| second generation of pseudotype-based serum neutralization assay for nipah virus antibodies: sensitive and high-throughput analysis utilizing secreted alkaline phosphatase. | nipah virus (niv), paramyxoviridae, henipavirus, is classified as a biosafety level (bsl) 4 pathogen, along with the closely related hendra virus (hev). a novel serum neutralization test was developed for measuring niv neutralizing antibodies under bsl2 conditions using a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) expressing secreted alkaline phosphatase (seap) and pseudotyped with niv f/g proteins (vsv-niv-seap). a unique characteristic of this novel assay is the ability to obtain neutralizat ... | 2012 | 22115786 |
| nipah virus. | | 2011 | 21984987 |
| nipah virus transmission in a hamster model. | based on epidemiological data, it is believed that human-to-human transmission plays an important role in nipah virus outbreaks. no experimental data are currently available on the potential routes of human-to-human transmission of nipah virus. in a first dose-finding experiment in syrian hamsters, it was shown that nipah virus was predominantly shed via the respiratory tract within nasal and oropharyngeal secretions. although nipah viral rna was detected in urogenital and rectal swabs, no infec ... | 2011 | 22180802 |
| emerging and re-emerging swine viruses. | in the past two decades or so, a number of viruses have emerged in the global swine population. some, such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) and porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), cause economically important diseases in pigs, whereas others such as porcine torque teno virus (ttv), now known as torque teno sus virus (ttsuv), porcine bocavirus (pbov) and related novel parvoviruses, porcine kobuvirus, porcine toroviruses (ptov) and porcine lymphotropic herpesviruses (pl ... | 2012 | 22225855 |
| ephrin-b2 and ephrin-b3 as functional henipavirus receptors. | members of the ephrin cell-surface protein family interact with the eph receptors, the largest family of receptor tyrosine kinases, mediating bi-directional signaling during tumorogenesis and various developmental events. surprisingly, ephrin-b2 and -b3 were recently identified as entry receptors for henipaviruses, emerging zoonotic paramyxoviruses responsible for repeated outbreaks in humans and animals in australia, southeast asia, india and bangladesh. nipah virus (niv) and hendra virus (hev) ... | 2011 | 22227101 |
| independent structural domains in the paramyxovirus polymerase protein. | all enzymatic activities required for genomic replication and transcription of nonsegmented negative strand rna viruses (nnsv or mononegavirales) are believed to be concentrated in the viral polymerase (l) protein. however, our insight into the organization of these different enzymatic activities into a bioactive tertiary structure remains rudimentary. fragments of mononegavirales polymerases analyzed to date cannot restore bioactivity through trans-complementation, unlike the related l proteins ... | 2012 | 22215662 |
| henipaviruses-unanswered questions of lethal zoonoses. | the highly lethal hendra and nipah viruses have been described for little more than a decade, yet within that time have been aetiologically associated with major livestock and human health impacts, albeit on a limited scale. do these emerging pathogens pose a broader threat, or are they inconsequential 'viral chatter'. given their lethality, and the evident multi-generational human-to-human transmission associated with nipah virus in bangladesh, it seems prudent to apply the precautionary princi ... | 2011 | 22440924 |
| characterization of germline antibody libraries from human umbilical cord blood and selection of monoclonal antibodies to viral envelope glycoproteins: implications for mechanisms of immune evasion and design of vaccine immunogens. | we have previously observed that all known hiv-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnabs) are highly divergent from germline antibodies in contrast to bnabs against hendra virus, nipah virus and sars coronavirus (sars cov). we have hypothesized that because the germline antibodies are so different from the mature hiv-1-specific bnabs they may not bind the epitopes of the mature antibodies and provided the first evidence to support this hypothesis by using individual putative germline-like predece ... | 2011 | 22226962 |
| good governance in 'one health' approaches. | the authors discuss 'one health' approaches for controlling newly recognised and re-emerging diseases of animal origin and contributions towards pandemic preparedness based on enhanced collaboration between veterinary services, human health services and environmental services. improved veterinary governance and cooperation with public health managers, social scientists, ecologists and many other stakeholders are important for reducing the risks of potential zoonoses--including foodborne diseases ... | 2012 | 23413734 |
| genetic ancestor of external antigens of pandemic influenza a/h1n1 virus. | the aim of the present investigation was to discover the genetic relationships of 2009 pandemic novel influenza a/h1n1 virus (niv) external antigens hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) with other influenza viruses by performing phylogenetic, comparative and statistical analyses. phylogenetic trees of these two antigens show that the sequences of the niv viruses are relatively homogeneous and these were derived from several viruses circulating in swine. the phylogenetic tree of ha shows tha ... | 2012 | 23354817 |
| bats and their virome: an important source of emerging viruses capable of infecting humans. | bats are being increasingly recognized as an important reservoir of zoonotic viruses of different families, including sars coronavirus, nipah virus, hendra virus and ebola virus. several recent studies hypothesized that bats, an ancient group of flying mammals, are the major reservoir of several important rna virus families from which other mammalian viruses of livestock and humans were derived. although this hypothesis needs further investigation, the premise that bats carry a large number of v ... | 2012 | 23265969 |
| interdisciplinary approaches to understanding disease emergence: the past, present, and future drivers of nipah virus emergence. | emerging infectious diseases (eids) pose a significant threat to human health, economic stability, and biodiversity. despite this, the mechanisms underlying disease emergence are still not fully understood, and control measures rely heavily on mitigating the impact of eids after they have emerged. here, we highlight the emergence of a zoonotic henipavirus, nipah virus, to demonstrate the interdisciplinary and macroecological approaches necessary to understand eid emergence. previous work suggest ... | 2012 | 22936052 |
| development of a taqman array card for acute-febrile-illness outbreak investigation and surveillance of emerging pathogens, including ebola virus. | acute febrile illness (afi) is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide, yet an etiologic agent is often not identified. convalescent-phase serology is impractical, blood culture is slow, and many pathogens are fastidious or impossible to cultivate. we developed a real-time pcr-based taqman array card (tac) that can test six to eight samples within 2.5 h from sample to results and can simultaneously detect 26 afi-associated organisms, including 15 viruses (chikungunya, crime ... | 2015 | 26491176 |
