| clostridium difficile ribotype 027 arrives in hong kong. | | 2009 | 19464857 |
| clostridium difficile strain nap-1 is not associated with severe disease in a nonepidemic setting. | recent outbreaks of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in north america and in europe with very high case-fatality rates have been associated with infection by north american pulsed field type i (nap-1) isolates. this study examined whether nap-1 strains are associated with worse outcomes of cdi in a nonepidemic, nosocomial setting. | 2009 | 19465153 |
| epidemiology and outcomes of clostridium difficile-associated disease among patients on prolonged acute mechanical ventilation. | patients receiving prolonged acute mechanical ventilation (pamv), although comprising a third of all mechanical ventilation (mv) patients, consume two-thirds of all the resources allocated to mv, and their numbers are projected to double by 2020. by virtue of their prolonged hospital length of stay (median los, 17 days), they are subject to such nosocomial infections as clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad), the incidence and age-adjusted case fatality rate of which doubled between 200 ... | 2009 | 19465510 |
| the antibiotic challenge: changing clinical management of infections. | resistance is one of many reasons why antibiotic therapy can be ineffective. efforts to forestall further development of antimicrobial resistance include judicial prescribing of antibiotics, implementing infection-control measures, and developing institutional stewardship of antimicrobial agents. this article, the third and final in a series on antibiotic resistance, discusses selected common infections that have changing epidemiology and/or for which the recommended evaluation and treatment gui ... | 2009 | 19469387 |
| [microbiological diagnosis of gastrointestinal infections]. | acute gastrointestinal tract infections are among the most common infectious diseases. in the present review, the different methods of diagnosing gastrointestinal infections caused by bacteria, viruses, and parasites are examined. stool culture is the method of choice for diagnosing bacterial intestinal infections; however, infections caused by clostridium difficile can be diagnosed by detection of toxins a and b in stools, and infections caused by diarrheagenic escherichia coli by pcr detection ... | 2009 | 19477556 |
| improving compliance with the c. difficile root cause analysis tool to reduce incidence. | this article outlines a project to improve the effective application of root cause analysis to reduce rates of clostridium difficile infection. using a learning intervention and redefining infection-control practices produced better compliance with the root cause analysis tool on six medical elderly wards. | 2009 | 19480159 |
| exploring the accuracy and practicality of a new two-step algorithm for c. difficile testing. | clostridium difficile infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitalised patients. rapid, accurate diagnosis is crucial to provide optimal care for affected patients and implement infection-control strategies. this article reports on the results of a study that examined the use of a two-step algorithm to improve the diagnosis of c. difficile. | 2009 | 19480161 |
| incidence of acquisition of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, clostridium difficile, and other health-care-associated pathogens by dogs that participate in animal-assisted interventions. | to determine whether dogs that visited human health-care facilities were at greater risk of acquiring certain health-care-associated pathogens, compared with dogs performing animal-assisted interventions in other settings, and to identify specific behaviors of dogs associated with an increased risk of acquiring these pathogens. | 2009 | 19480620 |
| clostridium difficile toxin a binds colonocyte src causing dephosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase and paxillin. | clostridium difficile toxin a impairs tight junction function of colonocytes by glucosylation of rho family proteins causing actin filament disaggregation and cell rounding. we investigated the effect of toxin a on focal contact formation by assessing its action on focal adhesion kinase (fak) and the adapter protein paxillin. exposure of ncm460 human colonocytes to toxin a for 1 h resulted in complete dephosphorylation of fak and paxillin, while protein tyrosine phosphatase activity was reduced. ... | 2009 | 19481075 |
| overexpression of thymosin beta4 increases pseudopodia formation in lncap prostate cancer cells. | thymosin beta4, a major g-actin-sequestering protein, is known to be involved in tumor metastasis. in the present study, we found that thymosin beta4 expression promotes the formation of actin-based pseudopodia-like extensions, associated with cell migration, in human prostate cancer lncap cells. treatment with the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (pi3k) inhibitor wortmannin and cdc42/rac1/rhoa inhibitor clostridium difficile toxin b significantly reduced pseudopodia formation in thymosin beta4-ove ... | 2009 | 19483323 |
| monoclonal antibodies targeting clostridium difficile licensed to merck. | | 2009 | 19483702 |
| cytomegalovirus clostridium colitis disease in an immunocompetent patient. | | 2009 | 19488008 |
