| targeting vaccine-induced extrafollicular pathway of b cell differentiation improves rabies postexposure prophylaxis. | vaccine-induced b cells differentiate along two pathways. the follicular pathway gives rise to germinal centers (gcs) that can take weeks to fully develop. the extrafollicular pathway gives rise to short-lived plasma cells (pcs) that can rapidly secrete protective antibodies within days of vaccination. rabies virus (rabv) postexposure prophylaxis (pep) requires rapid vaccine-induced humoral immunity for protection. therefore, we hypothesized that targeting extrafollicular b cell responses for ac ... | 2017 | 28148792 |
| rabies virus-inspired silica-coated gold nanorods as a photothermal therapeutic platform for treating brain tumors. | rabies virus-inspired silica-coated gold nanorods are fabricated by mimicking size, shape, surface glycoprotein property and in vivo behavior of the rabies virus. these nanorods not only resemble the appearance of the actual rabies virus but also travel into the brain through the neuronal pathway bypassing the blood-brain barrier, and moreover respond to near-infrared laser (808 nm) irradiation, emit heat, and effectively suppress brain tumors. | 2017 | 28134459 |
| becn1-dependent casp2 incomplete autophagy induction by binding to rabies virus phosphoprotein. | autophagy is an essential component of host immunity and used by viruses for survival. however, the autophagy signaling pathways involved in virus replication are poorly documented. here, we observed that rabies virus (rabv) infection triggered intracellular autophagosome accumulation and results in incomplete autophagy by inhibiting autophagy flux. subsequently, we found that rabv infection induced the reduction of casp2/caspase 2 and the activation of amp-activated protein kinase (ampk)-akt-mt ... | 2017 | 28129024 |
| nose-to-brain delivery of bace1 sirna loaded in solid lipid nanoparticles for alzheimer's therapy. | we designed a delivery system to obtain an efficient and optimal nose-to-brain transport of bace1 sirna, potentially useful in the treatment of alzheimer's disease. we selected a cell-penetrating peptide, the short peptide derived from rabies virus glycoprotein known as rvg-9r, to increase the transcellular pathway in neuronal cells. the optimal molar ratio between rvg-9r and bace1 sirna was elucidated. the complex between the two was then encapsulated. we propose chitosan-coated and uncoated so ... | 2017 | 28126681 |
| immunogenicity, safety and antibody persistence of a purified vero cell cultured rabies vaccine (speeda) administered by the zagreb regimen or essen regimen in post-exposure subjects. | to compare the safety, immunogenicity and long-term effect of a purified vero cell cultured rabies vaccine in post-exposure subjects following 2 intramuscular regimens, zagreb or essen regimen. | 2017 | 28121231 |
| an accelerated rabies vaccine schedule based on toll-like receptor 3 (tlr3) agonist pika adjuvant augments rabies virus specific antibody and t cell response in healthy adult volunteers. | rabies is a fatal disease where post-exposure prophylaxis (pep) is crucial in preventing infection. however, deaths even after appropriate pep, have been reported. the pika rabies vaccine adjuvant is a tlr3 agonist that activates b and t cells leading to a robust immune response. | 2017 | 28118938 |
| synaptic inputs from stroke-injured brain to grafted human stem cell-derived neurons activated by sensory stimuli. | transplanted neurons derived from stem cells have been proposed to improve function in animal models of human disease by various mechanisms such as neuronal replacement. however, whether the grafted neurons receive functional synaptic inputs from the recipient's brain and integrate into host neural circuitry is unknown. here we studied the synaptic inputs from the host brain to grafted cortical neurons derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells after transplantation into stroke-injured ra ... | 2017 | 28115364 |
| re-emerging of rabies in shaanxi province, china, 2009 to 2015. | to explore the epidemiological, phylogeographic and migration characteristics of human rabies in shaanxi province, china from 2009 to 2015. | 2017 | 28112421 |
| antigenic and genotypic characterization of rabies virus isolated from bats (mammalia: chiroptera) from municipalities in são paulo state, southeastern brazil. | bats have aroused growing attention in the public health sphere because they are considered the main reservoir of rabies virus (rabv) in the americas, in places where canine rabies is under control. antigenic and genetic studies of rabv isolates have been used to describe the epidemiological profile of rabies and to identify possible hosts/reservoirs for different epidemiological cycles. this study describes the antigenic and genotypic characterization of 19 rabv isolates from central nervous sy ... | 2017 | 28108804 |
| whole-brain 3d mapping of human neural transplant innervation. | while transplantation represents a key tool for assessing in vivo functionality of neural stem cells and their suitability for neural repair, little is known about the integration of grafted neurons into the host brain circuitry. rabies virus-based retrograde tracing has developed into a powerful approach for visualizing synaptically connected neurons. here, we combine this technique with light sheet fluorescence microscopy (lsfm) to visualize transplanted cells and connected host neurons in who ... | 2017 | 28102196 |
| overexpression of interleukin-7 extends the humoral immune response induced by rabies vaccination. | rabies continues to present a public health threat in most countries of the world. the most efficient way to prevent and control rabies is to implement vaccination programs for domestic animals. however, traditional inactivated vaccines used in animals are costly and have relatively low efficiency, which impedes their extensive use in developing countries. there is, therefore, an urgent need to develop single-dose and long-lasting rabies vaccines. however, little information is available regardi ... | 2017 | 28100620 |
| ecological potential for rabies virus transmission via scavenging of dead bats by mesocarnivores. | multiple species of bats are reservoirs of rabies virus in the americas and are occasionally the source of spillover infections into mesocarnivore species. although rabies transmission generally is assumed to occur via bite, laboratory studies have demonstrated the potential for rabies transmission via ingestion of rabid animals. we investigated the ecological potential for this mode of transmission by assessing mesocarnivore scavenging behavior of dead bats in suburban habitats of flagstaff, ar ... | 2017 | 28094609 |
| rabies virus vaccine as an immune adjuvant against cancers and glioblastoma: new studies may resurrect a neglected potential. | to review the literature about the use of rabies virus-vaccine (rv-v) as an anticancer immunotherapeutic modality in the light of recent findings. the literature search in relevant databases with the following key words: rabies virus, cancer, remission. remissions occured following rv-v injections in patients with cervical cancer and melanoma. pilot clinical studies showed that rv-v injections enhanced survival in glioblastoma patients, which is supported by findings in gl261 mouse glioma model. ... | 2017 | 28093702 |
