h)-quinolones: discovery of ligand efficient and dual stage antimalarial lead compounds. | malaria is responsible for nearly one million deaths annually, and the increasing prevalence of multi-resistant strains of plasmodium falciparum poses a great challenge to controlling the disease. a diverse set of flavones, isosteric to 4(1h)-quinolones, were prepared and profiled for their antiplasmodial activity against the blood stage of p. falciparum w2 strain, and the liver stage of the rodent parasite plasmodium berghei. ligand efficient leads were identified as dual stage antimalarials, s ... | 2013 | 24125849 |
| computational and experimental analysis identified 6-diazo-5-oxonorleucine as a potential agent for treating infection by plasmodium falciparum. | plasmodium falciparum (pf) is the most severe malaria parasite. it is developing resistance quickly to existing drugs making it indispensable to discover new drugs. effective drugs have been discovered targeting metabolic enzymes of the parasite. in order to predict new drug targets, computational methods can be used employing database information of metabolism. using this data, we performed recently a computational network analysis of metabolism of pf. we analyzed the topology of the network to ... | 2013 | 24121016 |
| tlr4 ligand formulation causes distinct effects on antigen-specific cell-mediated and humoral immune responses. | the formulation of tlr ligands and other immunomodulators has a critical effect on their vaccine adjuvant activity. in this work, the synthetic tlr4 ligand gla was formulated with three distinct vaccine delivery system platforms (aqueous suspension, liposome, or oil-in-water emulsion). the effect of the different formulations on the adaptive immune response to protein subunit vaccines was evaluated in the context of a recombinant malaria antigen, plasmodium berghei circumsporozoite protein (pbcs ... | 2013 | 24120675 |
| anti-plasmodial activity of some zulu medicinal plants and of some triterpenes isolated from them. | mimusops caffra e. mey. ex a.dc and mimusops obtusifolia lam (both members of the sapotaceae family), and hypoxis colchicifolia bak (family hypoxidaceae) are used by traditional healers in zululand to manage malaria. anti-plasmodial investigation of the crude extracts and some triterpenes isolated from the plants showed activity against a chloroquine sensitive (cqs) strain of plasmodium falciparum (d10). among the crude extracts the leaves of m. caffra exhibited the highest activity, with an ic₅ ... | 2013 | 24108397 |
| il-27 receptor signaling regulates memory cd4+ t cell populations and suppresses rapid inflammatory responses during secondary malaria infection. | interleukin-27 (il-27) is known to control primary cd4(+) t cell responses during a variety of different infections, but its role in regulating memory cd4(+) t responses has not been investigated in any model. in this study, we have examined the functional importance of il-27 receptor (il-27r) signaling in regulating the formation and maintenance of memory cd4(+) t cells following malaria infection and in controlling their subsequent reactivation during secondary parasite challenge. we demonstra ... | 2014 | 24101691 |
| structure-activity-relationship studies around the 2-amino group and pyridine core of antimalarial 3,5-diarylaminopyridines lead to a novel series of pyrazine analogues with oral in vivo activity. | replacement of the pyridine core of antimalarial 3,5-diaryl-2-aminopyridines led to the identification of a novel series of pyrazine analogues with potent oral antimalarial activity. however, other changes to the pyridine core and replacement or substitution of the 2-amino group led to loss of antimalarial activity. the 3,5-diaryl-2-aminopyrazine series showed impressive in vitro antiplasmodial activity against the k1 (multidrug resistant) and nf54 (sensitive) strains of plasmodium falciparum in ... | 2013 | 24099149 |
| a purine analog synergizes with chloroquine (cq) by targeting plasmodium falciparum hsp90 (pfhsp90). | drug resistance, absence of an effective vaccine, and inadequate public health measures are major impediments to controlling plasmodium falciparum malaria worldwide. the development of antimalarials to which resistance is less likely is paramount. to this end, we have exploited the chaperone function of p. falciparum hsp90 (pfhsp90) that serves to facilitate the expression of resistance determinants. | 2013 | 24098696 |
