| paratransgenesis: a promising new strategy for mosquito vector control. | the three main mosquito genera, anopheles, aedes and culex, transmit respectively malaria, dengue and lymphatic filariasis. current mosquito control strategies have proved unsuccessful, and there still is a substantial number of morbidity and mortality from these diseases. genetic control methods have now arisen as promising alternative strategies, based on two approaches: the replacement of a vector population by disease-refractory mosquitoes and the release of mosquitoes carrying a lethal gene ... | 2015 | 26104575 |
| persistent infection by wolbachia walbb has no effect on composition of the gut microbiota in adult female anopheles stephensi. | the bacteria in the midgut of anopheles stephensi adult females from laboratory colonies were studied by sequencing the v4 region of 16s rrna genes, with respect to three experimental factors: stable or cured wolbachia infection; sugar or blood diet; and age. proteobacteria and bacteroidetes dominated the community [>90% of operational taxonomic units (otus)]; most taxa were in the classes flavobacteriia, gammaproteobacteria, and alphaproteobacteria, and were assigned to elizabethkingia (46.9%), ... | 2016 | 27708633 |
| functional integration of the circulatory, immune, and respiratory systems in mosquito larvae: pathogen killing in the hemocyte-rich tracheal tufts. | as both larvae and adults, mosquitoes encounter a barrage of immune insults, ranging from microbe-rich communities in larval habitats to ingested blood-borne pathogens in adult blood meals. given that mosquito adults have evolved an efficient means of eliminating infections in their hemocoel (body cavity) via the coordinated action of their immune and circulatory systems, the goal of the present study was to determine whether such functional integration is also present in larvae. | 2016 | 27643786 |
| mosquito c-type lectins maintain gut microbiome homeostasis. | the long-term evolutionary interaction between the host immune system and symbiotic bacteria determines their cooperative rather than antagonistic relationship. it is known that commensal bacteria have evolved a number of mechanisms to manipulate the mammalian host immune system and maintain homeostasis. however, the strategies employed by the microbiome to overcome host immune responses in invertebrates still remain to be understood. here, we report that the gut microbiome in mosquitoes utilize ... | 2016 | 27170846 |
| aerobic bacterial flora of biotic and abiotic compartments of a hyperendemic zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (zcl) focus. | identification of the microflora of the sand fly gut and the environmental distribution of these bacteria are important components for paratransgenic control of leishmania transmission by sand flies. | 2015 | 25630498 |
| bacterial diversity associated with wild caught anopheles mosquitoes from dak nong province, vietnam using culture and dna fingerprint. | microbiota of anopheles midgut can modulate vector immunity and block plasmodium development. investigation on the bacterial biodiversity in anopheles, and specifically on the identification of bacteria that might be used in malaria transmission blocking approaches, has been mainly conducted on malaria vectors of africa. vietnam is an endemic country for both malaria and bancroftian filariasis whose parasitic agents can be transmitted by the same anopheles species. no information on the microbio ... | 2015 | 25747513 |
| national institute of allergy and infectious diseases bioinformatics resource centers: new assets for pathogen informatics. | | 2007 | 17420237 |
| a set of ontologies to drive tools for the control of vector-borne diseases. | we are developing a set of ontologies dealing with vector-borne diseases as well as the arthropod vectors that transmit them. after building ontologies for mosquito and tick anatomy we continued this project with an ontology of insecticide resistance followed by a series of ontologies that describe malaria as well as physiological processes of mosquitoes that are relevant to, and involved in, disease transmission. these will later be expanded to encompass other vector-borne diseases as well as n ... | 2010 | 20363364 |
| the changing disease-scape in the third epidemiological transition. | the epidemiological transition model describes the changing relationship between humans and their diseases. the first transition occurred with the shift to agriculture about 10,000 ybp, resulting in a pattern of infectious and nutritional diseases still evident today. in the last two centuries, some populations have undergone a second transition, characterized by a decline in infectious disease and rise in degenerative disease. we are now in the throes of a third epidemiological transition, in w ... | 2010 | 20616997 |
| an automated approach for the identification of horizontal gene transfers from complete genomes reveals the rhizome of rickettsiales. | horizontal gene transfer (hgt) is considered to be a major force driving the evolutionary history of prokaryotes. hgt is widespread in prokaryotes, contributing to the genomic repertoire of prokaryotic organisms, and is particularly apparent in rickettsiales genomes. gene gains from both distantly and closely related organisms play crucial roles in the evolution of bacterial genomes. in this work, we focus on genes transferred from distantly related species into rickettsiales species. | 2012 | 23234643 |
| molecular and functional characterization of vacuolar-atpase from the american dog tick dermacentor variabilis. | vacuolar (v)-atpase is a proton-translocating enzyme that acidifies cellular compartments for various functions such as receptor-mediated endocytosis, intracellular trafficking and protein degradation. previous studies in dermacentor variabilis chronically infected with rickettsia montanensis have identified v-atpase as one of the tick-derived molecules transcribed in response to rickettsial infection. to examine the role of the tick v-atpase in tick-rickettsia interactions, a full-length 2887-b ... | 2013 | 24164319 |
| francisella tularensis subspecies holarctica occurs in swedish mosquitoes, persists through the developmental stages of laboratory-infected mosquitoes and is transmissible during blood feeding. | in sweden, mosquitoes are considered the major vectors of the bacterium francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica, which causes tularaemia. the aim of this study was to investigate whether mosquitoes acquire the bacterium as aquatic larvae and transmit the disease as adults. mosquitoes sampled in a swedish area where tularaemia is endemic (örebro) were positive for the presence of f. tularensis deoxyribonucleic acid throughout the summer. presence of the clinically relevant f. tularensis subsp. h ... | 2013 | 24057273 |
| development of quantitative proteomics using itraq based on the immunological response of galleria mellonella larvae challenged with fusarium oxysporum microconidia. | galleria mellonella has emerged as a potential invertebrate model for scrutinizing innate immunity. larvae are easy to handle in host-pathogen assays. we undertook proteomics research in order to understand immune response in a heterologous host when challenged with microconidia of fusarium oxysporum. the aim of this study was to investigate hemolymph proteins that were differentially expressed between control and immunized larvae sets, tested with f. oxysporum at two temperatures. the itraq app ... | 2014 | 25379782 |
