| clarification of anomalies in the application of a 2la molecular karyotyping method for the malaria vector anopheles gambiae. | abstract: | 2008 | 19091112 |
| use of integrated malaria management reduces malaria in kenya. | during an entomological survey in preparation for malaria control interventions in mwea division, the number of malaria cases at the kimbimbi sub-district hospital was in a steady decline. the underlying factors for this reduction were unknown and needed to be identified before any malaria intervention tools were deployed in the area. we therefore set out to investigate the potential factors that could have contributed to the decline of malaria cases in the hospital by analyzing the malaria cont ... | 2008 | 19115000 |
| the multiplicity of malaria transmission: a review of entomological inoculation rate measurements and methods across sub-saharan africa. | plasmodium falciparum malaria is a serious tropical disease that causes more than one million deaths each year, most of them in africa. it is transmitted by a range of anopheles mosquitoes and the risk of disease varies greatly across the continent. the "entomological inoculation rate" is the commonly-used measure of the intensity of malaria transmission, yet the methods used are currently not standardized, nor do they take the ecological, demographic, and socioeconomic differences across popula ... | 2009 | 19166589 |
| molecular and behavioral differentiation among brazilian populations of lutzomyia longipalpis (diptera: psychodidae: phlebotominae). | lutzomyia longipalpis is the primary vector of american visceral leishmaniasis. there is strong evidence that l. longipalpis is a species complex, but until recently the existence of sibling species among brazilian populations was considered a controversial issue. in addition, there is still no consensus regarding the number of species occurring in this complex. | 2009 | 19172187 |
| two duplicated p450 genes are associated with pyrethroid resistance in anopheles funestus, a major malaria vector. | pyrethroid resistance in anopheles funestus is a potential obstacle to malaria control in africa. tools are needed to detect resistance in field populations. we have been using a positional cloning approach to identify the major genes conferring pyrethroid resistance in this vector. a quantitative trait locus (qtl) named rp1 explains 87% of the genetic variance in pyrethroid susceptibility in two families from reciprocal crosses between susceptible and resistant strains. two additional qtls of m ... | 2009 | 19196725 |
| agent-based modelling of mosquito foraging behaviour for malaria control. | traditional environmental management programmes require extensive coverage of larval habitats to reduce drastically the emergence of adult mosquitoes. recent studies have highlighted the impact of reduced availability of aquatic habitats on mosquito foraging for hosts and oviposition sites. in this study, we developed an agent-based model to track the status and movement of mosquitoes individually. mosquito foraging was represented as a two-stage process: random flight when the resource was not ... | 2009 | 19200566 |
| molecular evolution of immune genes in the malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae. | background: as pathogens that circumvent the host immune response are favoured by selection, so are host alleles that reduce parasite load. such evolutionary processes leave their signature on the genes involved. deciphering modes of selection operating on immune genes might reveal the nature of host-pathogen interactions and factors that govern susceptibility in host populations. such understanding would have important public health implications. methodology/findings: we analyzed polymorphisms ... | 2009 | 19234606 |
| feasibility and acceptability of home-based management of malaria strategy adapted to sudan's conditions using artemisinin-based combination therapy and rapid diagnostic test. | malaria remains a major public health problem especially in sub-saharan africa. despite the efforts exerted to provide effective anti-malarial drugs, still some communities suffer from getting access to these services due to many barriers. this research aimed to assess the feasibility and acceptability of home-based management of malaria (hmm) strategy using artemisinin-based combination therapy (act) for treatment and rapid diagnostic test (rdt) for diagnosis. | 2009 | 19272157 |
| fcgammariia (cd32) polymorphism and anti-malarial igg subclass pattern among fulani and sympatric ethnic groups living in eastern sudan. | a snp at position 131, in the fcgammariia gene, affects the binding of the different igg subclasses and may influence the clinical variation seen in patients with falciparum malaria. this study confirms and extends previous findings, analysing the fcgammariia (cd32) polymorphism in relation to the igg subclass distribution seen among two sympatric tribes living in eastern sudan, characterized by marked differences in susceptibility to plasmodium falciparum malaria. | 2009 | 19284648 |
| parasitism of kenyan mosquito larvae (diptera: culicidae) by romanomermis culicivorax (nematoda: mermithidae). | the ability of romanomermis culicivorax to infect, develop, and emerge from kenyan mosquito hosts was evaluated in the laboratory. host species tested were aedes aegypti, ae. dentatus, ae. hirsutus, anopheles arabiensis, an. coustani, an. funestus, an. gambiae, an. pharoensis, culex duttoni, cu. ethiopicus, cu. poicilipes, cu. quinquefasciatus, cu. tigripes, cu. univittatus, coquillettidia metallica, mansonia africana, ma. uniformis, mimomyia splendens, mi. uniformis, toxorhyncites brevipalpis, ... | 1988 | 19290190 |
| microbial larvicide application by a large-scale, community-based program reduces malaria infection prevalence in urban dar es salaam, tanzania. | malaria control in africa is most tractable in urban settlements yet most research has focused on rural settings. elimination of malaria transmission from urban areas may require larval control strategies that complement adult mosquito control using insecticide-treated nets or houses, particularly where vectors feed outdoors. | 2009 | 19333402 |
| structure and dynamics of male swarms of anopheles gambiae. | mosquito swarms are poorly understood mating aggregations. in the malaria vector anopheles gambiae giles, they are known to depend on environmental conditions, such as the presence of a marker on the ground, and they may be highly relevant to reproductive isolation. we present quantitative measurements of individual an. gambiae positions within swarms from donéguébougou, mali, estimated by stereoscopic video image analysis. results indicate that swarms in this species are approximately spherical ... | 2009 | 19351073 |
| identifying the most productive breeding sites for malaria mosquitoes in the gambia. | ideally larval control activities should be targeted at sites that generate the most adult vectors, thereby reducing operational costs. despite the plethora of potential mosquito breeding sites found in the floodplains of the gambia river, about 150 km from its mouth, during the rainy season, only a small proportion are colonized by anophelines on any day. this study aimed to determine the characteristics of larval habitats most frequently and most densely populated by anopheline larvae and to e ... | 2009 | 19361337 |