| the transcription factor t-bet regulates parasitemia and promotes pathogenesis during plasmodium berghei anka murine malaria. | the pathogenesis of experimental cerebral malaria (ecm) is an immunologic process, mediated in part by th1 cd4(+) t cells. however, the role of the th1 cd4(+) t cell differentiation program on the ability to control parasitemia and susceptibility to ecm disease during blood stage malaria has never been assessed directly. using the plasmodium berghei anka murine model of ecm and mice deficient for the transcription factor t-bet (the master regulator of th1 cells) on the susceptible c57bl/6 backgr ... | 2013 | 24078698 |
| imaging plasmodium immunobiology in the liver, brain, and lung. | plasmodium falciparum malaria is responsible for the deaths of over half a million african children annually. until a decade ago, dynamic analysis of the malaria parasite was limited to in vitro systems with the typical limitations associated with 2d monocultures or entirely artificial surfaces. due to extremely low parasite densities, the liver was considered a black box in terms of plasmodium sporozoite invasion, liver stage development, and merozoite release into the blood. further, nothing w ... | 2014 | 24076429 |
| two putative protein export regulators promote plasmodium blood stage development in vivo. | protein export is considered an essential feature of malaria parasite blood stage development. here, we examined five components of the candidate plasmodium translocon of exported proteins (ptex), a complex thought to mediate protein export across the parasitophorous vacuole membrane into the host cell. using the murine malaria model parasite plasmodium berghei, we succeeded in generating parasite lines lacking ptex88 and thioredoxin 2 (trx2). repeated attempts to delete the remaining three tran ... | 2013 | 24076174 |
| metabolic profiling framework for discovery of candidate diagnostic markers of malaria. | despite immense efforts to combat malaria in tropical and sub-tropical regions, the potency of this vector-borne disease and its status as a major driver of morbidity and mortality remain undisputed. we develop an analytical pipeline for characterizing plasmodium infection in a mouse model and identify candidate urinary biomarkers that may present alternatives to immune-based diagnostic tools. we employ (1)h nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) profiling followed by multivariate modeling to discover ... | 2013 | 24067624 |
| screening of novel malaria dna vaccine candidates using full-length cdna library. | no licensed malaria vaccine exists, in spite of intensive development efforts. we have been investigating development of a dna vaccine to prevent malaria infection. to date, we have established a full-length cdna expression library from the erythrocytic-stage murine malaria parasite, plasmodium berghei. we found that immunization of mice with combined 2000 clones significantly prolonged survival after challenge infection and that splenocytes from the immunized mice showed parasite-specific cytok ... | 2013 | 24055215 |
| the evolution and diversity of a low complexity vaccine candidate, merozoite surface protein 9 (msp-9), in plasmodium vivax and closely related species. | the merozoite surface protein-9 (msp-9) has been considered a target for an anti-malarial vaccine since it is one of many proteins involved in the erythrocyte invasion, a critical step in the parasite life cycle. orthologs encoding this antigen have been found in all known species of plasmodium parasitic to primates. in order to characterize and investigate the extent and maintenance of msp-9 genetic diversity, we analyzed dna sequences of the following malaria parasite species: plasmodium falci ... | 2013 | 24044894 |
| pre-existing schistosoma japonicum infection alters the immune response to plasmodium berghei infection in c57bl/6 mice. | since helminths and malaria parasites are often co-endemic, it is important to clarify the immunoregulatory mechanism that occurs during the process of co-infection. a previous study confirmed that dendritic cells (dcs) are involved in the establishment and regulation of the t-cell-mediated immune response to malaria infection. in the current study, distinct response profiles for splenic dcs and regulatory t cell (treg) responses were assessed to evaluate the effects of a pre-existing schistosom ... | 2013 | 24034228 |