| nitazoxanide and probiotics for the treatment of recurrent clostridium difficile infection in a peritoneal dialysis patient. | nitazoxanide has been proven to be efficacious for the treatment of clostridium difficile infection (cdi), but data is limited in peritoneal dialysis (pd) patients. this report details the successful utilization of nitazoxanide and probiotics to treat multirecurrent cdi in a pd patient. a 58-year-old woman was admitted with hypotension, nausea and vomiting attributed to metronidazole therapy for cdi, her third cdi treatment regimen in 3 months. during her admission, the patient developed cdi and ... | 2009 | 19488013 |
| community clostridium difficile. | | 2009 | 19493944 |
| assessment of the in vitro efficacy of the novel antimicrobial peptide cect7121 against human gram-positive bacteria from serious infections refractory to treatment. | resistant gram-positive bacteria are causing increasing concern in clinical practice. this work investigated the efficacy of ap-cect7121 (an antimicrobial peptide isolated from an environmental strain of enterococcus faecalis cect7121) against various pathogenic gram-positive bacteria. | 2009 | 19494489 |
| asymptomatic carriage of clostridium difficile in an irish continuing care institution for the elderly: prevalence and characteristics. | clostridium difficile is an increasing cause of nosocomial diarrhoea and colitis. the aim of this study was to identify the prevalence and characteristics of asymptomatic c. difficile carriage in a continuing care institution for the elderly. | 2010 | 19495833 |
| a 69-year-old woman presenting to the hospital with 48 hours of abdominal pain and diarrhea. | | 2009 | 19500692 |
| working out the bug in the accordion. | | 2009 | 19501204 |
| evaluation of new selective culture media and a rapid fluorescence in situ hybridization assay for identification of clostridium difficile from stool samples. | two new clostridium difficile-selective agars, from oxoid (according to brazier) and from bd, were compared with cycloserine-cefoxitin-fructose agar (oxoid) for their sensitivity of recovery of toxigenic c. difficile from stool samples. for the culture-positive samples, the sensitivities were 84.0, 42.6 and 90.4 %, respectively. in addition, a c. difficile-specific fluorescence in situ hybridization assay was developed, facilitating rapid and reliable identification of cultured isolates. | 2009 | 19502365 |
| toxin a-producing clostridium difficile as an aetiological factor of post-traumatic wound infection. | clostridium difficile is a well-known cause of hospital-acquired infection such as antibiotic associated diarrhoea or pseudomembranous colitis. extraintestinal infections caused by this pathogen are described rarely. a case of post-traumatic wound infection caused by c. difficile in an immunocompetent, young and otherwise healthy trauma patient is reported. a 31-year-old female, a car accident victim, was admitted to hospital because of polytrauma. after open reduction and internal fixation of a ... | 2009 | 19502374 |
| inhibition of cytokinesis by clostridium difficile toxin b and cytotoxic necrotizing factors--reinforcing the critical role of rhoa in cytokinesis. | low molecular weight gtp-binding proteins of the rho family control the organization of the actin cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells. rhoa governs the formation of actin stress fibers and is responsible for the formation of the contractile ring in cytokinesis. cytokinesis completion requires rhoa inactivation resulting in disassembly of the contractile ring. cytokinesis thus requires switching of rhoa activity. this switch of rhoa activity is blocked by rho-modifying bacterial protein toxins that ... | 2009 | 19504561 |
| microscale sample preparation for pcr of c. difficile infected stool. | in this paper, we describe the design of a microfluidic sample preparation chip for human stool samples infected with clostridium difficile. we established a polymerase chain reaction able to distinguish c. difficile in the presence of several other organisms found in the normal intestinal flora. a protocol for on-chip extraction of nucleic acids from clinical samples is described that can detect target dna down to 5.0x10(-3) ng of template. the assay and sample preparation chip were then valida ... | 2009 | 19505511 |
| the management of clostridium difficile infection. | introduction/background: clostridium difficile is the commonest cause of nosocomial diarrhoea. the epidemiology and clinical phenotype of the disease has dramatically changed with the global emergence of a virulent strain of c. difficile. | 2009 | 19505955 |
| identification of candidate genes for susceptibility to reactive arthritis. | this study was undertaken to evaluate the gene expression profile in monocytes from three patients with reactive arthritis (rea) in remission in order to identify candidate genes accounting for a potential susceptibility to rea. gene expression analyses revealed eight differentially expressed mrna transcripts in monocytes of rea patients. the major part of genes encoded cytokines, growth factors and chemokines. there was a remarkably high proportion of proangiogenic factors, in particular ip10, ... | 2009 | 19506876 |
| mortality and risk stratification in patients with clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. | this study aimed to describe the mortality in hospital patients with a first documented episode of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad) and to identify prognostic risk factors. | 2010 | 19508548 |
| hospital-acquired infections and infection control practices: what are the consequences to the elderly patient? | | 2009 | 19514546 |