| a supervised land cover classification of a western kenya lowland endemic for human malaria: associations of land cover with larval anopheles habitats. | a supervised land cover classification was developed from very high resolution ikonos satellite data and extensive ground truth sampling of a ca. 10 sq km malaria-endemic lowland in western kenya. the classification was then applied to an investigation of distribution of larval anopheles habitats. the hypothesis was that the distribution and abundance of aquatic habitats of larvae of various species of mosquitoes in the genus anopheles is associated with identifiable landscape features. | 2009 | 19371425 |
| thermal behaviour of anopheles stephensi in response to infection with malaria and fungal entomopathogens. | temperature is a critical determinant of the development of malaria parasites in mosquitoes, and hence the geographic distribution of malaria risk, but little is known about the thermal preferences of anopheles. a number of other insects modify their thermal behaviour in response to infection. these alterations can be beneficial for the insect or for the infectious agent. given current interest in developing fungal biopesticides for control of mosquitoes, anopheles stephensi were examined to tes ... | 2009 | 19379519 |
| insecticide resistance profiles for malaria vectors in the kassena-nankana district of ghana. | malaria is a major public health problem in ghana. the current strategy of the national malaria control programme is based on effective case management and the use of insecticide treated bed nets among vulnerable groups such as children under-five years of age and pregnant women. resistance to pyrethroids by anopheles gambiae s.l. and anopheles funestus has been reported in several african countries including neighbouring burkina faso. | 2009 | 19389257 |
| a resting box for outdoor sampling of adult anopheles arabiensis in rice irrigation schemes of lower moshi, northern tanzania. | malaria vector sampling is the best method for understanding the vector dynamics and infectivity; thus, disease transmission seasonality can be established. there is a need to protecting humans involved in the sampling of disease vectors during surveillance or in control programmes. in this study, human landing catch, two cow odour baited resting boxes and an unbaited resting box were evaluated as vector sampling tools in an area with a high proportion of anopheles arabiensis, as the major malar ... | 2009 | 19393098 |
| preliminary study of malaria incidence in nouakchott, mauritania. | malaria is one of the main motives for outpatient consultation and hospitalization in mauritania. however, its incidence remains unclear because of diagnostic problems and insufficient epidemiological data. | 2009 | 19416545 |
| shifting suitability for malaria vectors across africa with warming climates. | climates are changing rapidly, producing warm climate conditions globally not previously observed in modern history. malaria is of great concern as a cause of human mortality and morbidity, particularly across africa, thanks in large part to the presence there of a particularly competent suite of mosquito vector species. | 2009 | 19426558 |
| development of vegetable farming: a cause of the emergence of insecticide resistance in populations of anopheles gambiae in urban areas of benin. | a fast development of urban agriculture has recently taken place in many areas in the republic of benin. this study aims to assess the rapid expansion of urban agriculture especially, its contribution to the emergence of insecticide resistance in populations of anopheles gambiae. | 2009 | 19442297 |
| the anopheles gambiae salivary protein gsg6: an anopheline-specific protein with a blood-feeding role. | the anopheles gambiae salivary gland protein 6 (gsg6) is a small protein specifically found in the salivary glands of adult female mosquitoes. we report here the expression of a recombinant form of the protein and we show that in vivo gsg6 is expressed in distal-lateral lobes and is secreted with the saliva while the female mosquito probes for feeding. injection of gsg6 dsrna into adult a. gambiae females results in decreased gsg6 protein levels, increased probing time and reduced blood feeding ... | 2009 | 19442731 |
| house design modifications reduce indoor resting malaria vector densities in rice irrigation scheme area in western kenya. | simple modifications of typical rural house design can be an effective and relatively inexpensive method of reducing indoor mosquito vector densities and consequently decreasing malaria transmission. public health scientists have shown the potential for house design to protect people against malaria, yet this type of intervention remains virtually ignored. a randomized-controlled study was, therefore, undertaken to determine the effects of this method of vector control on the density of indoor r ... | 2009 | 19454025 |
| living at the edge: biogeographic patterns of habitat segregation conform to speciation by niche expansion in anopheles gambiae. | ongoing lineage splitting within the african malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae is compatible with ecological speciation, the evolution of reproductive isolation by divergent natural selection acting on two populations exploiting alternative resources. divergence between two molecular forms (m and s) identified by fixed differences in rdna, and characterized by marked, although incomplete, reproductive isolation is occurring in west and central africa. to elucidate the role that ecology and geog ... | 2009 | 19460144 |
| ecological niche partitioning between anopheles gambiae molecular forms in cameroon: the ecological side of speciation. | speciation among members of the anopheles gambiae complex is thought to be promoted by disruptive selection and ecological divergence acting on sets of adaptation genes protected from recombination by polymorphic paracentric chromosomal inversions. however, shared chromosomal polymorphisms between the m and s molecular forms of an. gambiae and insufficient information about their relationship with ecological divergence challenge this view. we used geographic information systems, ecological niche ... | 2009 | 19460146 |
| malaria vectors and transmission dynamics in goulmoun, a rural city in south-western chad. | knowledge of some baseline entomological data such as entomological inoculation rates (eir) is crucially needed to assess the epidemiological impact of malaria control activities directed either against parasites or vectors. in chad, most published surveys date back to the 1960's. in this study, anopheline species composition and their relation to malaria transmission were investigated in a dry sudanian savannas area of chad. | 2009 | 19463189 |
