| impact of vaccination on infection with vietnam h5n1 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus in hens and the eggs they lay. | high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (hpaiv) infections in chickens negatively impact egg production and cause egg contamination. previously, vaccination maintained egg production and reduced egg contamination when challenged with a north american h5n2 hpaiv. however, asian h5n1 hpaiv infection has some characteristics of increased pathogenicity compared to other h5 hpaiv such as more rapid drop and complete cessation in egg production. sham (vaccinated at 25 and 28 weeks of age), inactivate ... | 2015 | 25657093 |
| outbreaks of avian influenza a (h5n2), (h5n8), and (h5n1) among birds--united states, december 2014-january 2015. | during december 15, 2014-january 16, 2015, the u.s. department of agriculture received 14 reports of birds infected with asian-origin, highly pathogenic avian influenza a (hpai) (h5n2), (h5n8), and (h5n1) viruses. these reports represent the first reported infections with these viruses in u.s. wild or domestic birds. although these viruses are not known to have caused disease in humans, their appearance in north america might increase the likelihood of human infection in the united states. human ... | 2015 | 25654614 |
| vaccine protection of chickens against antigenically diverse h5 highly pathogenic avian influenza isolates with a live hvt vector vaccine expressing the influenza hemagglutinin gene derived from a clade 2.2 avian influenza virus. | vaccination is an important tool in the protection of poultry against avian influenza (ai). for field use, the overwhelming majority of ai vaccines produced are inactivated whole virus formulated into an oil emulsion. however, recombinant vectored vaccines are gaining use for their ability to induce protection against heterologous isolates and ability to overcome maternal antibody interference. in these studies, we compared protection of chickens provided by a turkey herpesvirus (hvt) vector vac ... | 2015 | 25613723 |
| adaptation of a natural reassortant h5n2 avian influenza virus in mice. | it is reported that the h5n2 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus a/chicken/hebei/1102/2010 (hb10) is a natural reassortant between circulating h5n1 and endemic h9n2 influenza viruses. to evaluate the potential of its interspecies transmission, the wild-type hb10 was adapted in mice through serial lung passages. increased virulence was detectable in 5 sequential lung passages in mice and a highly virulent mouse-adapted strain (hb10-ma) with a 50% mouse lethal dose of 10(2.5) 50% egg infectiou ... | 2014 | 25037995 |
| bird to human transmission biases and vaccine escape mutants in h5n1 infections. | the avian influenza a h5n1 virus occasionally infects humans, with high mortality rates. although all current human infections are from avian-to-human transmission, it has been shown that h5n1 can be evolved to transmit between mammals, and is therefore a pandemic threat. for h5n1 surveillance, it is of interest to identify the avian isolates most likely to infect humans. in this study, we develop a method to identify mutations significantly associated with avian to human transmission. | 2014 | 24988306 |
| broad cross-reactive epitopes of the h5n1 influenza virus identified by murine antibodies against the a/vietnam/1194/2004 hemagglutinin. | there is an urgent need for a rapid diagnostic system to detect the h5 subtype of the influenza a virus. we previously developed monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against the h5 hemagglutinin (ha) for use in a rapid diagnostic kit. in this study, we determined the epitopes of the anti-h5 ha murine mabs om-b, ay-2c2, and yh-1a1. binding assays of the mabs to different strains of h5 has indicated that om-b and ay-2c2 cross-reacted with has from clades 1, 2.1.3.2, 2.2, and 2.3.4, whereas yh-1a1 failed t ... | 2014 | 24945805 |
| h5-based dna constructs derived from selected highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza virus induce high levels of humoral antibodies in muscovy ducks against low pathogenic viruses. | h5 low pathogenic avian influenza virus (lpaiv) infection in domestic ducks is a major problem in duck producing countries. their silent circulation is an ongoing source of potential highly pathogenic or zoonotic emerging strains. to prevent such events, vaccination of domestic ducks might be attempted but remains challenging. currently licensed vector vaccines derived from h5n1 hpaiv possess clade 0, clade 2.2 or clade 2.3.4 ha sequences: selection of the best ha candidate inducing the largest ... | 2014 | 24762011 |
| cleavage site stability of egyptian highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in backyard chickens during 2009-2011. | two distinguishable subclades of h5n1 (classic and variant strains) are cocirculating among the poultry populations in egypt despite the intensive vaccination programs. a study to investigate the genetic relationship between avian influenza virus (aiv) isolates from backyard chickens in sharkia (2009-2011), subclades, and commercially available vaccines was carried out. | 2015 | 24560697 |
| emerging multiple reassortant h5n5 avian influenza viruses in ducks, china, 2008. | three highly pathogenic h5n5 avian influenza viruses (hpai), a/duck/guangdong/wy11/2008 (wy11), a/duck/guangdong/wy19/2008 (wy19), and a/duck/guangdong/wy24/2008 (wy24) were isolated from ducks in southern china in april 2008. here, we characterized these viruses by performing sequencing and phylogenetic analyses of their viral genes, assessing their virulence in ducks and mice, and performing cross-protection experiments in chickens. sequence analysis revealed that the ha genes of these h5n5 vi ... | 2013 | 24080350 |
| the characterization of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated from wild birds in northern vietnam from 2006 to 2009. | due to concerns that wild birds could possibly spread h5n1 viruses, surveillance was conducted to monitor the types of avian influenza viruses circulating among the wild birds migrating to or inhabiting in northern vietnam from 2006 to 2009. an h5n2 virus isolated from a eurasian woodcock had a close phylogenetic relationship to h5 viruses recently isolated in south korea and japan, suggesting that h5n2 has been shared between vietnam, south korea, and japan. an h9n2 virus isolated from a chines ... | 2013 | 24054984 |
| genetic analysis of an h5n2 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus isolated from a chicken in a live bird market in northern vietnam in 2012. | in august 2012, a/chicken/vietnam/oie-2215/2012 (h5n2) was isolated from a chicken in a live bird market (lbm) in northern vietnam. intravenous pathogenicity test revealed that this virus is highly pathogenic in chickens. the pa, ha, np and m, pb2 and na, and pb1 and ns genes of the isolate were phylogenetically closely related to those of a/duck/vietnam/oie-2202/2012 (h5n1) of clade 2.3.2.1, a/chicken/vietnam/oie-1611/2012 (h9n2) and a/chicken/vietnam/oie-2468/2012 (h9n2), respectively. all of ... | 2014 | 23986117 |
| complete genome sequence of avian influenza virus a/chicken/jiangsu/1001/2013(h5n2), demonstrating continuous reassortance of h5n2 in china. | avian influenza virus a/chicken/jiangsu/1001/2013(h5n2) was identified from a healthy chicken in an eastern china poultry market. whole-genome analysis demonstrated that the h5n2 virus originated from a reassortance between a previous a/chicken/hebei/1102/2010(h5n2) virus and an endemic h5n1 virus. the results indicated that continuing reassortance of h5n2 has been occurring in domestic poultry of china. | 2013 | 23868124 |
