| 4-aminoquinoline derivatives: synthesis, in vitro and in vivo antiplasmodial activity against chloroquine-resistant parasites. | synthetic quinoline derivatives continue to be considered as candidates for new drug discovery if they act against cq-resistant strains of malaria even after the widespread emergence of resistance to cq. in this study, we explored the activities of two series of new 4-aminoquinoline derivatives and found them to be effective against plasmodium falciparum under in vitro conditions. further, we selected four most active derivatives 1m, 1o, 2c and 2j and evaluated their antimalarial potential again ... | 2016 | 27394399 |
| π-delocalized lipophilic cations as new candidates for antimalarial, antitrypanosomal and antileishmanial agents: synthesis, evaluation of antiprotozoal potency, and insight into their action mechanisms. | the search for new drugs that could treat tropical protozoan diseases, such as malaria or neglected tropical diseases (ntds), motivates many medicinal chemists. new classes of antiprotozoal drugs that act through a novel mechanism of action must be developed. this review presents our efforts toward finding new candidate treatments for malaria, american trypanosomiasis, human african trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis based on π-delocalized lipophilic cations (dlcs). dlcs, such as rhodacyanines, a ... | 2016 | 27373622 |
| proteomic analysis of the plasmodium berghei gametocyte egressome and vesicular bioid of osmiophilic body proteins identifies merozoite trap-like protein (mtrap) as an essential factor for parasite transmission. | malaria transmission from an infected host to the mosquito vector requires the uptake of intraerythrocytic sexual precursor cells into the mosquito midgut. for the release of mature extracellular gametes two membrane barriers-the parasite parasitophorous vacuole membrane and the host red blood cell membrane-need to be dissolved. membrane lysis occurs after the release of proteins from specialized secretory vesicles including osmiophilic bodies. in this study we conducted proteomic analyses of th ... | 2016 | 27371728 |
| methylene blue inhibits lumefantrine-resistant plasmodium berghei. | chemotherapy still is the most effective way to control malaria, a major public health problem in sub-saharan africa. the large-scale use of the combination therapy artemether-lumefantrine for malaria treatment in africa predisposes lumefantrine to emergence of resistance. there is need to identify drugs that can be used as substitutes to lumefantrine for use in combination therapy. methylene blue, a synthetic anti-methemoglobinemia drug, has been shown to contain antimalarial properties, making ... | 2016 | 27367013 |
| a stem cell strategy identifies glycophorin c as a major erythrocyte receptor for the rodent malaria parasite plasmodium berghei. | the clinical complications of malaria are caused by the parasite expansion in the blood. invasion of erythrocytes is a complex process that depends on multiple receptor-ligand interactions. identification of host receptors is paramount for fighting the disease as it could reveal new intervention targets, but the enucleated nature of erythrocytes makes genetic approaches impossible and many receptors remain unknown. host-parasite interactions evolve rapidly and are therefore likely to be species- ... | 2016 | 27362409 |
| antimalarial actions of lawsonia inermis, tithonia diversifolia and chromolaena odorata in combination. | chromolaena odorata, tithonia diversifolia and lawsonia inermis are medicinal plants used in treating malaria in traditional medicine system. previous studies however showed that their dichloromethane, methanol (1:1) extracts were more active against plasmodium parasite than the aqueous extracts. | 2016 | 27321410 |
| plasmodium rab5b is secreted to the cytoplasmic face of the tubovesicular network in infected red blood cells together with n-acylated adenylate kinase 2. | rab5 gtpase regulates membrane trafficking between the plasma membrane and endosomes and harbours a conserved c-terminal isoprenyl modification that is necessary for membrane recruitment. plasmodium falciparum encodes three rab5 isotypes, and one of these, rab5b (pfrab5b), lacks the c-terminal modification but possesses the n-terminal myristoylation motif. pfrab5b was reported to localize to the parasite periphery. however, the trafficking pathway regulated by pfrab5b is unknown. | 2016 | 27316546 |
| translational repression of the cpw-wpc gene family in the malaria parasite plasmodium. | the technical challenges of working with the sexual stages of the malaria parasite plasmodium have hindered the characterization of sexual stage antigens in the quest for a successful malaria transmission-blocking vaccine. one such predicted and largely uncharacterized group of sexual stage candidate antigens is the cpw-wpc family of proteins. cpw-wpc proteins are named for a characteristic domain that contains two conserved motifs, cpxxw and wpc. conserved across apicomplexa, this family is als ... | 2016 | 27312996 |
| protective efficacy induced by genetically attenuated mid-to-late liver-stage arresting plasmodium berghei δmrp2 parasites. | whole parasite immunization strategies employing genetically attenuated parasites (gap), which arrest during liver-stage development, have been applied successfully for induction of sterile malaria protection in rodents. recently, we generated a plasmodium berghei gap-lacking expression of multidrug resistance-associated protein (mrp2) (pbδmrp2) that was capable of partial schizogony in hepatocytes but showed complete growth arrest. here, we investigated the protective efficacy after intravenous ... | 2016 | 27296385 |
| phyto suppression of plasmodium berghei multiplication by nauclea latifolia improves the indices of pancreatic beta cell function and anaemia in experimental mice. | malaria remains one of the major causes of childhood mortality in many parts of the world, especially in the sub-saharan africa, including nigeria. increasing chemotherapeutic failure and side effects of available antimalarial drugs have promoted the use of natural herbs for the treatment of malaria in nigerian communities. | 2016 | 27295805 |
| ici 56,780 optimization: structure-activity relationship studies of 7-(2-phenoxyethoxy)-4(1h)-quinolones with antimalarial activity. | though malaria mortality rates are down 48% globally since 2000, reported occurrences of resistance against current therapeutics threaten to reverse that progress. recently, antimalarials that were once considered unsuitable therapeutic agents have been revisited to improve physicochemical properties and efficacy required for selection as a drug candidate. one such compound is 4(1h)-quinolone ici 56,780, which is known to be a causal prophylactic that also displays blood schizonticidal activity ... | 2016 | 27291102 |
| antimalarial benzoxaboroles target plasmodium falciparum leucyl-trna synthetase. | there is a need for new antimalarials, ideally with novel mechanisms of action. benzoxaboroles have been shown to be active against bacteria, fungi, and trypanosomes. therefore, we investigated the antimalarial activity and mechanism of action of 3-aminomethyl benzoxaboroles against plasmodium falciparum two 3-aminomethyl compounds, an6426 and an8432, demonstrated good potency against cultured multidrug-resistant (w2 strain) p. falciparum (50% inhibitory concentration [ic50] of 310 nm and 490 nm ... | 2016 | 27270277 |