| dual microrna screens reveal that the immune-responsive mir-181 promotes henipavirus entry and cell-cell fusion. | hendra and nipah viruses (family paramyxoviridae, genus henipavirus) are bat-borne viruses that cause fatal disease in humans and a range of other mammalian species. gaining a deeper understanding of host pathways exploited by henipaviruses for infection may identify targets for new anti-viral therapies. here we have performed genome-wide high-throughput agonist and antagonist screens at biosafety level 4 to identify host-encoded micrornas (mirnas) impacting henipavirus infection in human cells. ... | 2016 | 27783670 |
| crystal structure of the pre-fusion nipah virus fusion glycoprotein reveals a novel hexamer-of-trimers assembly. | nipah virus (niv) is a paramyxovirus that infects host cells through the coordinated efforts of two envelope glycoproteins. the g glycoprotein attaches to cell receptors, triggering the fusion (f) glycoprotein to execute membrane fusion. here we report the first crystal structure of the pre-fusion form of the niv-f glycoprotein ectodomain. interestingly this structure also revealed a hexamer-of-trimers encircling a central axis. electron tomography of nipah virus-like particles supported the hex ... | 2015 | 26646856 |
| receptor-targeted nipah virus glycoproteins improve cell-type selective gene delivery and reveal a preference for membrane-proximal cell attachment. | receptor-targeted lentiviral vectors (lvs) can be an effective tool for selective transfer of genes into distinct cell types of choice. moreover, they can be used to determine the molecular properties that cell surface proteins must fulfill to act as receptors for viral glycoproteins. here we show that lvs pseudotyped with receptor-targeted nipah virus (niv) glycoproteins effectively enter into cells when they use cell surface proteins as receptors that bring them closely enough to the cell memb ... | 2016 | 27281338 |
| a bsl-4 high-throughput screen identifies sulfonamide inhibitors of nipah virus. | nipah virus is a biosafety level 4 (bsl-4) pathogen that causes severe respiratory illness and encephalitis in humans. to identify novel small molecules that target nipah virus replication as potential therapeutics, southern research institute and galveston national laboratory jointly developed an automated high-throughput screening platform that is capable of testing 10,000 compounds per day within bsl-4 biocontainment. using this platform, we screened a 10,080-compound library using a cell-bas ... | 0 | 24735442 |
| neglected tropical diseases among the association of southeast asian nations (asean): overview and update. | the ten member states of the association of southeast asian nations (asean) constitute an economic powerhouse, yet these countries also harbor a mostly hidden burden of poverty and neglected tropical diseases (ntds). almost 200 million people live in extreme poverty in asean countries, mostly in the low or lower middle-income countries of indonesia, the philippines, myanmar, viet nam, and cambodia, and many of them are affected by at least one ntd. however, ntds are prevalent even among upper mi ... | 2015 | 25880767 |
| serologic study of pig-associated viral zoonoses in laos. | we conducted a serologic survey of four high-priority pig-associated viral zoonoses, japanese encephalitis virus (jev), hepatitis e virus (hev), nipah virus (niv), and swine influenza virus (siv), in laos. we collected blood from pigs at slaughter during may 2008-january 2009 in four northern provinces. japanese encephalitis virus hemagglutination inhibition seroprevalence was 74.7% (95% confidence interval [ci] = 71.5-77.9%), jev igm seroprevalence was 2.3% (95% ci = 1.2-3.2%), and hev seroprev ... | 0 | 22665622 |
| serological evidence of henipavirus exposure in cattle, goats and pigs in bangladesh. | nipah virus (niv) is an emerging disease that causes severe encephalitis and respiratory illness in humans. pigs were identified as an intermediate host for niv transmission in malaysia. in bangladesh, niv has caused recognized human outbreaks since 2001 and three outbreak investigations identified an epidemiological association between close contact with sick or dead animals and human illness. | 2014 | 25412358 |
| evidence for henipavirus spillover into human populations in africa. | zoonotic transmission of lethal henipaviruses (hnvs) from their natural fruit bat reservoirs to humans has only been reported in australia and south/southeast asia. however, a recent study discovered numerous hnv clades in african bat samples. to determine the potential for hnv spillover events among humans in africa, here we examine well-curated sets of bat (eidolon helvum, n = 44) and human (n = 497) serum samples from cameroon for nipah virus (niv) cross-neutralizing antibodies (niv-x-nabs). ... | 2014 | 25405640 |
| methyltransferase-defective avian metapneumovirus vaccines provide complete protection against challenge with the homologous colorado strain and the heterologous minnesota strain. | avian metapneumovirus (ampv), also known as avian pneumovirus or turkey rhinotracheitis virus, is the causative agent of turkey rhinotracheitis and is associated with swollen head syndrome in chickens. since its discovery in the 1970s, ampv has been recognized as an economically important pathogen in the poultry industry worldwide. the conserved region vi (cr vi) of the large (l) polymerase proteins of paramyxoviruses catalyzes methyltransferase (mtase) activities that typically methylate viral ... | 2014 | 25122790 |
| downregulation of nipah virus n mrna occurs through interaction between its 3' untranslated region and hnrnp d. | nipah virus (niv) is a nonsegmented, single-stranded, negative-sense rna virus belonging to the genus henipavirus, family paramyxoviridae. niv causes acute encephalitis and respiratory disease in humans, is associated with high mortality, and poses a threat in southern asia. the genomes of henipaviruses are about 18,246 nucleotides (nt) long, which is longer than those of other paramyxoviruses (around 15,384 nt). this difference is caused by the noncoding rna region, particularly the 3' untransl ... | 2013 | 23514888 |
| using network theory to identify the causes of disease outbreaks of unknown origin. | the identification of undiagnosed disease outbreaks is critical for mobilizing efforts to prevent widespread transmission of novel virulent pathogens. recent developments in online surveillance systems allow for the rapid communication of the earliest reports of emerging infectious diseases and tracking of their spread. the efficacy of these programs, however, is inhibited by the anecdotal nature of informal reporting and uncertainty of pathogen identity in the early stages of emergence. we deve ... | 2013 | 23389893 |
| microsphere suspension array assays for detection and differentiation of hendra and nipah viruses. | microsphere suspension array systems enable the simultaneous fluorescent identification of multiple separate nucleotide targets in a single reaction. we have utilized commercially available oligo-tagged microspheres (luminex magplex-tag) to construct and evaluate multiplexed assays for the detection and differentiation of hendra virus (hev) and nipah virus (niv). both these agents are bat-borne zoonotic paramyxoviruses of increasing concern for veterinary and human health. assays were developed ... | 2013 | 23509705 |
| nipah virus infection: current scenario. | the emergence of nipah virus (niv) infection into the pig population and subsequently into the human population is believed to be due to changes in ecological conditions. in malaysia, a major niv outbreak occurred in pigs and humans from september 1998 to april 1999 that resulted in infection of 265 and death of 105 persons. about 1.1 million pigs had to be destroyed to control the outbreak. the disease was recorded in the form of a major outbreak in india in 2001 and then a small incidence in 2 ... | 2013 | 24426305 |