| expression of interleukin-6 by a recombinant rabies virus enhances its immunogenicity as a potential vaccine. | several studies have confirmed that interleukin-6 (il6) mediates multiple biological effects that enhance immune responses when used as an adjuvant. in the present study, recombinant rabies virus (rabv) expressing canine il6 (rhep-cail6) was rescued and its pathogenicity and immunogenicity were investigated in mice. we demonstrated that mice received a single intramuscular immunization with rhep-cail6 showed an earlier increase and higher maximum titres of virus-neutralizing antibody (vna) as we ... | 2017 | 28089546 |
| a pan-lyssavirus taqman real-time rt-pcr assay for the detection of highly variable rabies virus and other lyssaviruses. | rabies, resulting from infection by rabies virus (rabv) and related lyssaviruses, is one of the most deadly zoonotic diseases and is responsible for up to 70,000 estimated human deaths worldwide each year. rapid and accurate laboratory diagnosis of rabies is essential for timely administration of post-exposure prophylaxis in humans and control of the disease in animals. currently, only the direct fluorescent antibody (dfa) test is recommended for routine rabies diagnosis. reverse-transcription p ... | 2017 | 28081126 |
| v1 connections reveal a series of elongated higher visual areas in the california ground squirrel, otospermophilus beecheyi. | for studies of visual cortex organization, mouse is becoming an increasingly more often used model. in addition to its genetic tractability, the relatively small area of cortical surface devoted to visual processing simplifies efforts in relating the structure of visual cortex to visual function. however, the nature of this compact organization can make some comparisons to the much larger non-human primate visual cortex difficult. the squirrel, as a highly visual rodent offers a useful means for ... | 2017 | 28078786 |
| local circuits of v1 layer 4b neurons projecting to v2 thick stripes define distinct cell classes and avoid cytochrome oxidase blobs. | decades of anatomical studies on the primate primary visual cortex (v1) have led to a detailed diagram of v1 intrinsic circuitry, but this diagram lacks information about the output targets of v1 cells. understanding how v1 local processing relates to downstream processing requires identification of neuronal populations defined by their output targets. in primates, v1 layers (l)2/3 and 4b send segregated projections to distinct cytochrome oxidase (co) stripes in area v2: neurons in co blob colum ... | 2017 | 28077720 |
| fusion peptide improves stability and bioactivity of single chain antibody against rabies virus. | the combination of rabies immunoglobulin (rig) with a vaccine is currently effective against rabies infections, but improvements are needed. genetic engineering antibody technology is an attractive approach for developing novel antibodies to replace rig. in our previous study, a single-chain variable fragment, scfv57r, against rabies virus glycoprotein (rvgp) was constructed. however, its inherent weak stability and short half-life compared with the parent rig may limit its diagnostic and therap ... | 2017 | 28068664 |
| 5'-phospho-rna acceptor specificity of gdp polyribonucleotidyltransferase of vesicular stomatitis virus in mrna capping. | the gdp polyribonucleotidyltransferase (prntase) domain of the multifunctional l protein of rhabdoviruses, such as vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) and rabies virus, catalyzes the transfer of 5'-phospho-rna (prna) from 5'-triphospho-rna (ppprna) to gdp via a covalent enzyme-prna intermediate to generate a 5'-cap structure (gpppa). here, using an improved oligo-rna capping assay with the vsv l protein, we showed that the michaelis constants for gdp and pppaacag (vsv mrna-start sequence) are 0.03 ... | 2017 | 28053102 |
| reduction of animal suffering in rabies vaccine potency testing by introduction of humane endpoints. | potency controls of inactivated rabies vaccines for human use are confirmed by the national institutes of health challenge test in which lethal infection with severe neurological symptoms should be observed in approximately half of the mice inoculated with the rabies virus. weight loss, decreased body temperature, and the presence of rabies-associated neurological signs have been proposed as humane endpoints. the potential for reduction of animal suffering by introducing humane endpoints in the ... | 2017 | 28040390 |
| the global phylogeography of lyssaviruses - challenging the 'out of africa' hypothesis. | rabies virus kills tens of thousands of people globally each year, especially in resource-limited countries. yet, there are genetically- and antigenically-related lyssaviruses, all capable of causing the disease rabies, circulating globally among bats without causing conspicuous disease outbreaks. the species richness and greater genetic diversity of african lyssaviruses, along with the lack of antibody cross-reactivity among them, has led to the hypothesis that africa is the origin of lyssaviru ... | 2016 | 28036390 |
| targeted delivery of nano-ptx to the brain tumor-associated macrophages. | nanoparticles containing mixed lipid monolayer shell, biodegradable polymer core and rabies virus glycoprotein (rvg) peptide as brain targeting ligand, were developed for brain targeted delivery of paclitaxel (ptx) to treat malignant glioma. rvg conjugated ptx loaded nps (rvg-ptx-nps) had the desirable size (~140 nm), narrow size distribution and spherical shape. rvg-ptx-nps showed poor uptake by neurons and selective targeting to the brain tumor associated macrophages (tams) with controlled rel ... | 2017 | 28036254 |
| parahippocampal and retrosplenial connections of rat posterior parietal cortex. | the posterior parietal cortex has been implicated in spatial functions, including navigation. the hippocampal and parahippocampal region and the retrosplenial cortex are crucially involved in navigational processes and connections between the parahippocampal/retrosplenial domain and the posterior parietal cortex have been described. however, an integrated account of the organization of these connections is lacking. here, we investigated parahippocampal connections of each posterior parietal subd ... | 2017 | 28032674 |
| challenges to eliminate rabies virus infection in china by 2020. | | 2017 | 28017558 |
| role of nitric oxide in the regulation of immune responses during rabies virus infection in mice. | rabies virus (rabv) stimulates nitric oxide (no) production, which either triggers t cell differentiation or suppresses t cell function depending on its concentration. herein, we assessed the potential role of no in regulation of immune responses during rabv infection in mice model. the experimental animals were divided into four groups and 100ld50 of challenge virus standard (cvs) strain of rabv was inoculated intracerebrally on day 0 and subsequently aminoguanidine (ag; inducible nitric oxide ... | 2016 | 28004019 |
