| a survey of avian mycoplasma species for neuraminidase enzymatic activity. | among 23 currently recognized avian mycoplasma (am) species only mycoplasma gallisepticum, mycoplasma synoviae, mycoplasma meleagridis and mycoplasma iowae cause disease and loss of production in chickens and/or turkeys. because neuraminidases are considered virulence factors in many pathogenic microorganisms the aim of our study was to determine which am species possess neuraminidase enzymatic activity (neac). small samples of am cells were assayed for neac using the chromogenic substrate 5-bro ... | 2008 | 18372121 |
| lymphoproliferative responses of specific-pathogen-free chickens to mycoplasma gallisepticum strain pg31. | mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) is one of the aetiologic agents of chronic respiratory disease in chickens and infectious sinusitis in turkeys. we investigated humoral and cellular immune mechanisms following experimental infection with four different strains of mg. peripheral blood leukocytes (pbl) obtained from chickens were examined for proliferation using antigen preparations of whole cell mg as stimuli in vitro. a consistent lymphoproliferative response was observed against the homologous who ... | 1998 | 18483998 |
| antibody response detected by immunoblot in respiratory tract washings of chickens after infection with mycoplasma gallisepticum. | two experiments were conducted to test the sensitivity of western blotting for detection of m. gallisepticum antibodies in respiratory washings and sera of infected chickens by mouse monoclonal antibodies to chicken igg, igm and iga. in the first experiment, birds infected at 10 days of age were examined 2 weeks later. in the respiratory washings, iga antibodies reacted with eight polypeptides of m. gallisepticum, while igm and igg reacted with three. in the serum iga antibodies were not detecte ... | 1998 | 18484042 |
| a comparison of a commercial pcr-based test to culture methods for detection of mycoplasma gallisepticum and mycoplasma synoviae in concurrently infected chickens. | the suitability of commercial pcr-based test kits for the detection of either mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) or m. synoviae (ms) was compared to detection by culture. the mg and ms kit detected six and five homologous strains respectively in broth cultures and there were no reactions with thirteen het-erologous species including m. imitans, a species phylogenetically closely related to mg. tracheal and lung/air-sac swabs were collected from twenty 17-week-old commercial pullets which were seropos ... | 1998 | 18484270 |
| effects of prelay ts11-strain mycoplasma gallisepticum inoculation and time-specific f-strain m. gallisepticum inoculation overlays on internal egg and eggshell characteristics of commercial laying hens. | mycoplasma infections are pandemic in multiage layer chicken flocks, with mycoplasma gallisepticum being the species of greatest concern to commercial egg producers. live m. gallisepticum vaccines are presently being used to help control m. gallisepticum outbreaks. however, vaccination of layers with f-strain m. gallisepticum may adversely affect egg production. in the present study, 2 trials were conducted to compare the effects of 2 currently available live mycoplasma vaccines (the ts11- and f ... | 2008 | 18577616 |
| detection and quantification of mycoplasma gallisepticum genome load in conjunctival samples of experimentally infected house finches (carpodacus mexicanus) using real-time polymerase chain reaction. | a taqman-based real-time, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) assay utilizing the mgc2 gene was developed to detect mycoplasma gallisepticum in conjunctival swabs of experimentally infected house finches. the assay was demonstrated to be quantitative by the standard curve method with reproducible results within runs and between runs. the detection limit of the mgc2 assay was examined using two standards. the test had a detection limit of less than 14 copies per reaction when tested wit ... | 2008 | 18622854 |
| indirect elisa for the detection of a specific antibody response against mycoplasma gallisepticum. | an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed for determining mycoplasma gallisepticum antibodies in chicken sera. the m. gallisepticum antigen was detergent extracted and incorporated into iscoms. sediment of broth medium treated with sarcosyl was used as control antigen. sera were tested before and after absorption with broth medium components and elisa titres are expressed as optical density (od) at 492 nm. sera from experimentally or naturally infected chickens, those v ... | 1993 | 18671034 |
| the polymerase chain reaction for mycoplasma gallisepticum detection. | on the basis of the aligned 16s rrna sequences of mollicutes, a pair of primers was chosen for the detection of mycoplasma gallisepticum. when used in the polymerase chain reaction (pcr), the primers detected a specific amplification of all mg strains tested, yielding an expected 330 bp product. amplification was not detected when other mollicutes or e. coli were used as pcr templates. spf chickens were experimentally inoculated with two strains of m. gallisepticum or mycoplasma iowae. tracheal ... | 1993 | 18671058 |
| the use of a specific dna probe for detection of mycoplasma gallisepticum in field outbreaks. | a specific dna probe (pmg4) was used to diagnose m. gallisepticum (mg) infection in field outbreaks in chicken and turkey breeder flocks in israel. dot-blot hybridisation of tracheal swab suspensions with the probe enabled positive identification of mg as early as 4 days after sampling, even in flocks at an early stage of infection when no other specific indications of infection were available. | 1989 | 18679883 |
| development and immunogenicity of recombinant mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine strain ts-11 expressing chicken ifn-gamma. | mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) is a poultry pathogen that causes respiratory disease and loss of egg production worldwide. a live attenuated vaccine, ts-11, has been used for the control of mg in several countries. to improve the functionality of the vaccine and investigate its potential as a delivery vector for host immune molecules and foreign antigens, we have developed ts-11 as a vector to express and secrete chicken ifn-gamma (ts-11 c3) using a transposon-based delivery vector. following adm ... | 2008 | 18706959 |
| [experimental infection with mycoplasma gallisepticum: influence of ammonia as an exacerbating factor]. | five-week-old spf chickens were inoculated with a virulent strain of m. gallisepticum and half were exposed to an atmosphere containing 100 ppm ammonia. the inoculation reduced weight gain and induced general and respiratory signs (prostration, tracheal rales, and snoring). tracheal cilial movement was stopped. the severity and duration of m. gallisepticum infection were exacerbated by exposure to ammonia. | 1988 | 18766719 |
| a correlative in vivo study of the surface morphology and colonisation of the chicken trachea infected by mycoplasma gallisepticum strains r and f. | the pathogenic processes occurring in the chicken trachea as the result of infection by mycoplasma gallisepticum were followed at frequent intervals over a 2-week period after introduction of the organism into the trachea. a correlation was made between changes in the surface morphology of the trachea, as seen by the scanning electron microscope, and mycoplasma colonisation of the upper respiratory tract, as evaluated in isolation studies. effects of the clinical status of the birds were indicat ... | 1983 | 18766781 |
| cloacal infection with mycoplasma gallisepticum and the effect of inoculation with h120 infectious bronchitis vaccine virus. | infectivity of an isolate of mycoplasma gallisepticum of low virulence was studied in specific pathogen free chickens from 1 day old until after the onset of lay. widespread cloacal infection developed and it was discussed in relation to the low serological response. the effects produced by inoculation of h120 infectious bronchitis vaccine virus and coming into lay were associated with changes in serological response and increased cloacal cultural recovery. the possibility of ascending cloacal i ... | 1983 | 18766808 |