| cell culture and electron microscopy for identifying viruses in diseases of unknown cause. | during outbreaks of infectious diseases or in cases of severely ill patients, it is imperative to identify the causative agent. this report describes several events in which virus isolation and identification by electron microscopy were critical to initial recognition of the etiologic agent, which was further analyzed by additional laboratory diagnostic assays. examples include severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, and nipah, lymphocytic choriomeningitis, west nile, cache valley, and he ... | 0 | 23731788 |
| a novel factor i activity in nipah virus inhibits human complement pathways through cleavage of c3b. | complement is an innate immune system that most animal viruses must face during natural infections. given that replication and dissemination of the highly pathogenic nipah virus (niv) include exposure to environments rich in complement factors, we tested the in vitro sensitivity of niv to complement-mediated neutralization. here we show that niv was completely resistant to in vitro neutralization by normal human serum (nhs). treatment of purified niv with nhs activated complement pathways, but t ... | 2014 | 25355897 |
| antagonism of the phosphatase pp1 by the measles virus v protein is required for innate immune escape of mda5. | the cytosolic sensor mda5 is crucial for antiviral innate immune defense against various rna viruses including measles virus; as such, many viruses have evolved strategies to antagonize the antiviral activity of mda5. here, we show that measles virus escapes mda5 detection by targeting the phosphatases pp1α and pp1γ, which regulate mda5 activity by removing an inhibitory phosphorylation mark. the v proteins of measles virus and the related paramyxovirus nipah virus interact with pp1α/γ, preventi ... | 0 | 25011105 |
| targeting innate immunity for antiviral therapy through small molecule agonists of the rlr pathway. | the cellular response to virus infection is initiated when pathogen recognition receptors (prr) engage viral pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps). this process results in induction of downstream signaling pathways that activate the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 3 (irf3). irf3 plays a critical role in antiviral immunity to drive the expression of innate immune response genes, including those encoding antiviral factors, type 1 interferon, and immune modulatory cytokin ... | 2015 | 26676770 |
| transcriptional analysis of antiviral small molecule therapeutics as agonists of the rlr pathway. | the recognition of pathogen associated molecular patterns (pamps) by pattern recognition receptors (prr) during viral infection initiates the induction of antiviral signaling pathways, including activation of the interferon regulator factor 3 (irf3). we identified small molecule compounds that activate irf3 through mavs, thereby inhibiting infection by viruses of the families flaviviridae (west nile virus, dengue virus and hepatitis c virus), filoviridae (ebola virus), orthomyxoviridae (influenz ... | 2016 | 26981429 |
| n-glycans on the nipah virus attachment glycoprotein modulate fusion and viral entry as they protect against antibody neutralization. | nipah virus (niv) is the deadliest known paramyxovirus. membrane fusion is essential for niv entry into host cells and for the virus' pathological induction of cell-cell fusion (syncytia). the mechanism by which the attachment glycoprotein (g), upon binding to the cell receptors ephrinb2 or ephrinb3, triggers the fusion glycoprotein (f) to execute membrane fusion is largely unknown. n-glycans on paramyxovirus glycoproteins are generally required for proper protein conformational integrity, trans ... | 2012 | 22915812 |
| molecular diagnostic and genetic characterization of highly pathogenic viruses: application during crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus outbreaks in eastern europe and the middle east. | several haemorrhagic fevers are caused by highly pathogenic viruses that must be handled in biosafety level 4 (bsl-4) containment. these zoonotic infections have an important impact on public health and the development of a rapid and differential diagnosis in case of outbreak in risk areas represents a critical priority. we have demonstrated the potential of a dna resequencing microarray (pathogenid v2.0) for this purpose. the microarray was first validated in vitro using supernatants of cells i ... | 2012 | 23240764 |
| timing of galectin-1 exposure differentially modulates nipah virus entry and syncytium formation in endothelial cells. | nipah virus (niv) is a deadly emerging enveloped paramyxovirus that primarily targets human endothelial cells. endothelial cells express the innate immune effector galectin-1 that we have previously shown can bind to specific n-glycans on the niv envelope fusion glycoprotein (f). niv-f mediates fusion of infected endothelial cells into syncytia, resulting in endothelial disruption and hemorrhage. galectin-1 is an endogenous carbohydrate-binding protein that binds to specific glycans on niv-f to ... | 2014 | 25505064 |
| viral immune surveillance: toward a th17/th9 gate to the central nervous system. | viral cellular immune surveillance is a dynamic and fluid system that is driven by finely regulated cellular processes including cytokines and other factors locally in the microenvironment and systemically throughout the body. it is questionable as to what extent the central nervous system (cns) is an immune-privileged organ protected by the blood-brain barrier (bbb). recent evidence suggests converging pathways through which viral infection, and its associated immune surveillance processes, may ... | 2015 | 25780281 |
| a generic quantitative risk assessment framework for the entry of bat-borne zoonotic viruses into the european union. | bat-borne viruses have been linked to a number of zoonotic diseases; in 2014 there have been human cases of nipah virus (niv) in bangladesh and ebola virus in west and central africa. here we describe a model designed to provide initial quantitative predictions of the risk of entry of such viruses to european union (eu) member states (mss) through four routes: human travel, legal trade (e.g. fruit and animal products), live animal movements and illegal importation of bushmeat. the model utilises ... | 2016 | 27788234 |
| a reverse genetics approach for the design of methyltransferase-defective live attenuated avian metapneumovirus vaccines. | avian metapneumovirus (ampv), also known as avian pneumovirus or turkey rhinotracheitis virus, is the causative agent of turkey rhinotracheitis and is associated with swollen head syndrome in chickens. ampv belongs to the family paramyxoviridae which includes many important human pathogens such as human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), human metapneumovirus (hmpv), and human parainfluenza virus type 3 (piv3). the family also includes highly lethal emerging pathogens such as nipah virus and hen ... | 2016 | 27076293 |
| medical aspects of bio-terrorism. | bioterrorism is a terrorist action involving the intentional release or dissemination of a biological warfare agent (bwa), which includes some bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae, fungi or biological toxins. bwa is a naturally occurring or human-modified form that may kill or incapacitate humans, animals or plants as an act of war or terrorism. bwa is a weapon of choice for mass destruction and terrorism, because of the incubation period, less effective amount than chemical warfare agents, easily dis ... | 2013 | 23339855 |