| utilization, retention and bio-efficacy studies of permanet in selected villages in buie and fentalie districts of ethiopia. | malaria remains a major public health problem in ethiopia. pyrethroid-treated mosquito nets are one of the major tools available for the prevention and control of malaria transmission. permanet is a long-lasting insecticide-treated net (llin) recommended by who for malaria control. | 2009 | 19480712 |
| efficiency evaluation of nozawa-style black light trap for control of anopheline mosquitoes. | house-residual spraying and insecticide-treated bed nets have achieved some success in controlling anthropophilic and endophagic vectors. however, these methods have relatively low efficacy in korea because anopheles sinensis, the primary malaria vector, is highly zoophilic and exophilic. so, we focused our vector control efforts within livestock enclosures using ultraviolet black light traps as a mechanical control measure. we found that black light traps captured significantly more mosquitoes ... | 2009 | 19488423 |
| inferring selection in the anopheles gambiae species complex: an example from immune-related serine protease inhibitors. | mosquitoes of the anopheles gambiae species complex are the primary vectors of human malaria in sub-saharan africa. many host genes have been shown to affect plasmodium development in the mosquito, and so are expected to engage in an evolutionary arms race with the pathogen. however, there is little conclusive evidence that any of these mosquito genes evolve rapidly, or show other signatures of adaptive evolution. | 2009 | 19497100 |
| spatial and temporal distribution of the malaria mosquito anopheles arabiensis in northern sudan: influence of environmental factors and implications for vector control. | malaria is an important public health problem in northern sudan, but little is known about the dynamics of its transmission. given the characteristic low densities of anopheles arabiensis and the difficult terrain in this area, future vector control strategies are likely to be based on area-wide integrated pest management (aw-ipm) that may include the sterile insect technique (sit). to support the planning and implementation of future aw-ipm activities, larval surveys were carried out to provide ... | 2009 | 19500425 |
| the suitability of clay pots for indoor sampling of mosquitoes in an arid area in northern tanzania. | water storage clay pots have been recently explored as method for outdoor mosquito sampling and as novel device for administrating insect-pathogenic fungi to mosquitoes. their suitability for indoor mosquito sampling in natural conditions is unknown. we tested clay pots as indoor resting sites alongside catches by cdc light trap in an area of low malaria endemicity in northern tanzania. mosquitoes were caught by clay pots although the rate of female anopheles mosquito catches was 22.64 (95% ci 1 ... | 2009 | 19524083 |
| field investigation on the repellent activity of some aromatic plants by traditional means against anopheles arabiensis and an. pharoensis (diptera: culicidae) around koka, central ethiopia. | a study was undertaken to evaluate the impact of traditional application methods of mosquito repellent plants in the reduction of the human-vector contact of malaria vectors in central ethiopia. the plants (corymbia citriodora, eucalyptus camaldulensis, ocimum suave and ocimum basilicum) were tested by thermal expulsion and direct burning on traditional stoves in the field against two important malaria vectors in ethiopia (anopheles arabiensis and an. pharoensis). a latin-square design was appli ... | 2009 | 19539591 |
| highly focused anopheline breeding sites and malaria transmission in dakar. | urbanization has a great impact on the composition of the vector system and malaria transmission dynamics. in dakar, some malaria cases are autochthonous but parasite rates and incidences of clinical malaria attacks have been recorded at low levels. ecological heterogeneity of malaria transmission was investigated in dakar, in order to characterize the anopheles breeding sites in the city and to study the dynamics of larval density and adult aggressiveness in ten characteristically different urb ... | 2009 | 19552809 |
| comparative evaluation of four mosquitoes sampling methods in rice irrigation schemes of lower moshi, northern tanzania. | adult malaria vector sampling is the most important parameter for setting up an intervention and understanding disease dynamics in malaria endemic areas. the intervention will ideally be species-specific according to sampling output. it was the objective of this study to evaluate four sampling techniques, namely human landing catch, pit shelter, indoor resting collection and odour-baited entry trap. | 2009 | 19580663 |
| pcr-based methods for the detection of l1014 kdr mutation in anopheles culicifacies sensu lato. | anopheles culicifacies s.l., a major malaria vector in india, has developed widespread resistance to ddt and is becoming resistant to pyrethroids-the only insecticide class recommended for the impregnation of bed nets. knock-down resistance due to a point mutation in the voltage gated sodium channel at l1014 residue (kdr) is a common mechanism of resistance to ddt and pyrethroids. the selection of this resistance may pose a serious threat to the success of the pyrethroid-impregnated bed net prog ... | 2009 | 19594947 |
| a new tent trap for sampling exophagic and endophagic members of the anopheles gambiae complex. | mosquito sampling methods are essential for monitoring and evaluating malaria vector control interventions. in urban dar es salaam, human landing catch (hlc) is the only method sufficiently sensitive for monitoring malaria-transmitting anopheles. hlc is labour intensive, cumbersome, hazardous, and requires such intense supervision that is difficulty to sustain on large scales. | 2009 | 19602253 |
| fever treatment in the absence of malaria transmission in an urban informal settlement in nairobi, kenya. | in sub-saharan africa, knowledge of malaria transmission across rapidly proliferating urban centres and recommendations for its prevention or management remain poorly defined. this paper presents the results of an investigation into infection prevalence and treatment of recent febrile events among a slum population in nairobi, kenya. | 2009 | 19604369 |
| assessment of the relative success of sporozoite inoculations in individuals exposed to moderate seasonal transmission. | the time necessary for malaria parasite to re-appear in the blood following treatment (re-infection time) is an indirect method for evaluating the immune defences operating against pre-erythrocytic and early erythrocytic malaria stages. few longitudinal data are available in populations in whom malaria transmission level had also been measured. | 2009 | 19604389 |
| high, clustered, nucleotide diversity in the genome of anopheles gambiae revealed through pooled-template sequencing: implications for high-throughput genotyping protocols. | association mapping approaches are dependent upon discovery and validation of single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps). to further association studies in anopheles gambiae we conducted a major resequencing programme, primarily targeting regions within or close to candidate genes for insecticide resistance. | 2009 | 19607710 |