| novel fit for purpose single use tourniquet: best of both worlds. | healthcare associated infections (hai), such as meticillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) and clostridium difficile (c. diff) are estimated to cost the nhs pound1 billion and contribute to 5000 deaths/year in the uk. to date the main emphasis to reduce hais has been on hand hygiene. however environmental microbial load and compliance limits the efficacy of hand washing alone. cultures from tourniquets have demonstrated contamination by pathogens including mrsa. consequently, many uk trus ... | 2009 | 19517293 |
| [infectiology and tropical medicine 2009]. | | 2009 | 19517328 |
| comparison of molecular typing methods applied to clostridium difficile. | since the 1980s the epidemiology of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has been investigated by the application of many different typing or fingerprinting methods. to study the epidemiology of cdi, a typing method with a high discriminatory power, typeability, and reproducibility is required. molecular typing methods are generally regarded as having advantages over phenotypic methods in terms of the stability of genomic markers and providing greater levels of typeability. a growing number of ... | 2009 | 19521874 |
| combination immunomodulator and antibiotic treatment in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and clostridium difficile infection. | management of clostridium difficile infection in patients with flaring inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) has not been optimized. we investigated the effects of combination therapy with antibiotics and immunomodulators in patients with ibd and c difficile infection. | 2009 | 19523534 |
| portrait of a canine probiotic bifidobacterium--from gut to gut. | the gastrointestinal environment is a complex interactive system involving the host, ingested dietary components, and numerous microbial species. we hypothesized that isolation and screening of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria adherent to healthy canine gastrointestinal tissue would yield strains with commensal activity in canines. the aims of this study were (1) to isolate a bank of commensal organisms from the canine gastrointestinal tract; (2) to screen these novel microbial isolates for poten ... | 2009 | 19523775 |
| detection and enumeration of clostridium difficile spores in retail beef and pork. | recent studies have identified clostridium difficile in food animals and retail meat, and concern has been raised about the potential for food to act as a source of c. difficile infection in humans. previous studies of retail meat have relied on enrichment culture alone, thereby preventing any assessment of the level of contamination in meat. this study evaluated the prevalence of c. difficile contamination of retail ground beef and ground pork in canada. ground beef and ground pork were purchas ... | 2009 | 19525267 |
| probiotic lactobacilli in breast milk and infant stool in relation to oral intake during the first year of life. | this is to identify factors affecting the prevalence of lactobacillus reuteri in maternal faeces and breast milk and infant faeces after oral supplementation with l reuteri and to assess the influence on microbial ecology, particularly clostridium difficile and bifidobacterium colonization. | 2009 | 19525871 |
| c. difficile infection - a tool for improving practice and reducing rates. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a recognized health-care-acquired infection (hai) and as such it is vital that hospitals do more to reduce the rates of infection. patients, especially older people, become particularly susceptible to cdi after treatment with antibiotics. mention of cdi on death certificates is increasing and surveillance, especially when accompanied by feedback to clinicians, has long been established as an effective tool to lower hais. in february 2008, a manchester hos ... | 2009 | 19525909 |
| is clostridium difficile a threat to australia's biosecurity? | | 2009 | 19527197 |
| first australian isolation of epidemic clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 027. | we report the first isolation in australia of a hypervirulent epidemic strain of clostridium difficile, pcr ribotype 027. it was isolated from a 43-year-old woman with a permanent ileostomy, who appears to have been infected while travelling in the united states. the isolate was positive for toxin a, toxin b and binary toxin, and resistant to fluoroquinolone antimicrobials, and had characteristic deletions in the tcdc gene. all diagnostic laboratories and health care facilities in australia shou ... | 2009 | 19527210 |
| clostridium difficile infection: new developments in epidemiology and pathogenesis. | clostridium difficile is now considered to be one of the most important causes of health care-associated infections. c. difficile infections are also emerging in the community and in animals used for food, and are no longer viewed simply as unpleasant complications that follow antibiotic therapy. since 2001, the prevalence and severity of c. difficile infection has increased significantly, which has led to increased research interest and the discovery of new virulence factors, and has expanded a ... | 2009 | 19528959 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea, a frequent complication in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia. | diarrhoea occurs frequently in neutropenic patients with acute leukaemia receiving chemotherapy and may be caused by either infection- or drug-induced cytotoxicity. since clostridium difficile is the most common cause of nosocomial infectious diarrhoea in non-haematologic patients, we were interested in its incidence in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (aml). in this retrospective study, we analysed 134 patients with aml receiving a total of 301 chemotherapy courses. diarrhoea occurred duri ... | 2009 | 19533126 |
