| differential gene expression of moraxella catarrhalis upon exposure to human serum. | the complement system is an important part of the innate defense against invading pathogens (blom et al., 2009; [1]). the ability to resist complement-mediated killing is considered to be an important virulence trait for the human-restricted respiratory tract pathogen moraxella catarrhalis, as most disease-associated m. catarrhalis isolates are complement-resistant (wirth et al., 2007; [2]). here we provide a detailed overview of the experimental methods that we have used to study the molecular ... | 2014 | 26484117 |
| influence of bronchoscopy on the diagnosis of and outcomes from ventilator-associated pneumonia. | ventilator-associated pneumonia (vap) is a common healthcare-associated infection affecting as many as 27% of mechanically ventilated patients. ventilator-associated pneumonia is an important source of morbidity and mortality in the surgical intensive care unit (sicu). the optimal diagnostic method for vap has remained controversial and the role of therapeutic bronchoscopy in the clearance of pulmonary secretions with vap, in essence source control, remains unknown. our unit utilizes bronchoscop ... | 2014 | 24841750 |
| endotracheal aspirate and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid analysis: interchangeable diagnostic modalities in suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia? | authoritative guidelines state that the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia (vap) can be established using either endotracheal aspirate (eta) or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (balf) analysis, thereby suggesting that their results are considered to be in accordance. therefore, the results of eta gram staining and semiquantitative cultures were compared to the results from a paired eta-balf analysis. different thresholds for the positivity of etas were assessed. this was a prospective stud ... | 2014 | 25078907 |
| pathogenesis of human diffusely adhering escherichia coli expressing afa/dr adhesins (afa/dr daec): current insights and future challenges. | the pathogenicity and clinical pertinence of diffusely adhering escherichia coli expressing the afa/dr adhesins (afa/dr daec) in urinary tract infections (utis) and pregnancy complications are well established. in contrast, the implication of intestinal afa/dr daec in diarrhea is still under debate. these strains are age dependently involved in diarrhea in children, are apparently not involved in diarrhea in adults, and can also be asymptomatic intestinal microbiota strains in children and adult ... | 2014 | 25278576 |
| clostridium difficile hfq can replace escherichia coli hfq for most of its function. | a gene for the hfq protein is present in the majority of sequenced bacterial genomes. its characteristic hexameric ring-like core structure is formed by the highly conserved n-terminal regions. in contrast, the c-terminal forms an extension, which varies in length, lacks homology, and is predicted to be unstructured. in gram-negative bacteria, hfq facilitates the pairing of srnas with their mrna target and thus affects gene expression, either positively or negatively, and modulates srna degradat ... | 2014 | 25147238 |
| corticosteroids in the treatment of acute asthma. | asthma is a prevalent chronic disease of the respiratory system and acute asthma exacerbations are among the most common causes of presentation to the emergency department (ed) and admission to hospital particularly in children. bronchial airways inflammation is the most prominent pathological feature of asthma. inhaled corticosteroids (ics), through their anti-inflammatory effects have been the mainstay of treatment of asthma for many years. systemic and ics are also used in the treatment of ac ... | 2014 | 25276236 |
| activity of aristolochia bracteolata against moraxella catarrhalis. | a bioassay-guided fractionation of methanol extract of aristolochia bracteolata whole plant was carried out in order to evaluate its antimicrobial activity and to identify the active compounds in this extract. antibacterial and antifungal activities of methanol extract against gram-positive, gram-negative, and fungal strains were investigated by the agar disk diffusion method. among the strains tested, moraxella catarrhalis and sea urchin-derived bacillus sp. showed the highest sensitivity towar ... | 2014 | 26904734 |
| increased of exhaled breath condensate neutrophil chemotaxis in acute exacerbation of copd. | neutrophils have been involved in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd). underlying mechanisms of neutrophil accumulation in the airways of stable and exacerbated copd patients are poorly understood. the aim of this study was to assess exhaled breath condensate (ebc) neutrophil chemotactic activity, the level of two chemoattractants for neutrophils (gro-α and ltb4) during the course of an acute exacerbation of copd (aecopd). | 2014 | 25260953 |
| clinical epidemiology and predictors of outcome in children hospitalised with influenza a(h1n1)pdm09 in 2009: a prospective national study. | there are few large-scale, prospective studies of influenza a(h1n1)pdm09 in children that identify predictors of adverse outcomes. | 2014 | 25263176 |
| arbekacin: another novel agent for treating infections due to methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus and multidrug-resistant gram-negative pathogens. | arbekacin sulfate (abk), an aminoglycoside antibiotic, was discovered in 1972 and was derived from dibekacin to stabilize many common aminoglycoside modifying enzymes. abk shows broad antimicrobial activities against not only gram-positive bacteria including methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) but also gram-negative bacteria such as escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, and klebsiella pneumoniae. abk has been approved as an injectable formulation in japan since 1990, under the ... | 2014 | 25298740 |
| bacterial distribution in the lungs of children with protracted bacterial bronchitis. | flexible bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (fb-bal) is increasingly used for the microbiological confirmation of protracted bacterial bronchitis (pbb) in children with a chronic wet cough. at our centre, when performing fb-bal for microbiological diagnosis we sample 6 lobes (including lingula) as this is known to increase the rate of culture positive procedures in children with cystic fibrosis. we investigated if this is also the case in children with pbb. | 2014 | 25259619 |
| clinical manifestation of macrolide antibiotic toxicity in ckd and dialysis patients. | macrolide antibiotics, erythromycin, clarithromycin and azithromycin are commonly prescribed for upper respiratory infection, and their use has recently been further linked to immunomodulatory effects. with the widespread and expanded use of macrolides, special attention should be paid to their potential adverse effects. we reported two cases of end-stage renal disease (esrd) patients who developed hallucinations such as vivid images of worms after taking clarithromycin. similar to previous case ... | 2014 | 25859365 |