| agriculture and the promotion of insect pests: rice cultivation in river floodplains and malaria vectors in the gambia. | anthropogenic modification of natural habitats can create conditions in which pest species associated with humans can thrive. in order to mitigate for these changes, it is necessary to determine which aspects of human management are associated with the promotion of those pests. anopheles gambiae, the main africa malaria vector, often breeds in rice fields. here the impact of the ancient practice of 'swamp rice' cultivation, on the floodplains of the gambia river, on the production of anopheline ... | 2009 | 19635125 |
| chloroquine-resistant plasmodium vivax malaria in serbo town, jimma zone, south-west ethiopia. | ethiopia has the highest proportion of vivax malaria, approximately 40% of all malaria infections, in contrast to african countries. chloroquine (cq) is the drug of choice for the treatment of plasmodium vivax infection in the country, although cq resistant p. vivax (crpv) has started to challenge the efficacy of the drug. the present study was conducted to assess the current status of crpv at serbo, jimma zone, south-west ethiopia. | 2009 | 19642976 |
| status of insecticide susceptibility in anopheles gambiae s.l. from malaria surveillance sites in the gambia. | vector control is an effective way of reducing malaria transmission. the main vector control methods include the use of insecticide-treated bed nets and indoor residual spraying (irs). both interventions rely on the continuing susceptibility of anopheles to a limited number of insecticides. however, insecticide resistance, in particular pyrethroid-ddt cross-resistance, is a challenge facing malaria vector control in africa because pyrethroids represent the only class of insecticides approved for ... | 2009 | 19656399 |
| longitudinal survey of malaria morbidity over 10 years in saharevo (madagascar): further lessons for strengthening malaria control. | madagascar has been known for having bio-geo-ecological diversity which is reflected by a complex malaria epidemiology ranging from hyperendemic to malaria-free areas. malaria-related attacks and infection are frequently recorded both in children and adults living in areas of low malaria transmission. to integrate this variability in the national malaria control policy, extensive epidemiological studies are required to up-date previous records and adjust strategies. | 2009 | 19660116 |
| comparative evaluation of the ifakara tent trap-b, the standardized resting boxes and the human landing catch for sampling malaria vectors and other mosquitoes in urban dar es salaam, tanzania. | frequent, sensitive and accurate sampling of anopheles mosquitoes is a prerequisite for effective management of malaria vector control programmes. the most reliable existing means to measure mosquito density is the human landing catch (hlc). however, the hlc technique raises major ethical concerns because of the necessity to expose humans to vectors of malaria and a variety of other pathogens. furthermore, it is a very arduous undertaking that requires intense supervision, which is severely limi ... | 2009 | 19674477 |
| human igg response to a salivary peptide, gsg6-p1, as a new immuno-epidemiological tool for evaluating low-level exposure to anopheles bites. | human populations exposed to low malaria transmission present particular severe risks of malaria morbidity and mortality. in addition, in a context of low-level exposure to anopheles vector, conventional entomological methods used for sampling anopheles populations are insufficiently sensitive and probably under-estimate the real risk of malaria transmission. the evaluation of antibody (ab) responses to arthropod salivary proteins constitutes a novel tool for estimating exposure level to insect ... | 2009 | 19674487 |
| integration of irradiation with cytoplasmic incompatibility to facilitate a lymphatic filariasis vector elimination approach. | abstract: | 2009 | 19682363 |
| spatial swarm segregation and reproductive isolation between the molecular forms of anopheles gambiae. | anopheles gambiae, the major malaria vector in africa, can be divided into two subgroups based on genetic and ecological criteria. these two subgroups, termed the m and s molecular forms, are believed to be incipient species. although they display differences in the ecological niches they occupy in the field, they are often sympatric and readily hybridize in the laboratory to produce viable and fertile offspring. evidence for assortative mating in the field was recently reported, but the underly ... | 2009 | 19734189 |
| inversion 2la is associated with enhanced desiccation resistance in anopheles gambiae. | anopheles gambiae, the principal vector of malignant malaria in africa, occupies a wide range of habitats. environmental flexibility may be conferred by a number of chromosomal inversions non-randomly associated with aridity, including 2la. the purpose of this study was to determine the physiological mechanisms associated with the 2la inversion that may result in the preferential survival of its carriers in hygrically-stressful environments. | 2009 | 19772577 |
| a heteroskedastic error covariance matrix estimator using a first-order conditional autoregressive markov simulation for deriving asympotical efficient estimates from ecological sampled anopheles arabiensis aquatic habitat covariates. | autoregressive regression coefficients for anopheles arabiensis aquatic habitat models are usually assessed using global error techniques and are reported as error covariance matrices. a global statistic, however, will summarize error estimates from multiple habitat locations. this makes it difficult to identify where there are clusters of an. arabiensis aquatic habitats of acceptable prediction. it is therefore useful to conduct some form of spatial error analysis to detect clusters of an. arab ... | 2009 | 19772590 |
| heat shock proteins contribute to mosquito dehydration tolerance. | this study examines the responses of heat shock protein transcripts, hsp70 and hsp90, to dehydration stress in three mosquito species, aedes aegypti, anopheles gambiae and culex pipiens. we first defined the water balance attributes of adult females of each species, monitored expression of the hsp transcripts in response to dehydration, and then knocked down expression of the transcripts using rna interference (rnai) to evaluate potential functions of the hsps in maintenance of water balance. fu ... | 2010 | 19782687 |
| a mechanistic approach for accurate simulation of village scale malaria transmission. | malaria transmission models commonly incorporate spatial environmental and climate variability for making regional predictions of disease risk. however, a mismatch of these models' typical spatial resolutions and the characteristic scale of malaria vector population dynamics may confound disease risk predictions in areas of high spatial hydrological variability such as the sahel region of africa. | 2009 | 19799793 |