| selection and characterization of dna aptamers for use in detection of avian influenza virus h5n1. | aptamers are artificial oligonucleotides (dna or rna) that can bind to a broad range of targets. in diagnostic and detection assays, aptamers represent an alternative to antibodies as recognition agents. the objective of this study was to select and characterize dna aptamers that can specifically bind to avian influenza virus (aiv) h5n1 based on systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (selex) and surface plasmon resonance (spr). the selection was started with an ssdna (single-s ... | 2013 | 23523887 |
| proteins of duck influenza virus responsible for acquisition of pathogenicity in chickens. | influenza virus rgvac1sub-p0 (h5n1) (rgvac1-p0), in which a pair of dibasic amino acid residues was introduced at the cleavage site of the ha of a reassortant of h5n2 and h7n1 viruses of duck origin, was low pathogenic in chickens. vac1sub-p3 (h5n1) (vac1-p3) was selected as a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus by 3 consecutive passages in chickens from low pathogenic strain rgvac1-p0. comparison of amino acid sequences of the virus proteins and experimental infection of chickens with a ser ... | 2013 | 23434880 |
| systemic distribution of different low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) viruses in chicken. | since we were able to isolate viable virus from brain and lung of h7n1 low pathogenic avian influenza virus (lpaiv) infected chickens, we here examined the distribution of different lpaiv strains in chickens by measuring the viral ai rna load in multiple organs. subtypes of h5 (h5n1, h5n2), h7 (h7n1, h7n7) and h9 (h9n2), of chicken (h5n2, h7n1, h7n7, h9n2), or mallard (h5n1) origin were tested. the actual presence of viable virus was evaluated with virus isolation in organs of h7n7 inoculated ch ... | 2013 | 23324567 |
| genetic characterization of a novel recombinant h5n2 avian influenza virus isolated from chickens in tibet. | in this report, a novel h5n2 avian influenza virus (aiv) was isolated from chickens in tibet in 2010, western china. phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that it was a natural reassortant between h9n2 and h5n1 subtypes. it is of note that this virus has an hp genotype with ha, pb2, m, and ns genes homologous to those of a/peregrine falcon/hong kong/2142/2008(h5n1)-like hpaiv isolated from dead wild birds. publishing this genome information will contribute to the investigation of avian influenza ep ... | 2012 | 23166246 |
| genome sequence of a natural reassortant h5n2 avian influenza virus from domestic mallard ducks in eastern china. | here, we report the genomic sequence of a chinese reassortant h5n2 avian influenza virus which possessed the polybasic motif plrekrrk-r/gl at the hemagglutinin cleavage site. phylogenetic analysis showed that all eight genes were of the eurasian lineage, five of which were highly homologous to the endemic clade 2.3.4 h5n1 viruses and their h5n5 reassortant descendants. these data suggested that novel multisubtypic na reassortants bearing the h5n1 backbone could be generated through genetic reass ... | 2012 | 23087121 |
| novel reassortant highly pathogenic h5n2 avian influenza viruses in poultry in china. | there has been multiple evidence that domestic poultry may act as a vessel for the generation of novel influenza a viruses. in this study, we have analyzed the evolution and pathogenicity of 4 h5n2 avian influenza viruses isolated from apparently healthy poultry from h5n1 virus endemic areas in china. phylogenetic analysis revealed that two of these viruses, a/duck/eastern china/1111/2011 (dk/ec/1111/11) and a/goose/eastern china/1112/2011 (gs/ec/1112/11) were derived from reassortment events in ... | 2012 | 23049973 |
| low-pathogenic avian influenza virus a/turkey/ontario/6213/1966 (h5n1) is the progenitor of highly pathogenic a/turkey/ontario/7732/1966 (h5n9). | the first confirmed outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) virus infections in north america was caused by a/turkey/ontario/7732/1966 (h5n9); however, the phylogeny of this virus is largely unknown. this study performed genomic sequence analysis of 11 avian influenza isolates from 1956 to 1979 for comparison with a/turkey/ontario/7732/1966 (h5n9). phylogenetic and genetic analyses included these viruses in combination with all known full-genome sequences of avian viruses isolated b ... | 2012 | 22592261 |
| assessment of national strategies for control of high-pathogenicity avian influenza and low-pathogenicity notifiable avian influenza in poultry, with emphasis on vaccines and vaccination. | twenty-nine distinct epizootics of high-pathogenicity avian influenza (hpai) have occurred since 1959. the h5n1 hpai panzootic affecting asia, africa and eastern europe has been the largest among these, affecting poultry and/or wild birds in 63 countries. a stamping-out programme achieved eradication in 24 of these epizootics (and is close to achieving eradication in the current h5n2 epizootic in south african ostriches), but vaccination was added to the control programmes in four epizootics whe ... | 2011 | 22435196 |
| distribution of avian influenza h5n1 viral rna in tissues of ai-vaccinated and unvaccinated contact chickens after experimental infection. | avian influenza due to highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpaiv) h5n1 virus is not a food-borne illness but a serious panzootic disease with the potential to be pandemic. in this study, broiler chickens were vaccinated with commercial h5n1 or h5n2 inactivated vaccines prior to being challenged with an hpaiv h5n1 (clade 2.2.1 classic) virus. challenged and non-challenged vaccinated chickens were kept together, and unvaccinated chickens served as contact groups. post-challenge samples from skin an ... | 2012 | 22350650 |
| induction of a protective heterosubtypic immune response against the influenza virus by using recombinant adenoviral vectors expressing hemagglutinin of the influenza h5 virus. | influenza viruses are characterized by a high degree of antigenic variability, which causes the annual emergence of flu epidemics and irregularly timed pandemics caused by viruses with new antigenic and biological traits. novel approaches to vaccination can help circumvent this problem. one of these new methods incorporates genetic vaccines based on adenoviral vectors. recombinant adenoviral vectors which contain hemagglutinin-encoding genes from avian h5n1 and h5n2 (ad-ha5-1 and ad-ha5-2) influ ... | 2010 | 22649637 |
| evaluation of a subunit h5 vaccine and an inactivated h5n2 avian influenza marker vaccine in ducks challenged with vietnamese h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. | the protective efficacy of a subunit avian influenza virus h5 vaccine based on recombinant baculovirus expressed h5 haemagglutinin antigen and an inactivated h5n2 avian influenza vaccine combined with a marker antigen (tetanus toxoid) was compared with commercially available inactivated h5n2 avian influenza vaccine in young ducks. antibody responses, morbidity, mortality, and virus shedding were evaluated after challenge with a vietnamese clade 1 h5n1 hpai virus [a/vn/1203/04 (h5n1)] that was kn ... | 2010 | 23074648 |
| surveillance for highly pathogenic avian influenza in wild turkeys ( meleagris gallopavo ) of minnesota during 2015 outbreaks in domestic poultry. | an outbreak of a novel reassortant of highly pathogenic avian influenza a (h5n2) virus (hpaiv) decimated domestic turkeys ( meleagris gallopavo ) from march through mid-june, 2015 in the state of minnesota, usa. in response, as part of broader surveillance efforts in wild birds, we designed a pilot effort to sample and test hunter-harvested wild turkeys ( meleagris gallopavo ) for hpaiv in minnesota counties with known infected poultry facilities. we also collected opportunistic samples from dea ... | 2017 | 28323565 |