| identification of the plasmodium berghei resistance locus 9 linked to survival on chromosome 9. | one of the main causes of mortality from severe malaria in plasmodium falciparum infections is cerebral malaria (cm). an important host genetic component determines the susceptibility of an individual to develop cm or to clear the infection and become semi-immune. as such, the identification of genetic loci associated with susceptibility or resistance may serve to modulate disease severity. | 2013 | 24025732 |
| an oral malaria therapy: curcumin-loaded lipid-based drug delivery systems combined with β-arteether. | curcumin (cc), a potential antimalarial drug, has poor water solubility, stability and oral bioavailability. to circumvent these pitfalls, lipid-based drug delivery systems (lbddss) with a high cc loading (30 mg/g) were formulated. in a biorelevant gastric medium, cc-lbddss formed particle sizes in the range of 30-40 nm. during in vitro lipolysis, 90-95% of the cc remained solubilized, whereas 5-10% of the cc precipitated as an amorphous solid, with a high rate of re-dissolution in a biorelevant ... | 2013 | 24021359 |
| density-dependent blood stage plasmodium falciparum suppresses malaria super-infection in a malaria holoendemic population. | recent studies of plasmodium berghei malaria in mice show that high blood-stage parasitemia levels inhibit the development of subsequent liver-stage infections. whether a similar inhibitory effect on liver-stage plasmodium falciparum by blood-stage infection occurs in humans is unknown. we have analyzed data from a treatment-time-to-infection cohort of children < 10 years of age residing in a malaria holoendemic area of kenya where people experience a new blood-stage infection approximately ever ... | 2013 | 24019439 |
| treatment of pregnant balb/c mice with sulphadoxine pyrimethamine or chloroquine abrogates plasmodium berghei induced placental pathology. | malaria infection during pregnancy is a risk factor for foetus survival and is associated with abortion, premature delivery and low birth weight of infants in malaria endemic regions. in these regions, prophylactic measures and treatment mainly rely on chloroquine and sulphadoxine pyrimethamine, but their efficacy in reducing the placental pathology has not been studied. therefore, the present study was designed to assess the effectiveness of chloroquine and sulphadoxine pyrimethamine treatment ... | 2014 | 24013006 |
| synthesis and in vitro and in vivo evaluation of antimalarial polyamines. | we recently reported that 1,14-diphenylacetamide derivatives of spermine exhibit potent nm in vitro growth inhibition properties of plasmodium falciparum. in an effort to expand the structure-activity relationship of this compound class towards malaria, we have prepared and biologically tested a library that includes benzamide and 3-phenylpropanamide 'capping acid' groups, and polyamines that include spermine (pa3-4-3) and chain extended analogues pa3-8-3 and pa3-12-3. 2-hydroxy and 2,5-dimethox ... | 2013 | 23995215 |
| protection of renal function by green tea extract during plasmodium berghei infection. | impairment of renal function from oxidative stress during malaria infection is one of the leading causes of death in endemic areas. since blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels in plasma can be used as markers for monitoring renal damage, this study investigated the effect of green tea extract on reduction of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels during malaria infection using plasmodium berghei anka infected mice as in vivo model. for in vivo testing, icr mice were infected with 1 × 10(7 ... | 2013 | 23988625 |
| mice lacking inducible nitric oxide synthase develop exacerbated hepatic inflammatory responses induced by plasmodium berghei nk65 infection. | infection of mice with plasmodium berghei nk65 represents a well-recognized malaria model in which infection is accompanied by an intense hepatic inflammatory response. enzyme-inducible nitric oxide synthase is an important regulator of inflammation and leukocyte recruitment in microvessels, but these functions have yet to be evaluated in experimental malaria. in this study, we assessed the involvement of inducible nitric oxide synthase in inflammatory responses to murine experimental malaria in ... | 2013 | 23988520 |