| microcomputer-assisted morphometric analysis of airsacculitis caused by mycoplasma gallisepticum in immunised and nonimmunised chickens. | inflammation caused by inoculation of mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) into the air sacs was compared in chickens previously exposed by intramuscular injection of mg with that produced in nonimmunised chickens. air sacs from chickens inoculated with frey's media, from those receiving only intramuscular injections of mg, and from nonimmunised non-challenged birds were included in the evaluations. the airsacculitis produced in immunised chickens was more severe at 48 hours post-challenge infection th ... | 1984 | 18766867 |
| [avian mycoplasmosis: comparative study of the plate agglutination test, haemagglutination inhibition test and metabolic inhibition test for detection of antibody against mycoplasma gallisepticum]. | this study was performed with the use of the mg/s6 strain of mycoplasma gallisepticum, reference sera, sera from vaccinated chickens (given at inactivated vaccine) and sera from infected turkeys in the field. titres of antibody detected were well correlated for the three tests. however, the plate agglutination test (pat) allowed the earliest detection, and metabolic inhibition test (mit) was as sensitive and specific as the haemagglutination inhibition test (hit). mit allowed a good repeatabilit ... | 1984 | 18766885 |
| [respiratory diseases of the fowl:principles of histopathological diagnosis]. | groups of specific pathogen free chickens were inoculated with five strains of newcastle disease virus, one strain of adenovirus, four strains of infectious bronchitis virus, one strain of mycoplasma gallisepticum and with infectious bronchitis virus together with mycoplasma gallisepticum. lungs and tracheas were taken at regular intervals for histopathological examination. a diagnosis could be based on tracheal lesions at different periods of their development. newcastle disease was distinguish ... | 1977 | 18770313 |
| incidence of pasteurella haemolytica in the respiratory tract of apparently healthy chickens and chickens with infectious bronchitis. characterisation of 213 strains. | the tracheal flora of healthy chickens consisted mainly of gram-positive microorganisms. a shift to a predominantly gram-negative flora, mainly due to escherichia, was observed in chickens with respiratory symptoms caused by infectious bronchitis. most of the chickens in which e. coli formed a predominant part of the tracheal flora also showed a positive serological reaction to mycoplasma gallisepticum. a raised incidence of pasteurella haemolytica with increase in age was noted both with regard ... | 1977 | 18770338 |
| the response of the harderian gland of the fowl to antigen given by the ocular route. ii. antibody production. | after ocular administration to young chickens of sheep erythrocytes (srbc), newcastle disease virus (ndv), infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) or mycoplasma gallisepticum, homologous antibody was detected in serum and in saline extracts of harderian glands. parenteral immunisation with srbc or ndv stimulated moderately high serum antibody titres but did not evoke a measurable antibody response by the harderian gland. | 1979 | 18770464 |
| [differentiation of haemophilus strains isolated from chickens. iii. pathogenicity tests in chickens]. | pathogenicity tests of 6 isolates of the haemophilus-group i (h. paragallinarum) and 8 isolates of the haemophilus-group ii isolated from chickens in the federal german republic and one strain of h. parainfluenzae isolated from man were carried out in 6-week old spf-chickens. infectious coryza (coryza contagiosa gallinarum) could be produced in chickens with all strains of group i after experimental inoculation and by contact exposure. at necropsy 3 weeks post inoculation (p.i.) organisms of gro ... | 1975 | 18777310 |
| the rearing and maintenance of breeding chickens in isolators: 1. glass fibre isolators. | a method of 'rearing and maintaining chickens from day old to 80 weeks of age free from infectious bronchitis, newcastle disease, infectious avian encephalomyelitis, celo and gal viruses, lymphoid leukosis, marek's disease, mycoplasma gallisepticum, salmonella pullorum and other salmonella spp., staphylococcus aureus, eimeria spp. and helminths is described. the advantages of glass fibre isolators each with its own ventilation system are outlined. | 1972 | 18777370 |
| circadian serum concentrations of tylosin in broilers after feed or water medication. | 1. because tylosin is a time-dependent antibacterial agent, and because feeding and drinking of broilers decreases in late afternoon and ceases in the dark, it was hypothesised that serum concentrations of this drug are greatly reduced during the dark period. 2. the trial was carried out in a commercial poultry house, under standard broiler husbandry conditions, with food and water withdrawn from 22:00 until 07:00 h next morning and exposed to a natural light cycle of 13l:11d. 3. broilers were g ... | 2008 | 18836909 |
| backyard chicken flocks pose a disease risk for neotropic birds in costa rica. | pathogens of free-ranging chickens create a risk of disease for wild birds, some of which migrate to the united states, as well as potential economic losses for resource-poor farmers. free-roaming backyard chickens are commonly kept in shade-grown coffee plantations, habitats that attract large numbers of wild birds. the husbandry and pathogen prevalence of backyard chicken flocks in san luis, costa rica, were investigated. based on serologic evidence, newcastle disease virus, infectious laryngo ... | 2008 | 19166045 |
| facial cellulitis induced in chickens by mycoplasma gallisepticum bacterin and its treatment. | ten-to-14-day-old replacement chickens were vaccinated subcutaneously in the neck with a mycoplasma gallisepticum bacterin. a few days later, 40% of the flock developed cellulitis of the head. birds were submitted for diagnostic investigation between 4 and 6 wk of age. histology revealed lesions in the subcutis consistent with oil-emulsified vaccine/bacterin reaction. no significant bacteria were isolated from the lesions. birds were treated with 1 mg of methyl prednisol acetate intramuscularly. ... | 2008 | 19166067 |
| protective effect of two mycoplasma gallisepticum protein fractions affinity purified with monoclonal antibodies. | two protein fractions of mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) were affinity purified with monoclonal antibodies a3 and b3, and tested for protective capacity in chickens. one fraction, designated mgp1, appeared as a doublet of 64 and 62kda bands in sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gels, while mgp2 consisted of five polypeptides (64, 56, 47, 45 and 43 kda). the molecular mass, haemagglutination activity and matching amino acid sequence of mgp1 suggest that it is identical to pm ... | 2000 | 19184824 |
| mycoplasma synoviae invades non-phagocytic chicken cells in vitro. | mycoplasma synoviae and mycoplasma gallisepticum are major poultry pathogens, but their strains differ significantly in invasiveness and pathogenicity. recent studies have demonstrated that m. gallisepticum invades chicken erythrocytes (cer) and chicken embryonic fibroblasts. the aim of this study was to determine whether m. synoviae also invades chicken cells. using the gentamicin invasion assay, relative invasion frequency (rif) of four m. synoviae strains was determined for cer, chicken embry ... | 2009 | 19321273 |