| reoccurrence of avian influenza a(h5n2) virus clade 2.3.4.4 in wild birds, alaska, usa, 2016. | we report reoccurrence of highly pathogenic avian influenza a(h5n2) virus clade 2.3.4.4 in a wild mallard in alaska, usa, in august 2016. identification of this virus in a migratory species confirms low-frequency persistence in north america and the potential for re-dissemination of the virus during the 2016 fall migration. | 2017 | 28098546 |
| targeting antigens to dec-205 on dendritic cells induces a higher immune response in chickens: hemagglutinin of avian influenza virus example. | it is widely known that targeting a variety of antigens to the dec-205 receptor on dendritic cells (dcs) significantly potentiate immunity. this communication reports the development of a new murine monoclonal antibody (mab) against the chicken dec-205, using as immunogen the carbohydrate recognition domain-2 (crd-2) heterologously expressed. this mab recognizes a protein band of 250kda by immunoprecipitation analysis and shows strong cross-reactivity with human and pig dec-205. furthermore, the ... | 2017 | 27987414 |
| label-free virus capture and release by a microfluidic device integrated with porous silicon nanowire forest. | viral diseases are perpetual threats to human and animal health. detection and characterization of viral pathogens require accurate, sensitive, and rapid diagnostic assays. for field and clinical samples, the sample preparation procedures limit the ultimate performance and utility of the overall virus diagnostic protocols. this study presents the development of a microfluidic device embedded with porous silicon nanowire (psinw) forest for label-free size-based point-of-care virus capture in a co ... | 2017 | 27918640 |
| h5n2 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses from the us 2014-2015 outbreak have an unusually long pre-clinical period in turkeys. | from december 2014 through june 2015, the us experienced the most costly highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) outbreak to date. most cases in commercial poultry were caused by an h5n2 strain which was a reassortant with 5 eurasian lineage genes, including a clade 2.3.4.4 goose/guangdong/1996 lineage hemagglutinin, and 3 genes from north american wild waterfowl low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses. the outbreak primarily affected turkeys and table-egg layer type chickens. three isolates ... | 2016 | 27876034 |
| age is not a determinant factor in susceptibility of broilers to h5n2 clade 2.3.4.4 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus. | in 2014-2015, the us experienced an unprecedented outbreak of h5 clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) virus. the h5n2 hpai virus outbreak in the midwest in 2015 affected commercial turkey and layer farms, but not broiler farms. to assess any potential genetic resistance of broilers and/or age-related effects, we investigated the pathogenesis and transmission of a/turkey/minnesota/12582/2015 (h5n2) (tk/mn/15) virus in commercial 5-week-old broilers, 8-week-old broilers, and >30- ... | 2016 | 27871330 |
| highly pathogenic influenza a(h5nx) viruses with altered h5 receptor-binding specificity. | emergence and intercontinental spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza a(h5nx) virus clade 2.3.4.4 is unprecedented. h5n8 and h5n2 viruses have caused major economic losses in the poultry industry in europe and north america, and lethal human infections with h5n6 virus have occurred in asia. knowledge of the evolution of receptor-binding specificity of these viruses, which might affect host range, is urgently needed. we report that emergence of these viruses is accompanied by a change in rec ... | 2017 | 27869615 |
| sequence diversity and associated pathogenicity of the hemagglutinin cleavage site of h5n2 avian influenza viruses isolated from chickens in taiwan during 2013-2015. | the sequence at the hemagglutinin (ha) cleavage site (cs) plays a key role in determining the pathogenicity of avian influenza viruses. three types of ha cs sequences, qrekr/gl, qrkkr/gl and qrrkr/gl, were previously reported in taiwanese h5n2 viruses that were isolated from chickens from 2003 to 2013. however, no ha cs sequence was reported for viruses isolated after 2013. this article presents the ha cs sequences and pathogenicity of h5n2 viruses that were isolated from chickens in taiwan duri ... | 2017 | 27725416 |
| pathologic findings and viral antigen distribution during natural infection of ring-necked pheasants with h5n2 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus a. | highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) is a major viral disease of poultry characterized by acute onset, systemic infection, and rapid death. in january 2015, h5n2 hpai was identified by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qrt-pcr) and gene sequencing as the cause of rapid death in 40 of 390 ring-necked pheasants (approximately 10% mortality), raised in a game bird farm in washington state. we report clinicopathologic findings and viral antigen distribution in pheasan ... | 2017 | 27694426 |
| amino acid substitutions involved in the adaptation of a novel highly pathogenic h5n2 avian influenza virus in mice. | h5n2 avian influenza viruses (aivs) can infect individuals that are in frequent contact with infected birds. in 2013, we isolated a novel reassortant highly pathogenic h5n2 aiv strain [a/duck/zhejiang/6dk19/2013(h5n2) (6dk19)] from a duck in eastern china. this study was undertaken to understand the adaptive processes that led enhanced replication and increased virulence of 6dk19 in mammals. 6dk19 was adapted to mice using serial lung-to-lung passages (10 passages total). the virulence of the wi ... | 2016 | 27663652 |
| investigation into the airborne dissemination of h5n2 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus during the 2015 spring outbreaks in the midwestern united states. | we investigated the plausibility of aerosol transmission of h5n2 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) virus during the 2015 spring outbreaks that occurred in the u.s. midwest. air samples were collected inside and outside of infected turkey and layer facilities. samples were tested to assess hpai virus concentration (rna copies/m(3) of air), virus viability, and virus distribution by particle size. hpai virus rna was detected inside and up to 1000 m from infected facilities. hpai virus was i ... | 2016 | 27610723 |
| genetic characterization of h5n2 influenza viruses isolated from wild birds in japan suggests multiple reassortment. | low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses (lpaivs) of the h5 subtype can mutate to highly pathogenic forms, potentially destabilizing the poultry industry. wild migratory birds are considered a natural reservoir of lpaivs capable of dispersing both high- and low-pathogenic forms of the virus. therefore, surveillance and characterization of aiv in wild birds are essential. here, we report on the isolation and genetic characterization of 10 aivs of the h5n2 subtype obtained through surveillance in ho ... | 2016 | 27573808 |
| outbreak of h5n2 highly pathogenic avian influenza a virus infection in two commercial layer facilities: lesions and viral antigen distribution. | the largest outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza a virus (hpaiv) infection in u.s. history began in december 2014 resulting in the euthanasia of millions of birds and collateral economic consequences to the u.s. poultry industry. we describe 2 cases of h5n2 hpaiv infection in laying hens in iowa. following a sharp increase in mortality with minimal clinical signs, 15 dead birds, from 2 unrelated farms, were submitted to the iowa state university veterinary diagnostic laboratory. common ... | 2016 | 27423731 |