| complete genome assembly of a quality control reference isolate, moraxella catarrhalis strain atcc 25240. | generally an opportunistic pathogen in the united states, moraxella catarrhalis has acquired resistance to multiple antibacterial/antimicrobial agents. here, we present the complete 1.9-mb genome of m. catarrhalis strain atcc 25240, as deposited in ncbi under the accession number cp008804. | 2014 | 25237030 |
| acute otitis media in children. | acute otitis media (aom) is a common reason for primary care visits in children. yet, there is considerable debate on the most effective treatment. | 2014 | 25229555 |
| systemic and pulmonary inflammation is independent of skeletal muscle changes in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. | nutritional depletion is an important manifestation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd), which has been related to systemic inflammation. it remains unclear to what degree airway inflammation contributes to the presence or progression of nutritional depletion. | 2014 | 25246784 |
| inflammatory thresholds and the species-specific effects of colonising bacteria in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. | there has been increasing interest in the use of newer, culture-independent techniques to study the airway microbiome of copd patients. we investigated the relationships between the three common potentially pathogenic microorganisms (ppms) haemophilus influenzae, streptococcus pneumoniae and moraxella catarrhalis, as detected by quantitative pcr (qpcr), and inflammation and health status in stable patients in the london copd cohort. | 2014 | 25218165 |
| cytokine, chemokine, and toll-like receptor expression in middle ear fluids of children with acute otitis media. | acute otitis media (aom) is a common bacterial infection in childhood that causes an inflammatory response in the middle ear. leukocytes produce different inflammatory molecules in vitro when stimulated with gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. the major causes of aom are streptococcus pneumoniae, nontypeable haemophilus influenza, and moraxella catarrhalis. we sought to assess differences in cytokines, chemokines, and expression of toll-like receptors (tlrs) at onset of aom based on bacter ... | 2014 | 25216361 |
| cytokine, chemokine, and toll-like receptor expression in middle ear fluids of children with acute otitis media. | acute otitis media (aom) is a common bacterial infection in childhood that causes an inflammatory response in the middle ear. leukocytes produce different inflammatory molecules in vitro when stimulated with gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. the major causes of aom are streptococcus pneumoniae, nontypeable haemophilus influenza, and moraxella catarrhalis. we sought to assess differences in cytokines, chemokines, and expression of toll-like receptors (tlrs) at onset of aom based on bacter ... | 2014 | 25216361 |
| nasal carriage and resistance pattern of multidrug resistant staphylococcus aureus among healthy children in kashan, iran. | nasal carriage of staphylococcus aureus is a substantial source of human infections. detection and treatment of nasal carriage in children with methicillin-resistant and multidrug resistant s. aureus (mrsa and mdrsa, respectively) may be an important modality in prevention of infections. | 2014 | 25593734 |
| exploring the origins of asthma: lessons from twin studies. | this thesis explores the contribution of twin studies, particularly those studies originating from the danish twin registry, to the understanding of the aetiology of asthma. first, it is explored how twin studies have established the contribution of genetic and environmental factors to the variation in the susceptibility to asthma, and to the variation in several aspects of the clinical expression of the disease such as its age at onset, its symptomatology, its intermediate phenotypes, and its r ... | 2014 | 26557247 |
| what is behind the ear drum? the microbiology of otitis media and the nasopharyngeal flora in children in the era of pneumococcal vaccination. | this study aims to describe the microbiology of middle ear fluid (mef) in a cohort of children vaccinated with streptococcus pneumoniae conjugate vaccine (pcv7) having ventilation tube insertion. nasopharyngeal (np) carriage of otopathogens in these children is compared with children without history of otitis media. | 2014 | 25175818 |
| what is behind the ear drum? the microbiology of otitis media and the nasopharyngeal flora in children in the era of pneumococcal vaccination. | this study aims to describe the microbiology of middle ear fluid (mef) in a cohort of children vaccinated with streptococcus pneumoniae conjugate vaccine (pcv7) having ventilation tube insertion. nasopharyngeal (np) carriage of otopathogens in these children is compared with children without history of otitis media. | 2014 | 25175818 |
| cardiovascular events and safety outcomes associated with azithromycin therapy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. | azithromycin has been used for many years for the treatment of patients with various types of bacterial infections, as well as for the secondary prevention of coronary events. there is a growing concern, however, that azithromycin may be associated with an increased cardiovascular (cv) risk and may lead to cv-related death in high-risk patients. | 2014 | 25558301 |
| three clinically distinct chronic pediatric airway infections share a common core microbiota. | dna-based microbiological studies are moving beyond studying healthy human microbiota to investigate diverse infectious diseases, including chronic respiratory infections, such as those in the airways of people with cystic fibrosis (cf) and non-cf bronchiectasis. the species identified in the respiratory secretion microbiota from such patients can be classified into those that are common and abundant among similar subjects (core) versus those that are infrequent and rare (satellite). this catego ... | 2014 | 24597615 |
| epidemiology and predictors of multidrug-resistant community-acquired and health care-associated pneumonia. | there are limited u.s. data describing the risk factors for multidrug-resistant organism (mdro) isolation in community-acquired pneumonia (cap) and health care-associated pneumonia (hcap). however, concern for the presence of these pathogens drives the prescribing of empiric broad-spectrum antibiotics for cap and hcap. a retrospective study of all adults hospitalized with community-onset pneumonia (cap and hcap) at a large u.s. medical center from january 2010 to december 2011 was conducted. the ... | 2014 | 24957843 |
| chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations: latest evidence and clinical implications. | chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and results in an economic and social burden that is both substantial and increasing. the natural history of copd is punctuated by exacerbations which have major short- and long-term implications on the patient and healthcare system. evidence-based guidelines stipulate that early detection and prompt treatment of exacerbations are essential to ensure optimal outcomes and to reduce the burden of cop ... | 2014 | 25177479 |