| development of a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for the simultaneous detection of mycoplasma gallisepticum and mycoplasma synoviae under industry conditions. | in this research we developed a real-time sybr green assay to detect both mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) and mycoplasma synoviae (ms) in a single reaction. a total of 30,000 samples from broiler breeder flocks were screened using traditional serology (plate agglutination, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, hemagglutination inhibition) and polymerase chain reaction (pcr; traditional and real-time). it was determined that the real-time sybr green pcr assay developed in this research was more rapid ... | 2009 | 19432006 |
| production of house finch (carpodacus mexicanus) iga specific anti-sera and its application in immunohistochemistry and in elisa for detection of mycoplasma gallisepticum-specific iga. | the iga antibody response plays a vital role in mucosal immunity because it functions to neutralize pathogens at the mucosal surface and thus impedes attachment to underlying tissues. although the importance of iga in the mucosal immunity of galliform birds has been established, studies examining iga-based immunity in passerine birds are lacking, perhaps due in part to the absence of reagents that can detect passerine iga. a 469 base pair region of the house finch (carpodacus mexicanus) iga heav ... | 2009 | 19581004 |
| differentiation of mycoplasma gallisepticum strains using pcr and high-resolution melting curve analysis. | mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) is an economically important pathogen of poultry worldwide, causing chronic respiratory disease in chickens and turkeys. differentiation of mg strains is critical, especially in countries where poultry flocks are vaccinated with live vaccines. in this study, oligonucleotide primers were designed based on a region preceding the trinucleotide repeat of a member of the vlha gene family, and amplicons of 145-352 bp were generated from cultures of 10 different mg strains ... | 2010 | 20035007 |
| characteristics of a very virulent infectious bursal disease virus from california. | an outbreak of infectious bursal disease (ibd) in two california layer flocks resulted in the isolation of two infectious bursal disease viruses designated ra and rb. increased mortality plus gross and histopathology in the layer flocks suggested ra and rb could be very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (vvibdv). preliminary studies indicated that high mortality resulted when bursa homogenates from the layer farms were used to inoculate specific-pathogen-free (spf) chicks. in addition, ra ... | 2009 | 20095162 |
| comparative genomic analyses of attenuated strains of mycoplasma gallisepticum. | mycoplasma gallisepticum is a significant respiratory and reproductive pathogen of domestic poultry. while the complete genomic sequence of the virulent, low-passage m. gallisepticum strain r (r(low)) has been reported, genomic determinants responsible for differences in virulence and host range remain to be completely identified. here, we utilize genome sequencing and microarray-based comparative genomic data to identify these genomic determinants of virulence and to elucidate genomic variabili ... | 2010 | 20123709 |
| real-time pcr culture and serology for the diagnosis of mycoplasma gallisepticum in chicken breeder flocks. | this study aimed to compare a real-time pcr (rpcr) test with improved detection limit to serology and culture for the detection of mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) infection in chicken breeder flocks. six hundred and forty-six blood and tracheal swab samples belonging to 31 grandparent chicken breeder flocks were tested by rpcr. the detection limit of rpcr was 0.9 pg microl(-1), with pure mg s6 strain dna and 100 colony forming units (cfus) ml(-1), where both pure culture and tracheal swabs were ar ... | 2010 | 20149561 |
| effects of vaccination with f-strain mycoplasma gallisepticum on egg production and quality parameters of commercial layer hens previously vaccinated with 6/85-strain mycoplasma gallisepticum. | this study was conducted to determine the effect of overlaying (revaccinating) f-strain mycoplasma gallisepticum at 22 or 45 wk of age on commercial leghorn hens previously vaccinated with 6/85-strain m. gallisepticum at 10 wk of age. the treatment groups included unvaccinated hens (group 1), hens receiving 6/85-strain m. gallisepticum only (group 2), and hens receiving 6/85-strain m. gallisepticum followed by f-strain m. gallisepticum at either 22 (group 3) or 45 (group 4) wk of age. there was ... | 2010 | 20181866 |
| evaluation of mycoplasma inactivation during production of biologics: egg-based viral vaccines as a model. | although mycoplasmas are generally considered to be harmless commensals, some mycoplasma species are able to cause infections in pediatric, geriatric, or immunocompromised patients. thus, accidental contamination of biologics with mycoplasmas represents a potential risk for the health of individuals who receive cell-derived biological and pharmaceutical products. to assess the efficiency of inactivation of mycoplasmas by the agents used in the manufacture of egg-derived influenza vaccines, we ca ... | 2010 | 20228111 |
| protective immune response of mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccines in poultry. | through a controlled vaccination study with artificial challenge, the present study was designed to evaluate the protective value of formalin, saponin or binary ethyleneimine inactivated mycoplasma gallisepticum adjuvanted bacterins, in comparison with the efficacy of the live mycoplasma gallisepticum "f" strain vaccine. protective values of tested vaccines were compared by measuring antibody titers in sera of chicken at different intervals post vaccination by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay ( ... | 2007 | 20306661 |
| development of a duplex real-time taqman pcr assay with an internal control for the detection of mycoplasma gallisepticum and mycoplasma synoviae in clinical samples from commercial and backyard poultry. | in this study, we report the development and validation of a duplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay with an internal control using taqman-labelled probes for the detection of mycoplasma gallisepticum and mycoplasma synoviae (duplex mgms pcr). the mgms pcr was highly specific with a sensitivity of 7 and 1 colony-forming units/ml for m. gallisepticum and m. synoviae, respectively, using dilution of pure culture that corresponds to 34 and 29 dna copies per reaction. validation of th ... | 2010 | 20390544 |
| a safety assessment of a fowlpox-vectored mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine in chickens. | a recombinant fowlpox virus vaccine expressing key protective mycoplasma gallisepticum antigens could facilitate in the prevention both of fowlpox virus and m. gallisepticum infections. vectormune fp-mg vaccine, a recombinant fowlpox virus expressing both m. gallisepticum 40k and mgc genes, was assessed for its safety in 8-wk-old specific-pathogen-free white leghorn chickens. the vaccine virus was serially passaged 5 times by wing-web inoculation. based on the postinoculation clinical observatio ... | 2010 | 20460677 |
| mycoplasma gallisepticum: an emerging challenge to the poultry industry in egypt. | in this study, the authors examined the technical performance of culture methodology using specific media: mycoplasma isolation media of pleuropneumonia-like organisms (pplo) broth and pplo agar. digitonin sensitivity, growth inhibition, the serum plate agglutination test, a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and a commercially available simplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) test were used to detect mycoplasma gallisepticum infections in samples collected from the ... | 2009 | 20462158 |