| susceptibility and status of avian influenza in ostriches. | the extensive nature of ostrich farming production systems bears the continual risk of point introductions of avian influenza virus (aiv) from wild birds, but immune status, management, population density, and other causes of stress in ostriches are the ultimate determinants of the severity of the disease in this species. from january 2012 to december 2014, more than 70 incidents of aiv in ostriches were reported in south africa. these included h5n2 and h7n1 low pathogenicity avian influenza (lp ... | 2016 | 27309069 |
| lessons from the largest epidemic of avian influenza viruses in taiwan, 2015. | the largest epidemic of avian influenza (ai) in history attacked poultry and wild birds throughout taiwan starting january 6, 2015. this study analyzed surveillance results, epidemiologic characteristics, and viral sequences by using government-released information, with the intention to provide recommendations to minimize future pandemic influenza. the h5 clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic ai viruses (hpaivs) had not been detected in taiwan before 2015. during this epidemic, four types of etiologi ... | 2016 | 27309051 |
| description of an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza in domestic ostriches (struthio camelus) in south africa in 2011. | in 2011, the commercial ostrich production industry of south africa experienced an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai), subtype h5n2. surveillance using antibody and antigen detection revealed 42 infected farms with a between-farm prevalence in the affected area of 16%. the outbreak was controlled using depopulation of infected farms, resulting in the direct loss of 10% of the country's domestic ostrich population. various factors in the ostrich production system were observed t ... | 2016 | 27237385 |
| cross-protection of newly emerging hpai h5 viruses by neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies: a viable alternative to oseltamivir. | newly emerging highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n2, h5n3, h5n5, h5n6, h5n8 and h5n9 viruses have been spreading in poultry and wild birds. the h5n6 viruses have also caused 10 human infections with 4 fatal cases in china. here, we assessed the cross-neutralization and cross-protection of human and mouse monoclonal antibodies against 2 viruses: a hpai h5n8 virus, a/chicken/netherlands/14015526/2014 (ne14) and a hpai h5n6 virus, a/sichuan/26221/2014 (sc14). the former was isolated from a ... | 2017 | 27167234 |
| simultaneous subtyping and pathotyping of avian influenza viruses in chickens in taiwan using reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification and microarray. | the h6n1 avian influenza virus has circulated in taiwan for more than 40 years. the sporadic activity of low pathogenic h5n2 virus has been noted since 2003, and highly pathogenic h5n2 avian influenza virus has been detected since 2008. ressortant viruses between h6n1 and h5n2 viruses have become established and enzootic in chickens throughout taiwan. outbreaks caused by novel highly pathogenic h5 avian influenza viruses whose ha genes were closely related to that of the h5n8 virus isolated from ... | 2016 | 27086860 |
| surveillance for highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in wild birds during outbreaks in domestic poultry, minnesota, 2015. | in 2015, a major outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) infection devastated poultry facilities in minnesota, usa. to understand the potential role of wild birds, we tested 3,139 waterfowl fecal samples and 104 sick and dead birds during march 9-june 4, 2015. hpaiv was isolated from a cooper's hawk but not from waterfowl fecal samples. | 2016 | 27064759 |
| h9n2 avian influenza virus-derived natural reassortant h5n2 virus in swan containing the hemagglutinin segment from eurasian h5 avian influenza virus with an in-frame deletion of four basic residues in the polybasic hemagglutinin cleavage site. | we isolated a novel h5n2 avian influenza virus from swans in china. the virus was derived from a widespread h9n2 avian influenza virus but acquired the hemagglutinin gene from eurasian h5 subtype with a naturally occurring in-frame deletion of four basic residues in the polybasic hemagglutinin cleavage site. | 2016 | 26910357 |
| flock-based surveillance for low pathogenic avian influenza virus in commercial breeders and layers, southwest nigeria. | flock surveillance systems for avian influenza (ai) virus play a critical role in countries where vaccination is not practiced so as to establish the epidemiological characteristics of ai needed for the development of prevention and control strategies in such countries. | 2017 | 28337492 |
| amino acid residues at positions 222 and 227 of the hemagglutinin together with the neuraminidase determine binding of h5 avian influenza viruses to sialyl lewis x. | influenza viruses isolated from ducks are rarely able to infect chickens; it is therefore postulated that these viruses need to adapt in some way to be able to be transmitted to chickens in nature. previous studies revealed that sialyl lewis x (3'slex), which is fucosylated α2,3 sialoside, was predominantly detected on the epithelial cells of the chicken trachea, whereas this glycan structure is not found in the duck intestinal tract. to clarify the mechanisms of the interspecies transmission of ... | 2016 | 26542967 |
| previous infection with virulent strains of newcastle disease virus reduces highly pathogenic avian influenza virus replication, disease, and mortality in chickens. | highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) and newcastle disease virus (ndv) are two of the most important viruses affecting poultry worldwide and produce co-infections especially in areas of the world where both viruses are endemic; but little is known about the interactions between these two viruses. the objective of this study was to determine if co-infection with ndv affects hpaiv replication in chickens. only infections with virulent ndv strains (mesogenic pigeon/1984 or velogenic ca/2 ... | 2015 | 26394750 |
| clinical testing of pre-pandemic live attenuated a/h5n2 influenza candidate vaccine in adult volunteers: results from a placebo-controlled, randomized double-blind phase i study. | this study describes a double-blinded randomized placebo-controlled phase i clinical trial of a/h5n2 live attenuated influenza vaccine in healthy volunteers. | 2015 | 26296497 |
| phenotypic and genetic characterization of avian influenza h5n2 viruses with intra- and inter-duck variations in taiwan. | human infections with avian influenza viruses (aivs) have frequently raised global concerns of emerging, interspecies-transmissible viruses with pandemic potential. waterfowl, the predominant reservoir of influenza viruses in nature, harbor precursors of different genetic lineages that have contributed to novel pandemic influenza viruses in the past. | 2015 | 26263554 |
| immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the norovirus p particle-m2e chimeric vaccine in chickens. | the ectodomain of the influenza matrix protein 2 (m2e) is highly conserved across strains and has been shown to be a promising candidate for universal influenza vaccine in the mouse model. in this study, we tested immune response and protective efficacy of a chimeric norovirus p particle containing the avian m2e protein against challenges with three avian influenza (ai) viruses (h5n2, h6n2, h7n2) in chickens. two-week-old specific pathogen free chickens were vaccinated 3 times with an m2e-p part ... | 2015 | 26232342 |
| sequence and phylogenetic analyses of five low pathogenic avian influenza h5n2 viruses isolated in china. | five h5n2 avian influenza viruses (aivs) were isolated in xianghai national nature reserve, jilin province, china in october 2011. they were all identified as low pathogenic aivs (lpaivs) based on their deduced amino acid sequences at the cleavage site of ha protein. phylogenetic analysis revealed that all gene segments clustered in the eurasian lineage and that the nucleotide homology of the five isolates was greater for ha and na genes than for the genes for internal proteins pb2, pb1, pa, m, ... | 2015 | 26104330 |