| the matrix protein of rabies virus binds to relap43 to modulate nf-κb-dependent gene expression related to innate immunity. | the matrix (m) protein of wild isolates of rabies virus such as tha (m-tha) was previously shown to be able to interact with relap43, a protein of the nf-κb family, and to efficiently suppress nf-κb-dependent reporter gene expression, in contrast with the vaccine strain sad. here, we analyze the mechanisms involved in relap43-m protein interaction. we demonstrate that the central part of m-tha, and the specific c-terminal region of relap43 are required for this interaction. four differences in t ... | 2016 | 28000711 |
| serine residues at positions 162 and 166 of the rabies virus phosphoprotein are critical for the induction of oxidative stress in rabies virus infection. | our previous work in a mouse model of experimental rabies showed neuronal process (dendrites and axons) degeneration in association with severe clinical disease. cultured adult rodent dorsal root ganglion (drg) neurons infected with the challenge virus standard-11 (cvs) strain of rabies virus (rabv) showed axonal swellings and reduced axonal growth with evidence of oxidative stress. we have shown that cvs infection alters a variety of mitochondrial parameters and increases mitochondrial complex ... | 2016 | 27995576 |
| cre fused with rvg peptide mediates targeted genome editing in mouse brain cells in vivo. | cell penetrating peptides (cpps) are short peptides that can pass through cell membranes. cpps can facilitate the cellular entry of proteins, macromolecules, nanoparticles and drugs. rvg peptide (rvg hereinafter) is a 29-amino-acid cpp derived from a rabies virus glycoprotein that can cross the blood-brain barrier (bbb) and enter brain cells. however, whether rvg can be used for genome editing in the brain has not been reported. in this work, we combined rvg with cre recombinase for bacterial ex ... | 2016 | 27983648 |
| large-scale phylogenomic analysis reveals the complex evolutionary history of rabies virus in multiple carnivore hosts. | the natural evolution of rabies virus (rabv) provides a potent example of multiple host shifts and an important opportunity to determine the mechanisms that underpin viral emergence. using 321 genome sequences spanning an unprecedented diversity of rabv, we compared evolutionary rates and selection pressures in viruses sampled from multiple primary host shifts that occurred on various continents. two major phylogenetic groups, bat-related rabv and dog-related rabv, experiencing markedly differen ... | 2016 | 27977811 |
| mechanism of membrane fusion induced by vesicular stomatitis virus g protein. | the glycoproteins (g proteins) of vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) and related rhabdoviruses (e.g., rabies virus) mediate both cell attachment and membrane fusion. the reversibility of their fusogenic conformational transitions differentiates them from many other low-ph-induced viral fusion proteins. we report single-virion fusion experiments, using methods developed in previous publications to probe fusion of influenza and west nile viruses. we show that a three-stage model fits vsv single-part ... | 2017 | 27974607 |
| monosynaptic tracing in developing circuits using modified rabies virus. | an attenuated rabies virus that expresses fluorescent protein has made it possible to analyze retrograde (presynaptic) monosynaptic connections in vivo. by combining attenuated rabies virus with a cre-loxp based system to target cells in a subtype-specific fashion, it is possible to examine neuronal input in vivo onto any class of neuron, in development and in the mature brain. we describe here the methods to amplify deletion mutant, pseudotyped rabies virus, selectively target cells of interest ... | 2017 | 27943201 |
| dual anterograde and retrograde viral tracing of reciprocal connectivity. | current large-scale approaches in neuroscience aim to unravel the complete connectivity map of specific neuronal circuits, or even the entire brain. this emerging research discipline has been termed connectomics. recombinant glycoprotein-deleted rabies virus (rabv ∆g) has become an important tool for the investigation of neuronal connectivity in the brains of a variety of species. neuronal infection with even a single rabv ∆g particle results in high-level transgene expression, revealing the fin ... | 2017 | 27943199 |
| impact of rabies vaccination history on attainment of an adequate antibody titre among dogs tested for international travel certification, israel - 2010-2014. | rabies is endemic in wildlife or domestic carnivore populations globally. infection of domestic dogs is of particular concern in many areas. in regions where domestic animals are at risk of exposure to rabies virus, dogs should be routinely vaccinated against rabies to protect both pet and human populations. many countries require demonstration of an adequate level of serum rabies neutralizing antibodies to permit entry of dogs during international travel. we analysed rabies titres of dogs seeki ... | 2016 | 27911041 |
| recombinant rabies virus expressing il-21 enhances immunogenicity through activation of t follicular helper cells and germinal centre b cells. | previous studies have demonstrated that the lack of interleukin-21 (il-21) signalling could affect specific antibody induction after rabies vaccination. here, to further investigate the over-expression of il-21 on the immunogenicity of rabies virus (rabv), a recombinant rabv expressing murine il-21, designated lbnse-il21, was constructed and evaluated in a mouse model. it was found that in mice immunized with lbnse-il21, there was a substantial increase in the number of t follicular helper cells ... | 2016 | 27902338 |
| a presumptive case of human rabies: a rare survived case in rural ghana. | rabies remains endemic in ghana and continues to pose a major public health threat to humans and animals with a nearly 100% case fatality rate in humans. we report of a presumptive case of human rabies whose survival represents a rare occurrence in rural ghana and worldwide. lessons from this case study provide a critically needed focus in helping improve rabies surveillance and case management in ghana. we report of the survival of a 36-year-old man who developed clinical rabies after he was bi ... | 2016 | 27891499 |
| systems biomedicine of rabies delineates the affected signaling pathways. | the prototypical neurotropic virus, rabies, is a member of the rhabdoviridae family that causes lethal encephalomyelitis. although there have been a plethora of studies investigating the etiological mechanism of the rabies virus and many precautionary methods have been implemented to avert the disease outbreak over the last century, the disease has surprisingly no definite remedy at its late stages. the psychological symptoms and the underlying etiology, as well as the rare survival rate from ra ... | 2016 | 27872612 |
| rabies in poland in 2013 and 2014 | evaluation of the epidemiological situation of rabies in poland in 2013 and 2014 in comparison to the previous years. | 2017 | 27870541 |
| the epidemiological importance of bats in the transmission of rabies to dogs and cats in the state of são paulo, brazil, between 2005 and 2014. | in brazil, rabies control in dogs and cats was pioneered by the state of são paulo with the adoption of the pan american health organization recommendations for prophylaxis and control, which led to a reduction in rabies cases from 1994 onwards. as a result of these measures, the rabies virus (rabv) genetic lineage associated with dogs has not been found in the state since 1998, and all the cases in domestic animals reported since then have been caused by bat-associated lineages of rabv. in the ... | 2016 | 27863049 |