| from risk analysis to risk governance - adapting to an ever more complex future. | risk analysis is now widely accepted amongst veterinary authorities and other stakeholders around the world as a conceptual framework for integrating scientific evidence into animal health decision making. the resulting risk management for most diseases primarily involves linking epidemiological understanding with diagnostics and/or vaccines. recent disease outbreaks such as nipah virus, sars, avian influenza h5n1, bluetongue serotype 8 and schmallenberg virus have led to realising that we need ... | 2014 | 25273958 |
| development of taqman-based qpcr method for detection of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) infection. | a specific and sensitive two-step taqman real-time pcr has been developed for rapid diagnosis of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) infection by using a set of specific primers and a taqman probe targeting a highly conserved region within the gene encoding the viral capsid protein (ca). the assay successfully detected caev proviral dna in total dna extracts originating from cell culture, whole blood samples and isolated pbmcs, with a lower detection limit of 10(2) copies and a linear dy ... | 2013 | 23670072 |
| morbillivirus and henipavirus attachment protein cytoplasmic domains differently affect protein expression, fusion support and particle assembly. | the amino-terminal cytoplasmic domains of paramyxovirus attachment glycoproteins include trafficking signals that influence protein processing and cell surface expression. to characterize the role of the cytoplasmic domain in protein expression, fusion support and particle assembly in more detail, we constructed chimeric nipah virus (niv) glycoprotein (g) and canine distemper virus (cdv) haemagglutinin (h) proteins carrying the respective heterologous cytoplasmic domain, as well as a series of m ... | 2016 | 26813519 |
| bats host major mammalian paramyxoviruses. | the large virus family paramyxoviridae includes some of the most significant human and livestock viruses, such as measles-, distemper-, mumps-, parainfluenza-, newcastle disease-, respiratory syncytial virus and metapneumoviruses. here we identify an estimated 66 new paramyxoviruses in a worldwide sample of 119 bat and rodent species (9,278 individuals). major discoveries include evidence of an origin of hendra- and nipah virus in africa, identification of a bat virus conspecific with the human ... | 2012 | 22531181 |
| pseudotyping viral vectors with emerging virus envelope proteins. | previously unidentified viruses, such as middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus, continue to emerge and threaten populations, while powerful new techniques have identified many new human and animal viruses. similarly, existing viruses, from ebola virus to chikungunya virus, are reemerging and spreading to new geographical regions. these viruses often pose a challenge for researchers to study due to their highly pathogenic nature. lentiviral and rhabdoviral pseudotypes are excellent tools f ... | 2016 | 26785737 |
| taking forward a 'one health' approach for turning the tide against the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus and other zoonotic pathogens with epidemic potential. | the appearance of novel pathogens of humans with epidemic potential and high mortality rates have threatened global health security for centuries. over the past few decades new zoonotic infectious diseases of humans caused by pathogens arising from animal reservoirs have included west nile virus, yellow fever virus, ebola virus, nipah virus, lassa fever virus, hanta virus, dengue fever virus, rift valley fever virus, crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coron ... | 2016 | 27321961 |
| viruses and disease: emerging concepts for prevention, diagnosis and treatment. | viruses cause a wide range of human diseases, ranging from acute self-resolving conditions to acute fatal diseases. effects that arise long after the primary infection can also increase the propensity for chronic conditions or lead to the development of cancer. recent advances in the fields of virology and pathology have been fundamental in improving our understanding of viral pathogenesis, in providing improved vaccination strategies and in developing newer, more effective treatments for patien ... | 2015 | 25366544 |
| isolation of tioman virus from pteropus giganteus bat in north-east region of india. | bat-borne viral diseases are a major public health concern among newly emerging infectious diseases which includes severe acute respiratory syndrome, nipah, marburg and ebola virus disease. during the survey for nipah virus among bats at north-east region of india; tioman virus (tiov), a new member of the paramyxoviridae family was isolated from tissues of pteropus giganteus bats for the first time in india. this isolate was identified and confirmed by rt-pcr, sequence analysis and electron micr ... | 2016 | 27619056 |
| ensemble structure of the highly flexible complex formed between vesicular stomatitis virus unassembled nucleoprotein and its phosphoprotein chaperone. | nucleocapsid assembly is an essential process in the replication of the non-segmented, negative-sense rna viruses (nnvs). unassembled nucleoprotein (n(0)) is maintained in an rna-free and monomeric form by its viral chaperone, the phosphoprotein (p), forming the n(0)-p complex. our earlier work solved the structure of vesicular stomatitis virus complex formed between an n-terminally truncated n (nδ21) and a peptide of p (p60) encompassing the n(0)-binding site, but how the full-length p interact ... | 2016 | 27107640 |
| single-vector, single-injection recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus vaccines against high-containment viruses. | there are many avenues for making an effective vaccine against viruses. depending on the virus these can include one of the following: inactivation of whole virions; attenuation of viruses; recombinant viral proteins; non-replication-competent virus particles; or surrogate virus vector systems such as vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv). vsv is a prototypic enveloped animal virus that has been used for over four decades to study virus replication, entry, and assembly due to its ability to replicate ... | 2016 | 27076138 |
| bats as reservoirs of severe emerging infectious diseases. | in recent years severe infectious diseases have been constantly emerging, causing panic in the world. now we know that many of these terrible diseases are caused by viruses originated from bats (table 1), such as ebola virus, marburg, sars coronavirus (sars-cov), mers coronavirus (mers-cov), nipah virus (niv) and hendra virus (hev). these viruses have co-evolved with bats due to bats' special social, biological and immunological features. although bats are not in close contact with humans, spill ... | 2015 | 25997928 |
| ecological dynamics of emerging bat virus spillover. | viruses that originate in bats may be the most notorious emerging zoonoses that spill over from wildlife into domestic animals and humans. understanding how these infections filter through ecological systems to cause disease in humans is of profound importance to public health. transmission of viruses from bats to humans requires a hierarchy of enabling conditions that connect the distribution of reservoir hosts, viral infection within these hosts, and exposure and susceptibility of recipient ho ... | 2015 | 25392474 |