| increased susceptibility to pentylenetetrazol following survival of cerebral malaria in mice. | malaria is considered a neglected disease and public health problem, affecting >200 million people worldwide. in the present study we used the plasmodium berghei anka (pba) model of experimental cerebral malaria (cm) in c57bl/6 mice. after rescue from cm and parasite clearance, animals were submitted to a seizure susceptibility test (45 days after infection) using a low dose of pentylenetetrazol (ptz, 30 mg/kg) and monitored with use of behavioral and electroencephalography (eeg) methods. mice r ... | 2016 | 27247141 |
| in vivo and in vitro effectiveness of azadirachta indica-synthesized silver nanocrystals against plasmodium berghei and plasmodium falciparum, and their potential against malaria mosquitoes. | malaria transmission is a serious emergence in urban and semiurban areas worldwide, becoming a major international public health concern. malaria is transmitted through the bites of anopheles mosquitoes. the extensive employ of synthetic pesticides leads to negative effects on human health and the environment. recently, plant-synthesized nanoparticles have been proposed as highly effective mosquitocides. in this research, we synthesized silver nanoparticles (agnp) using the azadirachta indica se ... | 2016 | 27234530 |
| expression of the plasmodium berghei actin ii gene is controlled by elements in a long genomic region. | plasmodium parasites have two actin isoforms. actin i is ubiquitously expressed, while the second actin isoform is expressed in the sexual stages and ookinetes. reverse genetic analysis revealed two phenotypes in parasites lacking the protein: a block in male gametogenesis (exflagellation) and a second phenotype in oocyst development, dependent upon the expression of the gene in female gametocytes. here, we report that the genetic complementation of two independent mutants lacking actin ii does ... | 2016 | 27225004 |
| antiplasmodial, antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities of ethanol extract of vernonia amygdalina del. leaf in swiss mice. | vernonia amygdalina (v. amygdalina) leaf is locally employed in the southern region of nigeria in the treatment of malaria infection. this study evaluated the in vivo antiplasmodial, antioxidant and immunomodulatory effect of ethanol extract of v. amygdalina leaf. | 2017 | 27222837 |
| route of administration of attenuated sporozoites is instrumental in rendering immunity against plasmodia infection. | whole sporozoite vaccine (wsv) approach has been shown to induce efficient cd8(+) t cell response, critical for developing of long-lasting sterile protection against plasmodium. although wsv was initiated over four decades ago, we still do not fully understand about the absolute requirements for the generation of liver-stage specific cd8(+) t memory cells. for more than a decade intravenous (iv) route of immunization has been shown to be protective in pre-clinical studies. however, the intraderm ... | 2016 | 27160038 |
| identifying antimalarial compounds targeting dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase (dhfr-ts) by chemogenomic profiling. | the mode of action of many antimalarial drugs is unknown. chemogenomic profiling is a powerful method to address this issue. this experimental approach entails disruption of gene function and phenotypic screening for changes in sensitivity to bioactive compounds. here, we describe the application of reverse genetics for chemogenomic profiling in plasmodium. plasmodium falciparum parasites harbouring a transgenic insertion of the glms ribozyme downstream of the dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate ... | 2016 | 27150044 |
| cysteamine broadly improves the anti-plasmodial activity of artemisinins against murine blood stage and cerebral malaria. | the potential emergence and spread of resistance to artemisinins in the plasmodium falciparum malaria parasite constitutes a major global health threat. hence, improving the efficacy of artemisinins and of artemisinin-based combination therapy (act) represents a major short-term goal in the global fight against malaria. mice defective in the enzyme pantetheinase (vnn3) show increased susceptibility to blood-stage malaria (increased parasitaemia, reduced survival), and supplementation of vnn3 mut ... | 2016 | 27150250 |
| in vivo antimalarial activity of extracts of tanzanian medicinal plants used for the treatment of malaria. | plants used in traditional medicine have been the source of a number of currently used antimalarial medicines and continue to be a promising resource for the discovery of new classes of antimalarial compounds. the aim of this study was to evaluate in vivo antimalarial activity of four plants; erythrina schliebenii harms, holarrhena pubescens buch-ham, phyllanthus nummulariifolius poir, and caesalpinia bonducella (l.) flem used for treatment of malaria in tanzania. in vivo antimalarial activity w ... | 2017 | 27144154 |
| editorial: cd36: russian roulette of host and parasites during malaria infection. | | 2016 | 27130887 |
| antimalarial activity of fractions of aqueous extract of acacia nilotica root. | the problem of resistance of malarial parasites to available antimalarial drugs makes the development of new drugs imperative, with natural plant products providing an alternative source for discovering new drugs. | 2017 | 27104040 |
| pre-infection administration of asiatic acid retards parasitaemia induction in plasmodium berghei murine malaria infected sprague-dawley rats. | malaria prevention has remained a critical area in the absence of efficacious vaccines against malaria. drugs currently used as chemotherapeutics are also used in chemoprophylaxis increasing possible drug resistance. asiatic acid is a natural phytochemical with oxidant, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties with emerging anti-malarial potential. the influence of asiatic acid administration prior to plasmodium berghei infection of sprague-dawley rats on parasitaemia induction is here repor ... | 2016 | 27098750 |
| in vivo antimalarial activity of annona muricata leaf extract in mice infected with plasmodium berghei. | malaria is one of the most important infectious diseases in the world. the choice for the treatment is highly limited due to drug resistance. hence, finding the new compounds to treat malaria is urgently needed. the present study was attempted to evaluate the antimalarial activity of the annona muricata aqueous leaf extract in plasmodium berghei infected mice. aqueous leaf extract of a. muricata was prepared and tested for acute toxicity in mice. for efficacy test in vivo, standard 4-day suppres ... | 2016 | 27092277 |
| cd47-sirpα interactions regulate macrophage uptake of plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes and clearance of malaria in vivo. | cd47 engagement by the macrophage signal regulatory protein alpha (sirpα) inhibits phagocytic activity and protects red blood cells (rbcs) from erythrophagocytosis. the role of cd47-sirpα in the innate immune response to plasmodium falciparum infection is unknown. we hypothesized that disruption of sirpα signaling may enhance macrophage uptake of malaria parasite-infected rbcs. to test this hypothesis, we examined in vivo clearance in cd47-deficient mice infected with plasmodium berghei anka and ... | 2016 | 27091932 |