| a comparative study of the rapina and the virus-neutralizing test (rffit) for the estimation of antirabies-neutralizing antibody levels in dog samples. | the mass vaccination of dogs against rabies is a highly rational strategy for interrupting the natural transmission of urban rabies. according to the world organization for animal health (oie) and the world health organization (who), the immunization of at least 70% of the total dog population minimizes the risk of endemic rabies. knowledge of the virus-neutralizing antibody (vna) level against the rabies virus (rabv) is required to evaluate protective immunity and vaccine coverage of dogs in th ... | 2016 | 27863040 |
| a novel rabies vaccine expressing cxcl13 enhances humoral immunity by recruiting both t follicular helper and germinal center b cells. | rabies remains a public health threat in most parts of the world, and approximately 99% of the cases are transmitted by dogs. there is an urgent need to develop an efficacious and affordable vaccine to control canine-transmitted rabies in developing countries. our previous studies demonstrate that overexpression of chemokines/cytokines such as ccl-3 (mip-1α) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (gm-csf) can enhance the immunogenicity of rabies vaccines. in the present study, the ... | 2017 | 27852854 |
| optimal frequency of rabies vaccination campaigns in sub-saharan africa. | rabies causes more than 24 000 human deaths annually in sub-saharan africa. the world health organization recommends annual canine vaccination campaigns with at least 70% coverage to control the disease. while previous studies have considered optimal coverage of animal rabies vaccination, variation in the frequency of vaccination campaigns has not been explored. to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of rabies canine vaccination campaigns at varying coverage and frequency, we parametrized a rabies v ... | 2016 | 27852799 |
| trileucine residues in a ligand-cpp-based sirna delivery platform improve endosomal escape of sirna. | sirna entrapment within endosomes is a significant problem encountered with sirna delivery platforms that co-opt receptor-mediated entry pathways. attachment of a cell-penetrating peptide (cpp), such as nona-arginine (9r) to a cell receptor-binding ligand like the rabies virus glycoprotein, rvg, allows effective sirna delivery to the cytoplasm by non-endocytic pathways, but a significant amount of sirna complexes also enters the cell by ligand-induced receptor endocytosis and remain localized in ... | 2017 | 27820977 |
| viral infection: rabies virus causes stress. | | 2016 | 27818500 |
| the family rhabdoviridae: mono- and bipartite negative-sense rna viruses with diverse genome organization and common evolutionary origins. | the family rhabdoviridae consists of mostly enveloped, bullet-shaped or bacilliform viruses with a negative-sense, single-stranded rna genome that infect vertebrates, invertebrates or plants. this ecological diversity is reflected by the diversity and complexity of their genomes. five canonical structural protein genes are conserved in all rhabdoviruses, but may be overprinted, overlapped or interspersed with several novel and diverse accessory genes. this review gives an overview of the charact ... | 2017 | 27773769 |
| rabies vaccine development by expression of recombinant viral glycoprotein. | the rabies virus envelope glycoprotein (rvgp) is the main antigen of rabies virus and is the only viral component present in all new rabies vaccines being proposed. many approaches have been taken since dna recombinant technology became available to express an immunogenic recombinant rabies virus glycoprotein (rrvgp). these attempts are reviewed here, and the relevant results are discussed with respect to the general characteristics of the rrvgp, the expression system used, the expression levels ... | 2017 | 27796547 |
| a basal ganglia circuit for evaluating action outcomes. | the basal ganglia, a group of subcortical nuclei, play a crucial role in decision-making by selecting actions and evaluating their outcomes. while much is known about the function of the basal ganglia circuitry in selection, how these nuclei contribute to outcome evaluation is less clear. here we show that neurons in the habenula-projecting globus pallidus (gph) in mice are essential for evaluating action outcomes and are regulated by a specific set of inputs from the basal ganglia. we find in a ... | 2016 | 27652894 |
| ineffectiveness of rabies vaccination alone for post-exposure protection against rabies infection in animal models. | most reported vaccination failures among rabies-exposed patients were due to fail to timely co-administer rabies immunoglobulin (rig). considering that such protection failure might be caused by low antigen titers in the vaccine, scientists improved antigen titers to 4.0 iu or even higher, yet the failure remained. therefore, it becomes vital to develop more efficacious vaccine against rabies. in our evaluation of a novel pika rabies vaccine, we used multiple animal models (beagles, golden hamst ... | 2016 | 27737787 |
| morphology of visual sector thalamic reticular neurons in the macaque monkey suggests retinotopically specialized, parallel stream-mixed input to the lateral geniculate nucleus. | the thalamic reticular nucleus (trn) is a unique brain structure at the interface between the thalamus and the cortex. because the trn receives bottom-up sensory input and top-down cortical input, it could serve as an integration hub for sensory and cognitive signals. functional evidence supports broad roles for the trn in arousal, attention, and sensory selection. how specific circuits connecting the trn with sensory thalamic structures implement these functions is not known. the structural org ... | 2017 | 27778378 |
| whole-brain monosynaptic afferent inputs to basal forebrain cholinergic system. | the basal forebrain cholinergic system (bfcs) robustly modulates many important behaviors, such as arousal, attention, learning and memory, through heavy projections to cortex and hippocampus. however, the presynaptic partners governing bfcs activity still remain poorly understood. here, we utilized a recently developed rabies virus-based cell-type-specific retrograde tracing system to map the whole-brain afferent inputs of the bfcs. we found that the bfcs receives inputs from multiple cortical ... | 2016 | 27777554 |
| visuomotor signals for reaching movements in the rostro-dorsal sector of the monkey thalamic reticular nucleus. | the thalamic reticular nucleus (trn) collects inputs from the cerebral cortex and thalamus and, in turn, sends inhibitory outputs to the thalamic relay nuclei. this unique connectivity suggests that the trn plays a pivotal role in regulating information flow through the thalamus. here, we analyzed the roles of trn neurons in visually guided reaching movements. we first used retrograde transneuronal labeling with rabies virus, and showed that the rostro-dorsal sector of the trn (trnrd) projected ... | 2016 | 27706860 |