| bioinformatic analyses of male and female amblyomma americanum tick expressed serine protease inhibitors (serpins). | serine protease inhibitors (serpins) are a diverse family of proteins that is conserved across taxa. the diversity of amblyomma americanum serpins (aas) is far more complex than previously thought as revealed by discovery of 57 and 33 aas transcripts that are respectively expressed in male and female a. americanum ticks, with 30 found in both. while distinct reproductively, both male and female metastriate ticks, such as a. americanum, require a blood meal. thus, 30 aas sequences found in both m ... | 2014 | 25238688 |
| using biological networks to improve our understanding of infectious diseases. | infectious diseases are the leading cause of death, particularly in developing countries. although many drugs are available for treating the most common infectious diseases, in many cases the mechanism of action of these drugs or even their targets in the pathogen remain unknown. in addition, the key factors or processes in pathogens that facilitate infection and disease progression are often not well understood. since proteins do not work in isolation, understanding biological systems requires ... | 2014 | 25379138 |
| open-air biowarfare testing and the evolution of values. | the united states and the united kingdom ended outdoor biological warfare testing in populated areas nearly half a century ago. yet, the conduct, health effects, and propriety of those tests remain controversial. the varied views reflect the limits of currently available test information and evolving societal values on research involving human subjects. western political culture has changed since the early days of the american and british testing programs. people have become less reluctant to qu ... | 2016 | 27564984 |
| symbiosis with francisella tularensis provides resistance to pathogens in the silkworm. | francisella tularensis, the causative agent of tularemia, is a highly virulent facultative intracellular pathogen found in a wide range of animals, including arthropods, and environments. this bacterium has been known for over 100 years, but the lifestyle of f. tularensis in natural reservoirs remains largely unknown. thus, we established a novel natural host model for f. tularensis using the silkworm (bombyx mori), which is an insect model for infection by pathogens. f. tularensis established a ... | 2016 | 27507264 |
| advances and limitations of disease biogeography using ecological niche modeling. | mapping disease transmission risk is crucial in public and animal health for evidence based decision-making. ecology and epidemiology are highly related disciplines that may contribute to improvements in mapping disease, which can be used to answer health related questions. ecological niche modeling is increasingly used for understanding the biogeography of diseases in plants, animals, and humans. however, epidemiological applications of niche modeling approaches for disease mapping can fail to ... | 2016 | 27547199 |
| diversity, evolution and medical applications of insect antimicrobial peptides. | antimicrobial peptides (amps) are short proteins with antimicrobial activity. a large portion of known amps originate from insects, and the number and diversity of these molecules in different species varies considerably. insect amps represent a potential source of alternative antibiotics to address the limitation of current antibiotics, which has been caused by the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant pathogens. to get more insight into amps, we investigated the diversity and evolution o ... | 2016 | 27160593 |
| no time to waste--the ethical challenges created by crispr: crispr/cas, being an efficient, simple, and cheap technology to edit the genome of any organism, raises many ethical and regulatory issues beyond the use to manipulate human germ line cells. | | 2015 | 26450575 |
| molecular characterization of novel pyridoxal-5'-phosphate-dependent enzymes from the human microbiome. | pyridoxal-5'-phosphate or plp, the active form of vitamin b6, is a highly versatile cofactor that participates in a large number of mechanistically diverse enzymatic reactions in basic metabolism. plp-dependent enzymes account for ∼1.5% of most prokaryotic genomes and are estimated to be involved in ∼4% of all catalytic reactions, making this an important class of enzymes. here, we structurally and functionally characterize three novel plp-dependent enzymes from bacteria in the human microbiome: ... | 2014 | 24888348 |
| dna polymerase polq and cellular defense against dna damage. | in mammalian cells, polq (pol θ) is an unusual specialized dna polymerase whose in vivo function is under active investigation. polq has been implicated by different experiments to play a role in resistance to ionizing radiation and defense against genomic instability, in base excision repair, and in immunological diversification. the protein is formed by an n-terminal helicase-like domain, a c-terminal dna polymerase domain, and a large central domain that spans between the two. this arrangemen ... | 2012 | 23219161 |
| expression in antennae and reproductive organs suggests a dual role of an odorant-binding protein in two sibling helicoverpa species. | odorant-binding proteins (obps) mediate both perception and release of semiochemicals in insects. these proteins are the ideal targets for understanding the olfactory code of insects as well as for interfering with their communication system in order to control pest species. the two sibling lepidopteran species helicoverpa armigera and h. assulta are two major agricultural pests. as part of our aim to characterize the obp repertoire of these two species, here we focus our attention on a member o ... | 2012 | 22291900 |
| an odorant-binding protein is abundantly expressed in the nose and in the seminal fluid of the rabbit. | we have purified an abundant lipocalin from the seminal fluid of the rabbit, which shows significant similarity with the sub-class of pheromone carriers "urinary" and "salivary" and presents an n-terminal sequence identical with that of an odorant-binding protein (rabobp3) expressed in the nasal tissue of the same species. this protein is synthesised in the prostate and found in the seminal fluid, but not in sperm cells. the same protein is also expressed in the nasal epithelium of both sexes, b ... | 2014 | 25391153 |
| characteristics of the nuclear (18s, 5.8s, 28s and 5s) and mitochondrial (12s and 16s) rrna genes of apis mellifera (insecta: hymenoptera): structure, organization, and retrotransposable elements. | as an accompanying manuscript to the release of the honey bee genome, we report the entire sequence of the nuclear (18s, 5.8s, 28s and 5s) and mitochondrial (12s and 16s) ribosomal rna (rrna)-encoding gene sequences (rdna) and related internally and externally transcribed spacer regions of apis mellifera (insecta: hymenoptera: apocrita). additionally, we predict secondary structures for the mature rrna molecules based on comparative sequence analyses with other arthropod taxa and reference to re ... | 2006 | 17069639 |
| differences in the structure and dynamics of the apo- and palmitate-ligated forms of aedes aegypti sterol carrier protein 2 (aescp-2). | sterol carrier protein-2 (scp-2) is a nonspecific lipid-binding protein expressed ubiquitously in most organisms. knockdown of scp-2 expression in mosquitoes has been shown to result in high mortality in developing adults and significantly lowered fertility. thus, it is of interest to determine the structure of mosquito scp-2 and to identify its mechanism of lipid binding. we report here high quality three-dimensional solution structures of scp-2 from aedes aegypti determined by nmr spectroscopy ... | 2010 | 20356842 |