| discriminating protective from nonprotective plasmodium-specific cd8+ t cell responses. | despite decades of research, malaria remains a global health crisis. current subunit vaccine approaches do not provide efficient long-term, sterilizing immunity against plasmodium infections in humans. conversely, whole parasite vaccinations with their larger array of target ags have conferred long-lasting sterilizing protection to humans. similar studies in rodent models of malaria reveal that cd8(+) t cells play a critical role in liver-stage immunity after whole parasite vaccination. however, ... | 2016 | 27084099 |
| identification of three ookinete-specific genes and evaluation of their transmission-blocking potentials in plasmodium berghei. | with a renewed hope for malaria elimination, interventions that prevent transmission of parasites from humans to mosquitoes have received elevated attention. transmission-blocking vaccines (tbvs) targeting the sexual stages are well suited for this task. here, through bioinformatic analysis, we selected two putative plasmodium berghei ookinete-stage proteins (pbanka_111920, and pbanka_145770) and a previously characterized ookinete protein pbanka_135340 (psop7) for evaluation of their transmissi ... | 2016 | 27083421 |
| antimalarial properties of crude extracts of seeds of brucea antidysenterica and leaves of ocimum lamiifolium. | the search for new antimalarial drugs has become increasingly urgent due to plasmodial resistance to existing drugs. as part of this global effort, the present study aimed at evaluating the antimalarial activity of two traditionally used medicinal plants against the disease. | 2016 | 27075995 |
| j-dot targeting of an exported hsp40 in plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. | plasmodium falciparum exports a large number of proteins to its host cell, the mature human erythrocyte, where they are involved in host cell modification. amongst the proteins trafficked to the host cell, many are heat shock protein (hsp)40 homologues. we previously demonstrated that at least two exported pfhsp40s (referred to as pfe55 and pfa660) localise to mobile structures in the p. falciparum-infected erythrocyte (kulzer et al., 2010), termed j-dots. the complete molecular content of these ... | 2016 | 27063072 |
| evaluation of herbal antimalarial mama decoction-amodiaquine combination in murine malaria model. | co-administration of amodiaquine with mama decoction (md), an herbal antimalarial drug comprising the leaves of mangifera indica l. (anacardiaceae), alstonia boonei de wild (apocynaceae), morinda lucida benth (rubiaceae) and azadirachta indica a. juss (meliaceae) was investigated. the practice of concurrent administration of herbal medicines with orthodox drugs is currently on the increase globally. | 2016 | 27057621 |
| a small mitochondrial protein present in myzozoans is essential for malaria transmission. | myzozoans (which include dinoflagellates, chromerids and apicomplexans) display notable divergence from their ciliate sister group, including a reduced mitochondrial genome and divergent metabolic processes. the factors contributing to these divergent processes are still poorly understood and could serve as potential drug targets in disease-causing protists. here, we report the identification and characterization of a small mitochondrial protein from the rodent-infecting apicomplexan parasite pl ... | 2016 | 27053680 |
| substrate and inhibitor specificity of the plasmodium berghei equilibrative nucleoside transporter type 1. | malaria is a critical public health issue in the tropical world, causing extensive morbidity and mortality. infection by unicellular, obligate intracellular plasmodium parasites causes malaria. the emergence of resistance to current antimalarial drugs necessitates the development of novel therapeutics. a potential novel drug target is the purine import transporter. because plasmodium parasites are purine auxotrophic, they must import purines from their host to fulfill metabolic requirements. the ... | 2016 | 27048953 |
| murine model for preclinical studies of var2csa-mediated pathology associated with malaria in pregnancy. | plasmodium falciparum infection during pregnancy leads to abortions, stillbirth, low birth weight, and maternal mortality. infected erythrocytes (ies) accumulate in the placenta by adhering to chondroitin sulfate a (csa) via var2csa protein exposed on the p. falciparum ie membrane. plasmodium berghei ie infection in pregnant balb/c mice is a model for severe placental malaria (pm). here, we describe a transgenic p. berghei parasite expressing the full-length var2csa extracellular region (domains ... | 2016 | 27045035 |
| enhanced methylation analysis by recovery of unsequenceable fragments. | bisulfite sequencing is a valuable tool for mapping the position of 5-methylcytosine in the genome at single base resolution. however, the associated chemical treatment causes strand scission, which depletes the number of sequenceable dna fragments in a library and thus necessitates pcr amplification. the at-rich nature of the library generated from bisulfite treatment adversely affects this amplification, resulting in the introduction of major biases that can confound methylation analysis. here ... | 2016 | 27031619 |
| co-infection with plasmodium berghei and trypanosoma brucei increases severity of malaria and trypanosomiasis in mice. | individuals in natural populations may be infected with multiple different parasites at a time. these parasites may interact with each other or act independently in the host, and this may result to varying outcomes on host health and survival. this study therefore aimed at investigating the health impact of co-infection of mice with plasmodium berghei and trypanosoma brucei. forty swiss albino mice (14-17g) were divided into four groups of ten. mice in groups a and b received 10(6)p. berghei and ... | 2016 | 27021269 |
| detailed methodology for high resolution scanning electron microscopy (sem) of murine malaria parasitized-erythrocytes. | scanning electron microscopy (sem) is a powerful tool used to investigate object surfaces and has been widely applied in both material science and biology. with respect to the study of malaria, sem revealed that erythrocytes infected with plasmodium falciparum, a human parasite, display 'knob-like' structures on their surface comprising parasitized proteins. however, detailed methodology for sem studies of malaria parasites is lacking in the literature making such studies challenging. here, we p ... | 2016 | 26987676 |
| diarylheptanoids rich fraction of alnus nepalensis attenuates malaria pathogenesis: in-vitro and in-vivo study. | diarylheptanoids from alnus nepalensis leaves have been reported for promising activity against filariasis, a mosquito-borne disease, and this has prompted us to investigate its anti-malarial and safety profile using in-vitro and in-vivo bioassays. a. nepalensis leaf extracts were tested in-vitro against chloroquine-sensitive plasmodium falciparum nf54 by measuring the parasite specific lactate dehydrogenase activity. among all, the chloroform extract (anc) has shown promising anti-plasmodial ac ... | 2016 | 26969854 |
| novel squaramides with in vitro liver stage antiplasmodial activity. | a structure-activity relationship study was performed with ten 8-aminoquinoline-squaramides compounds active against liver stage malaria parasites, using human hepatoma cells (huh7) infected by plasmodium berghei parasites. in addition, their blood-schizontocidal activity was assessed against chloroquine-resistant w2 strain plasmodium falciparum. compound 3 was 7.3-fold more potent than the positive control primaquine against liver-stage parasites, illustrating the importance of the squarate moi ... | 2016 | 26968650 |