| rabies virus-mediated oligodendrocyte labeling reveals a single oligodendrocyte myelinates axons from distinct brain regions. | oligodendrocytes myelinate neuronal axons during development and increase conduction velocity of neuronal impulses in the central nervous system. neuronal axons extend from multiple brain regions and pass through the white matter; however, whether oligodendrocytes ensheath a particular set of axons or do so randomly within the mammalian brain remains unclear. we developed a novel method to visualize individual oligodendrocytes and axon derived from a particular brain region in mouse white matter ... | 2017 | 27759175 |
| rabies virus infection induces the formation of stress granules closely connected to the viral factories. | stress granules (sgs) are membrane-less dynamic structures consisting of mrna and protein aggregates that form rapidly in response to a wide range of environmental cellular stresses and viral infections. they act as storage sites for translationally silenced mrnas under stress conditions. during viral infection, sg formation results in the modulation of innate antiviral immune responses, and several viruses have the ability to either promote or prevent sg assembly. here, we show that rabies viru ... | 2016 | 27749929 |
| human rabies: a 2016 update. | rabies is a zoonotic disease that is usually transmitted to humans by animal bites. dogs are the most important vector worldwide. there are encephalitic and paralytic forms of the disease. there are differences in the clinical features of the disease acquired from dogs and bats. neuroimaging is non-specific. confirmatory diagnostic laboratory tests for rabies include detection of neutralizing anti-rabies virus antibodies in serum or cerebrospinal fluid and rabies virus antigen or rna in tissues ... | 2016 | 27730539 |
| rabies vaccine response measurement is assay dependent. | vaccine equivalency, booster administration, and animal import decisions are based in part on the level of rabies virus neutralizing antibody (rvna) in serum. serum neutralization (sn) is commonly used but other methods are employed. studies have shown that although enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and sn results are correlated, exact comparison cannot be ensured. this study investigated the applicability of the recognized 0.5 iu/ml cut-off value between methods. serum from rabies vacci ... | 2016 | 27726931 |
| comparison of immune responses to attenuated rabies virus and street virus in mouse brain. | rabies is a lethal neurological disease caused by the neurotropic rabies virus (rabv). to investigate the innate immune response in the brain during rabies infection, key gene transcripts indicative of innate immunity in a mouse model system were measured using real-time rt-pcr. mice were infected via the intracerebral or intramuscular route with either attenuated rabies virus (srv9) or pathogenic rabies virus (bd06). infection with srv9 resulted in the early detection of viral replication and t ... | 2017 | 27722994 |
| validation of a rapid rabies diagnostic tool for field surveillance in developing countries. | one root cause of the neglect of rabies is the lack of adequate diagnostic tests in the context of low income countries. a rapid, performance friendly and low cost method to detect rabies virus (rabv) in brain samples will contribute positively to surveillance and consequently to accurate data reporting, which is presently missing in the majority of rabies endemic countries. | 2016 | 27706156 |
| combining optogenetics and electrophysiology to analyze projection neuron circuits. | a set of methods is described for channelrhodopsin-2 (chr2)-based synaptic circuit analysis that combines photostimulation of virally transfected presynaptic neurons' axons with whole-cell electrophysiological recordings from retrogradely labeled postsynaptic neurons. the approach exploits the preserved photoexcitability of chr2-expressing axons in brain slices and can be used to assess either local or long-range functional connections. stereotaxic injections are used both to express chr2 select ... | 2016 | 27698240 |
| phylogenetic analysis of rabies virus isolated from canids in north and northeast brazil. | cases of canine rabies continue to occur in north and northeast brazil, and the number of notifications of rabies cases in wild canids has increased as a result of the expansion of urban areas at the expense of areas with native vegetation. in light of this, we performed molecular characterization of rabies virus isolates from dogs and cerdocyon thous from various states in north and northeast brazil. in all, 102 samples from dogs (n = 56) and cerdocyon thous (n = 46) collected between 2006 and ... | 2017 | 27671776 |
| quantitative analysis of the microtubule interaction of rabies virus p3 protein: roles in immune evasion and pathogenesis. | although microtubules (mts) are known to have important roles in intracellular transport of many viruses, a number of reports suggest that specific viral mt-associated proteins (maps) target mts to subvert distinct mt-dependent cellular processes. the precise functional importance of these interactions and their roles in pathogenesis, however, remain largely unresolved. to assess the association with disease of the rabies virus (rabv) map, p3, we quantitatively compared the phenotypes of p3 from ... | 2016 | 27649849 |
| quantification of lyssavirus-neutralizing antibodies using vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotype particles. | rabies is a highly fatal zoonotic disease which is primarily caused by rabies virus (rabv) although other members of the genus lyssavirus can cause rabies as well. as yet, 14 serologically and genetically diverse lyssaviruses have been identified, mostly in bats. to assess the quality of rabies vaccines and immunoglobulin preparations, virus neutralization tests with live rabv are performed in accordance with enhanced biosafety standards. in the present work, a novel neutralization test is prese ... | 2016 | 27649230 |
| cell type-specific long-range connections of basal forebrain circuit. | the basal forebrain (bf) plays key roles in multiple brain functions, including sleep-wake regulation, attention, and learning/memory, but the long-range connections mediating these functions remain poorly characterized. here we performed whole-brain mapping of both inputs and outputs of four bf cell types - cholinergic, glutamatergic, and parvalbumin-positive (pv+) and somatostatin-positive (som+) gabaergic neurons - in the mouse brain. using rabies virus -mediated monosynaptic retrograde traci ... | 2016 | 27642784 |
| host-pathogen evolutionary signatures reveal dynamics and future invasions of vampire bat rabies. | anticipating how epidemics will spread across landscapes requires understanding host dispersal events that are notoriously difficult to measure. here, we contrast host and virus genetic signatures to resolve the spatiotemporal dynamics underlying geographic expansions of vampire bat rabies virus (vbrv) in peru. phylogenetic analysis revealed recent viral spread between populations that, according to extreme geographic structure in maternally inherited host mitochondrial dna, appeared completely ... | 2016 | 27621441 |