| mutations in 23s rrna gene associated with decreased susceptibility to tiamulin and valnemulin in mycoplasma gallisepticum. | mycoplasma gallisepticum is a major etiological agent of chronic respiratory disease (crd) in chickens and sinusitis in turkeys. the pleuromutilin antibiotics tiamulin and valnemulin are currently used in the treatment of m. gallisepticum infection. we studied the in vitro development of pleuromutilin resistance in m. gallisepticum and investigated the molecular mechanisms involved in this process. pleuromutilin-resistant mutants were selected by serial passages of m. gallisepticum strains pg31 ... | 2010 | 20487023 |
| identification of lipoprotein msla as a neoteric virulence factor of mycoplasma gallisepticum. | many lipoproteins are expressed on the surfaces of mycoplasmas, and some have been implicated as playing roles in pathogenesis. family 2 lipoproteins of mycoplasma pneumoniae have a conserved "mycoplasma lipoprotein x" central domain and a "mycoplasma lipoprotein 10" c-terminal domain and are differentially expressed in response to environmental conditions. homologues of family 2 lipoproteins are mycoplasma specific and include the lipoprotein of mycoplasma gallisepticum, encoded by the mga0674 ... | 2010 | 20515935 |
| genetic diversity of mycoplasma gallisepticum field isolates using partial sequencing of the pvpa gene fragment in russia. | the genetic diversity of the pvpa gene of mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) samples originating from commercial chickens was investigated. in the present study, we evaluated the genetic variability of 26 field samples of mg detected in commercial chickens and turkeys from 18 regions of russia and compared them to the reference strains of mg available in genbank. genetic variability was evaluated by partial nucleotide sequencing of the pvpa gene, which encodes a putative cytadhesin protein. compariso ... | 2010 | 20608536 |
| an adhesion molecule-based colloidal gold immunochromatography assay strip for rapidly and specifically detecting chicken antibodies against mycoplasma gallisepticum. | the fragment of the vlha1.2 gene was cloned from a mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) dna library by serial pcrs after the same-sense mutagenesis of three tga codons encoding tryptophan (trp). following transforming the generated plasmid of pkg-vlha1.2, the recombinant vlha1.2-gst fusion protein of 92kda was induced and recognized by anti-mg sera. after gst-affinity chromatographic purification, the vlha-based colloidal gold immunochromatography assay (gica) strips were generated. the gica strips spe ... | 2011 | 20630551 |
| a chronicle of serologic response in commercial layer chickens to vaccination with commercial f strain mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine. | vaccination of multi-age layer operations, wherein one million plus commercial layer chickens are housed, has been spurious until the development of a self-propelled, constant-speed spray vaccinator. still, even with its use, live mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) vaccinations have been questionable in terms of seroconversion. using the vaccinator as a research tool over the past 5 yr, factors have been elucidated which impact seroconversion to one live mg vaccine in particular, the f strain of mg ( ... | 2010 | 20945798 |
| mycoplasma gallisepticum and mycoplasma synoviae express a cysteine protease cysp, which can cleave chicken igg into fab and fc. | major poultry pathogens m. gallisepticum and m. synoviae share a gene encoding a putative cysteine protease cysp similar to papain cysteine protease (c1a subfamily). comparison of the cysp gene sequences of 18 m. synoviae and 10 m. gallisepticum strains sequenced in this study showed polymorphisms, including deletions. seven m. synoviae strains, including the type strain wvu 1853, had a 39 bp deletion in the 3' end of the cysp gene. in the same cysp region, all m. gallisepticum strains sh ... | 2010 | 20966088 |
| bi-antigenic immunoassay models based on the recombinant pvpa proteins for mycoplasma gallisepticum diagnosis in chickens. | the present study aimed to produce the relatively conserved central fragment of the mycoplasma gallisepticum pvpa cytadhesin as recombinant antigen and to determine its species-specific diagnostic potential in comparison with the full-length recombinant rpvpa336 protein. for this purpose, a recombinant protein (rpvpa134) consisting of 134 amino acids with apparent molecular mass of 27 kd was produced and highly purified. the rpvpa134 protein was composed of the amino acid residues at positions 1 ... | 2010 | 21088174 |
| effects of single and combined mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccinations on blood electrolytes and acid-base balance in commercial egg-laying hens. | a previous study from our laboratory on f-strain mycoplasma gallisepticum-inoculated layers showed a significant increase in arterial partial pressure of oxygen (po(2)), which is generally associated with an oxygen-dependent improvement in tissue oxygenation. the aim of this study was to determine whether a killed (bacterin) and live ts-11-strain m. gallisepticum (ts-11-mg) vaccine treatment combination could further enhance the arterial po(2) levels in layer chickens. the experiment was conduct ... | 2011 | 21248332 |
| gapa+ mycoplasma gallisepticum ts-11 has improved vaccine characteristics. | mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) is an important poultry pathogen that causes respiratory disease and loss of production worldwide, and is currently controlled with live attenuated vaccines. these vaccines have limitations as they vary in their pathogenicity, the protection afforded and their transmissibility, but have been shown to effectively reduce losses associated with challenge in the field. a live attenuated vaccine, ts-11, has been used for the control of m. gallisepticum in several countri ... | 2011 | 21310786 |
| eye surface area and dosage rates for spray vaccination. | spray application of mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) vaccines is a labor- and time-saving means of mass vaccination of layer chickens. recent assessment of spray characteristics of nozzles commonly used to apply mg vaccine in layer chicken operations has shown that the amount of respirable droplets (< 5 microm) is negligible. topical application of vaccine onto the eye surface has been suggested as a route of vaccination, but no estimates of vaccine load delivered via spray application were found ... | 2010 | 21313856 |
| analysis of the 16s to 23s rrna intergenic spacer region of mycoplasma synoviae field strains. | mycoplasma synoviae has been associated with economic loss in the chicken and turkey industries. the molecular characterization of m. synoviae at strain level allows the analysis of relationships between strains that may be valuable in epidemiological investigations. in the present study, the intergenic spacer region (isr) between the 16s and 23s rrna genes was examined to see whether useful information about strains could be derived. m. synoviae has two copies of this region, which may not be e ... | 2011 | 21331951 |
| development and immunogenicity of recombinant gapa(+) mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine strain ts-11 expressing infectious bronchitis virus-s1 glycoprotein and chicken interleukin-6. | mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) is a major pathogen of poultry that causes chronic respiratory disease in chickens and infectious sinusitis in turkeys. a live attenuated vaccine, ts-11, has been used for the control of mg in several countries. the efficacy of this vaccine is highly dose dependent and the flock antibody response is weak. to improve the functionality of the vaccine and investigate its potential as a delivery vector for foreign antigens and immunomodulatory proteins, we developed a d ... | 2011 | 21354248 |
| change in antimicrobial susceptibility of mycoplasma gallisepticum field isolates. | this study compares the antimicrobial susceptibility over time between two groups of mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) isolates from the same geographical area. minimum inhibitory concentration of 13 antimicrobials was determined against two groups of mg isolates from chickens. group 1 strains (n=22) were isolated in 2004-2005 while group 2 strains (n=7) were isolated in 2007-2008. minimum inhibitory concentration 50 for group 1 versus group 2 was 4/4, 0.5/0.5, ôëñ 0.031/ôëñ 64, ôëñ 0.031/2, ôëñ 0.0 ... | 2011 | 21382675 |