| in vivo anti-plasmodial activities and toxic impacts of lime extract of a combination of picralima nitida, alstonia boonei and gongronema latifolium in mice infected with chloroquine-sensitive plasmodium berghei. | lime extracts of powdered combination of seeds of picralima nitida, stem bark of alstonia boonei and leaves of gongronema latifolium is a common remedy used in the treatment of malaria in south western nigeria. | 2015 | 26958029 |
| potential antimalarial activity of methyl jasmonate and its effect on lipid profiles in plasmodium berghei infected mice. | the antimalarial activity and lipid profiles of methyl jasmonate (mj) were investigated against established malaria infection in vivo using balb/c mice. | 2015 | 26957973 |
| new molecular settings to support in vivo anti-malarial assays. | quantitative real-time pcr (qpcr) is now commonly used as a method to confirm diagnosis of malaria and to differentiate recrudescence from re-infection, especially in clinical trials and in reference laboratories where precise quantification is critical. although anti-malarial drug discovery is based on in vivo murine efficacy models, use of molecular analysis has been limited. the aim of this study was to develop qpcr as a valid methodology to support pre-clinical anti-malarial models by using ... | 2016 | 26955872 |
| inhibition of glutathione biosynthesis sensitizes plasmodium berghei to antifolates. | glutathione plays a central role in maintaining cellular redox homeostasis, and modulations to this status may affect malaria parasite sensitivity to certain types of antimalarials. in this study, we demonstrate that inhibition of glutathione biosynthesis in the plasmodium berghei anka strain through disruption of the γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-gcs) gene, which encodes the first and rate-limiting enzyme in the glutathione biosynthetic pathway, significantly sensitizes parasites in vivo to ... | 2016 | 26953195 |
| glutathione-deficient plasmodium berghei parasites exhibit growth delay and nuclear dna damage. | plasmodium parasites are exposed to endogenous and exogenous oxidative stress during their complex life cycle. to minimize oxidative damage, the parasites use glutathione (gsh) and thioredoxin (trx) as primary antioxidants. we previously showed that disruption of the plasmodium berghei gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (pbggcs-ko) or the glutathione reductase (pbgr-ko) genes resulted in a significant reduction of gsh in intraerythrocytic stages, and a defect in growth in the pbggcs-ko parasites. ... | 2016 | 26952808 |
| intravital imaging of the immune responses during liver-stage malaria infection: an improved approach for fixing the liver. | the host-parasite relationship is one of the main themes of modern parasitology. recent revolutions in science, including the development of various fluorescent proteins/probes and two-photon microscopy, have made it possible to directly visualize and study the mechanisms underlying the interaction between the host and pathogen. here, we describe our method of preparing and setting-up the liver for our experimental approach of using intravital imaging to examine the interaction between plasmodiu ... | 2016 | 26921520 |
| immunogenicity and immunizing protection effect of gama gene dna vaccine on plasmodium berghei. | to explore the effect of immunogenicity and immunizing protection of gama gene dna vaccine, which was related with merozoite, ookinete and sporozoite invasion. | 2016 | 26919947 |
| landolphia owariensis leaf extracts reduce parasitemia in plasmodium berghei-infected mice. | context landolphia owariensis p. beauv. (apocyanaceae) leaf is used in southeast nigeria to treat malaria. objective this study evaluated the antiplasmodial activity of l. owariensis leaf extract and fractions, also the phytoconstituents were standardized and analyzed. methods the effects of daily, oral administrations of 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg of l. owariensis leaf extract (loe), its hexane (lohf), ethyl acetate (loef) and methanol (lomf) fractions on early, established and residual infections ... | 2016 | 26916149 |
| antimalarial and cytotoxic properties of chukrasia tabularis a. juss and turraea vogelii hook f. ex. benth. | malaria, caused by plasmodium parasite, is at the moment the highest cause of morbidity and mortality in the tropics. recently, there is increasing efforts to develop more potent antimalarials from plant sources that will have little or no adverse effects. this study is aimed at investigating the in vivo mice antimalarial and in vitro antiplasmodial effects of two meliaceae plants commonly used in nigerian ethnomedicine as part of recipe for treating malaria infection: chukrasia tabularis and tu ... | 2016 | 26911147 |
| lopinavir/ritonavir enhanced the antimalarial activity of amodiaquine and artesunate in a mouse model of plasmodium berghei. | treatment of malaria and hiv in co-infected patients remains a challenge due to the limited information on interaction between drugs used for the treatment of the two infections. thus, this study evaluated the interaction between lopinavir/ritonavir (lr) and artesunate (as), amodiaquine (aq) or a fixed dose of as/aq in a mouse model of chloroquine-resistant plasmodium berghei. combination of lr with graded doses of as or aq resulted in a significant reduced ed50. in addition, parasites cleared c ... | 2016 | 26900802 |
| synergistic anti-malarial action of cryptolepine and artemisinins. | cryptolepine (cpe) is the major indoloquinoline isolated from the popular west african anti-malarial plant, cryptolepis sanguinolenta. cpe possesses various pharmacological activities with potent anti-malarial activity against both chloroquine (cq)-resistant and -sensitive strains. the search for safe and novel anti-malarial agents and combinations to delay resistance development to plasmodium falciparum directed this work aimed at evaluating the anti-malarial interaction and safety of cpe in co ... | 2016 | 26879905 |
| synthesis of gold mediated biocompatible nanocomposite of lactone enriched fraction from sahadevi (vernonia cinerea lees): an assessment of antimalarial potential. | metals reduction into submicro/nano size through bhasma preparations for therapeutic use is well established in ancient traditional system of indian medicines i.e. ayurveda. recently, nanotechnology has drawn the attention of researchers to develeope various size and shape nanoparicles / composite for number of applications.in this article, we report the enrichment of lactone enriched fraction (lef) by liquid-liquid portioning of vernonia cinerea metabolic extract and sysnthesis of mediated nano ... | 2016 | 26876516 |
| evaluation of senna singueana leaf extract as an alternative or adjuvant therapy for malaria. | the emergence of malarial resistance to most antimalarial drugs is the main factor driving the continued effort to identify/discover new agents for combating the disease. moreover, the unacceptably high mortality rate in severe malaria has led to the consideration of adjuvant therapies. senna singueana leaves are traditionally used against malaria and fever. extracts from the leaves of this plant demonstrated in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activities, which in turn could reduce the severity of ... | 2016 | 26870688 |