| one ring to rule them all: trafficking of heme and heme synthesis intermediates in the metazoans. | the appearance of heme, an organic ring surrounding an iron atom, in evolution forever changed the efficiency with which organisms were able to generate energy, utilize gasses and catalyze numerous reactions. because of this, heme has become a near ubiquitous compound among living organisms. in this review we have attempted to assess the current state of heme synthesis and trafficking with a goal of identifying crucial missing information, and propose hypotheses related to trafficking that may g ... | 2012 | 22575458 |
| crystal structure of human seryl-trna synthetase and ser-sa complex reveals a molecular lever specific to higher eukaryotes. | seryl-trna synthetase (serrs), an essential enzyme for translation, also regulates vascular development. this "gain-of-function" has been linked to the une-s domain added to vertebrate serrs during evolution. however, the significance of two insertions also specific to higher eukaryotic serrs remains elusive. here, we determined the crystal structure of human serrs in complex with ser-sa, an aminoacylation reaction intermediate analog, at 2.9 å resolution. despite a 70 å distance, binding of ser ... | 2013 | 24095058 |
| an archaeal glutamate decarboxylase homolog functions as an aspartate decarboxylase and is involved in β-alanine and coenzyme a biosynthesis. | β-alanine is a precursor for coenzyme a (coa) biosynthesis and is a substrate for the bacterial/eukaryotic pantothenate synthetase and archaeal phosphopantothenate synthetase. β-alanine is synthesized through various enzymes/pathways in bacteria and eukaryotes, including the direct decarboxylation of asp by aspartate 1-decarboxylase (adc), the degradation of pyrimidine, or the oxidation of polyamines. however, in most archaea, homologs of these enzymes are not present; thus, the mechanisms of β- ... | 2014 | 24415726 |
| structural and functional analyses of a sterol carrier protein in spodoptera litura. | in insects, cholesterol is one of the membrane components in cells and a precursor of ecdysteroid biosynthesis. because insects lack two key enzymes, squalene synthase and lanosterol synthase, in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway, they cannot autonomously synthesize cholesterol de novo from simple compounds and therefore have to obtain sterols from their diet. sterol carrier protein (scp) is a cholesterol-binding protein responsible for cholesterol absorption and transport. | 2014 | 24454688 |
| nmr structure and function of helicoverpa armigera sterol carrier protein-2, an important insecticidal target from the cotton bollworm. | the cotton bollworm, helicoverpa armigera, has developed strong resistance to many insecticides. sterol carrier protein-2 (scp-2) is an important non-specific lipid transfer protein in insects and appears to be a potential new target. in order to elucidate the structure and function of helicoverpa armigera scp-2 (hascp-2), nmr spectroscopy, docking simulations, mutagenesis and bioassays were performed. hascp-2 composed of five α-helices and four stranded β-sheets. the folds of α-helices and β-sh ... | 2015 | 26655641 |
| variation in the ribosome interacting loop of the sec61α from giardia lamblia. | the interaction between the ribosome and the endoplasmic reticulum-located sec61 protein translocon is mediated through an arginine residue of sec61α, which is conserved in all prokaryotic and eukaryotic orthologues characterized to date. using in silico approaches we report that instead of arginine, this ribosome-interaction function is most likely discharged by a lysine residue in the protist giardia lamblia. this functional substitution of the r with a k in glsec61α may have taken place to ac ... | 2015 | 26424409 |
| mass spectrometry analysis and transcriptome sequencing reveal glowing squid crystal proteins are in the same superfamily as firefly luciferase. | the japanese firefly squid hotaru-ika (watasenia scintillans) produces intense blue light from photophores at the tips of two arms. these photophores are densely packed with protein microcrystals that catalyse the bioluminescent reaction using atp and the substrate coelenterazine disulfate. the squid is the only organism known to produce light using protein crystals. we extracted microcrystals from arm tip photophores and identified the constituent proteins using mass spectrometry and transcript ... | 2016 | 27279452 |
| analysis of transcripts expressed in one-day-old larvae and fifth instar silk glands of tasar silkworm, antheraea mylitta. | antheraea mylitta is one of the wild nonmulberry silkworms, which produces tasar silk. an est project has been undertaken to understand the gene expression profile of a. mylitta silk gland. two cdna libraries, one from the whole bodies of one-day-old larvae and the other from the silkglands of fifth instar larvae, were constructed and sequenced. a total of 2476 good-quality ests (1239 clones) were obtained and grouped into 648 clusters containing 390 contigs and 258 singletons to represent 467 p ... | 2010 | 20454581 |
| wolbachia-associated bacterial protection in the mosquito aedes aegypti. | wolbachia infections confer protection for their insect hosts against a range of pathogens including bacteria, viruses, nematodes and the malaria parasite. a single mechanism that might explain this broad-based pathogen protection is immune priming, in which the presence of the symbiont upregulates the basal immune response, preparing the insect to defend against subsequent pathogen infection. a study that compared natural wolbachia infections in drosophila melanogaster with the mosquito vector ... | 2013 | 23951381 |
| the mutualistic side of wolbachia-isopod interactions: wolbachia mediated protection against pathogenic intracellular bacteria. | wolbachia is a vertically transmitted endosymbiont whose radiative success is mainly related to various host reproductive manipulations that led to consider this symbiont as a conflictual reproductive parasite. however, lately, some wolbachia have been shown to act as beneficial symbionts by protecting hosts against a broad range of parasites. still, this protection has been mostly demonstrated in artificial wolbachia-host associations between partners that did not co-evolved together. here, we ... | 2015 | 26733946 |
| ornamental exterior versus therapeutic interior of madagascar periwinkle (catharanthus roseus): the two faces of a versatile herb. | catharanthus roseus (l.) known as madagascar periwinkle (mp) is a legendary medicinal plant mostly because of possessing two invaluable antitumor terpenoid indole alkaloids (tias), vincristine and vinblastine. the plant has also high aesthetic value as an evergreen ornamental that yields prolific blooms of splendid colors. the plant possesses yet another unique characteristic as an amiable experimental host for the maintenance of the smallest bacteria found on earth, the phytoplasmas and spiropl ... | 2015 | 25667940 |