| prevalence and risk factors for chronic co-infection in pulmonary mycobacterium avium complex disease. | patients with pulmonary mycobacterium avium complex (mac) disease are often co-infected with various pathogenic microorganisms. this study aimed to determine the prevalence of co-infection with non-mac pathogens and the risk factors associated with co-infection in patients with pulmonary mac disease. | 2014 | 25478192 |
| antibiotics and bacterial resistance in the 21st century. | dangerous, antibiotic resistant bacteria have been observed with increasing frequency over the past several decades. in this review the factors that have been linked to this phenomenon are addressed. profiles of bacterial species that are deemed to be particularly concerning at the present time are illustrated. factors including economic impact, intrinsic and acquired drug resistance, morbidity and mortality rates, and means of infection are taken into account. synchronously with the waxing of b ... | 2014 | 25232278 |
| the frequency of tetracycline resistance genes co-detected with respiratory pathogens: a database mining study uncovering descriptive trends throughout the united states. | the center for disease control and prevention (cdc) indicates that one of the largest problems threatening healthcare includes antibiotic resistance. tetracycline, an effective antibiotic that has been in use for many years, is becoming less successful in treating certain pathogens. to better understand the temporal patterns in the growth of antibiotic resistance, patient diagnostic test records can be analyzed. | 2014 | 25152108 |
| parietal subdural empyema as complication of acute odontogenic sinusitis: a case report. | to date intracranial complication caused by tooth extractions are extremely rare. in particular parietal subdural empyema of odontogenic origin has not been described. a literature review is presented here to emphasize the extreme rarity of this clinical entity. | 2014 | 25146384 |
| binding of human factor h to outer membrane protein p5 of non-typeable haemophilus influenzae contributes to complement resistance. | non-typeable haemophilus influenzae is an opportunistic pathogen of the human upper respiratory tract and is often found to cause inflammatory diseases that include sinusitis, otitis media and exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. to persist in the inflammatory milieu during infection, non-typeable h. influenzae must resist the antimicrobial activity of the human complement system. here, we used tn-seq to identify genes important for resistance to complement-mediated killing. t ... | 2014 | 25091181 |
| novel applications of statins for bone regeneration. | the use of statins for bone regeneration is a promising and growing area of research. statins, originally developed to treat high cholesterol, are inhibitors of the enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl, the rate-limiting enzyme of the mevalonate pathway. because the mevalonate pathway is responsible for the synthesis of a wide variety of important biochemical molecules, including cholesterol and other isoprenoids, the effects of statins are pleiotropic. in particular, statins can greatly affect the ... | 2014 | 26543666 |
| novel applications of statins for bone regeneration. | the use of statins for bone regeneration is a promising and growing area of research. statins, originally developed to treat high cholesterol, are inhibitors of the enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl, the rate-limiting enzyme of the mevalonate pathway. because the mevalonate pathway is responsible for the synthesis of a wide variety of important biochemical molecules, including cholesterol and other isoprenoids, the effects of statins are pleiotropic. in particular, statins can greatly affect the ... | 2014 | 26543666 |
| otitis media in children vaccinated during consecutive 7-valent or 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccination schedules. | in 2001 when 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (pcv7) was introduced, almost all (90%) young australian indigenous children living in remote communities had some form of otitis media (om), including 24% with tympanic membrane perforation (tmp). in late 2009, the northern territory childhood vaccination schedule replaced pcv7 with 10-valent pneumococcal haemophilus influenzae protein d conjugate vaccine (phid-cv10). | 2014 | 25109288 |
| antibody-mediated immunity induced by engineered escherichia coli omvs carrying heterologous antigens in their lumen. | outer membrane vesicles (omvs) from gram-negative bacteria are gaining increasing attention as vaccine platform for their built-in adjuvanticity and for their potential use as carriers of heterologous antigens. these 2 properties offer the opportunity to make highly effective, easy to produce multi-valent vaccines. omvs can be loaded with foreign antigens by targeting protein expression either to the outer membrane or to the periplasm of the omv-producing strain. periplasmic expression is simple ... | 2014 | 25147647 |
| children with chronic suppurative lung disease have a reduced capacity to synthesize interferon-gamma in vitro in response to non-typeable haemophilus influenzae. | chronic suppurative lung disease (csld) is characterized by the presence of a chronic wet or productive cough and recurrent lower respiratory infections. the aim of this study was to identify features of innate, cell-mediated and humoral immunity that may increase susceptibility to respiratory infections in children with csld. because non-typeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) is commonly isolated from the airways in csld, we examined immune responses to this organism in 80 age-stratified childr ... | 2014 | 25111142 |
| association between pathogens detected using quantitative polymerase chain reaction with airway inflammation in copd at stable state and exacerbations. | relationships between airway inflammation and respiratory potentially pathogenic microorganisms (ppms) quantified using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) in subjects with copd are unclear. our aim was to evaluate mediators of airway inflammation and their association with ppms in subjects with copd at stable state and during exacerbations. | 2014 | 25103335 |
| association between pathogens detected using quantitative polymerase chain reaction with airway inflammation in copd at stable state and exacerbations. | relationships between airway inflammation and respiratory potentially pathogenic microorganisms (ppms) quantified using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) in subjects with copd are unclear. our aim was to evaluate mediators of airway inflammation and their association with ppms in subjects with copd at stable state and during exacerbations. | 2014 | 25103335 |
| contemporary concepts in management of acute otitis media in children. | acute otitis media (aom) is a common disease of childhood. aom is most appropriately diagnosed by careful otoscopy with an understanding of clinical signs and symptoms. the distinction between aom and chronic otitis media with effusion should be emphasized. treatment should include pain management, and initial antibiotic treatment should be given to those most likely to benefit, including young children, children with severe symptoms, and those with otorrhea and/or bilateral aom. tympanostomy tu ... | 2014 | 25213276 |