| the fikk kinase of toxoplasma gondii is not essential for the parasite's lytic cycle. | fikk kinases are a novel family of kinases unique to the apicomplexa. while most apicomplexans encode a single fikk kinase, plasmodium falciparum expresses 21 and piroplasms do not encode a fikk kinase. fikk kinases share a conserved c-terminal catalytic domain, but the n-terminal region is highly variable and contains no known functional domains. to date, fikk kinases have been primarily studied in p. falciparum and plasmodium berghei. those that have been studied are exported from the parasite ... | 2016 | 26859096 |
| lectin-carbohydrate recognition mechanism of plasmodium berghei in the midgut of malaria vector anopheles stephensi using quantum dot as a new approach. | potential targets of plasmodium ookinetes at the mosquito midgut walls were investigated in relation to interfering malarial transmission. in this study, the essential application of quantum dots (qds) was used to examine the interaction between plasmodium berghei ookinetes and the anopheles stephensi midgut, based on lectin-carbohydrate recognition. two significant lectins were utilized to determine this interaction. two qds, cadmium telluride (cdte)/cds and cadmium selenide (cdse)/cds, were em ... | 2016 | 26772447 |
| marked elevation in plasma osteoprotegerin constitutes an early and consistent feature of cerebral malaria. | adherence of infected erythrocytes to vascular endothelium causes acute endothelial cell (ec) activation during plasmodium falciparum infection. consequently, proteins stored in weibel-palade (wp) bodies within ec are secreted into the plasma. osteoprotegerin (opg) binds to vwf and consequently is stored within wp bodies. given the critical role of ec activation in the pathogenesis of severe malaria, we investigated plasma opg levels in children with p. falciparum malaria. at presentation, plasm ... | 2016 | 26766771 |
| suppressor of cytokine signaling 2 modulates the immune response profile and development of experimental cerebral malaria. | plasmodium falciparum infection results in severe malaria in humans, affecting various organs, including the liver, spleen and brain, and resulting in high morbidity and mortality. the plasmodium berghei anka (pba) infection in mice closely recapitulates many aspects of human cerebral malaria (cm); thus, this model has been used to investigate the pathogenesis of cm. suppressor of cytokine signaling 2 (socs2), an intracellular protein induced by cytokines and hormones, modulates the immune respo ... | 2016 | 26765997 |
| corrigendum: plasmodium berghei anka causes intestinal malaria associated with dysbiosis. | | 2016 | 26738995 |
| plasmodium berghei bio-burden correlates with parasite lactate dehydrogenase: application to murine plasmodium diagnostics. | the spectrum of techniques to detect malaria parasites in whole blood is limited to measuring parasites in circulation. one approach that is currently used to enumerate total parasite bio-burden involves the use of bio-luminescent parasites. as an alternative approach, this study describes the use of a commercial elisa human parasite lactate dehydrogenase (pldh) detection kit to estimate total parasite bio-burden in murine malaria models. | 2016 | 26729268 |
| monocyte- and neutrophil-derived cxcl10 impairs efficient control of blood-stage malaria infection and promotes severe disease. | cxcl10, or ifn-γ-inducible protein 10, is a biomarker associated with increased risk for plasmodium falciparum-mediated cerebral malaria (cm). consistent with this, we have previously shown that cxcl10 neutralization or genetic deletion alleviates brain intravascular inflammation and protects plasmodium berghei anka-infected mice from cm. in addition to organ-specific effects, the absence of cxcl10 during infection was also found to reduce parasite biomass. to identify the cellular sources of cx ... | 2016 | 26718341 |
| parasitemia induces high plasma levels of interleukin-17 (il-17) and low levels of interleukin-10 (il-10) and transforming growth factor-ß (tgf-ß) in pregnant mice infected with malaria. | during pregnancy, the balanced dominance of the t helper17 response shifts to a th2 response that is characterised by the production of il-10, following the completion of the implantation process. transforming growth factor-β (tgf-β) expression is associated with the completion of trophoblast invasion and placental growth. this study assessed the effect of malaria infection on the levels of il-17, il-10, and tgf-β in the plasma of pregnant mice with malaria. | 2017 | 26715893 |
| application of spect/ct imaging system and radiochemical analysis for investigation of blood kinetics and tissue distribution of radiolabeled plumbagin in healthy and plasmodium berghei-infected mice. | plumbagin is a derivative of napthoquinone which is isolated from the roots of plants in several families. these compound exhibits a wide range of biological and pharmacological activities including antimalarial, antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer activities. the aim of the study was to investigate blood kinetics and tissue distribution of plumbagin in healthy and plasmodium berghei-infected mice using single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (spect/ct) and radiochem ... | 2016 | 26713669 |
| evaluation of the use of ocimum suave willd. (lamiaceae), plectranthus barbatus andrews (lamiaceae) and zanthoxylum chalybeum engl. (rutaceae) as antimalarial remedies in kenyan folk medicine. | crude extracts from the leaves of ocimum suave willd (lamiaceae) and the root barks of plectranthus barbatus andrews (lamiaceae) and zanthoxylum chalybeum engl. (rutaceae) were studied to ascertain the ethnopharmacological standing of their antimalarial usage in kenyan folk medicine. | 2016 | 26705665 |
| tap-mediated processing of exoerythrocytic antigens is essential for protection induced with radiation-attenuated plasmodium sporozoites. | mhc class i dependent cd8(+) t cells are essential for protection induced by radiation-attenuated plasmodium sporozoites (ras) in murine malaria models. apart from the mechanism of activation of cd8(+) t cells specific for the circumsporozoite protein, the major sporozoite antigen (ag), cd8(+) t cells specific for other exoerythrocytic ags that have been shown to mediate protection have not been thoroughly investigated. specifically, mechanisms of processing and presentation of exoerythrocytic a ... | 2016 | 26703789 |
| evaluation of the antiplasmodial properties of selected plants in southern ethiopia. | the majority of the ethiopian population is at risk of malaria largely caused by plasmodium falciparum. the resistance of the parasite to existing drugs is the main challenge in the control of the disease and thus new therapeutic drugs are required. in ethiopia, people use different plant species to treat malaria. however, very few of them have so far been evaluated for their safety level and antimalarial activity. thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and antimalarial activity ... | 2015 | 26698300 |