| direct and indirect effects of animal detritus on growth, survival, and mass of invasive container mosquito aedes albopictus (diptera: culicidae). | compared with plant detritus, animal detritus yields higher growth rates, survival, adult mass, and population growth of container-dwelling mosquitoes. it is unclear whether the benefit from animal detritus to larvae results from greater microorganism growth, direct ingestion of animal detritus by larvae, or some other mechanism. we tested alternative mechanisms by which animal detritus may benefit the invasive container-dwelling mosquito aedes albopictus (skuse) (diptera: culicidae). in the lab ... | 2007 | 17695011 |
| interspecific and intraspecific differences in foraging preferences of container-dwelling mosquitoes. | feeding preferences of larval container-dwelling mosquitoes are not well understood. primary production is often absent in container systems and external inputs of animal and plant detritus supply the energy base of container food webs by supporting microorganism prey for mosquitoes. we quantified the feeding preferences of aedes albopictus (skuse), a non-native invasive mosquito, and ochlerotatus triseriatus (say), a native mosquito, when given a choice of animal and plant detritus. we tested f ... | 2007 | 17427689 |
| combining hexanoic acid plant priming with bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal activity against colorado potato beetle. | interaction between insect herbivores and host plants can be modulated by endogenous and exogenous compounds present in the source of food and might be successfully exploited in colorado potato beetle (cpb) pest management. feeding tests with cpb larvae reared on three solanaceous plants (potato, eggplant and tomato) resulted in variable larval growth rates and differential susceptibility to bacillus thuringiensis cry3aa toxin as a function of the host plant. an inverse correlation with toxicity ... | 2013 | 23743826 |
| horizontal transfer of bacterial polyphosphate kinases to eukaryotes: implications for the ice age and land colonisation. | studies of online database(s) showed that convincing examples of eukaryote ppks derived from bacteria type ppk1 and ppk2 enzymes are rare and currently confined to a few simple eukaryotes. these enzymes probably represent several separate horizontal transfer events. retention of such sequences may be an advantage for tolerance to stresses such as desiccation or nutrient depletion for simple eukaryotes that lack more sophisticated adaptations available to multicellular organisms. we propose that ... | 2013 | 23738841 |
| the evolution and genetics of virus host shifts. | emerging viral diseases are often the product of a host shift, where a pathogen jumps from its original host into a novel species. phylogenetic studies show that host shifts are a frequent event in the evolution of most pathogens, but why pathogens successfully jump between some host species but not others is only just becoming clear. the susceptibility of potential new hosts can vary enormously, with close relatives of the natural host typically being the most susceptible. often, pathogens must ... | 2014 | 25375777 |
| a role for the parkinson's disease protein dj-1 as a chaperone and antioxidant in the anhydrobiotic nematode panagrolaimus superbus. | mutations in the human dj-1/park7 gene are associated with familial parkinson's disease. dj-1 belongs to a large, functionally diverse family with homologues in all biological kingdoms. several activities have been demonstrated for dj-1: an antioxidant protein, a redox-regulated molecular chaperone and a modulator of multiple cellular signalling pathways. the majority of functional studies have focussed on human dj-1 (hdj-1), but studies on dj-1 homologues in drosophila melanogaster, caenorhabdi ... | 2014 | 25318690 |
| foeniculum vulgare mill: a review of its botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, contemporary application, and toxicology. | foeniculum vulgare mill commonly called fennel has been used in traditional medicine for a wide range of ailments related to digestive, endocrine, reproductive, and respiratory systems. additionally, it is also used as a galactagogue agent for lactating mothers. the review aims to gather the fragmented information available in the literature regarding morphology, ethnomedicinal applications, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of foeniculum vulgare. it also compiles available scientific ... | 2014 | 25162032 |
| cecropins from plutella xylostella and their interaction with metarhizium anisopliae. | cecropins are the most potent induced peptides to resist invading microorganisms. in the present study, two full length cdna encoding cecropin2 (px-cec2) and cecropin3 (px-cec3) were obtained from p. xylostella by integrated analysis of genome and transcriptome data. qrt-pcr analysis revealed the high levels of transcripts of px-cecs (px-cec1, px-cec2 and px-cec3) in epidermis, fat body and hemocytes after 24, 30 and 36 h induction of metarhizium anisopliae, respectively. silencing of spätzle an ... | 2015 | 26544076 |
| lipopeptides as the antifungal and antibacterial agents: applications in food safety and therapeutics. | a lot of crops are destroyed by the phytopathogens such as fungi, bacteria, and yeast leading to economic losses to the farmers. members of the bacillus genus are considered as the factories for the production of biologically active molecules that are potential inhibitors of growth of phytopathogens. plant diseases constitute an emerging threat to global food security. many of the currently available antimicrobial agents for agriculture are highly toxic and nonbiodegradable and thus cause extend ... | 2015 | 25632392 |
| sweetgum: an ancient source of beneficial compounds with modern benefits. | sweetgum trees are large, deciduous trees found in asia and north america. sweetgum trees are important resources for medicinal and other beneficial compounds. many of the medicinal properties of sweetgum are derived from the resinous sap that exudes when the outer bark of the tree has been damaged. the sap, known as storax, has been used for centuries to treat common ailments such as skin problems, coughs, and ulcers. more recently, storax has proven to be a strong antimicrobial agent even agai ... | 2015 | 26009686 |
| tetrapyrroles as endogenous tspo ligands in eukaryotes and prokaryotes: comparisons with synthetic ligands. | the 18 kda translocator protein (tspo) is highly 0conserved in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. since its discovery in 1977, numerous studies established the tspo's importance for life essential functions. for these studies, synthetic tspo ligands typically are applied. tetrapyrroles present endogenous ligands for the tspo. tetrapyrroles are also evolutionarily conserved and regulate multiple functions. tspo and tetrapyrroles regulate each other. in animals tspo-tetrapyrrole interactions range from e ... | 2016 | 27271616 |
| analysis of the wild-type and mutant genes encoding the enzyme kynurenine monooxygenase of the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti. | kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (kmo) catalyses the hydroxylation of kynurenine to 3-hydroxykynurenine. kmo has a key role in tryptophan catabolism and synthesis of ommochrome pigments in mosquitoes. the gene encoding this enzyme in the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti, is called kynurenine hydroxylase (kh) and a mutant allele that produces white eyes has been designated khw. a number of cdna clones representative of wild-type and mutant genes were isolated. sequence analyses of the wild-type and ... | 2003 | 12974953 |