| comparing immunocard with two eia assays for clostridium difficile toxins. | to compare three clostridium difficile eia kits for the detection of c. difficile toxins from clinical specimens. | 2009 | 19534439 |
| [clostridium difficile infection in the elderly: update in epidemiology and treatment]. | | 2009 | 19535111 |
| sasp gene delivery: a novel antibacterial approach. | antibiotic resistance is a global problem, and with bacteria having developed resistance to all approved antibacterial agents there is a growing need for innovative solutions. phico therapeutics has developed a new class of antibacterial agent, a platform technology called saspject. saspject comprises modified, disabled bacterial viruses (bacteriophages) injecting a gene encoding an antibacterial protein, sasp, into target bacteria. sasp, or small, acid-soluble spore protein(s), inactivate bacte ... | 2009 | 19536364 |
| clostridium difficile--a continually evolving and problematic pathogen. | clostridium difficile is a unique pathogen that often predominates in the bowel microflora as a result of the microbial compositional changes following antibiotic treatment. the hospital environment and patients undergoing antibiotic treatment provide a discrete ecosystem where c. difficile persists and where virulent clones thrive. the continued rise of c. difficile infection (cdi) worldwide has been accompanied by the rapid emergence and transcontinental spread of highly virulent clones, desig ... | 2009 | 19539054 |
| clostridium difficile: emerging public health threat and other nosocomial or hospital acquired infections. foreword. | | 2009 | 19540993 |
| clostridium difficile: emerging public health threat and other nosocomial or hospital acquired infections. introduction. | | 2009 | 19540994 |
| nosocomial or hospital-acquired infections: an overview. | | 2009 | 19540995 |
| clostridium difficile. | | 2009 | 19540996 |
| proteomic and genomic characterization of highly infectious clostridium difficile 630 spores. | clostridium difficile, a major cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea, produces highly resistant spores that contaminate hospital environments and facilitate efficient disease transmission. we purified c. difficile spores using a novel method and show that they exhibit significant resistance to harsh physical or chemical treatments and are also highly infectious, with <7 environmental spores per cm(2) reproducibly establishing a persistent infection in exposed mice. mass spectrometric analysis ... | 2009 | 19542279 |
| the first case of antibiotic-associated colitis by clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 027 in korea. | clostridium difficile (c. difficile) is a common causative agent of pseudomembranous colitis (pmc). c. difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) ranges from mild diarrhea to life threatening pmc. recently, a highly virulent strain of c. difficile polymerase chain reaction ribotype 027 was found in north america, europe, and japan. a 52-yr-old woman with anti-tuberculosis medication and neurogenic bladder due to traffic accident experienced five episodes of c. difficile pmc after taking antibiotics fo ... | 2009 | 19543521 |
| clostridium difficile infection. | | 2009 | 19549659 |
| establishment of an outpatient and home parenteral antimicrobial therapy service at a london teaching hospital: a case series. | outpatient and home parenteral antimicrobial therapy (ohpat) is becoming increasingly commonplace in the uk, enabling those patients who would previously have been obliged to remain in hospital for intravenous treatment to be managed as outpatients or in their own homes. the ohpat service at st mary's hospital, london, was established in 2004. this paper describes the types of infection, antimicrobial management and outcomes of patients referred to the service in the 3.5 years since its inceptio ... | 2009 | 19549671 |
| structure-function analysis of inositol hexakisphosphate-induced autoprocessing in clostridium difficile toxin a. | the action of clostridium difficile toxins a and b depends on inactivation of host small g-proteins by glucosylation. cellular inositol hexakisphosphate (insp6) induces an autocatalytic cleavage of the toxins, releasing an n-terminal glucosyltransferase domain into the host cell cytosol. we have defined the cysteine protease domain (cpd) responsible for autoprocessing within toxin a (tcda) and report the 1.6 a x-ray crystal structure of the domain bound to insp6. insp6 is bound in a highly basic ... | 2009 | 19553670 |
| rapid analysis of clostridium difficile strains recovered from hospitalized patients by using the slpa sequence typing system. | clostridium difficile is a nosocomial pathogen that is transmissible between patients via hospital staff and via contaminated environmental surfaces. recently, a typing system based on the slpa sequence for c. difficile was developed. to elucidate the validity and efficacy of the system in the setting of a local hospital, we carried out typing of c. difficile from patients in our hospital using the system. twenty-eight stool samples obtained from 17 patients with c. difficile-associated diarrhea ... | 2009 | 19554407 |