| azadirachta indica ethanolic extract protects neurons from apoptosis and mitigates brain swelling in experimental cerebral malaria. | cerebral malaria is a rapidly developing encephalopathy caused by the apicomplexan parasite plasmodium falciparum. drugs currently in use are associated with poor outcome in an increasing number of cases and new drugs are urgently needed. the potential of the medicinal plant azadirachta indica (neem) for the treatment of experimental cerebral malaria was evaluated in mice. | 2013 | 23984986 |
| antimalarial activity of cocos nucifera husk fibre: further studies. | in this study, the antimalarial and toxicity potentials of husk fibre extracts of five nigerian varieties of cocos nucifera were evaluated in vitro. the only active extract fraction, west african tall (wat) ethyl acetate extract fraction, was then evaluated for its phytochemical constituents, antimalarial and toxicity potentials at varying doses (31.25-500 mg/kg body weight) using various organ function indices. the results revealed that wat ethyl acetate extract fraction (wateaef) contained alk ... | 2013 | 23983800 |
| phytochemical analysis and antimalarial activity aqueous extract of lecaniodiscus cupanioides root. | root aqueous extract of lecaniodiscus cupanioides was evaluated for antimalarial activity and analyzed for its phytochemical constituents. twenty-four (24) albino mice were infected by intraperitoneal injection of standard inoculum of chloroquine sensitive plasmodium berghei (nk 65). the animals were randomly divided into 6 groups of 3 mice each. group 1 served as the control while groups ii-iv were orally administered 50, 150, and 250 mg/kg body weights of extract. groups 5 and 6 received 1.75 ... | 2013 | 23983718 |
| anti-erythropoietin antibody levels and its association with anaemia in different strains of semi-immune mice infected with plasmodium berghei anka. | malaria anaemia is still a major public health problem and its pathogenesis still unclear. interestingly, the progression of anaemia is at relatively low parasitaemia with some mortality in the semi-immune individuals in the endemic areas despite adequate erythropoietin (epo) synthesis. a recent study has shown that treatment with exogenous anti-erythropoietin (anti-epo) antibodies (ab) of infected mice gives protection against malaria infection, suggesting an important role for anti-epo ab in m ... | 2013 | 23978045 |
| the curative and prophylactic effects of xylopic acid on plasmodium berghei infection in mice. | efforts have been intensified to search for more effective antimalarial agents because of the observed failure of some artemisinin-based combination therapy (act) treatments of malaria in ghana. xylopic acid, a pure compound isolated from the fruits of the xylopia aethiopica, was investigated to establish its attributable prophylactic, curative antimalarial, and antipyretic properties. the antimalarial properties were determined by employing xylopic acid (10-100 mg/kg) in icr mice infected with ... | 2013 | 23970953 |
| cd36 and fyn kinase mediate malaria-induced lung endothelial barrier dysfunction in mice infected with plasmodium berghei. | severe malaria can trigger acute lung injury characterized by pulmonary edema resulting from increased endothelial permeability. however, the mechanism through which lung fluid conductance is altered during malaria remains unclear. to define the role that the scavenger receptor cd36 may play in mediating this response, c57bl/6j (wt) and cd36-/- mice were infected with p. berghei anka and monitored for changes in pulmonary endothelial barrier function employing an isolated perfused lung system. w ... | 2013 | 23967147 |
| identification of piggybac-mediated insertions in plasmodium berghei by next generation sequencing. | the piggybac transposon system provides a powerful forward genetics tool to study gene function in plasmodium parasites via random insertion mutagenesis and phenotypic screening. the identification of genotype of piggybac mutants in the plasmodium genome is thus an indispensable step in forward genetic analysis. several pcr-based approaches have been used to identify the piggybac insertion sites in plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium berghei, but all are tedious and inefficient. next generation ... | 2013 | 23961915 |