| seroprevalence of salmonella and mycoplasma infection in backyard chickens in the state of entre rios in argentina. | the present work was conducted to study the seroprevalence of salmonella, mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg), and mycoplasma synoviae (ms) infection in backyard chickens located in entre ríos, argentina, over 3 periods of time. a total of 2,441 sera samples were collected from backyard chickens belonging to 256 family farms in 16 counties in the state of entre ríos from january to may 2003 (first period), december 2004 to april 2005 (second period), and october 2006 to may 2007 (third period). the pr ... | 2011 | 21406358 |
| biological characterization of russian mycoplasma gallisepticum field isolates. | an earlier study on commercial chickens and turkeys with a history of respiratory disease established mycoplasma gallisepticum infection rates on 164 poultry farms of the russian federation. forty-seven (29%) of these poultry farms were m. gallisepticum-positive by polymerase chain reaction but isolation of the mycoplasma was successful only on 10 farms. five field isolates from different farms were selected for pathogenicity studies in specific pathogen-free chicks. clinical signs, seroconversi ... | 2011 | 21500042 |
| the mycoplasma gallisepticum α-enolase is cell surface-exposed and mediates adherence by binding to chicken plasminogen. | the α-enolase protein is reported to be an adhesin in several pathogenic bacterial species, but its role in mycoplasma gallisepticum is unknown. in this study, the m. gallisepticum α-enolase gene was adapted to heterologous expression in escherichia coli by performing overlapping polymerase chain reaction with site-directed mutagenesis to introduce a960g and a1158g mutations in the nucleotide sequence. the full-length mutated gene was cloned into a pgem-t easy vector and subcloned into the ex ... | 2011 | 21664449 |
| mycoplasma gallisepticum experimental infection and tissue distribution in chickens, sparrows and pigeons. | the most effective approaches to control the spread of mycoplasma gallisepticum include strict biosecurity measures, continuous surveillance and eradication of infected flocks. the rapid expansion of the poultry industry worldwide in restricted geographical areas and severe economic losses due to m. gallisepticum outbreaks make it crucial to identify and better control the vectors responsible for the transmission of the disease. in the present study we evaluated the susceptibility of sparrows an ... | 2011 | 21812712 |
| molecular characterization of mycoplasma gallisepticum isolates from jordan. | two groups of mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) isolates (n = 24) from jordan were analyzed by molecular methods and compared with other middle eastern isolates, related international isolates, and reference strains. the first group (n = 19) was isolated from july 2004 to january 2005 (isolation period a), and the newer group (n = 5) from june 2007 to april 2008 (isolation period b). the groups of isolates are from chicken flocks from northern jordan, but are not from the same farms. none of the flo ... | 2011 | 21793435 |
| local immunity of the respiratory mucosal system in chickens and turkeys. | this review article presents fundamental mechanisms of the local mucosal immunity in selected regions of the respiratory tract in healthy birds and in some pathological conditions. the respiratory system, whose mucosa come into direct contact with microorganisms contaminating inhaled air, has some associated structures, such as harderian gland (hg), conjunctive-associated lymphoid tissue (calt) and paranasal glands (pg), whose participation in local mechanisms of the mucosal immunity has been co ... | 2011 | 21721419 |
| pathologic lesions caused by coinfection of mycoplasma gallisepticum and h3n8 low pathogenic avian influenza virus in chickens. | chickens were infected under experimental conditions with mycoplasma gallisepticum and low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) strain a/mallard/hungary/19616/07 (h3n8). two groups of chickens were aerosol challenged with m. gallisepticum strain 1226. seven days later, one of these groups and one mycoplasma-free group was challenged with lpai h3n8 virus; one group without challenge remained as negative control. eight days later, the birds were euthanized and examined for gross pathologic and histol ... | 2011 | 21825309 |
| neuraminidase of mycoplasma synoviae desialylates heavy chain of the chicken immunoglobulin g and glycoproteins of chicken tracheal mucus. | major poultry pathogens, mycoplasma gallisepticum and mycoplasma synoviae share several genes, including nanh that encodes their sialidases (neuraminidases). previous studies have shown considerable differences in neuraminidase enzymatic activity (neac) in m. synoviae strains and neac absence in individual cultures of two strains, ulb 925 and ulb 9122. the present study shows that the cultures lacking neac did not express nanh neuraminidase detectable by specific antibodies. in cultures of m. sy ... | 2011 | 21711189 |
| preliminary clinical pharmacological investigations of tylosin and tiamulin in chickens. | summary the minimal inhibitory concentrations (m1c) of tiamulin and tylosin for mycoplasma. gram-positive, and gram-negative micro-organisms isolated from chickens were determinated by the agar dilution method. median m1c values for tiamulin against mycoplasma gallisepticum (0.05 µg/ml) and mycoplasma synoviae (0.10 µg/ml) were 2 to 4 times lower than the corresponding values for tylosin. tiamulin was also slightly more effective in vitro in inhibiting escherichia coli, pasteurella multocida, ... | 1980 | 22039981 |
| Effects of sialidase knockout and complementation on virulence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum. | Reannotation of the pathogenic Mycoplasma gallisepticum strain R(low) genome identified the hypothetical gene MGA_0329 as a homolog of the sialidase gene MS53_0199 of Mycoplasma synoviae strain MS53. Potent sialidase activity was subsequently quantitated in several M. gallisepticum strains. Because sialidase activity levels correlate significantly with differing M. synoviae strain virulence, we hypothesized this enzyme may also influence the virulence of M. gallisepticum. MGA_0329 was disrupted ... | 2011 | 22197303 |
| haemadsorption inhibition test for the identification of mycoplasma gallisepticum and mycoplasma synoviae. | summary colonies of the avian mycoplasma strains mycoplasma gallisepticum s6 and mycoplasma synoviae wvu 1853 and two mycoplasma synoviae isolates from this laboratory were shown to be haemadsorption positive for chicken erythrocytes. three mycoplasma synoviae isolates from this laboratory proved to be haemadsorption and haemagglutination negative. the haemadsorption of the mycoplasma colonies mentioned above was inhibited with specific antisera of either high or low titre. no cross-inhibition ... | 1979 | 22039774 |
| identification and functional characterization of toll-like receptor 2-1 in geese. | toll-like receptor 2 (tlr2), an important pattern recognition receptor, activates proinflammatory pathways in response to various pathogens. it has been reported in humans and chicken, but not in geese, an important waterfowl species in china. since some vaccines stimulate robust immune responsesl in chicken but not in geeeses we speculated that their immune systems are different. | 2015 | 25967535 |
| detection of infectious bronchitis virus 793b, avian metapneumovirus, mycoplasma gallisepticum and mycoplasma synoviae in poultry in ethiopia. | a survey was conducted into respiratory infectious diseases of poultry on a chicken breeder farm run by the ethiopian institute of agricultural research (eiar), located in debre zeit, ethiopia. oropharyngeal swabs were collected from 117 randomly selected birds, and blood was taken from a subset of 73 of these birds. a combination of serological and molecular methods was used for detection of pathogens. for the first time in ethiopia, we report the detection of variant infectious bronchitis viru ... | 2017 | 27924415 |