| antibiotic associated diarrhea in children. | keeping in view the recent flooding of the indian market with antibiotic and probiotic combinations, we decided to look at the prevalence of antibiotic associated diarrhea (aad) and clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in children and reviewed evidence available for use of probiotics in the prevention of aad. | 2009 | 19556659 |
| truncation in the tcdc region of the clostridium difficile pathloc of clinical isolates does not predict increased biological activity of toxin b or toxin a. | the increased severity of disease associated with the nap1 strain of clostridium difficile has been attributed to mutations to the tcdc gene which codes for a negative regulator of toxin production. to assess the role of hyper-production of toxins a and b in clinical isolates of clostridium difficile, two nap1-related and five nap1 non-related strains were compared. | 2009 | 19558711 |
| clostridium difficile: how much do hospital staff know about it? | the aim of this study was to determine the awareness of clostridium difficile infection amongst healthcare professionals. | 2009 | 19558760 |
| government claims measures to cut mrsa and c difficile rates will help reduce other infections. | | 2009 | 19561052 |
| rifampin-associated pseudomembranous colitis. | pseudomembranous colitis (pmc) is known to develop after antibiotic treatment, but is rarely associated with antituberculosis (anti-tb) agents. we report a 28-year-old woman without underlying diseases developing pmc after 126 days of anti-tb treatment. severe diarrhea and abdominal cramping pain were experienced. colonoscopic biopsy proved the diagnosis of pmc. her symptoms improved after discontinuing the anti-tb agents but recurred shortly after challenging with rifampin and isoniazid. metron ... | 2009 | 19561451 |
| antibiotic treatment of clostridium difficile carrier mice triggers a supershedder state, spore-mediated transmission, and severe disease in immunocompromised hosts. | clostridium difficile persists in hospitals by exploiting an infection cycle that is dependent on humans shedding highly resistant and infectious spores. here we show that human virulent c. difficile can asymptomatically colonize the intestines of immunocompetent mice, establishing a carrier state that persists for many months. c. difficile carrier mice consistently shed low levels of spores but, surprisingly, do not transmit infection to cohabiting mice. however, antibiotic treatment of carrier ... | 2009 | 19564382 |
| proton pump inhibitors and the risk for clostridium difficile infection. | | 2009 | 19567433 |
| q: what is the role of probiotics in the treatment of acute clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea? | | 2009 | 19570969 |
| clostridium difficile strains from community-associated infections. | clostridium difficile isolates from presumed community-associated infections (n = 92) were characterized by toxinotyping, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, tcdc and cdtb pcr, and antimicrobial susceptibility. nine toxinotypes (tox) and 31 pfge patterns were identified. tox 0 (48, 52%), tox iii (18, 20%), and tox v (9, 10%) were the most common; three isolates were nontoxigenic. | 2009 | 19571021 |
| clostridium difficile infection: current perspectives. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi), long-associated with morbidity and mortality in healthcare settings, has evolved in recent years with unprecedented clinical manifestations. today, cdi is characterized by unusually toxigenic and resistant subtypes, expanded epidemiology, and a growing list of risk factors. in this article, we discuss current trends and research for cdi in critical care settings, and new controversies that influence clinical practice. | 2009 | 19578325 |
| length of vancomycin administration for treatment of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea may depend on presentation of colonic ulcer. | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) is a notorious iatrogenic infection with typical endoscopic features consisting of pseudomembranes (pms). concomitant colonic ulcers are sometimes endoscopically detected. we hypothesized that length of vancomycin (vcm) administration for treatment depends on presentation of colonic ulcer. | 2009 | 19579589 |
| human alpha-defensins inhibit hemolysis mediated by cholesterol-dependent cytolysins. | many pathogenic gram-positive bacteria release exotoxins that belong to the family of cholesterol-dependent cytolysins. here, we report that human alpha-defensins hnp-1 to hnp-3 acted in a concentration-dependent manner to protect human red blood cells from the lytic effects of three of these exotoxins: anthrolysin o (alo), listeriolysin o, and pneumolysin. hd-5 was very effective against listeriolysin o but less effective against the other toxins. human alpha-defensins hnp-4 and hd-6 and human ... | 2009 | 19581399 |
| in vitro activities of telavancin and six comparator agents against anaerobic bacterial isolates. | the antimicrobial activities of telavancin and six comparators were evaluated against 460 isolates of anaerobic bacteria. telavancin demonstrated excellent activity against gram-positive anaerobes (mic90, 2 microg/ml) and was the most potent agent tested against clostridium difficile (mic90, 0.25 microg/ml). as expected, gram-negative isolates were not inhibited by telavancin. | 2009 | 19581457 |
| probiotics. | the term "probiotic" was first used in 1965, by lilly and stillwell, to describe substances secreted by one organism which stimulate the growth of another. the use of antibiotics, immunosuppressive therapy and irradiation, amongst other means of treatment, may cause alterations in the composition and have an effect on the git flora. therefore, the introduction of beneficial bacterial species to gi tract may be a very attractive option to re-establish the microbial equilibrium and prevent disease ... | 2009 | 19584499 |