| infections in "noninfectious" lung diseases. | many chronic pulmonary diseases, including those that are not primarily infectious in etiology, have some aspects of their pathogenesis that are influenced by infectious organisms. microorganisms may contribute to chronic lung diseases, either directly (i.e., overt infection) or indirectly, via the amplification of inflammatory pathways that are critical to host defense. as techniques for detecting and characterizing microorganisms have advanced, investigations of both infecting and colonizing o ... | 2014 | 25148428 |
| acute bacterial sinusitis complicating viral upper respiratory tract infection in young children. | acute bacterial sinusitis (abs) is a common complication of viral upper respiratory tract infections (uri). clinical characteristics of uris complicated by abs in young children have not been well studied. | 2014 | 24717966 |
| development and characterization of a long-term murine model of streptococcus pneumoniae infection of the lower airways. | chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) is characterized by long periods of stable symptoms, but exacerbations occur, which result in a permanent worsening of symptoms. previous studies have shown a link between bacterial colonization of the lower airways of copd sufferers and an increase in exacerbation frequency. one of the most frequent bacterial colonizers is streptococcus pneumoniae. to mimic this aspect of copd, a murine model of low-level pneumococcal colonization in the lung has bee ... | 2014 | 24866797 |
| characteristics of acute nongonococcal urethritis in men differ by sexual preference. | nongonococcal urethritis (ngu) is a common clinical syndrome, but no etiological agent is identified in a significant proportion of cases. whether the spectrum of pathogens differs between heterosexual men (msw) and men who have sex with men (msm) is largely unstudied but of considerable clinical relevance. a retrospective review was done using the electronic medical record database of melbourne sexual health centre, australia. cases were first presentations of symptomatic acute ngu with ≥ 5 pol ... | 2014 | 24899041 |
| acute mastoiditis in the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine era. | following the introduction of the 7- and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines, we observed an inverse relationship between the increasing rate of immunized children and the proportion of middle ear fluid cultures collected during acute mastoiditis episodes that tested positive for streptococcus pneumoniae among a subset of children 0 to 6 years old who had initially presented with severe acute otitis media and had bacterial cultures collected during tympanocentesis or from spontaneous otorr ... | 2014 | 24920600 |
| carriage of streptococcus pneumoniae and other respiratory bacterial pathogens in low and lower-middle income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. | infection with streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of childhood morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially in low income countries where pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (pcvs) are still underused. in countries where pcvs have been introduced, much of their efficacy has resulted from their impact on nasopharyngeal carriage in vaccinated children. understanding the epidemiology of carriage for s. pneumoniae and other common respiratory bacteria in developing countries is crucial for imple ... | 2014 | 25084351 |
| outer membrane vesicles of pasteurella multocida contain virulence factors. | pasteurella multocida (pm) is a gram-negative bacterium able to infect different animal species, including human beings. this bacterium causes economic losses to the livestock industry because of its high morbidity and mortality in animals. in this work, we report the characterization of outer membrane vesicles (omvs) released into the culture medium by different pm serogroups. purified omvs in the range of 50-300 nm were observed by electron microscopy. serum obtained from chickens infected wit ... | 2014 | 25065983 |
| pulmonary manifestations of primary immunodeficiency disorders in children. | primary immunodeficiencies (pids) are inherited disorders in which one or several components of immune system are decreased, missing, or of non-appropriate function. these diseases affect the development, function, or morphology of the immune system. the group of pid comprises more than 200 different disorders and syndromes and the number of newly recognized and revealed deficiencies is still increasing. their clinical presentation and complications depend on the type of defects and there is a g ... | 2014 | 25121077 |
| development of antibiotic treatment algorithms based on local ecology and respiratory surveillance cultures to restrict the use of broad-spectrum antimicrobial drugs in the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia in the intensive care unit: a retrospective analysis. | timely administration of appropriate antibiotic therapy has been shown to improve outcome in hospital-acquired pneumonia (hap). empirical treatment guidelines tailored to local ecology have been advocated in antibiotic stewardship programs. we compared a local ecology based algorithm (leba) to a surveillance culture based algorithm (scba) in terms of appropriate coverage and spectrum of antimicrobial activity. | 2014 | 25030270 |
| maternal vaccination: moving the science forward. | infections remain one of the leading causes of morbidity in pregnant women and newborns, with vaccine-preventable infections contributing significantly to the burden of disease. in the past decade, maternal vaccination has emerged as a promising public health strategy to prevent and combat maternal, fetal and neonatal infections. despite a number of universally recommended maternal vaccines, the development and evaluation of safe and effective maternal vaccines and their wide acceptance are hamp ... | 2014 | 25015234 |
| maternal vaccination: moving the science forward. | infections remain one of the leading causes of morbidity in pregnant women and newborns, with vaccine-preventable infections contributing significantly to the burden of disease. in the past decade, maternal vaccination has emerged as a promising public health strategy to prevent and combat maternal, fetal and neonatal infections. despite a number of universally recommended maternal vaccines, the development and evaluation of safe and effective maternal vaccines and their wide acceptance are hamp ... | 2014 | 25015234 |
| xuan bai cheng qi formula as an adjuvant treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease of the syndrome type phlegm-heat obstructing the lungs: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. | acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (aecopd) is a common cause of morbidity and mortality. traditional chinese medicine (tcm) is used to treat aecopd as adjunctive therapy. this study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the tcm formula xuan bai cheng qi as an adjuvant therapy for aecopd patients with the syndrome type of phlegm-heat obstructing the lungs. | 2014 | 25014996 |