| metabolite extract of streptomyces hygroscopicus hygroscopicus inhibit the growth of plasmodium berghei through inhibition of ubiquitin - proteasome system. | streptomyces hygroscopicus hygroscopicus, a member of family of actinomycetes produces eponemycin a proteasome inhibitor that can inhibit ubiquitin-proteasome system (ups) function in eukaryotic cell. previous study showed that coronamycin, an active substrate isolated from streptomyces sp. can act as anti-plasmodial, antibacterial, and antifungal, however the research did not show the mechanism of coronamycin in inhibiting the growth of plasmodium. this research was done to reveal if eponemycin ... | 2013 | 23959495 |
| antimalarial and safety evaluation of pluchea lanceolata (dc.) oliv. & hiern: in-vitro and in-vivo study. | many of the effective therapeutic strategies have been derived from ethnopharmacologically used natural products. pluchea lanceolata is an herb employed in indian folk medicine for malaria like fever but it lacks proper pharmacological intervention. | 2013 | 23954323 |
| cytoadherence of plasmodium berghei-infected red blood cells to murine brain and lung microvascular endothelial cells in vitro. | sequestration of infected red blood cells (irbc) within the cerebral and pulmonary microvasculature is a hallmark of human cerebral malaria (hcm). the interaction between irbc and the endothelium in hcm has been studied extensively and is linked to the severity of malaria. experimental cm (ecm) caused by plasmodium berghei anka reproduces most features of hcm, although the sequestration of rbc infected by p. berghei anka (pba-irbc) has not been completely delineated. the role of pba-irbc sequest ... | 2013 | 23940206 |
| malaria parasite-synthesized heme is essential in the mosquito and liver stages and complements host heme in the blood stages of infection. | heme metabolism is central to malaria parasite biology. the parasite acquires heme from host hemoglobin in the intraerythrocytic stages and stores it as hemozoin to prevent free heme toxicity. the parasite can also synthesize heme de novo, and all the enzymes in the pathway are characterized. to study the role of the dual heme sources in malaria parasite growth and development, we knocked out the first enzyme, δ-aminolevulinate synthase (alas), and the last enzyme, ferrochelatase (fc), in the he ... | 2013 | 23935500 |
| plasmodium products contribute to severe malarial anemia by inhibiting erythropoietin-induced proliferation of erythroid precursors. | low reticulocytosis, indicating reduced red blood cell (rbc) output, is an important feature of severe malarial anemia. evidence supports a role for plasmodium products, especially hemozoin (hz), in suppressed erythropoiesis during malaria, but the mechanism(s) involved remains unclear. here, we demonstrated that low reticulocytosis and suppressed erythropoietin (epo)-induced erythropoiesis are features of malarial anemia in plasmodium yoelii- and plasmodium berghei anka-infected mice, similar t ... | 2014 | 23922378 |
| the c-type lectin receptor dcir is crucial for the development of experimental cerebral malaria. | cerebral malaria (cm) is the most severe complication of malaria. the murine plasmodium berghei anka (pba) infection model has helped to identify crucial players in the pathogenesis of cm. however, the role of pattern recognition receptors in innate immunity to cm induction is still poorly understood. c-type lectin receptors (clrs) represent a family of pattern recognition receptors that recognize carbohydrate structures on pathogens and self-ags often in a ca(2+)-dependent manner. in this study ... | 2013 | 23918990 |
| a novel chitosan based antimalarial drug delivery against plasmodium berghei infection. | chitosan is a natural polysaccharide that has attracted significant scientific interest during the last two decades and chitosan based nanodrug delivery systems seem to be a hopeful and viable strategy for improving disease treatment. this study aims to evaluate the potency of the polymer based nanochloroquine in application for attenuation of plasmodium berghei infection in swiss mice and effectiveness against the parasite induced oxidative stress and deoxyribo nucleic acid (dna) damage in lymp ... | 2013 | 23906613 |
| evaluation of effectiveness of ethanolic extract of artemisia aucheri, individually and in combination with chloroquine, on chloroquine - sensitive strain of plasmodium berghei in sourian mice. | drug resistance in malaria parasites is extending in the world particularly in chemical synthesized drugs such as 4- aminoquinolines and aminoalcoholes. employing herbal extracts is encouraged by who in the malarious areas. in this study, the effectiveness of ethanolic extract of artemisia aucheri individually and in combination with chloroquine, has been considered against chloroquine - sensitive strain of plasmodium berghei. | 2013 | 26056643 |