| co-infection with multiple respiratory pathogens contributes to increased mortality rates in algerian poultry flocks. | respiratory infections are a common cause for increased mortality rates in poultry worldwide. to improve intervention strategies, circulating pathogens have to be identified and further characterized. because of the lack of diagnostic tools, it was not known what pathogens contribute to the high mortality rates in association with respiratory disease in algeria. our objective was to determine if primary pathogens including mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg), mycoplasma synoviae (ms), avian influenza ... | 2015 | 26478165 |
| longitudinal monitoring for respiratory pathogens in broiler chickens reveals co-infection of chlamydia psittaci and ornithobacterium rhinotracheale. | chlamydia psittaci is prevalent in broiler chicken production. however, the role of c. psittaci in the respiratory disease complex needs to be clarified. our aim was to identify the time point when a c. psittaci infection appeared on a broiler farm and to examine the presence of other respiratory pathogens at that time. we focused on the 'major' respiratory pathogens occurring in belgian broilers, namely infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), avian metapneumovirus (ampv), ornithobacterium rhinotrach ... | 2015 | 25724936 |
| high seroprevalence of respiratory pathogens in hobby poultry. | seroprevalence studies on respiratory pathogens have been done extensively in commercial laying hens, broilers, and, to a lesser extent, backyard poultry. in europe, seroprevalence studies in backyard and fancy breed poultry flocks are scarce and limited to a few pathogens, such as mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg); others, such as ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ort), are missing. a commercial elisa for detection of antibodies against six selected pathogens was performed on 460 serum samples from ... | 2014 | 25619008 |
| rapid and sensitive detection of mycoplasma synoviae by an insulated isothermal polymerase chain reaction-based assay on a field-deployable device. | mycoplasma synoviae (ms), causing respiratory diseases, arthritis, and eggshell apex abnormalities in avian species, is an important pathogen in the poultry industry. implementation of a biosecurity plan is important in ms infection management. working on a field-deployable pockit™ device, an insulated isothermal polymerase chain reaction (iipcr) assay has a potential for timely ms detection on the farm. the ms iipcr assay had limit of detection 95% of about 9 genome equivalents by testing seria ... | 2017 | 27389062 |
| simultaneous typing of nine avian respiratory pathogens using a novel gexp analyzer-based multiplex pcr assay. | a new, rapid, and high-throughput genomelab gene expression profiler (gexp) analyzer-based multiplex pcr method was developed for simultaneous detection and differentiation of nine avian respiratory pathogens. the respiratory pathogens included in this study were avian influenza subtypes h5, h7, and h9, infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), newcastle disease virus (ndv), infectious laryngotracheitis virus (iltv), mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg), mycoplasma synoviae (ms) and haemophilus paragallinarum ... | 2014 | 25025815 |
| decay of maternal antibodies in broiler chickens. | the objective of this study was to determine the decay rate of maternal antibodies against major broiler chicken pathogens. a total of 30 one-day-old broiler chicks were obtained from a commercial hatchery and reared in isolation. these chicks were retrieved from a parent flock that received a routine vaccination program. chicks were bled at hatch and sequentially thereafter every 5 d through 30 d of age. maternal antibody titers were measured by elisa for avian encephalomyelitis (aev), avian in ... | 2013 | 23960115 |
| molecular detection of avian pathogens in poultry red mite (dermanyssus gallinae) collected in chicken farms. | poultry red mite (prm, dermanyssus gallinae) is a blood-sucking ectoparasite as well as a possible vector of several avian pathogens. in this study, to define the role of prm in the prevalence of avian infectious agents, we used polymerase chain reaction (pcr) to check for the presence of seven pathogens: avipox virus (apv), fowl adenovirus (fadv), marek's disease virus (mdv), erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (er), salmonella enterica (se), mycoplasma synoviae (ms) and mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg). ... | 2014 | 25649939 |
| mutations of domain v in 23s ribosomal rna of macrolide-resistant mycoplasma gallisepticum isolates in egypt. | avian mycoplasmas impose a significant economic burden to the poultry industry. in recent years, macrolide-resistant mycoplasma gallisepticum have occasionally been encountered in egypt. | 2016 | 27580325 |
| mycoplasma gallisepticum (hs strain) surface lipoprotein pmga interacts with host apolipoprotein a-i during infection in chicken. | the adhesin protein from mycoplasma gallisepticum (hs strain), namely pmga1.2, is required for m. gallisepticum (mg) infection in chicken. however, the host factor(s) that interact with pmga1.2 is not known. in this study, we prepared the membrane fraction of trachea epithelial cells from chicken embryos. using an improved virus overlay protein blot assay (vopba) and glutathione s-transferase (gst) pull-down assay, we found that pmga1.2 specifically bound to a ∼30 kda host protein. this host pro ... | 2016 | 26549235 |
| expression and immunological characteristics of the surface-localized pyruvate kinase in mycoplasma gallisepticum. | the widespread avian pathogen mycoplasma gallisepticum is a causative agent of respiratory disease. the wall-less prokaryotes lack some tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes, therefore, the glycolysis metabolic pathway is of great importance to these organisms. pyruvate kinase (pk) is one of the key enzymes of the glycolytic pathway, and its immunological characteristics in mycoplasma are not well known. in this study, the m. gallisepticum pyruvate kinase fusion protein (pykf) was expressed in a pet ... | 2015 | 26456557 |
| ex vivo pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis of valnemulin against mycoplasma gallisepticum s6 in mycoplasma gallisepticum and escherichia coli co-infected chickens. | pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (pk/pd) indices against mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) s6 were investigated in an ex vivo pk/pd model following oral administration of valnemulin to chickens co-infected with m. gallisepticum and escherichia coli. the minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) for valnemulin against mg s6 in artificial medium and chicken serum were determined. in vitro time-killing curves were established according to a series of multiples of the mic value in an artificial medium ... | 2015 | 25744809 |
| cloning, expression, and antigenic characterization of recombinant protein of mycoplasma gallisepticum expressed in escherichia coli. | mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) is a member of the most important avian mycoplasmas, causing chronic respiratory disease in chickens and leading to important economic losses in the poultry industry. recombinant technology represents a strategic approach used to achieve highly reliable and specific diagnostic tests in veterinary diseases control: in particular this aspect is crucial for confirming mycoplasma infection and for maintaining mycoplasma-free breeder flocks. in this study, we identified ... | 2015 | 25667423 |