| fungal infection counters insecticide resistance in african malaria mosquitoes. | the evolution of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes is threatening the effectiveness and sustainability of malaria control programs in various parts of the world. through their unique mode of action, entomopathogenic fungi provide promising alternatives to chemical control. however, potential interactions between fungal infection and insecticide resistance, such as cross-resistance, have not been investigated. we show that insecticide-resistant anopheles mosquitoes remain susceptible to infect ... | 2009 | 19805146 |
| placental malaria and low birth weight in pregnant women living in a rural area of burkina faso following the use of three preventive treatment regimens. | the weekly chemoprophylaxis of malaria during pregnancy with chloroquine (cq) has become problematic with the increasing resistance of plasmodium falciparum to this drug. there was a need to test the benefits of new strategies over the classical chemoprophylaxis. this study was conducted to provide data to the national malarial control programme for an evidence-based policy change decision making process. it compares the efficacy of two ipt regimens, using chloroquine (cq) or sulphadoxine/pyrime ... | 2009 | 19811649 |
| managing insecticide resistance in malaria vectors by combining carbamate-treated plastic wall sheeting and pyrethroid-treated bed nets. | pyrethroid resistance is now widespread in anopheles gambiae, the major vector for malaria in sub-saharan africa. this resistance may compromise malaria vector control strategies that are currently in use in endemic areas. in this context, a new tool for management of resistant mosquitoes based on the combination of a pyrethroid-treated bed net and carbamate-treated plastic sheeting was developed. | 2009 | 19843332 |
| habitat stability and occurrences of malaria vector larvae in western kenya highlands. | although the occurrence of malaria vector larvae in the valleys of western kenya highlands is well documented, knowledge of larval habitats in the uphill sites is lacking. given that most inhabitants of the highlands actually dwell in the uphill regions, it is important to develop understanding of mosquito breeding habitat stability in these sites in order to determine their potential for larval control. | 2009 | 19845968 |
| authentication scheme for routine verification of genetically similar laboratory colonies: a trial with anopheles gambiae. | when rearing morphologically indistinguishable laboratory strains concurrently, the threat of unintentional genetic contamination is constant. avoidance of accidental mixing of strains is difficult due to the use of common equipment, technician error, or the possibility of self relocation by adult mosquitoes ("free fliers"). in many cases, laboratory strains are difficult to distinguish because of morphological and genetic similarity, especially when laboratory colonies are isolates of certain t ... | 2009 | 19849838 |
| exploring the molecular basis of insecticide resistance in the dengue vector aedes aegypti: a case study in martinique island (french west indies). | the yellow fever mosquito aedes aegypti is a major vector of dengue and hemorrhagic fevers, causing up to 100 million dengue infections every year. as there is still no medicine and efficient vaccine available, vector control largely based on insecticide treatments remains the only method to reduce dengue virus transmission. unfortunately, vector control programs are facing operational challenges with mosquitoes becoming resistant to commonly used insecticides. resistance of ae. aegypti to chemi ... | 2009 | 19857255 |
| seasonal distribution of anopheles funestus chromosomal forms from burkina faso. | previous studies of anopheles funestus chromosomal inversion polymorphisms in burkina faso showed large departures from hardy-weinberg equilibrium and linkage disequilibrium among inversions located on different chromosomes, implying the existence of two taxonomic units ("chromosomal forms") with limited genetic flow. one chromosomal form, named folonzo, is highly polymorphic for alternative rearrangements of 3ra, 3rb, 2ra, and 3la; the other, kiribina, is predominantly characterized by the stan ... | 2009 | 19857258 |
| larvicidal, adult emergence inhibition and oviposition deterrent effects of foliage extract from ricinus communis l. against anopheles arabiensis and culex quinquefasciatus in sudan. | malaria and filariases are prevalent in sudan and their control depends largely on preventive measures against mosquito vectors. the present work aimed to investigate the larvicidal, adults emergence inhibition and oviposition deterrent effects of aqueous extracts from leaves of ricinus communis l. against the mosquitoes, anopheles arabiensis and culex quinquefasciatus as a biological control means. the larval mortality was observed after 24 hours. the lc50 values calculated were 403.65, 445.66 ... | 2009 | 19901899 |
| identification and characterization of odorant-binding protein 1 gene from the asian malaria mosquito, anopheles stephensi. | insect odorant-binding proteins (obps) are small, water-soluble molecules that are thought to transport the hydrophobic odorants to their receptors in the chemosensory neurones. here we report the identification and molecular characterization of the anopheles stephensi odorant-binding protein 1 gene (asteobp1), an obp1 gene in an. stephensi, a major malaria vector in asia. we show that asteobp1 and anopheles gambiae obp1 (agamobp1) are orthologues. these two genes share similar coding sequences ... | 2010 | 19909381 |
| the impact of a small-scale irrigation scheme on malaria transmission in ziway area, central ethiopia. | to assess the impact of a small-scale irrigation scheme in ziway area, a semi-arid area in the central ethiopian rift valley, on malaria transmission. | 2010 | 19917039 |
| ethical, legal and social aspects of the approach in sudan. | the global malaria situation, especially in africa, and the problems frequently encountered in chemical control of vectors such as insecticide resistance, emphasize the urgency of research, development and implementation of new vector control technologies that are applicable at regional and local levels. the successful application of the sterile insect technique (sit) for the control of the new world screwworm cochliomyia hominivorax and several species of fruit flies has given impetus to the us ... | 2009 | 19917073 |
| transgenic technologies to induce sterility. | the last few years have witnessed a considerable expansion in the number of tools available to perform molecular and genetic studies on the genome of anopheles mosquitoes, the vectors of human malaria. as a consequence, knowledge of aspects of the biology of mosquitoes, such as immunity, reproduction and behaviour, that are relevant to their ability to transmit disease is rapidly increasing, and could be translated into concrete benefits for malaria control strategies. amongst the most important ... | 2009 | 19917077 |