| in vitro bactericidal and bacteriolytic activity of ceragenin csa-13 against planktonic cultures and biofilms of streptococcus pneumoniae and other pathogenic streptococci. | ceragenin csa-13, a cationic steroid, is here reported to show a concentration-dependent bactericidal/bacteriolytic activity against pathogenic streptococci, including multidrug-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae. the autolysis promoted by csa-13 in pneumococcal cultures appears to be due to the triggering of the major s. pneumoniae autolysin lyta, an n-acetylmuramoyl-l-alanine amidase. csa-13 also disintegrated pneumococcal biofilms in a very efficient manner, although at concentrations slightl ... | 2014 | 25006964 |
| disseminated bacillus calmette-guérin (bcg) infection following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant in a patient with bare lymphocyte syndrome type ii. | we describe the first case, to our knowledge, of disseminated mycobacterium bovis bacillus calmette-guérin infection in a child with bare lymphocyte syndrome type ii after undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (hsct). the patient presented 30 days post hsct with fever and lymphadenitis. lymph node, blood, and gastric aspirates were positive for m. bovis. the patient received a prolonged treatment course with a combination of isoniazid, levofloxacin, and ethambutol. her course was fu ... | 2014 | 24995715 |
| nonencapsulated streptococcus pneumoniae cause acute otitis media in the chinchilla that is enhanced by pneumococcal surface protein k. | use of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine has led to serotype replacement of carriage and acute otitis media (aom) pneumococcal isolates. increases in nonencapsulated streptococcus pneumoniae (nesp) isolates have also occurred, and there are increasing reports of nesp-associated disease. disease prevalence and virulence factors of nesp isolates have not been studied. | 2014 | 25734113 |
| study of drug utilization pattern for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in patients attending a government hospital in kerala, india. | drug utilization studies are powerful exploratory tools to ascertain the role of drugs in society. this study was conducted to establish the drug utilization pattern and the common adverse drug reactions for the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) in one of the government hospitals in kerala, india. | 2014 | 25374864 |
| in search of a candidate pathogen for giant cell arteritis: sequencing-based characterization of the giant cell arteritis microbiome. | to characterize the microbiome of the temporal artery in patients with giant cell arteritis (gca), and to apply an unbiased and comprehensive shotgun sequencing-based approach to determine whether there is an enrichment of candidate pathogens in the affected tissue. | 2014 | 24644069 |
| lps modulates rhinovirus-induced chemokine secretion in monocytes and macrophages. | recent studies suggest that both bacteria and rhinoviruses (rvs) contribute to asthma exacerbations. we hypothesized that bacteria might alter antiviral responses early in the course of infection by modifying monocyte-lineage chemokine responses to rv infection. to test this hypothesis, human blood monocytes or bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) macrophages were treated with rv types a016, b014, a001, and/or a002 in the presence or absence of lps, and secretion of chemokines (cxcl10, cxcl11, ccl2, and ... | 2014 | 24498897 |
| ceftobiprole activity against over 60,000 clinical bacterial pathogens isolated in europe, turkey, and israel from 2005 to 2010. | ceftobiprole medocaril is a newly approved drug in europe for the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia (hap) (excluding patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia but including ventilated hap patients) and community-acquired pneumonia in adults. the aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of ceftobiprole against prevalent gram-positive and -negative pathogens isolated in europe, turkey, and israel during 2005 through 2010. a total of 60,084 consecutive, nondu ... | 2014 | 24777091 |
| osteomyelitis of the temporal bone: terminology, diagnosis, and management. | objectives to review the terminology, clinical features, and management of temporal bone osteomyelitis. design and setting prospective study in a tertiary care center from 2001 to 2008. participants twenty patients visiting the outpatient department diagnosed with osteomyelitis of the temporal bone. main outcome measures the age, sex, clinical features, cultured organisms, surgical interventions, and classification were analyzed. results of the 20 cases, 2 (10%) were diagnosed as acute otitis me ... | 2014 | 25302143 |
| pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: characterization and risk factors. | patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) are at increased risk of infection by p. aeruginosa. the specific role of bronchiectasis in both infection and chronic colonization by this microorganism in copd, however, remains ill defined.to evaluate the prevalence and risk factors for p. aeruginosa recovery from sputum in outpatients with severe copd, characterizing p. aeruginosa isolates by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) and focusing on the influence of bronchiectas ... | 2014 | 24964956 |
| potentially pathogenic airway bacteria and neutrophilic inflammation in treatment resistant severe asthma. | molecular microbiological analysis of airway samples in asthma has demonstrated an altered microbiome in comparison to healthy controls. such changes may have relevance to treatment-resistant severe asthma, particularly those with neutrophilic airway inflammation, as bacteria might be anticipated to activate the innate immune response, a process that is poorly steroid responsive. an understanding of the relationship between airway bacterial presence and dominance in severe asthma may help direct ... | 2014 | 24955983 |
| microbiological profile and drug sensitivity pattern among community acquired pneumonia patients in tertiary care centre in mangalore, coastal karnataka, india. | community acquired pneumonia (cap) is the most common respiratory tract infection in day to day practice. the knowledge of organism commonly causative of cap helps in early empirical treatment initiation. | 2014 | 25121014 |
| haemophilus influenzae type b as an important cause of culture-positive acute otitis media in young children in thailand: a tympanocentesis-based, multi-center, cross-sectional study. | streptococcus pneumoniae (s. pneumoniae) and haemophilus influenzae (h. influenzae) are considered major causes of bacterial acute otitis media (aom) worldwide, but data from asia on primary causes of aom are limited. this tympanocentesis-based, multi-center, cross-sectional study assessed bacterial etiology and antimicrobial susceptibility of aom in thailand. | 2014 | 24947736 |