| distributed and mixed information in monosynaptic inputs to dopamine neurons. | dopamine neurons encode the difference between actual and predicted reward, or reward prediction error (rpe). although many models have been proposed to account for this computation, it has been difficult to test these models experimentally. here we established an awake electrophysiological recording system, combined with rabies virus and optogenetic cell-type identification, to characterize the firing patterns of monosynaptic inputs to dopamine neurons while mice performed classical conditionin ... | 2016 | 27618675 |
| the lyssavirus glycoprotein: a key to cross-immunity. | rabies is an acute viral encephalomyelitis in warm-blooded vertebrates, caused by viruses belonging to rhabdovirus family and genus lyssavirus. although rabies is categorised as a neglected disease, the rabies virus (rabv) is the most studied amongst lyssaviruses which show nearly identical infection patterns. in efforts to improving post-exposure prophylaxis, several anti-rabies monoclonal antibodies (mabs) targeting the glycoprotein (g protein) sites i, ii, iii and g5 have been characterized. ... | 2016 | 27614701 |
| localization of the rabies virus antigen in merkel cells in the follicle-sinus complexes of muzzle skins of rabid dogs. | the direct fluorescent antibody test (dfat) on fresh brain tissues is the gold standard for rabies virus antigen detection in dogs. however, this method is laborious and holds a high risk of virus exposure for the experimenter. skin biopsies are useful for the diagnosis of humans and animals. in mammals, the tactile hair, known as the follicle-sinus complex (fsc), is a specialized touch organ that is abundant in the muzzle skin. each tactile hair is equipped with more than 2,000 sensory nerve en ... | 2016 | 27587291 |
| serologic response in eight alpacas vaccinated by extralabel use of a large animal rabies vaccine during a public health response to a rabid alpaca in south carolina. | case description a female alpaca, kept at pasture with 12 other female alpacas, 2 crias, and 5 goats, was evaluated because of clinical signs of aggression. clinical findings the clinical signs of aggression progressed to include biting at other animals as well as disorientation. three days later, the alpaca was euthanized because of suspicion of rabies virus infection. treatment and outcome no physical injuries were found at necropsy. brain tissue specimens were confirmed positive for rabies on ... | 2016 | 27585106 |
| rabies outbreaks and vaccination in domestic camels and cattle in northwest china. | in contrast to many countries where rabies has been well controlled in humans and livestock, even in wildlife, rabies is still endemic in almost regions of china. in northwest china, rabies transmitted by stray dogs and wild foxes has caused heavy economic losses to local herdsmen, as well as causing numbers of human cases. in this study, as part of an investigation of ways to prevent rabies epidemics in livestock, we report an analysis of domestic cattle and camel rabies cases in ningxia hui (n ... | 2016 | 27583559 |
| experience-dependent plasticity of excitatory and inhibitory intertectal inputs in xenopus tadpoles. | communication between optic tecta/superior colliculi is thought to be required for sensorimotor behaviors by comparing inputs across the midline, however the development of and the role of visual experience in the function and plasticity of intertectal connections are unclear. we combined neuronal tracing, in vivo time-lapse imaging, and electrophysiology to characterize the structural and functional development of intertectal axons and synapses in xenopus tadpole optic tectum. we find that inte ... | 2016 | 27582296 |
| the potential use of rabies virus glycoprotein-derived peptides to facilitate drug delivery into the central nervous system: a mini review. | rabies virus glycoprotein (rvg), a 505 amino acid type-1 glycoprotein, is responsible for the neurotrophic nature of the rabies virus infection. despite varying reports in the literature as to which receptor is ultimately responsible for interaction of rvg with the nervous system, there is a strong argument for major nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nachr) involvement. peptide derivatives of rvg, such as rabies virus-derived peptide (rdp) and rvg-29 are emerging as promising targeting ligands f ... | 2017 | 27581650 |
| vaccine-induced rabies case in a cow (bos taurus): molecular characterisation of vaccine strain in brain tissue. | rabies is a fatal neuropathogenic zoonosis caused by the rabies virus of the lyssavirus genus, rhabdoviridae family. the oral vaccination of foxes - the main reservoir of rabies in europe - using a live attenuated rabies virus vaccine was successfully conducted in many western european countries. in july 2015, a rabies vaccine strain was isolated from the brain tissues of a clinically suspect cow (bos taurus) in romania. the nucleotide analysis of both n and g gene sequences showed 100% identity ... | 2016 | 27576075 |
| increased pathogenicity of rabies virus due to modification of a non-coding region. | sub-passaging of qs-05, a street rabies virus (rabv) isolate, in non-neuronal cells resulted in a virus with higher pathogenicity, qs-bhk-p7. four full-length cdna plasmids were constructed and the corresponding recombinant viruses were recovered: rqs-05, rqs-bhk-p7 and rqs05-2475g/rqs-bhk-p7-2475a (made by switching of intergenic p-m between these two backbones). rqs-bhk-p7-2475 a virus had eight instead of seven adenosines in its poly(a) sequence. interestingly, mutant viruses with 6 or 8 aden ... | 2016 | 27558122 |
| green synthesis and evaluation of silver nanoparticles as adjuvant in rabies veterinary vaccine. | green synthesis of nanoparticles by plant extracts plays a significant role in different applications. recently, several studies were conducted on the use of nanoparticles as adjuvant. the main aim of this study was to evaluate green synthesized silver nanoparticles (agnps) as adjuvant in rabies veterinary vaccine and compare the results with the existing commercially available alum adjuvant. | 2016 | 27536101 |
| motor, cognitive, and affective areas of the cerebral cortex influence the adrenal medulla. | modern medicine has generally viewed the concept of "psychosomatic" disease with suspicion. this view arose partly because no neural networks were known for the mind, conceptually associated with the cerebral cortex, to influence autonomic and endocrine systems that control internal organs. here, we used transneuronal transport of rabies virus to identify the areas of the primate cerebral cortex that communicate through multisynaptic connections with a major sympathetic effector, the adrenal med ... | 2016 | 27528671 |
| delivery of therapeutic sirna to the cns using cationic and anionic liposomes. | prion diseases result from the misfolding of the normal, cellular prion protein (prp(c)) to an abnormal protease resistant isomer called prp(res). the emergence of prion diseases in wildlife populations and their increasing threat to human health has led to increased efforts to find a treatment for these diseases. recent studies have found numerous anti-prion compounds that can either inhibit the infectious prp(res) isomer or down regulate the normal cellular prion protein. however, most of thes ... | 2016 | 27501362 |
| a recombinant rabies virus (erags) for use in a bait vaccine for swine. | rabies viruses (rabv) circulating worldwide in various carnivores occasionally cause fatal encephalitis in swine. in this study, the safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant rabies virus, the erags strain constructed with a reverse genetics system, was evaluated in domestic pigs. | 2016 | 27489807 |