| male mating biology. | before sterile mass-reared mosquitoes are released in an attempt to control local populations, many facets of male mating biology need to be elucidated. large knowledge gaps exist in how both sexes meet in space and time, the correlation of male size and mating success and in which arenas matings are successful. previous failures in mosquito sterile insect technique (sit) projects have been linked to poor knowledge of local mating behaviours or the selection of deleterious phenotypes during colo ... | 2009 | 19917078 |
| field site selection: getting it right first time around. | the selection of suitable field sites for integrated control of anopheles mosquitoes using the sterile insect technique (sit) requires consideration of the full gamut of factors facing most proposed control strategies, but four criteria identify an ideal site: 1) a single malaria vector, 2) an unstructured, relatively low density target population, 3) isolation of the target population and 4) actual or potential malaria incidence. such a site can exist in a diverse range of situations or can be ... | 2009 | 19917079 |
| population structure analyses and demographic history of the malaria vector anopheles albimanus from the caribbean and the pacific regions of colombia. | anopheles albimanus is an important malaria vector in some areas throughout its distribution in the caribbean and the pacific regions of colombia, covering three biogeographic zones of the neotropical region, maracaibo, magdalena and chocó. | 2009 | 19922672 |
| behavioural and insecticidal effects of organophosphate-, carbamate- and pyrethroid-treated mosquito nets against african malaria vectors. | three insecticides - the pyrethroid deltamethrin, the carbamate carbosulfan and the organophosphate chlorpyrifos-methyl - were tested on mosquito nets in experimental huts to determine their potential for introduction as malaria control measures. their behavioural effects and efficacy were examined in anopheles gambiae giles s.s. (diptera: culicidae) and anopheles funestus giles s.s. in muheza, tanzania, and in anopheles arabiensis patton and culex quinquefasciatus say in moshi, tanzania. a stan ... | 2009 | 19941597 |
| malaria vector composition and insecticide susceptibility status in guinea conakry, west africa. | this study provides data on malaria vector species composition and insecticide susceptibility status from three localities in guinea conakry. a total of 497 mosquitoes were collected resting indoors and morphologically identified as belonging to the anopheles gambiae complex. the majority of these were an. gambiae s.s. (99.6%), but a small percentage (0.4%) were identified as anopheles arabiensis. thirty-four anopheles funestus s.s. were also collected. the molecular s form of an. gambiae s.s. w ... | 2009 | 19941598 |
| environmental factors associated with the malaria vectors anopheles gambiae and anopheles funestus in kenya. | the anopheles gambiae and anopheles funestus mosquito species complexes are the primary vectors of plasmodium falciparum malaria in sub-saharan africa. to better understand the environmental factors influencing these species, the abundance, distribution and transmission data from a south-eastern kenyan study were retrospectively analysed, and the climate, vegetation and elevation data in key locations compared. | 2009 | 19941637 |
| entomological assessment of the potential for malaria transmission in kibera slum of nairobi, kenya. | malaria in urban and highland areas is emerging as a significant public health threat in kenya which has seen a dramatic increase in malaria transmission in low risk highland areas. the objectives of the study were to find and incriminate potential vectors of malaria in kibera, nairobi. | 2009 | 19959853 |
| sugar deprivation reduces insemination of anopheles gambiae (diptera: culicidae), despite daily recruitment of adults, and predicts decline in model populations. | our research tests the hypothesis that the inability to sugar-feed reduces the insemination rate in mosquito populations. to test this, we measured the effects of sugar availability on cumulative insemination performance of male anopheles gambiae giles s.s. (diptera: culicidae) during 10-d periods of continual emergence of equal numbers of both sexes, and we evaluated the implications at the population level with a matrix population model. on each day of each of four replicates, 20 newly emerged ... | 2009 | 19960677 |
| loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) for rapid identification of anopheles gambiae and anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes. | the main malaria vectors of sub-saharan africa, anopheles gambiae sensu stricto and anopheles arabiensis are morphologically indistinguishable, but often occur in sympatry and differ in feeding preference and vector competence. it is important to assess vector species identity for understanding the vectorial system and establishing appropriate vector control measures. the currently available species diagnosis methods for an. gambiae sensu latu require equipment to which public health practitione ... | 2009 | 19996433 |
| the effects of zooprophylaxis and other mosquito control measures against malaria in nouna, burkina faso. | in the absence of large scale, organized vector control programmes, individual protective measures against mosquitoes are essential for reducing the transmission of diseases like malaria. knowledge of the types and effectiveness of mosquito control methods used by households can aid in the development and promotion of preventive measures. | 2009 | 20003189 |
| insecticide resistance in anopheles gambiae: data from the first year of a multi-country study highlight the extent of the problem. | insecticide resistance in malaria vectors is a growing concern in many countries which requires immediate attention because of the limited chemical arsenal available for vector control. the current extent and distribution of this resistance in many parts of the continent is unknown and yet such information is essential for the planning of effective malaria control interventions. | 2009 | 20015411 |
| habitat suitability and ecological niche profile of major malaria vectors in cameroon. | suitability of environmental conditions determines a species distribution in space and time. understanding and modelling the ecological niche of mosquito disease vectors can, therefore, be a powerful predictor of the risk of exposure to the pathogens they transmit. in africa, five anophelines are responsible for over 95% of total malaria transmission. however, detailed knowledge of the geographic distribution and ecological requirements of these species is to date still inadequate. | 2009 | 20028559 |
| global status of ddt and its alternatives for use in vector control to prevent disease. | i review the status of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (ddt), used for disease vector control, along with current evidence on its benefits and risks in relation to the available alternatives. | 2009 | 20049114 |