| the tryptophan oxidation pathway in mosquitoes with emphasis on xanthurenic acid biosynthesis. | oxidation of tryptophan to kynurenine and 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-hk) is the major catabolic pathway in mosquitoes. however, 3-hk is oxidized easily under physiological conditions, resulting in the production of reactive radical species. to overcome this problem, mosquitoes have developed an efficient mechanism to prevent 3-hk from accumulating by converting this chemically reactive compound to the chemically stable xanthurenic acid. interestingly, 3-hk is a precursor for the production of compou ... | 2006 | 17070835 |
| cytotoxicity analysis of three bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis δ-endotoxins towards insect and mammalian cells. | three members of the δ-endotoxin group of toxins expressed by bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis, cyt2ba, cry4aa and cry11a, were individually expressed in recombinant acrystalliferous b. thuringiensis strains for in vitro evaluation of their toxic activities against insect and mammalian cell lines. both cry4aa and cry11a toxins, activated with either trypsin or spodoptera frugiperda gastric juice (gj), resulted in different cleavage patterns for the activated toxins as seen by sds-page. ... | 2012 | 23029407 |
| serratia odorifera a midgut inhabitant of aedes aegypti mosquito enhances its susceptibility to dengue-2 virus. | mosquito midgut plays a crucial role in its vector susceptibility and pathogen interaction. identification of the sustainable microflora of the midgut environment can therefore help in evaluating its contribution in mosquito-pathogen interaction and in turn vector competence. to understand the bacterial diversity in the midgut of aedes aegypti mosquitoes, we conducted a screening study of the gut microbes of these mosquitoes which were either collected from fields or reared in the laboratory "cu ... | 2012 | 22848375 |
| chromobacterium csp_p reduces malaria and dengue infection in vector mosquitoes and has entomopathogenic and in vitro anti-pathogen activities. | plasmodium and dengue virus, the causative agents of the two most devastating vector-borne diseases, malaria and dengue, are transmitted by the two most important mosquito vectors, anopheles gambiae and aedes aegypti, respectively. insect-bacteria associations have been shown to influence vector competence for human pathogens through multi-faceted actions that include the elicitation of the insect immune system, pathogen sequestration by microbes, and bacteria-produced anti-pathogenic factors. t ... | 2014 | 25340821 |
| bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis and its dipteran-specific toxins. | bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (bti) is the first bacillus thuringiensis to be found and used as an effective biological control agent against larvae of many mosquito and black fly species around the world. its larvicidal activity resides in four major (of 134, 128, 72 and 27 kda) and at least two minor (of 78 and 29 kda) polypeptides encoded respectively by cry4aa, cry4ba, cry11aa, cyt1aa, cry10aa and cyt2ba, all mapped on the 128 kb plasmid known as pbtoxis. these six δ-endotoxins f ... | 2014 | 24686769 |
| purification and characterization of a novel nad(p)+-farnesol dehydrogenase from polygonum minus leaves. | juvenile hormones have attracted attention as safe and selective targets for the design and development of environmentally friendly and biorational insecticides. in the juvenile hormone iii biosynthetic pathway, the enzyme farnesol dehydrogenase catalyzes the oxidation of farnesol to farnesal. in this study, farnesol dehydrogenase was extracted from polygonum minus leaves and purified 204-fold to apparent homogeneity by ion-exchange chromatography using deae-toyopearl, sp-toyopearl, and super-q ... | 2015 | 26600471 |
| novel nad+-farnesal dehydrogenase from polygonum minus leaves. purification and characterization of enzyme in juvenile hormone iii biosynthetic pathway in plant. | juvenile hormone iii is of great concern due to negative effects on major developmental and reproductive maturation in insect pests. thus, the elucidation of enzymes involved jh iii biosynthetic pathway has become increasing important in recent years. one of the enzymes in the jh iii biosynthetic pathway that remains to be isolated and characterized is farnesal dehydrogenase, an enzyme responsible to catalyze the oxidation of farnesal into farnesoic acid. a novel nad+-farnesal dehydrogenase of p ... | 2016 | 27560927 |
| functional genomic analyses of enterobacter, anopheles and plasmodium reciprocal interactions that impact vector competence. | malaria exerts a tremendous socioeconomic impact worldwide despite current control efforts, and novel disease transmission-blocking strategies are urgently needed. the enterobacter bacterium esp_z, which is naturally harboured in the mosquito midgut, can inhibit the development of plasmodium parasites prior to their invasion of the midgut epithelium through a mechanism that involves oxidative stress. here, a multifaceted approach is used to study the tripartite interactions between the mosquito, ... | 2016 | 27549662 |
| plasticity of the β-trefoil protein fold in the recognition and control of invertebrate predators and parasites by a fungal defence system. | discrimination between self and non-self is a prerequisite for any defence mechanism; in innate defence, this discrimination is often mediated by lectins recognizing non-self carbohydrate structures and so relies on an arsenal of host lectins with different specificities towards target organism carbohydrate structures. recently, cytoplasmic lectins isolated from fungal fruiting bodies have been shown to play a role in the defence of multicellular fungi against predators and parasites. here, we p ... | 2012 | 22615566 |
| brevibacillus laterosporus, a pathogen of invertebrates and a broad-spectrum antimicrobial species. | brevibacillus laterosporus, a bacterium characterized by the production of a unique canoe-shaped lamellar body attached to one side of the spore, is a natural inhabitant of water, soil and insects. its biopesticidal potential has been reported against insects in different orders including coleoptera, lepidoptera, diptera and against nematodes and mollusks. in addition to its pathogenicity against invertebrates, different b. laterosporus strains show a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity includ ... | 2013 | 26462431 |
| a viral-human interactome based on structural motif-domain interactions captures the human infectome. | protein interactions between a pathogen and its host are fundamental in the establishment of the pathogen and underline the infection mechanism. in the present work, we developed a single predictive model for building a host-viral interactome based on the identification of structural descriptors from motif-domain interactions of protein complexes deposited in the protein data bank (pdb). the structural descriptors were used for searching, in a database of protein sequences of human and five clin ... | 2013 | 23951184 |
| metagenomic analysis of the airborne environment in urban spaces. | the organisms in aerosol microenvironments, especially densely populated urban areas, are relevant to maintenance of public health and detection of potential epidemic or biothreat agents. to examine aerosolized microorganisms in this environment, we performed sequencing on the material from an urban aerosol surveillance program. whole metagenome sequencing was applied to dna extracted from air filters obtained during periods from each of the four seasons. the composition of bacteria, plants, fun ... | 2014 | 25351142 |