| mission critical: mobilization of essential animal models for ebola, nipah, and machupo virus infections. | the reports for ebola virus zaire (ebov), nipah virus, and machupo virus (macv) pathogenesis, in this issue of veterinary pathology, are timely considering recent events, both nationally and internationally. ebov, nipah virus, and macv cause highly lethal infections for which no food and drug administration (fda) licensed vaccines or therapies exist. not only are there concerns that these agents could be used by those with malicious intent, but shifts in ecological distribution of viral reservoi ... | 2015 | 25352204 |
| public health disease surveillance networks. | zoonotic infections are important sources of human disease; most known emerging infections are zoonotic (e.g., hiv, ebola virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome, nipah virus, and enteropathogenic escherichia coli) and originated as natural infections of other species that acquired opportunities to come in contact with humans. there are also serious infectious diseases classically considered zoonotic, such as influenza, rabies, bubonic plague, brucellosis, and leptospirosis. more recently, it h ... | 2014 | 26082122 |
| human monoclonal antibodies as candidate therapeutics against emerging viruses and hiv-1. | more than 40 monoclonal antibodies (mabs) have been approved for a number of disease indications with only one of these (synagis) - for a viral disease, and not for therapy but for prevention. however, in the last decade novel potent mabs have been discovered and characterized with potential as therapeutics against viruses of major importance for public health and biosecurity including hendra virus (hev), nipah virus (niv), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), ebola virus (e ... | 2013 | 23575729 |
| identification of the cell binding domain in nipah virus g glycoprotein using a phage display system. | nipah virus (niv) is a highly pathogenic zoonotic paramyxovirus with unusual broad host tropism and is designated as a category c pathogen by the u.s. national institute of allergy and infectious diseases. niv infection is initiated after binding of the viral g glycoprotein to the host cell receptor. the aim of this study was to map the niv g glycoprotein cell binding domain using a phage display system. the niv g extracellular domain was truncated and displayed as attachment proteins on m13 pha ... | 2017 | 28082163 |
| serum from nipah virus patients recognises recombinant viral proteins produced in escherichia coli. | the genes for nipah virus (niv) proteins were amplified from viral rna, cloned into the plasmid ptriex-3 hygro, expressed, and purified using immobilized metal affinity chromatography. the recombinant n, f, and g niv proteins (rniv-n, rniv-f, and rniv-g), were successfully expressed in escherichia coli and purified with a yield of 4, 16, and 4 mg/l, respectively. all 3 recombinant viral proteins reacted with all 19 samples of niv-positive human sera. the rniv-n and rniv-g proteins were the most ... | 2017 | 27169942 |
| production of the virus-like particles of nipah virus matrix protein in pichia pastoris as diagnostic reagents. | the matrix (m) protein of nipah virus (niv) is a peripheral protein that plays a vital role in the envelopment of nucleocapsid protein and acts as a bridge between the viral surface and the nucleocapsid proteins. the m protein is also proven to play an important role in production of virus-like particles (vlps) and is essential for assembly and budding of niv particles. the recombinant m protein produced in escherichia coli assembled into vlps in the absence of the viral surface proteins. howeve ... | 2016 | 27088434 |
| development and evaluation of recombinant nucleocapsid protein based diagnostic elisa for detection of nipah virus infection in pigs. | the recombinant viral protein-based indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) is a cost-effective, safe, specific, and rapid tool to diagnose the viral infection. nipah virus nucleocapsid (niv-n) protein was expressed in escherichia coli and purified by histidine tag-based affinity chromatography. the n protein was selected based on its immuno dominance and conservation among different niv strains. an indirect immunoglobulin g (igg) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for swine se ... | 2016 | 26327601 |
| structural characterization by transmission electron microscopy and immunoreactivity of recombinant hendra virus nucleocapsid protein expressed and purified from escherichia coli. | hendra virus (family paramyxoviridae) is a negative sense single-stranded rna virus (nsrv) which has been found to cause disease in humans, horses, and experimentally in other animals, e.g. pigs and cats. pteropid bats commonly known as flying foxes have been identified as the natural host reservoir. the hendra virus nucleocapsid protein (hev n) represents the most abundant viral protein produced by the host cell, and is highly immunogenic with naturally infected humans and horses producing spec ... | 2015 | 26196500 |
| a review of the current status of relevant zoonotic pathogens in wild swine (sus scrofa) populations: changes modulating the risk of transmission to humans. | many wild swine populations in different parts of the world have experienced an unprecedented demographic explosion that may result in increased exposure of humans to wild swine zoonotic pathogens. interactions between humans and wild swine leading to pathogen transmission could come from different ways, being hunters and game professionals the most exposed to acquiring infections from wild swine. however, increasing human settlements in semi-natural areas, outdoor activities, socio-economic cha ... | 2017 | 25953392 |
| chikungunya, influenza, nipah, and semliki forest chimeric viruses with vesicular stomatitis virus: actions in the brain. | recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv)-based chimeric viruses that include genes from other viruses show promise as vaccines and oncolytic viruses. however, the critical safety concern is the neurotropic nature conveyed by the vsv glycoprotein. vsvs that include the vsv glycoprotein (g) gene, even in most recombinant attenuated strains, can still show substantial adverse or lethal actions in the brain. here, we test 4 chimeric viruses in the brain, including those in which glycoprotein gen ... | 2017 | 28077641 |
| transmission potential of influenza a/h7n9, february to may 2013, china. | on 31 march 2013, the first human infections with the novel influenza a/h7n9 virus were reported in eastern china. the outbreak expanded rapidly in geographic scope and size, with a total of 132 laboratory-confirmed cases reported by 3 june 2013, in 10 chinese provinces and taiwan. the incidence of a/h7n9 cases has stalled in recent weeks, presumably as a consequence of live bird market closures in the most heavily affected areas. here we compare the transmission potential of influenza a/h7n9 wi ... | 2013 | 24083506 |
| meeting report vlpnpv: session 6: development and characterization. | | 2014 | 25458600 |
| understanding the interaction between henipaviruses and their natural host, fruit bats: paving the way toward control of highly lethal infection in humans. | hendra virus and nipah virus (niv) are highly pathogenic zoonotic paramyxoviruses, from henipavirus genus, that have emerged in late 1990s in australia and south-east asia, respectively. since their initial identification, numerous outbreaks have been reported, affecting both domestic animals and humans, and multiple rounds of person-to-person niv transmission were observed. widely distributed fruit bats from pteropodidae family were found to be henipavirus natural reservoir. numerous studies ha ... | 2017 | 28060559 |