| prediction of complicated clostridium difficile infection by pleural effusion and increased wall thickness on computed tomography. | abdominal computed tomography (ct) is often used to evaluate complications in patients with clostridium difficile infection (cdi), but no study has correlated ct findings with the risk of developing a complicated cdi. furthermore, the value of ct has not been evaluated since the emergence of the bi/nap1/027 hypervirulent strain of c. difficile. we sought to describe and correlate abdominal ct findings with complicated cdi and to compare them before and after the emergence of the epidemic strain. | 2009 | 19591596 |
| diagnostic trends in clostridium difficile detection in finnish microbiology laboratories. | due to increased interest directed to clostridium difficile-associated infections, a questionnaire survey of laboratory diagnostics of toxin-producing c. difficile was conducted in finland in june 2006. different aspects pertaining to c. difficile diagnosis, such as requests and criteria used for testing, methods used for its detection, yearly changes in diagnostics since 1996, and the total number of investigations positive for c. difficile in 2005, were asked in the questionnaire, which was se ... | 2009 | 19591954 |
| audit of the antimicrobial treatment of clostridium difficile toxin-positive episodes using an integrated electronic prescribing, information and communication system. | | 2009 | 19592139 |
| investigation of critical care unit utilization and mortality in patients infected with clostridium difficile. | a nationwide increase in the rate and severity of clostridium difficile-associated disease may reflect infection with a virulent strain characterized by polymerase chain reaction as ribotype 027 (nap1/b1). | 2010 | 19592210 |
| healthcare-associated infections as patient safety indicators. notes from the editor-in-chief. | | 2009 | 19593070 |
| healthcare-associated infections as patient safety indicators. | healthcare-associated infections (hais) are a pressing and imminent patient safety concern as they cause substantial preventable morbidity and mortality. despite this, there is a strong tendency for healthcare administrators and providers to view them as far less of a threat to patient safety than adverse events such as medication administration errors and falls. further, validated strategies to prevent hais are frequently slow to be adopted. this paper reviews two hais of increasing visibility ... | 2009 | 19593071 |
| healthcare-associated infections: infection prevention and control within the accreditation canada qmentum program. | gardam, lemieux, reason, van dijk and goel argue that healthcare-associated infections (hais) are "a pressing and imminent concern in the context of patient safety." accreditation canada supports the position taken by these authors. the prevention and control of two hais of great concern, methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus and clostridium difficile, are an integral part of the accreditation canada program. a coordinated approach to combating hais and developing a culture of infection pr ... | 2009 | 19593072 |
| clostridium difficile-associated small bowel enteritis after total proctocolectomy in a crohn's disease patient. | | 2010 | 19593163 |
| tigecycline use in cancer patients with serious infections: a report on 110 cases from a single institution. | tigecycline, the first in a new class of glycylcyclines, has been approved for the treatment of complicated skin and skin structure and intraabdominal infections in adults. however, clinical data on its safety and effectiveness in cancer patients are lacking. we reviewed the records of all cancer patients treated with tigecycline for more than 48 hours between june 2005 and september 2006 at our institution and identified 110 consecutive cases (median age, 58 yr; range, 18-81 yr). we collected d ... | 2009 | 19593226 |
| automated system to identify clostridium difficile infection among hospitalised patients. | the purpose of this study was to assess whether data on stool frequency collected electronically could identify patients at high risk for clostridium difficile infection (cdi). all patients with reports of diarrhoea were assessed prospectively for number of stools per day and number of diarrhoea days. c. difficile testing was requested independently from study investigators. number of days with diarrhoea and maximum number of unformed stools was assessed as a cdi predictor. a total of 605 patien ... | 2009 | 19596490 |
| controversies in infection: infection control or antibiotic stewardship to control healthcare-acquired infection? | despite record resource being devoted to the control of healthcare-acquired infection (hcai), rates have never been higher. although the discovery of the contagiousness of puerperal sepsis by alexander gordon heralded the golden era of bacteriology and antibiotics, this led to a belief that infection was beaten. this in its turn may well have led us into a false sense of security and an over-reliance on antibiotics. modern medicine has built many of its advances on a need for antibiotics, but th ... | 2009 | 19596494 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad): new and contentious issues. | | 2009 | 19602514 |