| development of severe pathology in immunized pregnant mice challenged with lethal malaria parasites. | pregnant women are highly susceptible to malaria infection because of their low immunity and are at increased risk of maternal illness or death, in addition to spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, premature delivery, and low birth weight. however, the detailed pathogenesis of maternal malaria remains unclear. in this study, we evaluated a mouse model that shows similar severe pathological features of pregnant women during plasmodium falciparum infection and investigated the pathogenesis of maternal ... | 2013 | 23897619 |
| role of il-10-producing regulatory b cells in control of cerebral malaria in plasmodium berghei infected mice. | cerebral malaria (cm) is a neurological syndrome often occurring in severe malaria. although cm is known as an immunopathology in brain tissue mediated by excessive proinflammatory cytokines, the immunoregulatory mechanism is poorly understood. here, we investigated the role of il-10-producing regulatory b (breg) cells in modulating cm development in a murine model of plasmodium berghei anka infection. we observed that blood-stage p. berghei induced expansion of il-10-producing breg cells in c57 ... | 2013 | 23893352 |
| nanoparticle formulations of decoquinate increase antimalarial efficacy against liver stage plasmodium infections in mice. | decoquinate has potent activity against both plasmodium hepatic development and red cell replication when tested in vitro. decoquinate, however, is practically insoluble in water. to achieve its maximal in vivo efficacy, we generated nanoparticle formulations of decoquinate with a mean particle size less than 400 nm. three separate preparations at doses of decoquinate 0.5-5 mg/kg were examined in mice infected with plasmodium berghei. oral administration of nanoparticle decoquinate at a dose of ... | 2014 | 23891618 |
| evaluation of novel lipid based formulation of β-artemether and lumefantrine in murine malaria model. | the present investigation aims at formulating lipid based drug delivery system of β-artemether and lumefantrine and comparative pharmacological evaluation with innovator formulation. commercial modified oil and indigenous natural fatty acids comprised the oily phase in developing lipidic formulation of β-artemether and lumefantrine. the developed system was characterized for mean globule size, stability by freeze thaw cycles, and birefringence. developed formulation and innovator formulation wer ... | 2013 | 23886650 |
| mitochondrial inactivation by anopheles albimanus cecropin 3: molecular mechanisms. | cecropin 3 (ccrp3) is an antimicrobial peptide from anopheles albimanus, which is expressed during plasmodium berghei infection. here, we report that synthetic ccrp3, aside from antibacterial activity, also shows cardio regulatory functions. in rats, ccrp3 significantly diminishes blood pressure as well as the heartbeat frequency at nanomolar concentration. ccrp3 affect the rat cardiac muscle mitochondria, inducing uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation, oxygen consumption and transport of ca(2 ... | 2014 | 23880546 |
| in vitro and in vivo antimalarial activity and cytotoxicity of extracts and fractions from the leaves, root-bark and stem-bark of triclisia gilletii. | to evaluate the in vitro antiplasmodial activity and cytotoxicity, and the in vivo activity of extracts and fractions from the leaves, root-bark and stem-bark of triclisia gilletii (de wild) staner (menispermaceae), used in traditional medicine against malaria. | 2013 | 23876596 |
| antimalarial, hematological, and antioxidant effects of methanolic extract of terminalia avicennioides in plasmodium berghei-infected mice. | terminalia avicennioides guill. & perr. (combretaceae) is used traditionally to treat malaria in nigeria. to establish its efficacy, methanolic extract of t. avicennioides bark was investigated for antimalarial activity against plasmodium berghei (nk-65) in mice. twenty-five mice in five groups were used for this study. group 1 was uninfected normal control. twenty mice infected with p. berghei were grouped as untreated negative control (group 2), 5 mg/kg b.w. p.o. artesunate-treated positive co ... | 2013 | 23873616 |