| mycoplasma gallisepticum mga_0676 is a membrane-associated cytotoxic nuclease with a staphylococcal nuclease region essential for nuclear translocation and apoptosis induction in chicken cells. | mycoplasma gallisepticum can infect a wide variety of birds including the commercial poultry. m. gallisepticum mga_0676 is a putative lipoprotein, which is similar to bacterial thermostable nucleases. but the possible pathogenic effect of m. gallisepticum mga_0676 has not been investigated so far. in the present study, we cloned the mga_0676 gene after deletion of the amino-terminal signal sequence and mutagenesis of the mycoplasma tga tryptophan codons to tgg and expressed recombinant mga_0676 ... | 2015 | 25363559 |
| pathomorphological studies of polyserositis in commercial caged layer chicken. | to detect etiological agents and pathological changes associated with polyserositis in commercial layer chicken. | 2014 | 25312143 |
| characterization of the chaperonin groel in mycoplasma gallisepticum. | mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) is a common and widespread cause of chronic respiratory disease in poultry. in this study, antigenic proteins were identified from mg membrane using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-de) analysis followed by western blot and matrix-assisted desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof-ms), including translation elongation factor tu, dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (e2) component of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, trigger factor, chaperon ... | 2015 | 25304689 |
| mycoplasma gallisepticum and escherichia coli mixed infection model in broiler chickens for studying valnemulin pharmacokinetics. | a mycoplasma gallisepticum-escherichia coli mixed infection model was developed in broiler chickens, which was applied to pharmacokinetics of valnemulin in the present experiment. the velogenic m. gallisepticum standard strain s6 was rejuvenated to establish the animal model, and the wild e. coli strain o78 was injected as supplementary inoculum to induce chronic respiratory disease in chickens. the disease model was evaluated based on its clinical signs, histopathological examination, bacteriol ... | 2014 | 23782411 |
| plasma and tissue pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin in experimentally infected chickens with mycoplasma gallisepticum and escherichia coli. | the plasma and tissue pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin in chickens experimentally infected with mycoplasma gallisepticum and escherichia coli were studied. marbofloxacin was given to 66 infected chickens by oral administration at a dosage of 5 mg/kg b.w., once a day for three days. plasma, brain, kidney, liver, lung, muscle and trachea were collected and marbofloxacin concentrations were analyzed by a high performance liquid chromatography method. in the infected chickens, maximal marbofloxacin ... | 2013 | 23550715 |
| effect of low-pathogenicity influenza virus h3n8 infection on mycoplasma gallisepticum infection of chickens. | mycoplasma infection is still very common in chicken and turkey flocks. several low-pathogenicity avian influenza (lpai) viruses are circulating in wild birds that can be easily transmitted to poultry flocks. however, the effect of lpai on mycoplasma infection is not well understood. the aim of the present study was to investigate the infection of lpai virus h3n8 (a/mallard/hungary/19616/07) in chickens challenged with mycoplasma gallisepticum. two groups of chickens were aerosol challenged with ... | 2012 | 22845321 |
| effect of infection route and concurrent infectious bronchitis virus vaccination on mycoplasma gallisepticum disease pathology in an experimental model. | the study of mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) infection is needed, not only to understand the disease process but also to understand the mechanisms by which mg vaccines protect the host. many model systems have been used to study the mg disease process. this work compared two different routes of infection (intratracheal versus eye drop) in commercial pullets, looking for differences in the pathology (air sac and tracheal lesion scores, and tracheal mucosal thickness) and the humoral immune response ... | 2012 | 23025670 |
| pathogenicity of mycoplasma imitans in mixed infection with infectious bronchitis virus in chickens. | mycoplasma imitans (mim) has been isolated from ducks, geese and partridges, and is closely related to mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg). the pathogenicity of mim for chicks was investigated in single and mixed infections with infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) by giving ibv strain m41 at 1-day-old and mim 2 days later. single infections with ibv or mim were also performed. no clinical signs or gross lesions were seen in chicks infected with mim or uninfected control chicks, but they were seen in the ... | 1999 | 26915378 |
| serologic, parasitic, and bacteriologic assessment of captive cracids (aves: galliformes: cracidae) in brazil. | captive cracids (aves: galliformes: cracidae), including endangered species, were studied (n = 130) for the assessment of health status, including aburria jacutinga (black-fronted piping-guan, n = 42), crax blumenbachii (red-knobbed curassow, n = 54), craxfasciolata (bare-faced curassow, n = 28), and penelope obscura (dusky-legged guan, n = 6). the exposure to mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg), mycoplasma synoviae (ms), salmonella pullorum (sp), salmonella gallinarum (sg), avian paramyxovirus-1 (apm ... | 2013 | 23505700 |
| mycoplasma gallisepticum modifies the pathogenesis of influenza a virus in the avian tracheal epithelium. | multiple respiratory infections have a significant impact on health and economy. pathogenesis of co-infecting viruses and bacteria and their interaction with mucosal surfaces are poorly characterized. in this study we established a co-infection model based on pre-incubation of tracheal organ cultures (toc) with mycoplasma (m.) gallisepticum and a subsequent infection with avian influenza virus (aiv). mycoplasma gallisepticum modified the pathogenesis of aiv as demonstrated in toc of two differen ... | 2016 | 27079856 |
| the oppd gene and putative peptidase genes may be required for virulence in mycoplasma gallisepticum. | relatively few virulence genes have been identified in pathogenic mycoplasmas, so we used signature-tagged mutagenesis to identify mutants of the avian pathogen mycoplasma gallisepticum with reduced capacity to persist in vivo and compared the virulence of selected mutants in experimentally infected chickens. four mutants had insertions in one of the two incomplete oppabcdf operons and a further three had insertions in distinct hypothetical genes, two containing peptidase motifs and one a member ... | 2017 | 28348054 |
| immune responses to vaccination and infection with mycoplasma gallisepticum in turkeys. | infection with mycoplasma gallisepticum induces severe lymphoproliferative lesions in multiple sites along the respiratory tract in chickens and turkeys. these immunopathological responses have been well-characterised in chickens, but have not been studied closely in turkeys. the aim of the studies described here was to examine the immune responses of turkeys after live vaccination and infection with m. gallisepticum. in a strain comparison study, the mean log10 antibody titre of birds exposed t ... | 2017 | 28345962 |
| serological screening suggests extensive presence of mycoplasma gallisepticum and mycoplasma synoviae in backyard chickens in southern mozambique. | a total of 459 serum samples from unvaccinated backyard chickens originating from 4 villages in mandlakazi district, southern mozambique, were tested for the presence of mycoplasma gallisepticum and mycoplasma synoviae antibodies through commercial enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay [elisa] kits. anti-mg and anti-ms antibodies were detected in all villages surveyed and the overall seroprevalence was 48.8% [95% ci 39.1-57.8] and 84.5% [95% ci 76.8-90.4], respectively. the risk of being seroposit ... | 2017 | 28243629 |