| laboratory tests for patients with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis: clinical utility in predicting, diagnosing, and monitoring pouch disorders. | restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (ipaa) is the surgical treatment of choice for patients with medically refractory ulcerative colitis (uc) or uc-associated dysplasia, and for the majority of patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. pouchitis and other complications of ipaa are common. there are scant data on laboratory markers for the evaluation and diagnosis of pouch disorders. the presence of immunogenotypic markers such as genetic polymorphisms of interleukin ... | 2009 | 19603012 |
| staphylococcal enterocolitis: forgotten but not gone? | staphylococcus aureus may cause antibiotic-associated diarrhea and enterocolitis, with or without preceding antibiotic use, in immunocompromised adults or infants, or individuals with predisposing conditions, but there is little appreciation of this condition clinically. clinical disease: the main clinical feature that helps to differentiate staphylococcal enterocolitis (sec) from clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea is large-volume, cholera-like diarrhea in the former case. a predominance ... | 2010 | 19609675 |
| a description of ct features of clostridium difficile infection of the small bowel in four patients and a review of literature. | clostridium difficile associated disease is an increasingly common cause of morbidity and mortality. pseudomembranous colitis following hospital-administered antibiotic treatment is the most common symptomatic manifestation. small bowel enteritis caused by c. difficile, however, is rarely described. here, we present a series of four patients with hospital-acquired small bowel enteritis caused by c. difficile, discuss its ct and histopathological features, and review the current literature. | 2009 | 19620176 |
| a diarrhoeal illness with a difference? | | 2009 | 19620222 |
| clostridium difficile-associated disease and mortality among the elderly critically ill. | : to describe the epidemiology of and to develop a simple 30-day mortality clinical decision rule among critically ill patients > or =65 yrs. increasing incidence of hospitalizations with and emergence of hypervirulent epidemic strains have made clostridium difficile-associated disease an important public health concern. advanced age is a risk factor for development of and death from clostridium difficile-associated disease. intensive care unit patients with clostridium difficile-associated dise ... | 2009 | 19623053 |
| clinical and microbiological characteristics of community-onset clostridium difficile infection in the netherlands. | to elucidate the prevalence, characteristics and risk factors of community-onset clostridium difficile infection (co-cdi), an uncontrolled prospective study was performed. for 3 months in 2007-2008, three laboratories in the netherlands tested all unformed stool samples submitted by general practitioners (gps) for c. difficile by enzyme immunoassay for toxins a and b, irrespective of whether gps specifically requested this. patients with positive results were asked to complete a questionnaire. p ... | 2009 | 19624512 |
| distinct ribotypes and rates of antimicrobial drug resistance in clostridium difficile from shanghai and stockholm. | seventy-five clinical isolates of clostridium difficile from shanghai and 80 from stockholm were investigated. the prevalence of toxin a-negative, toxin b-positive isolates of c. difficile among isolates from shanghai (33.3%) was significantly higher than among isolates from stockholm (0%). both sets of isolates were fully susceptible to metronidazole and vancomycin. however, the mics of fluoroquinolones, erythromycin-clindamycin, tetracycline, rifampin and fusidic acid were significantly higher ... | 2009 | 19624517 |
| clostridium difficile-associated disease in allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplant recipients: risk associations, protective associations, and outcomes. | the purpose of this study was to evaluate risk factors, protective factors, and outcomes associated with clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) in allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplant (hsct) recipients. a case-control study was performed with 37 cdad cases and 67 controls. in the multivariable logistic regression analysis, receipt of a third or fourth generation cephalosporin was associated with increased risk of cdad (or = 4.6, 95% ci 1.6-13.1). receipt of growth factors was a ... | 2010 | 19624693 |
| rho gtpases modulate entry of ebola virus and vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotyped vectors. | to explore mechanisms of entry for ebola virus (ebov) glycoprotein (gp) pseudotyped virions, we used comparative gene analysis to identify genes whose expression correlated with viral transduction. candidate genes were identified by using ebov gp pseudotyped virions to transduce human tumor cell lines that had previously been characterized by cdna microarray. transduction profiles for each of these cell lines were generated, and a significant positive correlation was observed between rhoc expres ... | 2009 | 19625394 |
| algorithm combining toxin immunoassay and stool culture for diagnosis of clostridium difficile infection. | enzyme immunoassays (eia) to detect glutamate dehydrogenase or toxins a (tcda) and b (tcdb), a cytotoxicity assay, and bacteriologic culture have disadvantages when applied individually to diagnosis of clostridium difficile infections. stool specimens (n = 1,596) were subjected to toxin detection via an enzyme-linked fluorescent immunoassay (elfa; vidas cdab assay) and bacteriologic culture for toxigenic c. difficile in a three-step algorithm with additional toxigenic culture. isolates (n = 163) ... | 2009 | 19625481 |