| nuclear localization and secretion competence is conserved amongst henipavirus matrix proteins. | viruses of the genus henipavirus of the family paramyxoviridae are zoonotic pathogens, which have emerged in south east asia, australia and africa. nipah virus (niv) and hendra virus (hev) are highly virulent pathogens transmitted from bats to animals and humans, whilst the henipavirus cedar virus (cedv) seems to be non-pathogenic in infection studies. the full replication cycle of the paramyxoviridae occurs in the host cell's cytoplasm where viral assembly is orchestrated by the matrix (m) prot ... | 2017 | 28056216 |
| protection against henipaviruses in swine requires both, cell-mediated and humoral immune response. | hendra virus (hev) and nipah virus (niv) are members of the genus henipavirus, within the family paramyxoviridae. nipah virus has caused outbreaks of human disease in bangladesh, malaysia, singapore, india and philippines, in addition to a large outbreak in swine in malaysia in 1998/1999. recently, niv was suspected to be a causative agent of an outbreak in horses in 2014 in the philippines, while hev has caused multiple human and equine outbreaks in australia since 1994. a swine vaccine able to ... | 2016 | 27544586 |
| detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome-like, middle east respiratory syndrome-like bat coronaviruses and group h rotavirus in faeces of korean bats. | bat species around the world have recently been recognized as major reservoirs of several zoonotic viruses, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), nipah virus and hendra virus. in this study, consensus primer-based reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reactions (rt-pcrs) and high-throughput sequencing were performed to investigate viruses in bat faecal samples collected at 11 natural bat habitat sites from july ... | 2016 | 27213718 |
| hendra virus and nipah virus animal vaccines. | hendra virus (hev) and nipah virus (niv) are zoonotic viruses that emerged in the mid to late 1990s causing disease outbreaks in livestock and people. hev appeared in queensland, australia in 1994 causing a severe respiratory disease in horses along with a human case fatality. niv emerged a few years later in malaysia and singapore in 1998-1999 causing a large outbreak of encephalitis with high mortality in people and also respiratory disease in pigs which served as amplifying hosts. the key pat ... | 2016 | 27154393 |
| two highly similar laeddtnaqkt and ltdkigtei epitopes in g glycoprotein may be useful for effective epitope based vaccine design against pathogenic henipavirus. | nipah virus and hendra virus, two members of the genus henipavirus, are newly emerging zoonotic pathogens which cause acute respiratory illness and severe encephalitis in human. lack of the effective antiviral therapy endorses the urgency for the development of vaccine against these deadly viruses. in this study, we employed various computational approaches to identify epitopes which has the potential for vaccine development. by analyzing the immune parameters of the conserved sequences of g gly ... | 2016 | 26970211 |
| c-terminal dxd-containing sequences within paramyxovirus nucleocapsid proteins determine matrix protein compatibility and can direct foreign proteins into budding particles. | paramyxovirus particles are formed by a budding process coordinated by viral matrix (m) proteins. m proteins coalesce at sites underlying infected cell membranes and induce other viral components, including viral glycoproteins and viral ribonucleoprotein complexes (vrnps), to assemble at these locations from which particles bud. m proteins interact with the nucleocapsid (np or n) components of vrnps, and these interactions enable production of infectious, genome-containing virions. for the param ... | 2016 | 26792745 |
| structure and stabilization of the hendra virus f glycoprotein in its prefusion form. | hendra virus (hev) is one of the two prototypical members of the henipavirus genus of paramyxoviruses, which are designated biosafety level 4 (bsl-4) organisms due to the high mortality rate of nipah virus (niv) and hev in humans. paramyxovirus cell entry is mediated by the fusion protein, f, in response to binding of a host receptor by the attachment protein. during posttranslational processing, the fusion peptide of f is released and, upon receptor-induced triggering, inserts into the host cel ... | 2016 | 26712026 |
| the immune evasion function of j and beilong virus v proteins is distinct from that of other paramyxoviruses, consistent with their inclusion in the proposed genus jeilongvirus. | ifn-antagonist function is a major determinant of pathogenicity and cross-species infection by viruses, but remains poorly defined for many potentially zoonotic viruses resident in animal species. the paramyxovirus family contains several zoonotic viruses, including highly pathogenic viruses such as nipah virus and hendra virus, and an increasing number of largely uncharacterized animal viruses. here, we report the characterization of ifn antagonism by the rodent viruses j virus (jpv) and beilon ... | 2016 | 26703878 |
| expression, characterisation and antigenicity of a truncated hendra virus attachment protein expressed in the protozoan host leishmania tarentolae. | hendra virus (hev) is an emerging zoonotic paramyxovirus within the genus henipavirus that has caused severe morbidity and mortality in humans and horses in australia since 1994. hev infection of host cells is mediated by the membrane bound attachment (g) and fusion (f) glycoproteins, that are essential for receptor binding and fusion of viral and cellular membranes. the eukaryotic unicellular parasite leishmania tarentolae has recently been established as a powerful tool to express recombinant ... | 2016 | 26585033 |
| the non-pathogenic henipavirus cedar paramyxovirus phosphoprotein has a compromised ability to target stat1 and stat2. | immune evasion by the lethal henipaviruses, hendra (hev) and nipah virus, is mediated by its interferon (ifn) antagonist p gene products, phosphoprotein (p), and the related v and w proteins, which can target the signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (stat1) and stat2 proteins to inhibit ifn/stat signaling. however, it is not clear if the recently identified non-pathogenic henipavirus, cedar paramyxovirus (cedpv), is also able to antagonize the stat proteins. we performed comparativ ... | 2015 | 26526590 |
| henipavirus encephalitis: recent developments and advances. | the genus henipavirus within the family paramyxoviridae includes the hendra virus (hev) and nipah virus (niv) which were discovered in the 1990s in australia and malaysia, respectively, after emerging to cause severe and often fatal outbreaks in humans and animals. while hev is confined to australia, more recent niv outbreaks have been reported in bangladesh, india and the philippines. the clinical manifestations of both henipaviruses in humans appear similar, with a predominance of an acute enc ... | 2015 | 26276024 |
| transcriptome profiling of the virus-induced innate immune response in pteropus vampyrus and its attenuation by nipah virus interferon antagonist functions. | bats are important reservoirs for several viruses, many of which cause lethal infections in humans but have reduced pathogenicity in bats. as the innate immune response is critical for controlling viruses, the nature of this response in bats and how it may differ from that in other mammals are of great interest. using next-generation transcriptome sequencing (mrna-seq), we profiled the transcriptional response of pteropus vampyrus bat kidney (pvk) cells to newcastle disease virus (ndv), an avian ... | 2015 | 25972557 |