| changing risk awareness and personal protection measures for low to high pathogenic avian influenza in live-poultry markets in taiwan, 2007 to 2012. | outbreaks of low and high pathogenic avian influenza (lpai, hpai) h5n2 in chickens have occurred in taiwan since 2003 and 2012, respectively. fully understanding the different awareness, attitudes and protective behaviors adopted by workers in live-poultry markets (lpmws) and local community residents (crs) to face the challenges of lpai and hpai is very important to minimize viral adaptations to human populations. | 2015 | 26104109 |
| complete genome sequence of a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (h5n2) associated with an outbreak in commercial chickens, iowa, usa, 2015. | a novel reassortant influenza a virus (h5n2) was first detected in british columbia, canada, in december 2014. the virus rapidly spread along the waterfowl migration flyways in the united states, causing multiple hpai outbreaks in poultry. here, we present the complete genome sequence of hpaiv-h5n2 from a commercial chicken flock in iowa. | 2015 | 26067961 |
| [effect of amino acid substitutions in small subunit of avian h5n2 influenza virus hemagglutinin on selection of the mutants resistant to neutralizing monoclonal antibodies]. | changes associated with the resistance to physical and chemical factors in the hemagglutinin (ha) of influenza a viruses may play an important role in the selection of different influenza variants during circulation in nature. here, we studied the escape mutants of influenza virus a/mallard/pennsylvania/10218/84 (h5n2) that were selected by the monoclonal antibody. the escape mutant m4f11(4) carried a single amino acid substitution in large subunit (ha1) of the ha, s145p1, and two ones, m4g10(10 ... | 2015 | 26065262 |
| novel eurasian highly pathogenic avian influenza a h5 viruses in wild birds, washington, usa, 2014. | novel eurasian lineage avian influenza a(h5n8) virus has spread rapidly and globally since january 2014. in december 2014, h5n8 and reassortant h5n2 viruses were detected in wild birds in washington, usa, and subsequently in backyard birds. when they infect commercial poultry, these highly pathogenic viruses pose substantial trade issues. | 2015 | 25898265 |
| recognition of dual targets by a molecular beacon-based sensor: subtyping of influenza a virus. | a molecular beacon (mb)-based sensor to offer a decisive answer in combination with information originated from dual-target inputs is designed. the system harnesses an assistant strand and thermodynamically favored designation of unpaired nucleotides (uns) to process the binary targets in "and-gate" format and report fluorescence in "off-on" mechanism via a formation of a dna four-way junction (4wj). by manipulating composition of the uns, the dynamic fluorescence difference between the binary t ... | 2015 | 25879394 |
| reassortant highly pathogenic influenza a h5n2 virus containing gene segments related to eurasian h5n8 in british columbia, canada, 2014. | in late november 2014 higher than normal death losses in a meat turkey and chicken broiler breeder farm in the fraser valley of british columbia initiated a diagnostic investigation that led to the discovery of a novel reassortant highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n2 virus. this virus, composed of 5 gene segments (pb2, pa, ha, m and ns) related to eurasian hpai h5n8 and the remaining gene segments (pb1, np and na) related to north american lineage waterfowl viruses, represents the first ... | 2015 | 25804829 |
| serological comparison of antibodies to avian influenza viruses, subtypes h5n2, h6n1, h7n3 and h7n9 between poultry workers and non-poultry workers in taiwan in 2012. | in taiwan, avian influenza virus (aiv) subtypes h5n2, h6n1 and h7n3 have been identified in domestic poultry, and several strains of these subtypes have become endemic in poultry. to evaluate the potential of avian-to-human transmission due to occupational exposure, an exploratory analysis of aiv antibody status in poultry workers was conducted. we enrolled 670 poultry workers, including 335 live poultry vendors (lpvs), 335 poultry farmers (pfs), and 577 non-poultry workers (npws). serum antibod ... | 2015 | 25761403 |
| circulation of the low pathogenic avian influenza subtype h5n2 virus in ducks at a live bird market in ibadan, nigeria. | to monitor carrier hosts of avian influenza in nigeria, we randomly collected cloaca swab specimens from 155 ducks at a live bird market (lbm) in ibadan, southwest nigeria, between july 2011 and july 2012. | 2014 | 25671118 |
| [the use of apoptosis inducers in the therapy of experimental influenza infection and preventing of chronic post-influenza lung damage]. | influenza is a respiratory infection widely spread around the world. influenza complications are various in nature and in most cases involve the excessive proliferation of cells in respiratory tract as a factor of pathogenesis. in the present work the efficacy of the use of apoptosis inducer 6-[3-(1-adamantyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]-2-naphtalenecarboxylic acid (ahpn) for prophylaxis of chronic damage on the stage of post- influenza pneumonia has been studied. mice were infected with influenza virus a/ ... | 2014 | 25509421 |
| subclinical highly pathogenic avian influenza virus infection among vaccinated chickens, china. | subclinical infection of vaccinated chickens with a highly pathogenic avian influenza a(h5n2) virus was identified through routine surveillance in china. investigation suggested that the virus has evolved into multiple genotypes. to better control transmission of the virus, we recommend a strengthened program of education, biosecurity, rapid diagnostics, surveillance, and elimination of infected poultry. | 2014 | 25418710 |
| differential microrna expression following infection with a mouse-adapted, highly virulent avian h5n2 virus. | micrornas (mirnas) are known to regulate various biological processes, including expression of cellular gene and virus-induced inflammation. recently, studies have indicated that some mirnas could regulate influenza virus replication. due to differential sensitivities of influenza a virus strains to different species (avian and mammalian), variations in host responses may be observed. therefore, we investigated and compared the differences in global host mirna expression in mouse lungs infected ... | 2014 | 25266911 |
| multiplex evaluation of influenza neutralizing antibodies with potential applicability to in-field serological studies. | the increased number of outbreaks of h5 and h7 lpai and hpai viruses in poultry has major public and animal health implications. the continuous rapid evolution of these subtypes and the emergence of new variants influence the ability to undertake effective surveillance. retroviral pseudotypes bearing influenza haemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) envelope glycoproteins represent a flexible platform for sensitive, readily standardized influenza serological assays. we describe a multiplex as ... | 2014 | 25101305 |
| characterization of a novel highly pathogenic h5n2 avian influenza virus isolated from a duck in eastern china. | during surveillance for avian influenza viruses (aivs) in live-poultry markets (lpms) in eastern china in 2013, one h5n2 aiv was isolated from a duck. phylogenetic analysis showed that the hemagglutinin of this strain belongs to clade 2.3.4 and received its genes from h5, h3 and h6 aivs of poultry in china. the virulence of this strain was examined in chickens and mice, and it was found to be highly pathogenic in chickens but demonstrated moderate pathogenicity in mice. these results suggest tha ... | 2014 | 25091744 |