| light based anti-infectives: ultraviolet c irradiation, photodynamic therapy, blue light, and beyond. | owing to the worldwide increase in antibiotic resistance, researchers are investigating alternative anti-infective strategies to which it is supposed microorganisms will be unable to develop resistance. prominent among these strategies, is a group of approaches which rely on light to deliver the killing blow. as is well known, ultraviolet light, particularly uvc (200-280 nm), is germicidal, but it has not been much developed as an anti-infective approach until recently, when it was realized that ... | 2013 | 24060701 |
| evidence for the induction of key components of the notch signaling pathway via deltamethrin and azamethiphos treatment in the sea louse caligus rogercresseyi. | the extensive use of organophosphates and pyrethroids in the aquaculture industry has negatively impacted parasite sensitivity to the delousing effects of these antiparasitics, especially among sea lice species. the notch signaling pathway is a positive regulator of abc transporter subfamily c expression and plays a key role in the generation and modulation of pesticide resistance. however, little is known about the molecular mechanisms behind pesticide resistance, partly due to the lack of geno ... | 2016 | 27187362 |
| the mosquito microbiota influences vector competence for human pathogens. | the midgut of insect vectors of human disease contains not only pathogens harmful to human health, but also a diverse microbiota. this microbiota can influence insects' susceptibility to human pathogens, and the capacity to transmit them, through different mechanisms. understanding the interaction between the vector, its microbiota and transmitted pathogens will provide novel opportunities to limit disease transmission. | 2014 | 25584199 |
| yellow and ebony are the responsible genes for the larval color mutants of the silkworm bombyx mori. | many larval color mutants have been obtained in the silkworm bombyx mori. mapping of melanin-synthesis genes on the bombyx linkage map revealed that yellow and ebony genes were located near the chocolate (ch) and sooty (so) loci, respectively. in the ch mutants, body color of neonate larvae and the body markings of elder instar larvae are reddish brown instead of normal black. mutations at the so locus produce smoky larvae and black pupae. f(2) linkage analyses showed that sequence polymorphisms ... | 2008 | 18854583 |
| proteins with an euonymus lectin-like domain are ubiquitous in embryophyta. | cloning of the euonymus lectin led to the discovery of a novel domain that also occurs in some stress-induced plant proteins. the distribution and the diversity of proteins with an euonymus lectin (eul) domain were investigated using detailed analysis of sequences in publicly accessible genome and transcriptome databases. | 2009 | 19930663 |
| in vitro gene silencing of independent phosphoglycerate mutase (ipgm) in the filarial parasite brugia malayi. | the phosphoglycerate mutase (pgm) enzyme catalyzes the interconversion of 2- and 3-phosphoglycerate in the glycolytic /gluconeogenic pathways that are present in the majority of cellular organisms. they can be classified as cofactor-dependent pgm (dpgm) or cofactor-independent pgm (ipgm). vertebrates, yeasts, and many bacteria have only dpgm, while higher plants, nematodes, archaea, and many other bacteria have only ipgm. a small number of bacteria, including escherichia coli and certain archaea ... | 2013 | 23849829 |
| effects of caste on the expression of genes associated with septic injury and xenobiotic exposure in the formosan subterranean termite. | as social insects, termites live in densely populated colonies with specialized castes under conditions conducive to microbial growth and transmission. furthermore, termites are exposed to xenobiotics in soil and their lignocellulose diet. therefore, termites are valuable models for studying gene expression involved in response to septic injury, immunity and detoxification in relation to caste membership. in this study, workers and soldiers of the formosan subterranean termite, coptotermes formo ... | 2014 | 25141339 |
| hessian fly larval feeding triggers enhanced polyamine levels in susceptible but not resistant wheat. | hessian fly (mayetiola destructor), a member of the gall midge family, is one of the most destructive pests of wheat (triticum aestivum) worldwide. probing of wheat plants by the larvae results in either an incompatible (avirulent larvae, resistant plant) or a compatible (virulent larvae, susceptible plant) interaction. virulent larvae induce the formation of a nutritive tissue, resembling the inside surface of a gall, in susceptible wheat. these nutritive cells are a rich source of proteins and ... | 2015 | 25592131 |
| insect antimicrobial peptides and their applications. | insects are one of the major sources of antimicrobial peptides/proteins (amps). since observation of antimicrobial activity in the hemolymph of pupae from the giant silk moths samia cynthia and hyalophora cecropia in 1974 and purification of first insect amp (cecropin) from h. cecropia pupae in 1980, over 150 insect amps have been purified or identified. most insect amps are small and cationic, and they show activities against bacteria and/or fungi, as well as some parasites and viruses. insect ... | 2014 | 24811407 |
| proteomic analysis of interaction between a plant virus and its vector insect reveals new functions of hemipteran cuticular protein. | numerous viruses can be transmitted by their corresponding vector insects; however, the molecular mechanisms enabling virus transmission by vector insects have been poorly understood, especially the identity of vector components interacting with the virus. here, we used the yeast two-hybrid system to study proteomic interactions of a plant virus (rice stripe virus, rsv, genus tenuivirus) with its vector insect, small brown planthopper (laodelphax striatellus). sixty-six proteins of l. striatellu ... | 2015 | 26091699 |
| the sterol carrier protein 2/3-oxoacyl-coa thiolase (scpx) is involved in cholesterol uptake in the midgut of spodoptera litura: gene cloning, expression, localization and functional analyses. | sterol carrier protein-2/3-oxoacyl-coa thiolase (scpx) gene has been suggested to be involved in absorption and transport of cholesterol. cholesterol is a membrane component and is a precursor of ecdysteroids, but cannot be synthesized de novo in insects. however, a direct association between scpx gene expression, cholesterol absorption and development in lepidopteran insects remains to be experimentally demonstrated. | 2009 | 19912624 |
| a review of swertia chirayita (gentianaceae) as a traditional medicinal plant. | swertia chirayita (gentianaceae), a popular medicinal herb indigenous to the temperate himalayas is used in traditional medicine to treat numerous ailments such as liver disorders, malaria, and diabetes and are reported to have a wide spectrum of pharmacological properties. its medicinal usage is well-documented in indian pharmaceutical codex, the british, and the american pharmacopeias and in different traditional medicine such as the ayurveda, unani, siddha, and other conventional medical syst ... | 2015 | 26793105 |