| molecular evolution of the three short pgrps of the malaria vectors anopheles gambiae and anopheles arabiensis in east africa. | immune responses to parasites, which start with pathogen recognition, play a decisive role in the control of the infection in mosquitoes. peptidoglycan recognition proteins (pgrps) are an important family of pattern recognition receptors that are involved in the activation of these immune reactions. pathogen pressure can exert adaptive changes in host genes that are crucial components of the vector's defence. the aim of this study was to determine the molecular evolution of the three short pgrps ... | 2010 | 20067637 |
| population structure of anopheles gambiae along the kenyan coast. | in the tropics, anopheles mosquito abundance is greatest during the wet season and decline significantly during the dry season as larval habitats shrink. population size fluctuations between wet and dry seasons may lead to variation in distribution of specific alleles within natural anopheles populations, and a possible effect on the population genetic structure. we used 11 microsatellite markers to examine the effect of seasonality on population genetic structure of anopheles gambiae s.s. at tw ... | 2010 | 20122886 |
| anopheles immune genes and amino acid sites evolving under the effect of positive selection. | it has long been the goal of vector biology to generate genetic knowledge that can be used to "manipulate" natural populations of vectors to eliminate or lessen disease burden. while long in coming, progress towards reaching this goal has been made. aiming to increase our understanding regarding the interactions between plasmodium and the anopheles immune genes, we investigated the patterns of genetic diversity of four anti-plasmodium genes in the anopheles gambiae complex of species. | 2010 | 20126662 |
| malaria elimination: when the tools are great but implementation falters. | | 2010 | 20133988 |
| larvicidal activity of cymbopogon citratus (dc) stapf. and croton macrostachyus del. against anopheles arabiensis patton, a potent malaria vector. | methanol leaf extracts of two ethiopian traditional medicinal plants viz., lomisar [vernacular name (local native language, amharic); cymbopogon citratus (dc) stapf. (poaceae)] and bisana [vernacular name (local native language, amharic); croton macrostachyus del. (euphorbiaceae)] were screened for larvicidal activity against late third instar larvae of anopheles arabiensis patton, a potent malaria vector in ethiopia. the larval mortality was observed 24 h of post treatment. both plant extracts ... | 2010 | 20184090 |
| anopheles gambiae: historical population decline associated with regional distribution of insecticide-treated bed nets in western nyanza province, kenya. | high coverage of insecticide-treated bed nets in asembo and low coverage in seme, two adjacent communities in western nyanza province, kenya; followed by expanded coverage of bed nets in seme, as the kenya national malaria programme rolled out; provided a natural experiment for quantification of changes in relative abundance of two primary malaria vectors in this holoendemic region. both belong to the anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) species complex, namely a. gambiae sensu stricto (s.s.) and ... | 2010 | 20187956 |
| attracting, trapping and killing disease-transmitting mosquitoes using odor-baited stations - the ifakara odor-baited stations. | abstract: | 2010 | 20193085 |
| high resolution niche models of malaria vectors in northern tanzania: a new capacity to predict malaria risk? | malaria transmission rates in africa can vary dramatically over the space of a few kilometres. this spatial heterogeneity reflects variation in vector mosquito habitat and presents an important obstacle to the efficient allocation of malaria control resources. malaria control is further complicated by combinations of vector species that respond differently to control interventions. recent modelling innovations make it possible to predict vector distributions and extrapolate malaria risk continen ... | 2010 | 20195366 |
| laboratory evaluation of traditionally used plant-based insect repellent against the malaria vector anopheles arabiensis patton (diptera: culicidae). | a laboratory study was carried out to evaluate the repellent efficacy of a methanol-leaf extract of ethiopian traditionally used insect repellent plant viz., lomi sar [vernacular name (local native language, amharic); cymbopogon citratus (dc) stapf. (poaceae)] against anopheles arabiensis at four different concentrations viz., 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 mg/cm(2). the percentage protection in relation to the dose method was performed. c. citratus extract has shown various degrees of repellency impact ... | 2010 | 20195634 |
| distribution of the main malaria vectors in kenya. | a detailed knowledge of the distribution of the main anopheles malaria vectors in kenya should guide national vector control strategies. however, contemporary spatial distributions of the locally dominant anopheles vectors including anopheles gambiae, anopheles arabiensis, anopheles merus, anopheles funestus, anopheles pharoensis and anopheles nili are lacking. the methods and approaches used to assemble contemporary available data on the present distribution of the dominant malaria vectors in k ... | 2010 | 20202199 |
| anopheline fauna and malaria transmission in four ecologically distinct zones in cameroon. | knowledge of baseline malaria transmission intensity in a given environment is important to guide malaria control interventions. in cameroon, recent information on malaria transmission intensity is insufficient. therefore, an entomological study was conducted in four ecologically different sites throughout the country to assess the seasonal patterns in malaria transmission intensity. anopheles arabiensis was the main vector in six of the nine study sites, while an. gambiae sensu stricto was the ... | 2010 | 20206111 |
| insecticide-treated nets can reduce malaria transmission by mosquitoes which feed outdoors. | insecticide treated nets (itns) represent a powerful means for controlling malaria in africa because the mosquito vectors feed primarily indoors at night. the proportion of human exposure that occurs indoors, when people are asleep and can conveniently use itns, is therefore very high. recent evidence suggests behavioral changes by malaria mosquito populations to avoid contact with itns by feeding outdoors in the early evening. we adapt an established mathematical model of mosquito behavior and ... | 2010 | 20207866 |
| the infectivity of the entomopathogenic fungus beauveria bassiana to insecticide-resistant and susceptible anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes at two different temperatures. | control of the major african malaria vector species continues to rely extensively on the application of residual insecticides through indoor house spraying or bed net impregnation. insecticide resistance is undermining the sustainability of these control strategies. alternatives to the currently available conventional chemical insecticides are, therefore, urgently needed. use of fungal pathogens as biopesticides is one such possibility. however, one of the challenges to the approach is the poten ... | 2010 | 20210990 |