| in vitro and in vivo anti-malarial activity of plants from the brazilian amazon. | the anti-malarials quinine and artemisinin were isolated from traditionally used plants (cinchona spp. and artemisia annua, respectively). the synthetic quinoline anti-malarials (e.g. chloroquine) and semi-synthetic artemisinin derivatives (e.g. artesunate) were developed based on these natural products. malaria is endemic to the amazon region where plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax drug-resistance is of concern. there is an urgent need for new anti-malarials. traditionally used amazoni ... | 2015 | 26682750 |
| antiplasmodial activity, in vivo pharmacokinetics and anti-malarial efficacy evaluation of hydroxypyridinone hybrids in a mouse model. | during the erythrocytic stage in humans, malaria parasites digest haemoglobin of the host cell, and the toxic haem moiety crystallizes into haemozoin. chloroquine acts by forming toxic complexes with haem molecules and interfering with their crystallization. in chloroquine-resistant strains, the drug is excluded from the site of action, which causes the parasites to accumulate less chloroquine in their acid food vacuoles than chloroquine-sensitive parasites. 3-hydroxylpyridin-4-ones are known to ... | 2015 | 26671222 |
| tailoring a combination preerythrocytic malaria vaccine. | the leading malaria vaccine candidate, rts,s, based on the plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (csp), will likely be the first publicly adopted malaria vaccine. however, this and other subunit vaccines, such as virus-vectored thrombospondin-related adhesive protein (trap), provide only intermediate to low levels of protection. in this study, the plasmodium berghei homologues of antigens csp and trap are combined. trap is delivered using adenovirus- and vaccinia virus-based vectors in ... | 2015 | 26667840 |
| stearylamine liposomal delivery of monensin in combination with free artemisinin eliminates blood stages of plasmodium falciparum in culture and p. berghei infection in murine malaria. | the global emergence of drug resistance in malaria is impeding the therapeutic efficacy of existing antimalarial drugs. therefore, there is a critical need to develop an efficient drug delivery system to circumvent drug resistance. the anticoccidial drug monensin, a carboxylic ionophore, has been shown to have antimalarial properties. here, we developed a liposome-based drug delivery of monensin and evaluated its antimalarial activity in lipid formulations of soya phosphatidylcholine (spc) chole ... | 2015 | 26666937 |
| in vivo antimalarial activities of russelia equisetiformis in plasmodium berghei infected mice. | the rising problem of resistance to most commonly used antimalarials remains a major challenge in the control of malaria suggesting the need for new antimalarial agents. this work explores the antiplasmodial potential of ethanol extract of russelia equisetiformis in chloroquine plasmodium berghei infected mice. swiss albino mice were intraperitoneally infected with chloroquine-resistant p. berghei (anka). experimental mice were treated for four days consecutively with graded doses of plant extra ... | 2017 | 26664070 |
| antiparasitic and immunomodulatory potential of oral nanocapsules encapsulated lactoferrin protein against plasmodium berghei. | to analyze the effect of native buffalo lactoferrin (bulf) protein along with its nanoformulation using alginate-enclosed, chitosan-conjugated, calcium phosphate buffalo lf nanocapsules (aec-cco-cp-bulf ncs) against rodent parasite plasmodium berghei. | 2016 | 26654428 |
| reinvestigating old pharmacophores: are 4-aminoquinolines and tetraoxanes potential two-stage antimalarials? | the syntheses and antiplasmodial activities of various substituted aminoquinolines coupled to an adamantane carrier are described. the compounds exhibited pronounced in vitro and in vivo activity against plasmodium berghei in the thompson test. tethering a fluorine atom to the aminoquinoline c(3) position afforded fluoroaminoquinolines that act as intrahepatocytic parasite inhibitors, with compound 25 having an ic50 = 0.31 μm and reducing the liver load in mice by up to 92% at 80 mg/kg dose. scr ... | 2016 | 26640981 |
| in vivo antimalarial activity of the endophytic actinobacteria, streptomyces suk 10. | endophytic bacteria, such as streptomyces, have the potential to act as a source for novel bioactive molecules with medicinal properties. the present study was aimed at assessing the antimalarial activity of crude extract isolated from various strains of actinobacteria living endophytically in some malaysian medicinal plants. using the four day suppression test method on male icr strain mice, compounds produced from three strains of streptomyces (suk8, suk10, and suk27) were tested in vivo again ... | 2015 | 26626355 |
| altered lipid composition of surfactant and lung tissue in murine experimental malaria-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome. | malaria-associated acute lung injury (ma-ali) and its more severe form malaria-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (ma-ards) are common, often fatal complications of severe malaria infections. however, little is known about their pathogenesis. in this study, biochemical alterations of the lipid composition of the lungs were investigated as possible contributing factors to the severity of murine ma-ali/ards. c57bl/6j mice were infected with plasmodium berghei nk65 to induce lethal ma-a ... | 2015 | 26624290 |
| interleukin-18 antagonism improved histopathological conditions of malaria infection in mice. | interleukin 18 (il-18) exerts pleiotropic roles in many inflammatory-related diseases including parasitic infection. previous studies have demonstrated the promising therapeutic potential of modulating il-18 bioactivity in various pathological conditions. however, its involvement during malaria infection has yet to be established. in this study, we demonstrated the effect of modulating il-18 on the histopathological conditions of malaria infected mice. | 2017 | 26622294 |
| protective effects of tinospora crispa stem extract on renal damage and hemolysis during plasmodium berghei infection in mice. | renal damage and hemolysis induced by malaria are associated with mortality in adult patients. it has been speculated that oxidative stress condition induced by malaria infection is involved in its pathology. thus, we aimed to investigate the protective effects of tinospora crispa stem extract on renal damage and hemolysis during plasmodium berghei infection. t. crispa stem extract was prepared using hot water method and used for oral treatment in mice. groups of icr mice were infected with 1 × ... | 2015 | 26600953 |
| high dietary folate in mice alters immune response and reduces survival after malarial infection. | malaria is a significant global health issue, with nearly 200 million cases in 2013 alone. parasites obtain folate from the host or synthesize it de novo. folate consumption has increased in many populations, prompting concerns regarding potential deleterious consequences of higher intake. the impact of high dietary folate on the host's immune function and response to malaria has not been examined. our goal was to determine whether high dietary folate would affect response to malarial infection ... | 2015 | 26599510 |
| the application of anti-toso antibody enhances cd8(+) t cell responses in experimental malaria vaccination and disease. | toso is a molecule highly expressed on b cells. it influences their survival and was identified as an igm binding molecule. b cells and natural antibodies play a role in vaccination-induced cd8(+) t cell responses. we investigated the impact of an anti-toso antibody on vaccination efficiency in a malaria vaccination model. in this model, cd8(+) t cells exert antiparasitic functions on infected hepatocytes in the liver stage of the disease. in vaccinated anti-toso treated mice, more antigen-speci ... | 2015 | 26597034 |