| transfer of dna from bacteria to eukaryotes. | historically, the members of the agrobacterium genus have been considered the only bacterial species naturally able to transfer and integrate dna into the genomes of their eukaryotic hosts. yet, increasing evidence suggests that this ability to genetically transform eukaryotic host cells might be more widespread in the bacterial world. indeed, analyses of accumulating genomic data reveal cases of horizontal gene transfer from bacteria to eukaryotes and suggest that it represents a significant fo ... | 2016 | 27406565 |
| horizontal transfer of β-carbonic anhydrase genes from prokaryotes to protozoans, insects, and nematodes. | horizontal gene transfer (hgt) is a movement of genetic information occurring outside of normal mating activities. it is especially common between prokaryotic endosymbionts and their protozoan, insect, and nematode hosts. although beta carbonic anhydrase (β-ca) plays a crucial role in metabolic functions of many living organisms, the origin of β-ca genes in eukaryotic species remains unclear. | 2016 | 26983858 |
| detoxification and stress response genes expressed in a western north american bumble bee, bombus huntii (hymenoptera: apidae). | the hunt bumble bee (bombus huntii greene, hymenoptera: apidae) is a holometabolous, social insect important as a pollinator in natural and agricultural ecosystems in western north america. bumble bees spend a significant amount of time foraging on a wide variety of flowering plants, and this activity exposes them to both plant toxins and pesticides, posing a threat to individual and colony survival. little is known about what detoxification pathways are active in bumble bees, how the expression ... | 2013 | 24330608 |
| proteomic profiling of a robust wolbachia infection in an aedes albopictus mosquito cell line. | wolbachia pipientis, a widespread vertically transmitted intracellular bacterium, provides a tool for insect control through manipulation of host-microbe interactions. we report proteomic characterization of wstr, a wolbachia strain associated with a strong cytoplasmic incompatibility phenotype in its native host, laodelphax striatellus. in the aedes albopictus c/wstr1 mosquito cell line, wstr maintains a robust, persistent infection. ms/ms analyses of gel bands revealed a protein 'footprint' do ... | 2014 | 25155417 |
| how to predict molecular interactions between species? | organisms constantly interact with other species through physical contact which leads to changes on the molecular level, for example the transcriptome. these changes can be monitored for all genes, with the help of high-throughput experiments such as rna-seq or microarrays. the adaptation of the gene expression to environmental changes within cells is mediated through complex gene regulatory networks. often, our knowledge of these networks is incomplete. network inference predicts gene regulator ... | 2016 | 27065992 |
| wolbachia transcription elongation factor "wol grea" interacts with α2ββ'σ subunits of rna polymerase through its dimeric c-terminal domain. | wolbachia, an endosymbiont of filarial nematode, is considered a promising target for therapy against lymphatic filariasis. transcription elongation factor grea is an essential factor that mediates transcriptional transition from abortive initiation to productive elongation by stimulating the escape of rna polymerase (rnap) from native prokaryotic promoters. upon screening of 6257 essential bacterial genes, 57 were suggested as potential future drug targets, and grea is among these. the current ... | 2014 | 24945631 |
| structure and function of biotin-dependent carboxylases. | biotin-dependent carboxylases include acetyl-coa carboxylase (acc), propionyl-coa carboxylase (pcc), 3-methylcrotonyl-coa carboxylase (mcc), geranyl-coa carboxylase, pyruvate carboxylase (pc), and urea carboxylase (uc). they contain biotin carboxylase (bc), carboxyltransferase (ct), and biotin-carboxyl carrier protein components. these enzymes are widely distributed in nature and have important functions in fatty acid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, polyketide biosynt ... | 2012 | 22869039 |
| partial venom gland transcriptome of a drosophila parasitoid wasp, leptopilina heterotoma, reveals novel and shared bioactive profiles with stinging hymenoptera. | analysis of natural host-parasite relationships reveals the evolutionary forces that shape the delicate and unique specificity characteristic of such interactions. the accessory long gland-reservoir complex of the wasp leptopilina heterotoma (figitidae) produces venom with virus-like particles. upon delivery, venom components delay host larval development and completely block host immune responses. the host range of this drosophila endoparasitoid notably includes the highly-studied model organis ... | 2013 | 23688557 |
| a soluble pyrophosphatase is essential to oogenesis and is required for polyphosphate metabolism in the red flour beetle (tribolium castaneum). | polyphosphates have been found in all cell types examined to date and play diverse roles depending on the cell type. in eukaryotic organisms, polyphosphates have been mainly investigated in mammalian cells with few studies on insects. some studies have demonstrated that a pyrophosphatase regulates polyphosphate metabolism, and most of them were performed on trypanosomatids. here, we investigated the effects of sppase gene knocked down in oogenesis and polyphosphate metabolism in the red flour be ... | 2015 | 25811926 |
| intrinsic antibody-dependent enhancement of microbial infection in macrophages: disease regulation by immune complexes. | a wide range of microorganisms can replicate in macrophages, and cell entry of these pathogens via non-neutralising igg antibody complexes can result in increased intracellular infection through idiosyncratic fcγ-receptor signalling. the activation of fcγ receptors usually leads to phagocytosis. paradoxically, the ligation of monocyte or macrophage fcγ receptors by igg immune complexes, rather than aiding host defences, can suppress innate immunity, increase production of interleukin 10, and bia ... | 2010 | 20883967 |
| experimental and clinical pharmacology of andrographis paniculata and its major bioactive phytoconstituent andrographolide. | andrographis paniculata (burm. f) nees, generally known as "king of bitters," is an herbaceous plant in the family acanthaceae. in china, india, thailand, and malaysia, this plant has been widely used for treating sore throat, flu, and upper respiratory tract infections. andrographolide, a major bioactive chemical constituent of the plant, has shown anticancer potential in various investigations. andrographolide and its derivatives have anti-inflammatory effects in experimental models asthma, st ... | 2013 | 23634174 |
| p53-mediated rapid induction of apoptosis conveys resistance to viral infection in drosophila melanogaster. | arthropod-borne pathogens account for millions of deaths each year. understanding the genetic mechanisms controlling vector susceptibility to pathogens has profound implications for developing novel strategies for controlling insect-transmitted infectious diseases. the fact that many viruses carry genes that have anti-apoptotic activity has long led to the hypothesis that induction of apoptosis could be a fundamental innate immune response. however, the cellular mechanisms mediating the inductio ... | 2013 | 23408884 |
| presence of extensive wolbachia symbiont insertions discovered in the genome of its host glossina morsitans morsitans. | tsetse flies (glossina spp.) are the cyclical vectors of trypanosoma spp., which are unicellular parasites responsible for multiple diseases, including nagana in livestock and sleeping sickness in humans in africa. glossina species, including glossina morsitans morsitans (gmm), for which the whole genome sequence (wgs) is now available, have established symbiotic associations with three endosymbionts: wigglesworthia glossinidia, sodalis glossinidius and wolbachia pipientis (wolbachia). the prese ... | 2014 | 24763283 |