| mosquito species associated within some western himalayas phytogeographic zones in the garhwal region of india. | thirty four species of mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) were collected across three phytogeographic zones; tropical (300 to 1000 m), sub tropical (1000 to 2000 m) and temperate (2000 to 3000 m) in the garhwal region of india. they included 5 genera: aedes, anopheles, armigeres, culex and uranotaenia. of these, the immature forms of 23 species were recovered from different breeding habitats. the larval habitats were seepage pools, river beds, rice fields, tanks, forest pools, ditches, streams, roc ... | 2007 | 20233101 |
| an extra-domiciliary method of delivering entomopathogenic fungus, metharizium anisopliae ip 46 for controlling adult populations of the malaria vector, anopheles arabiensis. | abstract: fungal biopesticides have the potential to significantly reduce densities of malaria vectors as well as associated malaria transmission. in previous field trials, entomopathogenic fungus was delivered from within human dwellings, where its efficacy was limited by low infection rates of target mosquitoes, high costs of spraying fungus inside houses, and potential public health concerns associated with introducing fungal conidia inside houses. here we have demonstrated that metarhizium a ... | 2010 | 20233423 |
| diversity in anopheline larval habitats and adult composition during the dry and wet seasons in ouagadougou (burkina faso). | several cases of malaria are frequently recorded during the dry period in ouagadougou town (burkina faso). this has led to the design of a series of studies focusing on both parasitological and entomological investigations intended to provide relevant health data on the risk of local malaria transmission according to the way of urbanisation. | 2010 | 20298619 |
| spatio-temporal patterns in kdr frequency in permethrin and ddt resistant anopheles gambiae s.s. from uganda. | the planned upscaling of vector control strategies requires insight into the epidemiological consequences of vector resistance. therefore, the pyrethroid and ddt resistance status of anopheles gambiae s.l. was assessed in uganda from 2004 to 2006, and spatial and seasonal variations in knockdown resistance (kdr) frequencies were analyzed in terms of epidemiological significance. anopheles gambiae s.l. was ddt and pyrethroid resistant in central and eastern uganda. the l1014s kdr allele frequenci ... | 2010 | 20348500 |
| biological cost of tolerance to heavy metals in the mosquito anopheles gambiae. | the global rate of heavy metal pollution is rapidly increasing in various habitats. anopheles malaria vector species (diptera: culicidae) appear to tolerate many aquatic habitats with metal pollutants, despite their normal proclivity for 'clean' water (i.e. low levels of organic matter). investigations were conducted to establish whether there are biological costs for tolerance to heavy metals in anopheles gambiae giles sensu stricto and to assess the potential impact of heavy metal pollution on ... | 2010 | 20374478 |
| population genetic structure of anopheles arabiensis (diptera: culicidae) in a rice growing area of central kenya. | studies were conducted to examine the population genetic structure of anopheles arabiensis (patton) in mwea rice irrigation scheme and surrounding areas in central kenya, under different agricultural systems. this study was motivated by observed differences in malaria transmission indices of an. arabiensis within the scheme compared with adjacent nonirrigated areas. agricultural practices can modify local microclimate and influence the number and diversity of larval habitats and in so doing may ... | 2010 | 20380294 |
| interspecies predation between anopheles gambiae s.s. and culex quinquefasciatus larvae. | interaction of aquatic stages of coexisting mosquito species may have significant influence on resulting adult mosquito populations. we used two coexisting species, anopheles gambiae s.s. and culex quinquefasciatus to investigate whether third instars of one species consumed first instars of the other. first instars of one species were readily consumed by a third instar of the other species irrespective food quantity. dna of cx. quinquefasciatus was detected in the eight an. gambiae s.s. third i ... | 2010 | 20380312 |
| predicting and mapping malaria under climate change scenarios: the potential redistribution of malaria vectors in africa. | malaria is rampant in africa and causes untold mortality and morbidity. vector-borne diseases are climate sensitive and this has raised considerable concern over the implications of climate change on future disease risk. the problem of malaria vectors (anopheles mosquitoes) shifting from their traditional locations to invade new zones is an important concern. the vision of this study was to exploit the sets of information previously generated by entomologists, e.g. on geographical range of vecto ... | 2010 | 20416059 |
| insecticide resistance in anopheles arabiensis (diptera: culicidae) from villages in central, northern and south west ethiopia and detection of kdr mutation. | abstract: | 2010 | 20416109 |
| population size and migration of anopheles gambiae in the bancoumana region of mali and their significance for efficient vector control. | we present results of two intensive mark-release-recapture surveys conducted during the wet and dry seasons of 2008 in the villages of fourda and kenieroba, mali. the former is a small fishing village by the niger river with a moderate to high densities of anopheles gambiae giles s.s. (diptera: culicidae) throughout the year, while the latter is a large agricultural community 2 km inland that experiences strong seasonal fluctuation in an. gambiae densities. we estimate the population size of fem ... | 2010 | 20422013 |
| field efficacy of a new mosaic long-lasting mosquito net (permanet 3.0) against pyrethroid-resistant malaria vectors: a multi centre study in western and central africa. | due to the spread of pyrethroid-resistance in malaria vectors in africa, new strategies and tools are urgently needed to better control malaria transmission. the aim of this study was to evaluate the performances of a new mosaic long-lasting insecticidal net (llin), i.e. permanet 3.0, against wild pyrethroid-resistant anopheles gambiae s.l. in west and central africa. | 2010 | 20423479 |
| analysis of gene mutations involved in chloroquine resistance in plasmodium falciparum parasites isolated from patients in the southwest of saudi arabia. | chloroquine has been the drug of choice for the treatment of malaria for many decades. we aimed to examine the molecular basis of chloroquine resistance among plasmodium falciparum isolates from the southwestern region of saudi arabia by analyzing the k76t and n86y mutations in the pfcrt and pfmdr1 genes, respectively. | 2010 | 20427933 |