| evaluation of a real-time pcr assay for simultaneous detection of kingella kingae and staphylococcus aureus from synovial fluid in suspected septic arthritis. | direct plating of synovial fluid (sf) on agar-based media often fails to identify pathogens in septic arthritis (sa). we developed a pcr assay for the simultaneous detection of kingella kingae and staphylococcus aureus from sf to evaluate molecular detection in sf and to estimate the incidence of k. kingae in sa in north america. the assay was based on detection of the cpn60 gene of k. kingae and the spa gene of s. aureus in multiplex real-time pcr. k. kingae was identified in 50% of patients be ... | 2014 | 24982837 |
| comparison of scanning electron microscopy findings regarding biofilm colonization with microbiological results in nasolacrimal stents for external, endoscopic and transcanalicular dacryocystorhinostomy. | to compare bacterial biofilm colonization in lacrimal stents following external dacryocystorhinostomy (ex-dcr), endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (en-dcr), and transcanalicular dacryocystorhinostomy (tc-dcr) with multidiode laser. | 2014 | 24967205 |
| a comparative study of thin-section ct findings between seasonal influenza virus pneumonia and streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia. | to compare the pulmonary thin-section ct findings in patients with seasonal influenza virus pneumonia with streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia. | 2014 | 24834476 |
| impact of experimental human pneumococcal carriage on nasopharyngeal bacterial densities in healthy adults. | colonization of the nasopharynx by streptococcus pneumoniae is a necessary precursor to pneumococcal diseases that result in morbidity and mortality worldwide. the nasopharynx is also host to other bacterial species, including the common pathogens staphylococcus aureus, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis. to better understand how these bacteria change in relation to pneumococcal colonization, we used species-specific quantitative pcr to examine bacterial densities in 52 subjects 7 ... | 2014 | 24915552 |
| differential response of gel-forming mucins to pathogenic middle ear bacteria. | to assess the differential response of the secretory gel forming mucins (gfm) to the most common bacterial pathogens causing otitis media, streptococcus pneumoniae (sp), nontypeable haemophilus influenza (nthi), and moraxella catarrhalis (mcat), in a culture model of human middle ear epithelium (hmeec). | 2014 | 24958163 |
| efficacy of pneumococcal nontypable haemophilus influenzae protein d conjugate vaccine (phid-cv) in young latin american children: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. | the relationship between pneumococcal conjugate vaccine-induced antibody responses and protection against community-acquired pneumonia (cap) and acute otitis media (aom) is unclear. this study assessed the impact of the ten-valent pneumococcal nontypable haemophilus influenzae protein d conjugate vaccine (phid-cv) on these end points. the primary objective was to demonstrate vaccine efficacy (ve) in a per-protocol analysis against likely bacterial cap (b-cap: radiologically confirmed cap with al ... | 2014 | 24892763 |
| aetiological agents of ear discharge: a two year review in a teaching hospital in ghana. | the discharging ear is a common presentation in medical practice affecting all age groups but primarily children. this study shows the current aetiological causes of ear discharge and their antibiograms, data which would guide empirical treatment of ear infections, and also form a basis for further research. | 2014 | 25667556 |
| selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor and bleeding in a cynomolgus macaque (macaca fascicularis). | selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (ssri) are associated with an increased bleeding risk in humans. this report describes a bleeding event in a cynomolgus macaque (macaca fascicularis) treated with the ssri sertraline hcl (zoloft). during the treatment course, the subject presented with a maculopapular rash, cutaneous bleeding, epistaxis, bleeding from the eye, melena, and a severe thrombocytopenia. to our knowledge, this report is the first description of an ssri-related adverse event in a ... | 2014 | 24956214 |
| multiplex real-time pcr assay for rapid detection of methicillin-resistant staphylococci directly from positive blood cultures. | methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) is the most prevalent cause of bloodstream infections (bsis) and is recognized as a major nosocomial pathogen. this study aimed to evaluate a newly designed multiplex real-time pcr assay capable of the simultaneous detection of meca, s. aureus, and coagulase-negative staphylococci (cons) in blood culture specimens. the real-mrsa and real-mrcons multiplex real-time pcr assays (m&d, republic of korea) use the taqman probes 16s rrna for staphylococ ... | 2014 | 24648566 |
| a fine-tuned interaction between trimeric autotransporter haemophilus surface fibrils and vitronectin leads to serum resistance and adherence to respiratory epithelial cells. | haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) escapes the host immune system by recruitment of the complement regulator vitronectin, which inhibits the formation of the membrane attack complex (mac) by inhibiting c5b-c7 complex formation and c9 polymerization. we reported previously that hib acquires vitronectin at the surface by using haemophilus surface fibrils (hsf). here we studied in detail the interaction between hsf and vitronectin and its role in the inhibition of mac formation and the invasion of ... | 2014 | 24664511 |
| identification of an outer membrane lipoprotein involved in nasopharyngeal colonization by moraxella catarrhalis in an animal model. | colonization of the human nasopharynx by moraxella catarrhalis is presumed to involve attachment of this bacterium to the mucosa. dna microarray analysis was used to determine whether attachment of m. catarrhalis to human bronchial epithelial (hbe) cells in vitro affected gene expression in this bacterium. attachment affected expression of at least 454 different genes, with 163 being upregulated and 291 being downregulated. among the upregulated genes was one (orf113) previously annotated as enc ... | 2014 | 24643539 |
| interleukin 17a promotes pneumococcal clearance by recruiting neutrophils and inducing apoptosis through a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent mechanism in acute otitis media. | streptococcus pneumoniae is a gram-positive and human-restricted pathogen colonizing the nasopharynx with an absence of clinical symptoms as well as a major pathogen causing otitis media (om), one of the most common childhood infections. upon bacterial infection, neutrophils are rapidly activated and recruited to the infected site, acting as the frontline defender against emerging microbial pathogens via different ways. evidence shows that interleukin 17a (il-17a), a neutrophil-inducing factor, ... | 2014 | 24664502 |