| novel functions of hendra virus g n-glycans and comparisons to nipah virus. | hendra virus (hev) and nipah virus (niv) are reportedly the most deadly pathogens within the paramyxoviridae family. these two viruses bind the cellular entry receptors ephrin b2 and/or ephrin b3 via the viral attachment glycoprotein g, and the concerted efforts of g and the viral fusion glycoprotein f result in membrane fusion. membrane fusion is essential for viral entry into host cells and for cell-cell fusion, a hallmark of the disease pathobiology. hev g is heavily n-glycosylated, but the f ... | 2015 | 25948743 |
| molecular recognition of human ephrinb2 cell surface receptor by an emergent african henipavirus. | the discovery of african henipaviruses (hnvs) related to pathogenic hendra virus (hev) and nipah virus (niv) from southeast asia and australia presents an open-ended health risk. cell receptor use by emerging african hnvs at the stage of host-cell entry is a key parameter when considering the potential for spillover and infection of human populations. the attachment glycoprotein from a ghanaian bat isolate (ghv-g) exhibits <30% sequence identity with asiatic niv-g/hev-g. here, through functional ... | 2015 | 25825759 |
| evidence for ubiquitin-regulated nuclear and subnuclear trafficking among paramyxovirinae matrix proteins. | the paramyxovirus matrix (m) protein is a molecular scaffold required for viral morphogenesis and budding at the plasma membrane. transient nuclear residence of some m proteins hints at non-structural roles. however, little is known regarding the mechanisms that regulate the nuclear sojourn. previously, we found that the nuclear-cytoplasmic trafficking of nipah virus m (niv-m) is a prerequisite for budding, and is regulated by a bipartite nuclear localization signal (nlsbp), a leucine-rich nucle ... | 2015 | 25782006 |
| heparan sulfate-dependent enhancement of henipavirus infection. | nipah virus and hendra virus are emerging, highly pathogenic, zoonotic paramyxoviruses that belong to the genus henipavirus. they infect humans as well as numerous mammalian species. both viruses use ephrin-b2 and -b3 as cell entry receptors, and following initial entry into an organism, they are capable of rapid spread throughout the host. we have previously reported that nipah virus can use another attachment receptor, different from its entry receptors, to bind to nonpermissive circulating le ... | 2015 | 25759505 |
| insights into the coiled-coil organization of the hendra virus phosphoprotein from combined biochemical and saxs studies. | nipah and hendra viruses are recently emerged paramyxoviruses belonging to the henipavirus genus. the henipavirus phosphoprotein (p) consists of a large intrinsically disordered domain and a c-terminal domain (pct) containing alternating disordered and ordered regions. among these latter is the p multimerization domain (pmd). using biochemical, analytical ultracentrifugation and small-angle x-ray scattering (saxs) studies, we show that hendra virus (hev) pmd forms an elongated coiled-coil homotr ... | 2015 | 25637789 |
| henipavirus pathogenesis and antiviral approaches. | hendra virus and nipah virus are closely related, recently emerged zoonotic paramyxoviruses, belonging to the henipavirus genus. both viruses induce generalized vasculitis affecting particularly the respiratory tract and cns. the exceptionally broad species tropism of henipavirus, the high case fatality rate and person-to-person transmission associated with nipah virus outbreaks emphasize the necessity of effective antiviral strategies for these intriguing threatening pathogens. current therapeu ... | 2015 | 25634624 |
| dynamics of the intrinsically disordered c-terminal domain of the nipah virus nucleoprotein and interaction with the x domain of the phosphoprotein as unveiled by nmr spectroscopy. | we provide an atomic-resolution description based on nmr spectroscopy, of the intrinsically disordered c-terminal domain of the nipah virus nucleoprotein (ntail ), both in its isolated state and within the nucleocapsid (nc). within the nc the second half of ntail retains conformational behavior similar to that of isolated ntail , whereas the first half of ntail becomes much more rigid. in spite of the mostly disordered nature of ntail , chemical shifts and relaxation measurements show a signific ... | 2015 | 25492314 |
| nipah virus attachment glycoprotein stalk c-terminal region links receptor binding to fusion triggering. | membrane fusion is essential for paramyxovirus entry into target cells and for the cell-cell fusion (syncytia) that results from many paramyxoviral infections. the concerted efforts of two membrane-integral viral proteins, the attachment (hn, h, or g) and fusion (f) glycoproteins, mediate membrane fusion. the emergent nipah virus (niv) is a highly pathogenic and deadly zoonotic paramyxovirus. we recently reported that upon cell receptor ephrinb2 or ephrinb3 binding, at least two conformational c ... | 2015 | 25428863 |
| nipah encephalitis - an update. | between september 1998 to may 1999, malaysia and singapore were hit by an outbreak of fatal encephalitis caused by a novel virus from the paramyxovirus family. this virus was subsequently named as nipah virus, after the sungei nipah village in negeri sembilan, where the virus was first isolated. the means of transmission was thought to be from bats-topigs and subsequently pigs-to-human. since 2001, almost yearly outbreak of nipah encephalitis has been reported from bangladesh and west bengal, in ... | 2014 | 25417957 |
| efficient reverse genetics reveals genetic determinants of budding and fusogenic differences between nipah and hendra viruses and enables real-time monitoring of viral spread in small animal models of henipavirus infection. | nipah virus (niv) and hendra virus (hev) are closely related henipaviruses of the paramyxovirinae. spillover from their fruit bat reservoirs can cause severe disease in humans and livestock. despite their high sequence similarity, niv and hev exhibit apparent differences in receptor and tissue tropism, envelope-mediated fusogenicity, replicative fitness, and other pathophysiologic manifestations. to investigate the molecular basis for these differences, we first established a highly efficient re ... | 2015 | 25392218 |
| rhabdovirus-based vaccine platforms against henipaviruses. | the emerging zoonotic pathogens hendra virus (hev) and nipah virus (niv) are in the genus henipavirus in the family paramyxoviridae. hev and niv infections can be highly fatal to humans and livestock. the goal of this study was to develop candidate vaccines against henipaviruses utilizing two well-established rhabdoviral vaccine vector platforms, recombinant rabies virus (rabv) and recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv), expressing either the codon-optimized or the wild-type (wt) hev glyco ... | 2015 | 25320306 |
| matrix proteins of nipah and hendra viruses interact with beta subunits of ap-3 complexes. | paramyxoviruses and other negative-strand rna viruses encode matrix proteins that coordinate the virus assembly process. the matrix proteins link the viral glycoproteins and the viral ribonucleoproteins at virus assembly sites and often recruit host machinery that facilitates the budding process. using a co-affinity purification strategy, we have identified the beta subunit of the ap-3 adapter protein complex, ap3b1, as a binding partner for the m proteins of the zoonotic paramyxoviruses nipah v ... | 2014 | 25210190 |