| diversity of clostridium difficile in pigs and other animals in slovenia. | a study of clostridium difficile diversity in pigs, calves and horses in slovenia was conducted. a total of 547 samples were collected and c. difficile was isolated from 247/485 (50.9%) piglet samples, from 4/42 (9.5%) calf samples, and 1/20 (5%) horse samples. the isolates were characterized by toxinotyping, pcr-ribotyping, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) using restriction endonuclease smai. piglet isolates belonged to two toxinotypes (v and 0), four pcr-ribotypes (066, 029, si 011, ... | 2009 | 19632350 |
| severe clostridium difficile colitis and reactive arthritis in a ten-year-old child. | we present a case of clostridium difficile associated colitis in a 10-year-old girl; following 2 consecutive courses of oral antibiotics she developed severe diarrhea and a hip effusion. this is the fourth published pediatric case of c. difficile associated reactive arthritis. c. difficile toxins a and b were isolated from stool culture. she made a full recovery following metronidazole therapy. | 2009 | 19633524 |
| genetics of susceptibility to infection with enteric pathogens. | this review examines recent developments in human genetic susceptibility to enteropathogens that cause infectious diarrhea. | 2009 | 19633551 |
| training programs to strengthen pennsylvania's public health response. | this report describes pennsylvania's 9-year experience in implementing training programs to strengthen public health response to emerging infectious diseases. during the biannual 3-5-day-long pennsylvania public health institute (phi) events, which have been held since 2000, courses have covered topics such as emerging infectious disease outbreaks, monitoring of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in retail food, and zoonotic diseases commonly associated with companion animals. core competency cou ... | 2009 | 19635002 |
| clostridium difficile ribotype 027-associated disease in children with norovirus infection. | two previously healthy children developed clostridium difficile ribotype 027-associated disease concomitantly with norovirus infection. viral gastroenteritis may contribute to epithelial homeostasis of the intestine and exacerbate the effects of toxins produced by c. difficile ribotype 027. | 2009 | 19636284 |
| similar geographic variations of mortality and hospitalization associated with ibd and clostridium difficile colitis. | superinfection with clostridium difficile can aggravate the symptoms of preexisting inflammatory bowel disease (ibd). the study served to assess whether the geographic variation of ibd within the united states might be influenced by c. difficile infection. | 2010 | 19637331 |
| fecal transplantation for recurrent clostridium difficile colitis, an underused treatment modality. | | 2009 | 19637789 |
| systemic absorption of oral vancomycin in a peripheral blood stem cell transplant patient with severe graft-versus-host disease of the gastrointestinal tract. | oral vancomycin is often considered the drug of choice for severe clostridium difficile-associated disease due to both its efficacy and pharmacokinetics. the potential for absorption is not well described in patients with impaired gastrointestinal (gi) mucosa. we describe a case of significant and potentially toxic absorption of oral vancomycin in a peripheral blood stem cell transplant patient with grade iv graft-versus-host disease (gvhd) of the gi tract. in patients with gi gvhd clinicians ne ... | 2009 | 19638004 |
| environmental sampling for clostridium difficile: swabs or sponges? | | 2009 | 19643282 |
| hospital variation in transfusion and infection after cardiac surgery: a cohort study. | transfusion practices in hospitalised patients are being re-evaluated, in part due to studies indicating adverse effects in patients receiving large quantities of stored blood. concomitant with this re-examination have been reports showing variability in the use of specific blood components. this investigation was designed to assess hospital variation in blood use and outcomes in cardiac surgery patients. | 2009 | 19646221 |
| bacterial toxin and effector glycosyltransferases. | clostridial glucosylating cytotoxins, including clostridium difficile toxins a and b, clostridium novyi alpha-toxin, and clostridium sordellii lethal toxin, are major virulence factors and causative agents of human diseases. these toxins mono-o-glucosylate (or mono-o-glcnacylate) a specific threonine residue of rho/ras-proteins, which is essential for the function of the molecular switches. recently, a related group of glucosyltransferases from legionella pneumophila has been identified. these l ... | 2010 | 19647041 |
| production of clostridium difficile toxin in a medium totally free of both animal and dairy proteins or digests. | in the hope of developing a vaccine against clostridium difficile based on its toxin(s), we have developed a fermentation medium for the bacterium that results in the formation of toxin a and contains no meat or dairy products, thus obviating the problem of possible prion diseases. particular preparations of hydrolyzed soy proteins, especially soy peptone a3, have been found to replace both the meat/dairy product tryptone in the preparation of working cell banks and seed media, and nz-soy bl4 do ... | 2009 | 19651616 |