| measuring antigen presentation in mouse brain endothelial cells ex vivo and in vitro. | we have recently demonstrated that brain endothelial cells cross-present parasite antigen during mouse experimental cerebral malaria (ecm). here we describe a 2-d protocol to detect cross-presentation by isolating the brain microvessels and incubating them with a reporter cell line that expresses lacz upon detection of the relevant peptide-major histocompatibility complex. after x-gal staining, a typical positive result consists of hundreds of blue spots, compared with fewer than 20 spots from a ... | 2015 | 26562622 |
| perivascular arrest of cd8+ t cells is a signature of experimental cerebral malaria. | there is significant evidence that brain-infiltrating cd8+ t cells play a central role in the development of experimental cerebral malaria (ecm) during plasmodium berghei anka infection of c57bl/6 mice. however, the mechanisms through which they mediate their pathogenic activity during malaria infection remain poorly understood. utilizing intravital two-photon microscopy combined with detailed ex vivo flow cytometric analysis, we show that brain-infiltrating t cells accumulate within the perivas ... | 2015 | 26562533 |
| aspidosperma (apocynaceae) plant cytotoxicity and activity towards malaria parasites. part ii: experimental studies withaspidosperma ramiflorum in vivo and in vitro. | several species of aspidosperma plants are used to treat diseases in the tropics, including aspidosperma ramiflorum, which acts against leishmaniasis, an activity that is experimentally confirmed. the species, known as guatambu-yellow, yellow peroba, coffee-peroba and matiambu, grows in the atlantic forest of brazil in the south to the southeast regions. through a guided biofractionation of a. ramiflorum extracts, the plant activity against plasmodium falciparum was evaluated in vitro for toxici ... | 2015 | 26560981 |
| suppression of cd4+ effector responses by naturally occurring cd4+ cd25+ foxp3+ regulatory t cells contributes to experimental cerebral malaria. | the role of naturally occurring cd4(+) cd25(+) foxp3(+) regulatory t cells (ntreg) in the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria (cm), which involves both pathogenic t cell responses and parasite sequestration in the brain, is still unclear. to assess the contribution and dynamics of ntreg during the neuropathogenesis, we unbalanced the ratio between ntreg and naive cd4(+) t cells in an attenuated model of plasmodium berghei anka-induced experimental cm (ecm) by using a selective cell enrichment strat ... | 2015 | 26553468 |
| an analysis of the influence of sex hormones on balb/c mice infected with plasmodium berghei. | sex steroids can determine several responses in the clinical evolution of malaria. seventy balb-c mice were randomly distributed into 7 groups (10 mice per group): g1 to g6 corresponding to castrated females, castrated females that received estradiol cypionate, uncastrated females, castrated males, castrated males that received intramuscular testosterone decanoate and uncastrated males infected with plasmodium berghei, and g7, the control group. the mice were evaluated with regard to survival, p ... | 2016 | 26549492 |
| impact of chrysosplenetin on the pharmacokinetics and anti-malarial efficacy of artemisinin against plasmodium berghei as well as in vitro cyp450 enzymatic activities in rat liver microsome. | artemisinin (art) is an efficacious and safe anti-malarial drugs but has low oral bioavailability and auto-induction profiles during multiple dosing. the pharmacokinetic disadvantages have been found to partially depend on the induction of cytochrome p-450 enzymes by art and resulted in the therapeutic failure due to insufficient drug levels. the present study, therefore, investigated the impacts of chrysosplenetin (chr), a polymethoxylated flavonoid from artemisia annua, on the pharmacokinetics ... | 2015 | 26537009 |
| enantiopure indolizinoindolones with in vitro activity against blood- and liver-stage malaria parasites. | malaria continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality to this day, and resistance to drugs like chloroquine has led to an urgent need to discover novel chemical entities aimed at new targets. here, we report the discovery of a novel class of potential antimalarial compounds containing an indolizinoindolone scaffold. these novel enantiopure indolizinoindolones were synthesized, in good-to-excellent yields and excellent diastereoselectivities, by cyclocondensation reaction of (s)- or (r ... | 2015 | 26525306 |
| recruited monocytes modulate malaria-induced lung injury through cd36-mediated clearance of sequestered infected erythrocytes. | pulmonary complications occur in a significant percentage of adults and children during the course of severe malaria. the cellular and molecular innate immune mechanisms that limit the extent of pulmonary inflammation and preserve lung function during severe plasmodium infections remain unclear. in particular, the contributions to pulmonary complications by parasitized erythrocyte sequestration and subsequent clearance from the lung microvasculature by immune cells have not been clearly defined. ... | 2016 | 26516185 |
| a novel role for von willebrand factor in the pathogenesis of experimental cerebral malaria. | plasmodium falciparum malaria infection is associated with an early marked increase in plasma von willebrand factor (vwf) levels, together with a pathological accumulation of hyperreactive ultra-large vwf (ul-vwf) multimers. given the established critical role of platelets in malaria pathogenesis, these increases in plasma vwf raise the intriguing possibility that vwf may play a direct role in modulating malaria pathogenesis. to address this hypothesis, we used an established murine model of exp ... | 2016 | 26511133 |
| within-host selection of drug resistance in a mouse model of repeated incomplete malaria treatment: comparison between atovaquone and pyrimethamine. | the evolutionary selection of malaria parasites within individual hosts is an important factor in the emergence of drug resistance but is still not well understood. we have examined the selection process for drug resistance in the mouse malaria agent plasmodium berghei and compared the dynamics of the selection for atovaquone and pyrimethamine. resistance to these drugs has been shown to be associated with genetic lesions in the dihydrofolate reductase gene in the case of pyrimethamine and in th ... | 2015 | 26503662 |
| plasmodium berghei anka causes intestinal malaria associated with dysbiosis. | gastrointestinal symptoms, such as abdominal pain and diarrhea, are frequently observed in patients with plasmodium falciparum malaria. however, the correlation between malaria intestinal pathology and intestinal microbiota has not been investigated. in the present study, infection of c57bl/6 mice with p. berghei anka (pba) caused intestinal pathological changes, such as detachment of epithelia in the small intestines and increased intestinal permeability, which correlated with development with ... | 2015 | 26503461 |