| extended transmission of two h5/h7 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses in chickens. | transmission experiments are useful for investigating the mechanisms of low pathogenic notifiable avian influenza virus (lpnai) transmission. in this study, the hypothesis that inoculation-infected chickens are more infectious than contact-infected chickens was tested. to this end, extended transmission experiments with one h5n2 and one h7n1 lpaiv which had previously been characterized in a series of standard transmission experiments were conducted in specific pathogen-free (spf) chickens. for ... | 2015 | 24924291 |
| avian influenza virus with hemagglutinin-neuraminidase combination h8n8, isolated in russia. | we report the genome sequence of an avian influenza virus (aiv) subtype h8n8, isolated in russia. the genome analysis shows that all genes belong to aiv eurasian lineages. the pb2 gene was similar to a mongolian low-pathogenic (lp) aiv h7n1 and a chinese high-pathogenic (hp) aiv h5n2. | 2014 | 24903874 |
| a chicken influenza virus recognizes fucosylated α2,3 sialoglycan receptors on the epithelial cells lining upper respiratory tracts of chickens. | influenza viruses recognize sialoglycans as receptors. although viruses isolated form chickens preferentially bind to sialic acid α2,3 galactose (saα2,3gal) glycans as do those of ducks, chickens were not experimentally infected with viruses isolated from ducks. a chicken influenza virus, a/chicken/ibaraki/1/2005 (h5n2) (ck/ibr) bound to fucose-branched saα2,3gal glycans, whereas the binding towards linear saα2,3gal glycans was weak. on the epithelial cells of the upper respiratory tracts of chi ... | 2014 | 24889232 |
| characterization of a low pathogenic avian influenza h5n2 virus isolated from a turkey breeder flock in manitoba, canada. | in november 2010, an outbreak of avian influenza (ai) due to the h5n2 subtype virus occurred in a turkey breeder farm in northern manitoba, canada. the only clinical signs observed were depression, decrease in food consumption, and loss of egg production. the hemagglutinin (ha) cleavage (ha(0)) site of the isolated h5n2 virus was pqretr/glf, consistent with low pathogenic ai viruses. the intravenous pathogenicity index of this virus was zero. whole-genome sequencing of two isolates that originat ... | 2014 | 24758106 |
| influenza a(h5n2) virus antibodies in humans after contact with infected poultry, taiwan, 2012. | six persons in taiwan who had contact with poultry infected with influenza a(h5n2) showed seroconversion for the virus by hemagglutinin inhibition or microneutralization testing. we developed an elisa based on nonstructural protein 1 of the virus to differentiate natural infection from cross-reactivity after vaccination; 2 persons also showed seroconversion by this test. | 2014 | 24750594 |
| interspecies transmission of canine influenza virus h5n2 to cats and chickens by close contact with experimentally infected dogs. | the novel h5n2 influenza virus, ca/sd/jt01/09, was isolated from the dog exhibiting respiratory signs in china in 2009. dog to dog transmission of the novel h5n2 was previously confirmed. but interspecies transmission of the virus between dogs and the other animals has still remained unclear. to determine whether the virus can be transmitted directly from dogs to cats and chickens, we conducted contact exposure experiments. susceptible cats and chickens were housed in the room which the novel h5 ... | 2014 | 24656135 |
| emergence and evolution of avian h5n2 influenza viruses in chickens in taiwan. | sporadic activity by h5n2 influenza viruses has been observed in chickens in taiwan from 2003 to 2012. the available information suggests that these viruses were generated by reassortment between a mexican-like h5n2 virus and a local enzootic h6n1 virus. yet the origin, prevalence, and pathogenicity of these h5n2 viruses have not been fully defined. following the 2012 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) outbreaks, surveillance was conducted from december 2012 to july 2013 at a live-poultry ... | 2014 | 24623422 |
| environmental correlates of h5n2 low pathogenicity avian influenza outbreak heterogeneity in domestic poultry in italy. | italy has experienced recurrent incursions of h5n2 avian influenza (ai) viruses in different geographical areas and varying sectors of the domestic poultry industry. considering outbreak heterogeneity rather than treating all outbreaks of low pathogenicity ai (lpai) viruses equally is important given their interactions with the environment and potential to spread, evolve and increase pathogenicity. this study aims at identifying potential environmental drivers of h5n2 lpai outbreak occurrence in ... | 2014 | 24466241 |
| origin and molecular characterization of the human-infecting h6n1 influenza virus in taiwan. | in june 2013, the first human h6n1 influenza virus infection was confirmed in taiwan. however, the origin and molecular characterization of this virus, a/taiwan/2/2013 (h6n1), have not been well studied thus far. in the present report, we performed phylogenetic and coalescent analyses of this virus and compared its molecular profile/characteristics with other closely related strains. molecular characterization of h6n1 revealed that it is a typical avian influenza virus of low pathogenicity, whic ... | 2013 | 24136722 |
| effect of passive immunization on immunogenicity and protective efficacy of vaccination against a mexican low-pathogenic avian h5n2 influenza virus. | despite the use of vaccines, low-pathogenic (lp) h5n2 influenza viruses have continued to circulate and evolve in chickens in mexico since 1993, giving rise to multiple genetic variants. antigenic drift is partially responsible for the failure to control h5n2 influenza by vaccination; the contribution of maternal antibodies to this problem has received less attention. | 2013 | 23889740 |
| excessive cytokine response to rapid proliferation of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses leads to fatal systemic capillary leakage in chickens. | highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) cause lethal infection in chickens. severe cases of hpaiv infections have been also reported in mammals, including humans. in both mammals and birds, the relationship between host cytokine response to the infection with hpaivs and lethal outcome has not been well understood. in the present study, the highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses a/turkey/italy/4580/1999 (h7n1) (ty/italy) and a/chicken/netherlands/2586/2003 (h7n7) (ck/nl) and the low ... | 2013 | 23874602 |
| genetic changes that accompanied shifts of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses toward higher pathogenicity in poultry. | avian influenza viruses (aiv) of h5 and h7 subtypes exhibit two different pathotypes in poultry: infection with low pathogenic (lp) strains results in minimal, if any, health disturbances, whereas highly pathogenic (hp) strains cause severe morbidity and mortality. lpaiv of h5 and h7 subtypes can spontaneously mutate into hpaiv. ten outbreaks caused by hpaiv are known to have been preceded by circulation of a predecessor lpaiv in poultry. three of them were caused by h5n2 subtype and seven invol ... | 2013 | 23863606 |
| prolonged excretion of a low-pathogenicity h5n2 avian influenza virus strain in the pekin duck. | h5n2 strains of low-pathogenicity avian influenza virus (lpaiv) have been circulating for at least 17 years in some mexican chicken farms. we measured the rate and duration of viral excretion from pekin ducks that were experimentally inoculated with an h5n2 lpaiv that causes death in embryonated chicken eggs (a/chicken/mexico/2007). leghorn chickens were used as susceptible host controls. the degree of viral excretion was evaluated with real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction ( ... | 2013 | 23820212 |