| role of marine natural products in the genesis of antiviral agents. | | 2015 | 26317854 |
| echinacea purpurea: pharmacology, phytochemistry and analysis methods. | echinacea purpurea (asteraceae) is a perennial medicinal herb with important immunostimulatory and anti-inflammatory properties, especially the alleviation of cold symptoms. the plant also attracted scientists' attention to assess other aspects of its beneficial effects. for instance, antianxiety, antidepression, cytotoxicity, and antimutagenicity as induced by the plant have been revealed in various studies. the findings of the clinical trials are controversial in terms of side effects. while s ... | 2015 | 26009695 |
| depletion of alveolar macrophages does not prevent hantavirus disease pathogenesis in golden syrian hamsters. | andes virus (andv) is associated with a lethal vascular leak syndrome in humans termed hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (hps). the mechanism for the massive vascular leakage associated with hps is poorly understood; however, dysregulation of components of the immune response is often suggested as a possible cause. alveolar macrophages are found in the alveoli of the lung and represent the first line of defense to many airborne pathogens. to determine whether alveolar macrophages play a role in hps ... | 2016 | 27099308 |
| analysis of protein composition and bioactivity of neoponera villosa venom (hymenoptera: formicidae). | ants cause a series of accidents involving humans. such accidents generate different reactions in the body, ranging from a mild irritation at the bite site to anaphylactic shock, and these reactions depend on the mechanism of action of the venom. the study of animal venom is a science known as venomics. through venomics, the composition of the venom of several ant species has already been characterized and their biological activities described. thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the pro ... | 2016 | 27110765 |
| tiger mosquito - generated devastation in the biosphere!!! | | 2016 | 27041891 |
| draft genome sequence of the male-killing wolbachia strain wbol1 reveals recent horizontal gene transfers from diverse sources. | the endosymbiont wolbachia pipientis causes diverse and sometimes dramatic phenotypes in its invertebrate hosts. four wolbachia strains sequenced to date indicate that the constitution of the genome is dynamic, but these strains are quite divergent and do not allow resolution of genome diversification over shorter time periods. we have sequenced the genome of the strain wbol1-b, found in the butterfly hypolimnas bolina, which kills the male offspring of infected hosts during embyronic developmen ... | 2013 | 23324387 |
| combined proteomic and transcriptomic interrogation of the venom gland of conus geographus uncovers novel components and functional compartmentalization. | cone snails are highly successful marine predators that use complex venoms to capture prey. at any given time, hundreds of toxins (conotoxins) are synthesized in the secretory epithelial cells of the venom gland, a long and convoluted organ that can measure 4 times the length of the snail's body. in recent years a number of studies have begun to unveil the transcriptomic, proteomic and peptidomic complexity of the venom and venom glands of a number of cone snail species. by using a combination o ... | 2014 | 24478445 |
| can scientific evidence support using bangladeshi traditional medicinal plants in the treatment of diarrhoea? a review on seven plants. | diarrhoea is a common disease which causes pain and may be deadly, especially in developing countries. in bangladesh, diarrhoeal diseases affect thousands of people every year, and children are especially vulnerable. bacterial toxins or viral infections are the most common cause of the disease. the diarrhoea outbreaks are often associated with flood affected areas with contaminated drinking water and an increased risk of spreading the water-borne disease. not surprisingly, plants found in the ne ... | 2013 | 23698166 |
| species composition of bacterial communities influences attraction of mosquitoes to experimental plant infusions. | in the container habitats of immature mosquitoes, catabolism of plant matter and other organic detritus by microbial organisms produces metabolites that mediate the oviposition behavior of aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus. public health agencies commonly use oviposition traps containing plant infusions for monitoring populations of these mosquito species, which are global vectors of dengue viruses. in laboratory experiments, gravid females exhibited significantly diminished responses to experi ... | 2009 | 19641948 |
| role of pore-forming toxins in bacterial infectious diseases. | pore-forming toxins (pfts) are the most common bacterial cytotoxic proteins and are required for virulence in a large number of important pathogens, including streptococcus pneumoniae, group a and b streptococci, staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli, and mycobacterium tuberculosis. pfts generally disrupt host cell membranes, but they can have additional effects independent of pore formation. substantial effort has been devoted to understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the functions ... | 2013 | 23699254 |
| role of cognitive parameters in dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. | dengue is becoming recognized as one of the most important vector-borne human diseases. it is predominant in tropical and subtropical zones but its geographical distribution is progressively expanding, making it an escalating global health problem of today. dengue presents with spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from asymptomatic, undifferentiated mild fever, dengue fever (df), to dengue hemorrhagic fever (dhf) with or without shock (dss), a life-threatening illness characterized by pl ... | 2013 | 24305068 |
| population based cohort study for pediatric infectious diseases research in vietnam. | a population-based cohort study on pediatric infectious diseases was established at khanh hoa province, central vietnam in 2006, to determine the etiology and risk factors for severe pediatric infectious diseases (spid) such as acute respiratory infection (ari), diarrhea and dengue which are the major causes of under 5 mortality. a population census survey was conducted in nha-trang and ninh-hoa to collect demographic, social-behavioral data and disease burden on spid. the study site covered a p ... | 2014 | 25425951 |
| bilateral conjunctivitis in a returned traveller. | | 2015 | 25590460 |
| functional analysis of the abcs of eye color in helicoverpa armigera with crispr/cas9-induced mutations. | many insect pigments are localized in subcellular pigment granules, and transport of pigment precursors from the cytoplasm is accomplished by abc proteins. drosophila melanogaster has three half-transporter genes (white, scarlet, and brown, all affecting eye pigments) and bombyx mori has a fourth (ok). the white, brown, scarlet and ok proteins each have one transmembrane and one cytoplasmic domain and they heterodimerize to form functional transporters with different substrate specificities. we ... | 2017 | 28053351 |