| gene transfer potential of outer membrane vesicles of acinetobacter baylyi and effects of stress on vesiculation. | outer membrane vesicles (omvs) are continually released from a range of bacterial species. numerous functions of omvs, including the facilitation of horizontal gene transfer (hgt) processes, have been proposed. in this study, we investigated whether omvs contribute to the transfer of plasmids between bacterial cells and species using gram-negative acinetobacter baylyi as a model system. omvs were extracted from bacterial cultures and tested for the ability to vector gene transfer into population ... | 2014 | 24657872 |
| copy number variation of the beta defensin gene cluster on chromosome 8p influences the bacterial microbiota within the nasopharynx of otitis-prone children. | as there is increasing evidence that aberrant defensin expression is related to susceptibility for infectious disease and inflammatory disorders, we sought to determine if copy number of the beta-defensin gene cluster located on chromosome 8p23.1 (defb107, 106, 105, 104, 103, defb4 and spag11), that shows copy number variation as a block, was associated with susceptibility to otitis media (om). the gene defb103 within this complex encodes human beta defensin-3 (hbd-3), an antimicrobial peptide ( ... | 2014 | 24867293 |
| population based cohort study for pediatric infectious diseases research in vietnam. | a population-based cohort study on pediatric infectious diseases was established at khanh hoa province, central vietnam in 2006, to determine the etiology and risk factors for severe pediatric infectious diseases (spid) such as acute respiratory infection (ari), diarrhea and dengue which are the major causes of under 5 mortality. a population census survey was conducted in nha-trang and ninh-hoa to collect demographic, social-behavioral data and disease burden on spid. the study site covered a p ... | 2014 | 25425951 |
| the role of a radiology electronic notification system in the emergency department setting and its impact on patient care. | to determine the impact of a radiology electronic notification system (ens) on emergency department (ed) patient care. | 2014 | 24883152 |
| changing patterns of bacterial strains in adults and children with otitis media in korean tertiary care centers. | otitis media (om) is an infectious disease that affects all age brackets. aural discharge is a typical symptom, occurring in all subtypes of om. we have compared the identity and antibiotic sensitivity of bacteria isolated from aural discharges of adults and children with various types of om, including acute om (aom), om with effusion (ome), chronic om (com), and cholesteatomatous om (csom). | 2014 | 24917902 |
| community-acquired pneumonia caused by carbapenem-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae: re-examining its prevention and treatment. | a 73-year-old man with no significant past medical history or any history of health care visits was hospitalized for pneumonia. sputum culture revealed multidrug-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae, even to carbapenems. the patient was later treated successfully with levofloxacin. throat cultures from his two grandchildren revealed s. pneumoniae with the same susceptibility pattern. analysis for resistant genes revealed gprsp (pbp1a + pbp2x + pbp2b gene variants) in both the patient and his grand ... | 2014 | 24899822 |
| acute renal failure associated with albendazole therapy in a patient with trichinosis. | a 72-year-old caucasian woman presented with a 3-week history of confusion, cramping abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, fatigue and dehydration. by history, she reported consumption of raw pork and bacon that was salted and cured in brine, but not boiled or cooked. laboratory testing was significant for an absolute eosinophil count of 3.09×10(9)/l. she was found to have a positive trichinella serology by elisa testing. based on history of raw pork consumption, symptoms, peripheral eosi ... | 2014 | 24842347 |
| bacterial vaccines and antibiotic resistance. | spread of antibiotic resistance is mediated by clonal lineages of bacteria that besides being resistant also possess other properties promoting their success. some vaccines already in use, such as the pneumococcal conjugate vaccines, have had an effect on these successful clones, but at the same time have allowed for the expansion and resistance evolution of previously minor clones not covered by the vaccine. since resistance frequently is horizontally transferred it will be difficult to generat ... | 2014 | 24694025 |
| development and validation of a real-time pcr for chlamydia suis diagnosis in swine and humans. | pigs are the natural host for chlamydia suis, a pathogen which is phylogenetically highly related to the human pathogen c. trachomatis. chlamydia suis infections are generally treated with tetracyclines. in 1998, tetracyline resistant c. suis strains emerged on u.s. pig farms and they are currently present in the belgian, cypriote, german, israeli, italian and swiss pig industry. infections with tetracycline resistant c. suis strains are mainly associated with severe reproductive failure leading ... | 2014 | 24816542 |
| susceptibility of clinical moraxella catarrhalis isolates in british columbia to six empirically prescribed antibiotic agents. | moraxella catarrhalis is a commensal organism of the respiratory tract that has emerged as an important pathogen for a variety of upper and lower respiratory tract infections including otitis media and acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. susceptibility testing of m catarrhalis is not routinely performed in most diagnostic laboratories; rather, a comment predicting susceptibility based on the literature is attached to the report. the most recent canadian report on m catarrhalis antimicrobi ... | 2014 | 25285112 |
| necrotizing pneumonia and empyema caused by neisseria flavescens infection. | neisseria flavescens is an uncommon pathogen of human infection, pneumonia and empyema caused by n. flavescens is rarely reported. herein, we report a 56-year-old diabetic patient presenting necrotising pneumonia and empyema due to n. flavescens infection. the main clinical manifestation of this patient was high fever, sticky pus and gradually aggravating dyspnea. the chest computed tomography (ct) scan showed there are mass of high density areas around hilus of the left lung, hollow sign with i ... | 2014 | 24822118 |
| the haemophilus cryptic genospecies cha adhesin has at least two variants that differ in host cell binding, bacterial aggregation, and biofilm formation properties. | the haemophilus cryptic genospecies (hcg) causes genital tract infections in pregnant and postpartum women and respiratory infections in neonates. the major surface adhesin in hcg is called cha, which mediates bacterial adherence to cultured human epithelial cells. in this study, we report that there are two antigenically distinct variants of cha, dubbed cha1 and cha2. these variants are encoded by the same genetic locus in diverse strains and have nearly identical n-terminal export and c-termin ... | 2014 | 24584499 |