| a novel pyrazolopyridine with in vivo activity in plasmodium berghei- and plasmodium falciparum-infected mouse models from structure-activity relationship studies around the core of recently identified antimalarial imidazopyridazines. | toward improving pharmacokinetics, in vivo efficacy, and selectivity over herg, structure-activity relationship studies around the central core of antimalarial imidazopyridazines were conducted. this study led to the identification of potent pyrazolopyridines, which showed good in vivo efficacy and pharmacokinetics profiles. the lead compounds also proved to be very potent in the parasite liver and gametocyte stages, which makes them of high interest. | 2015 | 26502160 |
| impact of sex differences in brain response to infection with plasmodium berghei. | malaria is considered to be one of the most prevalent diseases in the world. severity of the disease between males and females is very important in clinical research areas. in this study, we investigated the impact of sex differences in brain response to infection with plasmodium berghei. male and female c57bl/6 mice were infected with p. berghei-infected erythrocytes. the infection induced a significant change in weight loss in males (-7.2 % ± 0.5) than females (-4.9 % ± 0.6). the maximum paras ... | 2016 | 26499384 |
| upregulated tim-3/galectin-9 expressions in acute lung injury in a murine malarial model. | malaria is the most relevant parasitic disease worldwide, and severe malaria is characterized by cerebral edema, acute lung injury (ali), and multiple organ dysfunctions; however, the mechanisms of lung damage need to be better clarified. in this study, we used kunming outbred mice infected with plasmodium berghei anka (pbanka) to elucidate the profiles of t cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-3 (tim-3) and its ligand galecin-9 (gal-9) in the development of ali. mice were injected intraperitone ... | 2016 | 26494364 |
| amodiaquine and ciprofloxacin combination in plasmodiasis therapy. | objective. the study was designed to determine the efficacy of combined amodiaquine and ciprofloxacin in plasmodiasis therapy. method. the in vivo antiplasmodial effect of different dosage levels of amodiaquine, ciprofloxacin, and their combinations against plasmodium berghei berghei was evaluated using swiss albino mice. results. amodiaquine (a known antiplasmodial agent) had a fairly significant antiplasmodial effect reducing the parasites for every 100 red blood cells (rbc) from 66 to 16 (75. ... | 2015 | 26491456 |
| in vivo antimalarial evaluation of some 2,3-disubstituted-4(3h)-quinazolinone derivatives. | malaria is a neglected tropical parasitic disease affecting billons of people around the globe. though the number of cases and deaths associated with malaria are decreasing in recent years, it is the most deadly disease in the world. this study aimed at investigating the in vivo antimalarial activities of some 2,3-disubstituted-4(3h)-quinazolinone derivatives. | 2015 | 26486987 |
| increased gal-9 and tim-3 expressions during liver damage in a murine malarial model. | malaria has been one of the most devastating tropical parasite infectious diseases popular around the world. severe malaria is characterized by multiple organ dysfunctions, especially liver damage. however, the mechanisms of malarial liver injury remain to be better clarified. in this study, kunming mice inoculated intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 10(6) plasmodium berghei anka (pbanka)-infected red blood cells (irbcs) were investigated at days 5, 10, 15, and 20 post-infection (p.i.) to elucidate th ... | 2016 | 26486943 |
| antipyretic and antimalarial activities of solenostemon monostachyus. | solenostemon monostachyus p. beauv (lamiaceae) is an important herb used traditionally in the treatment of malaria, fever, and other diseases. | 2016 | 26474350 |
| antimalarial activity of 80 % methanolic extract of brassica nigra (l.) koch. (brassicaceae) seeds against plasmodium berghei infection in mice. | resistances to currently available drugs and insecticides, significant drug toxicities and costs and lack of vaccines currently complicated the treatment of malaria. a continued search for safe, effective and affordable plant-based antimalarial agents thus becomes crucial and vital in the face of these difficulties. the aim of the study was to evaluate the antimalarial activity of 80 % methanolic extract of the seeds of brassica nigra against plasmodium berghei infection in mice. | 2015 | 26471058 |
| vaccination using gene-gun technology. | dna vaccines against infection with plasmodium have been highly successful in rodent models of malaria and have shown promise in the very limited number of clinical trials conducted so far. the vaccine platform is highly attractive for numerous reasons, such as low cost and a very favorable safety profile. gene gun delivery of dna plasmids drastically reduces the vaccine dose and does not only have the potential to make vaccines more accessible and affordable, but also simplifies (a) the testing ... | 2015 | 26450396 |
| generation of transgenic rodent malaria parasites expressing human malaria parasite proteins. | we describe methods for the rapid generation of transgenic rodent plasmodium berghei (pb) parasites that express human malaria parasite (hmp) proteins, using the recently developed gimo-based transfection methodology. three different genetic modifications are described resulting in three types of transgenic parasites. (1) additional gene (ag) mutants. in these mutants the hmp gene is introduced as an "additional gene" into a silent/neutral locus of the pb genome under the control of either a con ... | 2015 | 26450395 |
| detection of plasmodium berghei and plasmodium yoelii liver-stage parasite burden by quantitative real-time pcr. | direct detection and quantification of liver-stage plasmodium parasites became possible with the development of quantitative real-time pcr (qpcr). here we describe the measurement of parasite burden in the livers of mice infected with the rodent malaria species, plasmodium berghei and plasmodium yoelii. this method is based on detection of expression of parasite ribosomal 18s rna and can serve as an endpoint to accurately evaluate the efficacy of vaccines targeting the preerythrocytic stages of ... | 2015 | 26450381 |
| characterization of liver cd8 t cell subsets that are associated with protection against pre-erythrocytic plasmodium parasites. | murine models of malaria, such as plasmodium berghei (pb) and plasmodium yoelii (py), have been used for decades to identify correlates of protection associated with immunization using radiation-attenuated sporozoites (ras). to date, ras is the only known immunization regimen to consistently deliver 100 % sterilizing immunity and is considered the "gold standard" of protection against malaria. the ability to isolate lymphocytes directly from the liver of immune mice has facilitated the identific ... | 2015 | 26450377 |
| molecular characterization of socs gene and its expression analysis on plasmodium berghei infection in anopheles culicifacies. | anopheles culicifacies mosquitoes are able to transmit both falciparum and vivax malaria in india. more than 65% of malaria cases reported annually spread through this vector. despite the fact that it poses major vectorial burden in india, the molecular basis of its immune role against plasmodium development has not been explored intensively. here, we characterized an. culicifacies socs (suppressor of cytokine signaling) gene, a regulator of stat pathway and its expression analysis upon plasmodi ... | 2015 | 26407822 |