| identification of genes involved in mycoplasma gallisepticum biofilm formation using mini-tn4001-sgm transposon mutagenesis. | mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) is an important pathogen that can cause chronic respiratory disease in chickens and infectious sinusitis in turkeys. mg has the ability to form biofilms. the molecular mechanisms underlying mg biofilm formation are complex and poorly understood. to better understand the mechanisms involved in biofilm formation, mini-tn4001-sgm, a novel transposon vector containing the gentamicin gene was constructed and electroporated into mg strain rlow. of the 738 mutants obtained ... | 2017 | 28062003 |
| determination of the mutant selection window and evaluation of the killing of mycoplasma gallisepticum by danofloxacin, doxycycline, tilmicosin, tylvalosin and valnemulin. | mycoplasma gallisepticum is a common etiological cause of a chronic respiratory disease in chickens; its increasing antimicrobial resistance compromises the use of tetracyclines, macrolides and quinolones in the farm environment. mutant selection window (msw) determination was used to investigate the propensity for future resistance induction by danofloxacin, doxycycline, tilmicosin, tylvalosin and valnemulin. killing of m. gallisepticum strain s6 by these antimicrobials was also studied by incu ... | 2017 | 28052123 |
| the efficacy of chitosan-adjuvanted, mycoplasma gallisepticum bacterin in chickens. | mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) is one of the major pathogens that cause respiratory signs in the poultry industry. to control mg infection, vaccination is the useful procedure. in this study, mg vaccine was developed by using the local thai mg isolate (ahrl 20/52). chitosan, a polysaccharide adjuvant derived from crustaceans, has been successfully used in various vaccines. the objectives of this study were to prepare mg bacterins by using chitosan, serving as an adjuvant, to determine protection ... | 2016 | 27902896 |
| phase transition of the bacterium upon invasion of a host cell as a mechanism of adaptation: a mycoplasma gallisepticum model. | what strategies do bacteria employ for adaptation to their hosts and are these strategies different for varied hosts? to date, many studies on the interaction of the bacterium and its host have been published. however, global changes in the bacterial cell in the process of invasion and persistence, remain poorly understood. in this study, we demonstrated phase transition of the avian pathogen mycoplasma gallisepticum upon invasion of the various types of eukaryotic cells (human, chicken, and mou ... | 2016 | 27775027 |
| egg quality in laying hens exposed to mycoplasma gallisepticum f-strain attenuated vaccine. | mycoplasma gallisepticum causes coughing, ocular and nasal discharge, reduction in feed intake, lower and uneven growth, decline in egg production and quality, and increase in mortality. among the attenuated vaccination strains, mgf can reduce clinical signs and lesions in layer hens, stimulate immune responses of cellular and humoral basis, act as an instrument of competitive exclusion in relation to field strains, and reduce the use of antimicrobials. this study aimed to investigate the effect ... | 2016 | 27738118 |
| chicken gga-mir-19a targets zmynd11 and plays an important role in host defense against mycoplasma gallisepticum (hs strain) infection. | mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg), one of the most pathogenic mycoplasmas, can cause chronic respiratory disease (crd) in chickens. it has been suggested that micro-ribonucleic acids (mirnas) are involved in microbial pathogenesis. however, little is known about the roles of mirnas in mg infection. previously, we found by deep sequencing that gga-mir-19a was significantly up-regulated in the lungs of mg-infected chicken embryos. in this work, we confirmed that gga-mir-19a was up-regulated in both mg ... | 2017 | 27683641 |
| pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profiles of tiamulin in an experimental intratracheal infection model of mycoplasma gallisepticum. | mycoplasma gallisepticum is the most important pathogen in poultry among four pathogenic mycoplasma species. tiamulin is a pleuromutilin antibiotic that shows a great activity against m. gallisepticum and has been approved for use in veterinary medicine particularly for poultry. however, the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics (pk/pd) profiles of tiamulin against m. gallisepticum are not well understood. therefore, in the current studies, we investigated the in vivo pk/pd profiles of tiamulin using ... | 2016 | 27656647 |
| the pk/pd interactions of doxycycline against mycoplasma gallisepticum. | mycoplasma gallisepticum is one of the most important pathogens that cause chronic respiratory disease in chicken. this study investigated the antibacterial activity of doxycycline against m. gallisepticum strain s6. in static time-killing studies with constant antibiotic concentrations [0-64 minimum inhibitory concentration (mic)], m. gallisepticum colonies were quantified and kill rates were calculated to estimate the drug effect. the half-life of doxycycline in chicken was 6.51 ± 0.63 h. an i ... | 2016 | 27199972 |
| influence of enrofloxacin traces in drinking water to doxycycline tissue pharmacokinetics in healthy and infected by mycoplasma gallisepticum broiler chickens. | most of antibiotics, administrated in the treatment of poultry diseases are dissolved in drinking water, and it can lead to water supply systems contamination, especially when the regular cleaning is not using. this situation can lead to unconscious administration of low doses of antibiotics to untreated animals. the aim of this study was to clarify the impact of the exposure of enrofloxacin traces (500 μg l(-1)) to doxycycline pharmacokinetics in healthy and experimentally mycoplasma gallisepti ... | 2016 | 26875641 |
| roles of toll-like receptors 2 and 6 in the inflammatory response to mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in df-1 cells and in chicken embryos. | while mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) is a major pathogen that causes chronic respiratory diseases in chicken, the molecular mechanism of mg infection is not clear. in this study, we investigated the roles of toll-like receptor 2 (tlr2) and 6 (tlr6) in mg infection. we found that tlr2 type 2 (tlr2-2) and tlr6 had differential expressions in chicken embryo fibroblasts (df-1 cells), where tlr6 was highly expressed, but tlr2-2 was barely expressed. upon mg infection, tlr6 expression was upregulated, ... | 2016 | 26797426 |
| gga-mir-101-3p plays a key role in mycoplasma gallisepticum (hs strain) infection of chicken. | mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg), one of the most pathogenic mycoplasma, has caused tremendous economic loss in the poultry industry. recently, increasing evidence has suggested that micro ribonucleic acids (mirnas) are involved in microbial pathogenesis. however, little is known about potential roles of mirnas in mg infection of chicken. in the present study, using mirna solexa sequencing we have found that gga-mir-101-3p was up-regulated in the lungs of mg-infected chicken embryos. moreover, gga- ... | 2015 | 26633386 |
| proteomic analysis of tylosin-resistant mycoplasma gallisepticum reveals enzymatic activities associated with resistance. | mycoplasma gallisepticum is a significant pathogenic bacterium that infects poultry, causing chronic respiratory disease and sinusitis in chickens and turkeys, respectively. m. gallisepticum infection poses a substantial economic threat to the poultry industry, and this threat is made worse by the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains. the mechanisms of resistance are often difficult to determine; for example, little is known about antibiotic resistance of m. gallisepticum at the proteome le ... | 2015 | 26584633 |