| a novel lactococcal vaccine expressing a peptide from the m2 antigen of h5n2 highly pathogenic avian influenza a virus prolongs survival of vaccinated chickens. | a cost-effective and efficacious influenza vaccine for use in commercial poultry farms would help protect against avian influenza outbreaks. current influenza vaccines for poultry are expensive and subtype specific, and therefore there is an urgent need to develop a universal avian influenza vaccine. we have constructed a live bacterial vaccine against avian influenza by expressing a conserved peptide from the ectodomain of m2 antigen (m2e) on the surface of lactococcus lactis (ll). chickens wer ... | 2013 | 23766929 |
| evaluation of the u.s. department of agriculture's egg pasteurization processes on the inactivation of high-pathogenicity avian influenza virus and velogenic newcastle disease virus in processed egg products. | globally, 230,662 metric tons of liquid egg products are marketed each year. the presence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) or newcastle disease in an exporting country can legitimately inhibit trade in eggs and processed egg products; development and validation of pasteurization parameters are essential for safe trade to continue. the hpai virus (hpaiv) a/chicken/pennsylvania/1370/1983 (h5n2) and velogenic newcastle disease virus (vndv) ampv-1/chicken/california/s01212676/2002 were in ... | 2013 | 23575126 |
| effect of oseltamivir carboxylate consumption on emergence of drug-resistant h5n2 avian influenza virus in mallard ducks. | oseltamivir carboxylate (oc) has been detected in environmental waters at various levels during recent influenza seasons in humans, reflecting levels of usage and stability of this drug. in consideration of the role of waterfowl as hosts for influenza viruses that may contribute to human infections, we evaluated the effect of consumption of low doses of oc on development of oseltamivir-resistant influenza virus mutants in mallard ducks (anas platyrhynchos) infected with two different low-pathoge ... | 2013 | 23459475 |
| the impact of viral tropism and housing conditions on the transmission of three h5/h7 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses in chickens. | in this study, shedding and transmission of three h5/h7 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (lpaivs) in poultry was characterized and the impact of floor system on transmission was assessed. transmission experiments were simultaneously conducted with two groups of animals housed on either a grid or a floor covered with litter. transmission was observed for h5n2 a/ch/belgium/150vb/99 lpaiv. this virus was shed almost exclusively via the oropharynx and no impact of floor system was seen. transm ... | 2013 | 23398968 |
| early regulation of viral infection reduces inflammation and rescues mx-positive mice from lethal avian influenza infection. | differing sensitivity of influenza a viruses to antiviral effects of the myxovirus resistance (mx) protein implies varying global gene expression profiles in the host. the role of mx protein during lethal avian influenza (ai) virus infection was examined using mx1-deficient c57bl/6 (b6-mx1(-/-)) and congenic mx1-expressing (b6-mx1(+/+)) mice infected with a virulent, mouse-adapted avian h5n2 ab/korea/ma81/07 (av/ma81) virus. after infection, b6-mx1(+/+) mice were completely protected from lethal ... | 2013 | 23395090 |
| chasing notifiable avian influenza in domestic poultry: a case report of low-pathogenic avian influenza h5 viruses in two belgian holdings. | in december 2008, bird species in two geographically distant holdings were found positive for h5 viruses following the annual avian influenza serological screening in belgium. the virological tests performed identified in one holding a low-pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) virus subtype h5n2, and a h5 lpai virus was identified by real-time pcr and direct sequencing at the second holding. the first farm was an outdoor mixed holding housing ornamental birds and poultry (n = 6000) and the second a ... | 2014 | 23347839 |
| identification of a novel splice variant form of the influenza a virus m2 ion channel with an antigenically distinct ectodomain. | segment 7 of influenza a virus produces up to four mrnas. unspliced transcripts encode m1, spliced mrna2 encodes the m2 ion channel, while protein products from spliced mrnas 3 and 4 have not previously been identified. the m2 protein plays important roles in virus entry and assembly, and is a target for antiviral drugs and vaccination. surprisingly, m2 is not essential for virus replication in a laboratory setting, although its loss attenuates the virus. to better understand how iav might repli ... | 2012 | 23133386 |
| migration strategy affects avian influenza dynamics in mallards (anas platyrhynchos). | studies of pathogen transmission typically overlook that wildlife hosts can include both migrant and resident populations when attempting to model circulation. through the application of stable isotopes in flight feathers, we estimated the migration strategy of mallards (anas platyrhynchos) occurring on california wintering grounds. our study demonstrates that mallards- a principal host of avian influenza virus (aiv) in nature, contribute differently to virus gene flow depending on migration str ... | 2012 | 22971007 |
| dog to dog transmission of a novel influenza virus (h5n2) isolated from a canine. | in 2009, an influenza virus (iv), a/canine/shandong/jt01/2009 (ca/sd/jt01/09), was isolated from the dog exhibiting respiratory signs in china, and was a novel h5n2. intraspecies transmission of the virus in dog population had thus far remained unclear. to determine whether the novel h5n2 was transmitted among dogs, we conducted contact exposure and inoculation experiments. susceptible dogs were housed in the room which the novel h5n2 infected dogs were housed in. as a result, the direct contact ... | 2013 | 22906528 |
| complete genome sequence of an h5n2 avian influenza virus isolated from a parrot in southern china. | we report the complete genome sequence of an h5n2 avian influenza virus (aiv) that was first isolated from a parrot in guangdong in southern china in 2004. genomic sequence and phylogenetic analyses showed that it was highly homologous with the north american h5n2 viruses and all eight genes of this virus belonged to the north american gene lineage. these data will help in the investigation of the epidemiology and host range of aivs in southern china. | 2012 | 22843854 |
| nanowire transistor-based ultrasensitive virus detection with reversible surface functionalization. | we have applied a reusable silicon nanowire field-effect transistor (sinw-fet) as a biosensor to conduct ultrasensitive detection of h5n2 avian influenza virus (aiv) in very dilute solution. the reversible surface functionalization of sinw-fet was made possible using a disulfide linker. in the surface functionalization, 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (mptms) was first modified on the sinw-fet (referred to as mptms/sinw-fet), with subsequent dithiothreitol washing to reduce any possible disulfi ... | 2012 | 22715151 |
| reduction of high pathogenicity avian influenza virus in eggs from chickens once or twice vaccinated with an oil-emulsified inactivated h5 avian influenza vaccine. | the negative impact of high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (hpaiv) infection on egg production and deposition of virus in eggs, as well as any protective effect of vaccination, is unknown. individually housed non-vaccinated, sham-vaccinated and inactivated h5n9 vaccinated once or twice adult white leghorn hens were challenged intranasally/intratracheally 3-weeks post-vaccination with h5n2 hpaiv. the non-/sham-vaccinated layers experienced 100% mortality (0% survivability) within 3-4 days po ... | 2012 | 22652397 |