| safety and immunogenicity of recombinant rabies virus (erags) in mice and raccoon dogs. | the development of a genetically modified live rabies vaccine applicable to wild raccoon dogs is necessary for the eradication of rabies in korea. thus, we constructed a recombinant rabies virus (rabv) called the erags strain, using a reverse genetic system and evaluated its safety and efficacy in mice and its safety and immunogenicity in raccoon dogs. | 2016 | 27489806 |
| post-exposure treatment with anti-rabies vhh and vaccine significantly improves protection of mice from lethal rabies infection. | post-exposure prophylaxis (pep) against rabies infection consists of a combination of passive immunisation with plasma-derived human or equine immune globulins and active immunisation with vaccine delivered shortly after exposure. since anti-rabies immune globulins are expensive and scarce, there is a need for cheaper alternatives that can be produced more consistently. previously, we generated potent virus-neutralising vhh, also called nanobodies, against the rabies glycoprotein that are effect ... | 2016 | 27483431 |
| duration of serum antibody response to rabies vaccination in horses. | objective to investigate the impact of age and inferred prior vaccination history on the persistence of vaccine-induced antibody against rabies in horses. design serologic response evaluation. animals 48 horses with an undocumented vaccination history. procedures horses were vaccinated against rabies once. blood samples were collected prior to vaccination, 3 to 7 weeks after vaccination, and at 6-month intervals for 2 to 3 years. serum rabies virus-neutralizing antibody (rvna) values were measur ... | 2016 | 27479286 |
| rabies internalizes into primary peripheral neurons via clathrin coated pits and requires fusion at the cell body. | the single glycoprotein (g) of rabies virus (rabv) dictates all viral entry steps from receptor engagement to membrane fusion. to study the uptake of rabv into primary neuronal cells in culture, we generated a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus in which the g protein was replaced with that of the neurotropic rabv cvs-11 strain (rvsv cvs g). using microfluidic compartmentalized culture, we examined the uptake of single virions into the termini of primary neurons of the dorsal root ganglion an ... | 2016 | 27463226 |
| wild-type rabies virus induces autophagy in human and mouse neuroblastoma cell lines. | different rabies virus (rabv) strains have their own biological characteristics, but little is known about their respective impact on autophagy. therefore, we evaluated whether attenuated rabv hep-flury and wild-type rabv gd-sh-01 strains triggered autophagy. we found that gd-sh-01 infection significantly increased the number of autophagy-like vesicles, the accumulation of enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp)-lc3 fluorescence puncta and the conversion of lc3-i to lc3-ii, while hep-flury was ... | 2016 | 27463027 |
| caveats in transneuronal tracing with unmodified rabies virus: an evaluation of aberrant results using a nearly perfect tracing technique. | apart from the genetically engineered, modified, strains of rabies virus (rabv), unmodified 'fixed' virus strains of rabv, such as the 'french' subtype of cvs11, are used to examine synaptically connected networks in the brain. this technique has been shown to have all the prerequisite characteristics for ideal tracing as it does not metabolically affect infected neurons within the time span of the experiment, it is transferred transneuronally in one direction only and to all types of neurons pr ... | 2016 | 27462206 |
| a systematic review of human bat rabies virus variant cases: evaluating unprotected physical contact with claws and teeth in support of accurate risk assessments. | in the united states and canada, the most recent documented cases of rabies have been attributed to bat rabies viruses (rabv). we undertook this systematic review in an effort to summarize and enhance understanding of the risk of infection for individuals who have been potentially exposed to a suspect or confirmed rabid bat. united states rabies surveillance summaries documented a total of 41 human bat-rabies virus variant verified non-transplant cases between 1990 and 2015. all cases were fatal ... | 2016 | 27459720 |
| viperin inhibits rabies virus replication via reduced cholesterol and sphingomyelin and is regulated upstream by tlr4. | viperin (virus inhibitory protein, endoplasmic reticulum-associated, ifn-inducible) is an interferon-inducible protein that mediates antiviral activity. generally, rabies virus (rabv) multiplies extremely well in susceptible cells, leading to high virus titres. in this study, we found that viperin was significantly up-regulated in macrophage raw264.7 cells but not in na, bhk-21 or bsr cells. transient viperin overexpression in bsr cells and stable expression in bhk-21 cells could inhibit rabv re ... | 2016 | 27456665 |
| rabies virus lipopeptide conjugated to a tlr7 agonist improves the magnitude and quality of the th1-biased humoral immune response in mice. | in this study, we conjugated the rabies-derived lipopeptide ce536 to a tlr7 agonist, imiquimod, and evaluated its adjuvanticity. the synthetic construct (lipo-i) targeted to tlr7, induced dendritic cell phenotypic maturation and production of both type i interferon and pro-inflammatory cytokines more efficiently than unconjugated tlr7 ligands or lipopeptide alone. the immunostimulatory effects of the conjugate were apparently the result of iκbα degradation and sustained p38 and jnk phosphorylati ... | 2016 | 27449478 |
| comparison of the immunogenicity of two inactivated recombinant rabies viruses overexpressing the glycoprotein. | two recombinant rabies viruses overexpressing their glycoprotein (g) were compared in this study, with the overexpressed g inserted between p and m genes (named lbnse-pm-g), and between the g and l genes (named lbnse-gl-g), respectively. lbnse-pm-g produced more g protein and induced stronger apoptosis than lbnse-gl-g in infected cells, while the amount of virion-incorporated g in lbnse-pm-g was less than in lbnse-gl-g. mice immunized with inactivated lbnse-pm-g produced lower titers of virus-ne ... | 2016 | 27438075 |
| efficient in vitro and in vivo activity of glyco-engineered plant-produced rabies monoclonal antibodies e559 and 62-71-3. | rabies is a neglected zoonotic disease that has no effective treatment after onset of illness. however the disease can be prevented effectively by prompt administration of post exposure prophylaxis which includes administration of passive immunizing antibodies (rabies immune globulin, rig). currently, human rig suffers from many restrictions including limited availability, batch-to batch inconsistencies and potential for contamination with blood-borne pathogens. anti-rabies monoclonal antibodies ... | 2016 | 27427976 |