| european bats as carriers of viruses with zoonotic potential. | bats are being increasingly recognized as reservoir hosts of highly pathogenic and zoonotic emerging viruses (marburg virus, nipah virus, hendra virus, rabies virus, and coronaviruses). while numerous studies have focused on the mentioned highly human-pathogenic bat viruses in tropical regions, little is known on similar human-pathogenic viruses that may be present in european bats. although novel viruses are being detected, their zoonotic potential remains unclear unless further studies are con ... | 2014 | 25123684 |
| henipavirus encephalitis. | | 2014 | 25015510 |
| subclinical infection without encephalitis in mice following intranasal exposure to nipah virus-malaysia and nipah virus-bangladesh. | nipah virus and hendra virus are closely related and following natural or experimental exposure induce similar clinical disease. in humans, encephalitis is the most serious outcome of infection and, hitherto, research into the pathogenesis of henipavirus encephalitis has been limited by the lack of a suitable model. recently we reported a wild-type mouse model of hendra virus (hev) encephalitis that should facilitate detailed investigations of its neuropathogenesis, including mechanisms of disea ... | 2014 | 24890603 |
| virus particle release from glycosphingolipid-enriched microdomains is essential for dendritic cell-mediated capture and transfer of hiv-1 and henipavirus. | human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) exploits dendritic cells (dcs) to promote its transmission to t cells. we recently reported that the capture of hiv-1 by mature dendritic cells (mdcs) is mediated by an interaction between the glycosphingolipid (gsl) gm3 on virus particles and cd169/siglec-1 on mdcs. since hiv-1 preferentially buds from gsl-enriched lipid microdomains on the plasma membrane, we hypothesized that the virus assembly and budding site determines the ability of hiv-1 to int ... | 2014 | 24872578 |
| anp32b is a nuclear target of henipavirus m proteins. | membrane envelopment and budding of negative strand rna viruses (nsvs) is mainly driven by viral matrix proteins (m). in addition, several m proteins are also known to be involved in host cell manipulation. knowledge about the cellular targets and detailed molecular mechanisms, however, is poor for many m proteins. for instance, nipah virus (niv) m protein trafficking through the nucleus is essential for virus release, but nuclear targets of niv m remain unknown. to identify cellular interactors ... | 2014 | 24823948 |
| surface glycoproteins of the recently identified african henipavirus promote viral entry and cell fusion in a range of human, simian and bat cell lines. | the recent discovery of a wide range of henipavirus-like viruses circulating in megabats in africa raises the question as to the zoonotic potential of these pathogens given the high human mortality rates seen with their pathogenic relatives nipah virus and hendra virus. in the absence of cultured infectious african henipavirus we have performed experiments with recombinant f and g glycoproteins from the representative african henipavirus strain m74a aimed at estimating its cellular tropism and c ... | 2014 | 24452140 |
| characterization of african bat henipavirus gh-m74a glycoproteins. | in recent years, novel henipavirus-related sequences have been identified in bats in africa. to evaluate the potential of african bat henipaviruses to spread in non-bat mammalian cells, we compared the biological functions of the surface glycoproteins g and f of the prototype african henipavirus gh-m74a with those of the glycoproteins of nipah virus (niv), a well-characterized pathogenic member of the henipavirus genus. glycoproteins are central determinants for virus tropism, as efficient bindi ... | 2014 | 24296468 |
| viral antibody dynamics in a chiropteran host. | bats host many viruses that are significant for human and domestic animal health, but the dynamics of these infections in their natural reservoir hosts remain poorly elucidated. in these, and other, systems, there is evidence that seasonal life-cycle events drive infection dynamics, directly impacting the risk of exposure to spillover hosts. understanding these dynamics improves our ability to predict zoonotic spillover from the reservoir hosts. to this end, we followed henipavirus antibody leve ... | 2014 | 24111634 |
| biochemical and structural studies of the oligomerization domain of the nipah virus phosphoprotein: evidence for an elongated coiled-coil homotrimer. | nipah virus (niv) is a recently emerged severe human pathogen that belongs to the henipavirus genus within the paramyxoviridae family. the niv genome is encapsidated by the nucleoprotein (n) within a helical nucleocapsid that is the substrate used by the polymerase for transcription and replication. the polymerase is recruited onto the nucleocapsid via its cofactor, the phosphoprotein (p). the niv p protein has a modular organization, with alternating disordered and ordered domains. among these ... | 2013 | 24074578 |
| the changing face of the henipaviruses. | the henipavirus genus represents a group of paramyxoviruses that are some of the deadliest of known human and veterinary pathogens. hendra and nipah viruses are zoonotic pathogens that can cause respiratory and encephalitic illness in humans with mortality rates that exceed 70%. over the past several years, we have seen an increase in the number of cases and an altered clinical presentation of hendra virus in naturally infected horses. recent increase in the number of cases has also been reporte ... | 2013 | 23993256 |
| hendra and nipah infection: emerging paramyxoviruses. | since their first emergence in mid 1990s henipaviruses continued to re emerge in australia and south east asia almost every year. in total there has been more than 12 nipah and 48 hendra virus outbreaks reported in south east asia and australia, respectively. these outbreaks are associated with significant economic and health damages that most high risks countries (particularly in south east asia) cannot bear the burden of such economical threats. up until recently, there were no actual therapeu ... | 2013 | 23954578 |
| a treatment for and vaccine against the deadly hendra and nipah viruses. | hendra virus and nipah virus are bat-borne paramyxoviruses that are the prototypic members of the genus henipavirus. the henipaviruses emerged in the 1990s, spilling over from their natural bat hosts and causing serious disease outbreaks in humans and livestock. hendra virus emerged in australia and since 1994 there have been 7 human infections with 4 case fatalities. nipah virus first appeared in malaysia and subsequent outbreaks have occurred in bangladesh and india. in total, there have been ... | 2013 | 23838047 |
| use of cross-reactive serological assays for detecting novel pathogens in wildlife: assessing an appropriate cutoff for henipavirus assays in african bats. | reservoir hosts of novel pathogens are often identified or suspected as such on the basis of serological assay results, prior to the isolation of the pathogen itself. serological assays might therefore be used outside of their original, validated scope in order to infer seroprevalences in reservoir host populations, until such time that specific diagnostic assays can be developed. this is particularly the case in wildlife disease research. the absence of positive and negative control samples and ... | 2013 | 23835034 |