| a national study of individuals who handle migratory birds for evidence of avian and swine-origin influenza virus infections. | persons with occupational or recreational exposure to migratory birds may be at risk for infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza and other avian influenza viruses since wild birds are the natural reservoir of influenza a. additionally, bird handlers may host avian and swine-origin influenza (ph1n1) virus co-infections, which generate reassortant viruses with high pathogenicity in mammals. | 2012 | 22632900 |
| antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for detection of different h5 avian influenza a virus. | avian influenza a virus (aiv) subtype h5 is divided into american and eurasian lineages, according to hemagglutinin gene sequences. although methods for detecting h5 aivs have been described, no h5 strain-specific detection method has been reported. the purpose of the present study was to develop an antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ace) to detect and differentiate between the american and the eurasian h5 aivs. monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against the ha fragment of a eurasian h ... | 2012 | 22621946 |
| role of nonmigratory mottled ducks (anas fulvigula) as sentinels for avian influenza surveillance. | the objective of this study was to evaluate the mottled duck (anas fulvigula), a nonmigratory dabbling duck, as a sentinel species for avian influenza virus (aiv) surveillance. a total of 235 cloacal swabs from 147 live-captured and 88 hunter-harvested mottled ducks during summer (june-august 2007) and winter (november 2007 to january 2008), respectively, were collected along the upper texas coast. samples were screened for aiv using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rrt ... | 2012 | 22448526 |
| an sybr green-based real-time rt-pcr assay for the detection of h5 hemagglutinin subtype avian influenza virus. | increasing diversity among h5 hemagglutinin (ha) subtype avian influenza (ai) viruses has resulted in the need of novel sensitive and specific molecular assays. in this study, an sybr green-based real-time reverse transcription-pcr (rrt-pcr) assay was developed for the detection of h5 subtype ai virus. sequence analysis of the mexican lineage h5n2 isolates (subgroup b) revealed several mismatches in the primer/hydrolysis probe set reported in the commonly used rrt-pcr assay for the detection of ... | 2012 | 22421464 |
| vaccination and acute phase mediator production in chickens challenged with low pathogenic avian influenza virus; novel markers for vaccine efficacy? | methods to determine vaccine efficacy of low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) isolates are limited in poultry because experimental infections with lpai virus in specific pathogen free chickens rarely causes clinical disease. the most commonly used method to compare lpai vaccine efficacy is to quantify viral shedding after challenge, but it is time and labor intensive. therefore, we sought alternative methods to demonstrate vaccine efficacy, and examined whether vaccination of chickens affected ... | 2012 | 22394994 |
| a novel vaccine using nanoparticle platform to present immunogenic m2e against avian influenza infection. | using peptide nanoparticle technology, we have designed two novel vaccine constructs representing m2e in monomeric (mono-m2e) and tetrameric (tetra-m2e) forms. groups of specific pathogen free (spf) chickens were immunized intramuscularly with mono-m2e or tetra-m2e with and without an adjuvant. two weeks after the second boost, chickens were challenged with 107.2 eid50 of h5n2 low pathogenicity avian influenza (lpai) virus. m2e-specific antibody responses to each of the vaccine constructs were t ... | 2011 | 23074652 |
| interaction between research and diagnosis and surveillance of avian influenza within the caribbean animal health network (caribvet). | the caribbean region is considered to be at risk for avian influenza (ai) because of predominance of the backyard poultry system, important commercial poultry production, migratory birds and disparities in the surveillance systems. the caribbean animal health network (caribvet) has developed tools to implement ai surveillance in the region: (i) a regionally harmonized surveillance protocol, (ii) specific web pages for ai surveillance on http://www.caribvet.net, and (iii) a diagnostic network for ... | 2010 | 20537093 |
| an update on avian influenza in mexico. | the avian influenza high-pathogenicity virus was eradicated in poultry of mexico in a relatively short period by the use of inactivated emulsified vaccine, enforcing biosecurity, and controlling movement of poultry and poultry products. mexico maintains a permanent and reliable monitoring program for ai. h5n2 is the only avian influenza subtype identified. it is possible to control and eradicate the avian influenza low-pathogenicity virus mainly by controlled depopulation of positive poultry, re ... | 2003 | 14575101 |
| outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (h5n2) in italy during october 1997 to january 1998. | between the month of october 1997 and january 1998, eight outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza were diagnosed in the veneto and friuli-venezia giulia regions in north-eastern italy. for each of the eight outbreaks, influenza a virus of subtype h5n2 was isolated and the inoculation of susceptible chickens confirmed these viruses to be extremely virulent with intravenous pathogenicity indices in 6-week-old chickens of 2.98 to 3.00. although it was not possible to trace the origin of infe ... | 1999 | 26911599 |
| mucosally administered lactobacillus surface-displayed influenza antigens (sm2 and ha2) with cholera toxin subunit a1 (cta1) induce broadly protective immune responses against divergent influenza subtypes. | the development of a universal influenza vaccine that provides broad cross protection against existing and unforeseen influenza viruses is a critical challenge. in this study, we constructed and expressed conserved sm2 and ha2 influenza antigens with cholera toxin subunit a1 (cta1) on the surface of lactobacillus casei (pgsa-cta1sm2ha2/l. casei). oral and nasal administrations of recombinant l. casei into mice resulted in high levels of serum immunoglobulin g (igg) and their isotypes (igg1 & igg ... | 2015 | 26210951 |
| mucosal vaccination with recombinant lactobacillus casei-displayed cta1-conjugated consensus matrix protein-2 (sm2) induces broad protection against divergent influenza subtypes in balb/c mice. | to develop a safe and effective mucosal vaccine against pathogenic influenza viruses, we constructed recombinant lactobacillus casei strains that express conserved matrix protein 2 with (pgsa-cta1-sm2/l. casei) or without (pgsa-sm2/l. casei) cholera toxin subunit a1 (cta1) on the surface. the surface localization of the fusion protein was verified by cellular fractionation analyses, flow cytometry and immunofluorescence microscopy. oral and nasal inoculations of recombinant l. casei into mice re ... | 2014 | 24714362 |
| surveillance for eurasian-origin and intercontinental reassortant highly pathogenic influenza a viruses in alaska, spring and summer 2015. | eurasian-origin and intercontinental reassortant highly pathogenic (hp) influenza a viruses (iavs) were first detected in north america in wild, captive, and domestic birds during november-december 2014. detections of hp viruses in wild birds in the contiguous united states and southern canadian provinces continued into winter and spring of 2015 raising concerns that migratory birds could potentially disperse viruses to more northerly breeding areas where they could be maintained to eventually s ... | 2016 | 27036114 |