| efficacy of the precise climate controller on the reduction of indoor microorganisms. | nowadays, there are many methods to reduce microorganisms in the air, such as dehumidifier, air purifier or humidity and temperature controller. the precise climate controller is an instrument for controlling humidity and temperature, a concept that is demonstrated. | 2014 | 24809017 |
| expert consensus on acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the people's republic of china. | chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) is a common disease that severely threatens human health. acute exacerbation of copd (aecopd) is a major cause of disease progression and death, and causes huge medical expenditures. this consensus statement represents a description of clinical features of aecopd in the people's republic of china and a set of recommendations. it is intended to provide clinical guidelines for community physicians, pulmonologists and other health care providers for the ... | 2014 | 24812503 |
| phytotherapeutic information on plants used for the treatment of tuberculosis in eastern cape province, south africa. | the current rate of deforestation in africa constitutes a serious danger to the future of medicinal plants on this continent. conservation of these medicinal plants in the field and the scientific documentation of our knowledge about them are therefore crucial. an ethnobotanical survey of plants used for the treatment of tuberculosis (tb) was carried out in selected areas of the eastern cape, south africa. these areas were hala, ncera, sheshegu, and gquamashe, all within the nkonkobe municipalit ... | 2014 | 24864158 |
| cigarette smoke exposure exacerbates lung inflammation and compromises immunity to bacterial infection. | the detrimental impact of tobacco on human health is clearly recognized, and despite aggressive efforts to prevent smoking, close to one billion individuals worldwide continue to smoke. people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are susceptible to recurrent respiratory infections with pathogens, including nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi), yet the reasons for this increased susceptibility are poorly understood. because mortality rapidly increases with multiple exacerbations, devel ... | 2014 | 24752444 |
| adenovirus species c is associated with chronic suppurative lung diseases in children. | the role of human adenoviruses (hadvs) in chronic respiratory disease pathogenesis is recognized. however, no studies have performed molecular sequencing of hadvs from the lower airways of children with chronic endobronchial suppuration. we thus examined the major hadv genotypes/species, and relationships to bacterial coinfection, in children with protracted bacterial bronchitis (pbb) and mild bronchiectasis (be). | 2014 | 24748519 |
| soluble ceacam8 interacts with ceacam1 inhibiting tlr2-triggered immune responses. | lower respiratory tract bacterial infections are characterized by neutrophilic inflammation in the airways. the carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule (ceacam) 8 is expressed in and released by human granulocytes. our study demonstrates that human granulocytes release ceacam8 in response to bacterial dna in a tlr9-dependent manner. individuals with a high percentage of bronchial lavage fluid (balf) granulocytes were more likely to have detectable levels of released ceacam8 in th ... | 2014 | 24743304 |
| anthracimycin activity against contemporary methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus. | anthracimycin is a recently discovered novel marine-derived compound with activity against bacillus anthracis. we tested anthracimycin against an expanded panel of staphylococcus aureus strains in vitro and in vivo. all strains of s. aureus tested, including methicillin-susceptible, methicillin-resistant (mrsa) and vancomycin-resistant strains of s. aureus, were susceptible to anthracimycin at mic values of ⩽0.25 mg l(-1). although its postantibiotic effects were minimal, anthracimycin exhibited ... | 2014 | 24736856 |
| binding of streptococcus pneumoniae endopeptidase o (pepo) to complement component c1q modulates the complement attack and promotes host cell adherence. | the gram-positive species streptococcus pneumoniae is a human pathogen causing severe local and life-threatening invasive diseases associated with high mortality rates and death. we demonstrated recently that pneumococcal endopeptidase o (pepo) is a ubiquitously expressed, multifunctional plasminogen and fibronectin-binding protein facilitating host cell invasion and evasion of innate immunity. in this study, we found that pepo interacts directly with the complement c1q protein, thereby attenuat ... | 2014 | 24739385 |
| inhaled colistin in patients with bronchiectasis and chronic pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. | chronic infection with pseudomonas aeruginosa is associated with an increased exacerbation frequency, a more rapid decline in lung function, and increased mortality in patients with bronchiectasis. | 2014 | 24625200 |
| signaling by epithelial members of the ceacam family - mucosal docking sites for pathogenic bacteria. | carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecules (ceacams) comprise a group of immunoglobulin-related vertebrate glycoproteins. several family members, including ceacam1, cea, and ceacam6, are found on epithelial tissues throughout the human body. as they modulate diverse cellular functions, their signaling capacity is in the focus of current research. in this review we will summarize the knowledge about common signaling processes initiated by epithelial ceacams and suggest a model of si ... | 2014 | 24735478 |
| characterization of an autotransporter adhesin protein shared by burkholderia mallei and burkholderia pseudomallei. | autotransporters form a large family of outer membrane proteins specifying diverse biological traits of gram-negative bacteria. in this study, we report the identification and characterization of a novel autotransporter gene product of burkholderia mallei (locus tag bma1027 in strain atcc 23344). | 2014 | 24731253 |
| molecular targets of β-lactam-based antimicrobials: beyond the usual suspects. | the common practice in antibacterial drug development has been to rapidly make an attempt to find ever-more stable and broad-spectrum variants for a particular antibiotic, once a drug resistance for that antibiotic is detected. we are now facing bacterial resistance toward our clinically relevant antibiotics of such a magnitude that the conversation for antimicrobial drug development ought to include effective new antibiotics with alternative mechanisms of action. the electrophilic β-lactam ring ... | 2014 | 27025739 |
| the relationships between environmental bacterial exposure, airway bacterial colonization, and asthma. | recent application of advanced culture-independent molecular techniques for the identification of microorganisms has contributed to our knowledge on the role of early-life microbial exposure and colonization in health and disease. the purpose of this review is to present the current perspectives regarding the role of microbial exposure and airway bacterial colonization on the development and the activity of asthma. | 2014 | 24451910 |