| rabies virus matrix protein induces apoptosis by targeting mitochondria. | apoptosis, as an innate antiviral defense, not only functions to limit viral replication by eliminating infected cells, but also contribute to viral dissemination, particularly at the late stages of infection. a highly neurotropic cvs strain of rabies virus induces apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo. however, the detailed mechanism of cvs-mediated neuronal apoptosis is not entirely clear. here, we show that cvs induces apoptosis through mitochondrial pathway by dissipating mitochondrial membran ... | 2016 | 27426727 |
| livestock rabies outbreaks in shanxi province, china. | dogs play an important role in rabies transmission throughout the world. in addition to the severe human rabies situation in china, spillover of rabies virus from dogs in recent years has caused rabies outbreaks in sheep, cattle and pigs, showing that there is an increasing threat to other domestic animals. two livestock rabies outbreaks were caused by dogs in shanxi province, china from april to october in 2015, resulting in the deaths of 60 sheep, 10 cattle and one donkey. brain samples from o ... | 2016 | 27422397 |
| rabies virus inactivates cofilin to facilitate viral budding and release. | cytoplasmic actin and actin-associated proteins have been identified in rabv particles. although actin is involved in rabv entry into cells, the specific role of actin in rabv budding and release remains unknown. our study found that rabv m protein-mediated virion budding depends on intact actin filaments. confocal microscopy demonstrated a block to virions budding, with a number of m protein-mediated budding vesicles detained in the cell cytoplasm. furthermore, rabv infection resulted in inacti ... | 2016 | 27396619 |
| complete genome sequence of a rabies virus strain isolated from a brown bear (ursus arctos) in primorsky krai, russia (november 2014). | we report here the complete genome sequence (genbank kp997032) of rabies virus strain rabv/ursus arctos/russia/primorye/po-01/2014, isolated in november 2014 from a brown bear (ursus arctos) that attacked a person in primorsky krai (russian federation). this strain was clustered into the eurasian genetic subgroup of genotype 1 (street rage). | 2016 | 27389270 |
| geographical analysis for detecting high-risk areas for bovine/human rabies transmitted by the common hematophagous bat in the amazon region, brazil. | the common hematophagous bat, desmodus rotundus, is one of the main wild reservoirs of rabies virus in several regions in latin america. new production practices and changed land use have provided environmental features that have been very favorable for d. rotundus bat populations, making this species the main transmitter of rabies in the cycle that involves humans and herbivores. in the amazon region, these features include a mosaic of environmental, social, and economic components, which toget ... | 2016 | 27388498 |
| roles of the rabies virus phosphoprotein isoforms in pathogenesis. | rabies virus (rabv) p gene mrna encodes five in-frame start codons, resulting in expression of full-length p protein (p1) and n-terminally truncated p proteins (tps), designated p2, p3, p4, and p5. despite the fact that some tps are known as interferon (ifn) antagonists, the importance of tps in the pathogenesis of rabv is still unclear. in this study, to examine whether tps contribute to pathogenesis, we exploited a reverse genetics approach to generate ce(nip)δp2-5, a mutant of pathogenic ce(n ... | 2016 | 27384657 |
| self-sealing porous silicon-calcium silicate core-shell nanoparticles for targeted sirna delivery to the injured brain. | calcium ions react with silicic acid released from dissolving porous silicon nanoparticles to create an insoluble calcium silicate shell. the calcium silicate shell traps and protects an sirna payload, which can be delivered to neuronal tissues in vitro or in vivo. gene delivery is enhanced by the action of targeting and cell-penetrating peptides attached to the calcium silicate shell. | 2016 | 27383373 |
| whole genome sequencing and comparisons of different chinese rabies virus lineages including the first complete genome of an arctic-like strain in china. | to learn the rabies genome molecular characteristics and compare the difference of china rabies lineages. | 2016 | 27353708 |
| free-roaming dogs in nepal: demographics, health and public knowledge, attitudes and practices. | in nepal, most dogs are free to roam and may transmit diseases to humans and animals. these dogs often suffer from malnutrition and lack basic health care. minimal information is available about their demographics and about public attitudes concerning dogs and diseases. we carried out a study in chitwan district (central nepal), to collect baseline data on free-roaming owned dog demographics, assess knowledge, attitudes and practices of dog owners concerning dogs and rabies, evaluate rabies vacc ... | 2017 | 27334892 |
| perspectives in diagnosis and treatment of rabies viral encephalitis: insights from pathogenesis. | rabies viral encephalitis, though one of the oldest recognized infectious disease of humans, remains an incurable, fatal encephalomyelitis, despite advances in understanding of its pathobiology. advances in science have led us on the trail of the virus in the host, but the sanctuaries in which the virus remains hidden for its survival are unknown. insights into host-pathogen interactions have facilitated evolving immunologic therapeutic strategies, though we are far from a cure. most of the pres ... | 2016 | 27324391 |
| travel-associated rabies in pets and residual rabies risk, western europe. | in 2015, countries in western europe were declared free of rabies in nonflying mammals. surveillance data for 2001-2013 indicate that risk for residual rabies is not 0 because of pet importation from countries with enzootic rabies. however, the risk is so low (7.52 × 10(-10)) that it probably can be considered negligible. | 2016 | 27314463 |
| dog ecology and barriers to canine rabies control in the republic of haiti, 2014-2015. | an estimated 59 000 persons die annually of infection with the rabies virus worldwide, and dog bites are responsible for 95% of these deaths. haiti has the highest rate of animal and human rabies in the western hemisphere. this study describes the status of animal welfare, animal vaccination, human bite treatment, and canine morbidity and mortality in haiti in order to identify barriers to rabies prevention and control. an epidemiologic survey was used for data collection among dog owners during ... | 2016 | 27313170 |
| delayed progression of rabies transmitted by a vampire bat. | here, we compared the growth kinetics, cell-to-cell spread, and virus internalization kinetics in n2a cells of rabv variants isolated from vampire bats (v-3), domestic dogs (v-2) and marmosets (v-m) as well as the clinical symptoms and mortality caused by these variants. the replication rate of v-3 was significantly higher than those of v-2 and v-m. however, the uptake and spread of these rabv variants into n2a cells were inversely proportional. nevertheless, v-3 had longer incubation and evolut ... | 2016 | 27306647 |
| [targeted inhibition of rabies virus gene expression by a chimeric multidomain protein mediated shrna delivery]. | in this study, a new chimeric protein seg expressed in previous work was applied to evaluate its translocating efficiency of shrna to rabies virus infected cells in mice, meanwhile, the capability of anti-rabies virus was investigated. | 2016 | 27305782 |