| targeted chemotherapy of visceral leishmaniasis by lactoferrin-appended amphotericin b-loaded nanoreservoir: in vitro and in vivo studies. | exploitation of lactoferrin-appended amphotericin b bearing nanoreservoir (lcfpgnp-amb) for targeted eradication of leishmania donovani. | 2015 | 25929567 |
| anthocephaline, a new indole alkaloid and cadambine, a potent inhibitor of dna topoisomerase ib of leishmania donovani (ldtop1ls), isolated from anthocephalus cadamba. | chemical investigation of the stem bark of anthocephalus cadamba has resulted in the isolation of anthocephaline (1), a new indole alkaloid, along with strictosamide (2), vincosamide (3) and cadambine (4). the structures of the isolated alkaloids (1-4) were established by detailed 2d nmr spectral analysis. cadambine (4) exhibited potent dna topoisomerase ib inhibitory activity. | 2015 | 25920266 |
| correction: recombinant nad-dependent sir-2 protein of leishmania donovani: immunobiochemical characterization as a potential vaccine against visceral leishmaniasis. | [this corrects the article doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003557.]. | 2015 | 25901962 |
| chemical and bioassay techniques to authenticate quality of the anti-leishmanial drug miltefosine. | miltefosine, an effective oral treatment of visceral leishmaniasis (vl), was selected in may 2005, by the governments of india, nepal, and bangladesh for the elimination of vl. however, abnormally high treatment failure rates reported in patients in bangladesh, given a miltefosine generic product ("miltefos", popular pharmaceuticals ltd.) during 2008, led the world health organization (who) to procure this formulation for quality testing. proton ((1)h) and phosphorous ((31)p) nuclear magnetic re ... | 2015 | 25897058 |
| l-asparaginase as a new molecular target against leishmaniasis: insights into the mechanism of action and structure-based inhibitor design. | l-asparaginases belong to a family of amidohydrolases that catalyze the conversion of l-asparagine into l-aspartic acid and ammonia. although bacterial l-asparaginases have been used extensively as anti-leukemic agents, their possible role as potential drug targets for pathogenic organisms has not been explored. the presence of genes coding for putative l-asparaginase enzymes in the leishmania donovani genome hinted towards the specific role of these enzymes in extending survival benefit to the ... | 2015 | 25893895 |
| leishmania donovani bodies in neutrophils on a peripheral blood smear examination: report of an unusual incident in a clinically unsuspected case. | | 2015 | 25885157 |
| therapeutic and immunomodulatory activities of short-course treatment of murine visceral leishmaniasis with kalsome™10, a new liposomal amphotericin b. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl), a potentially fatal disease, is most prevalent in the indian subcontinent, east africa and south america. since the conventional antileishmanial drugs have many limitations we evaluated a new ergosterol rich liposomal amphotericin b formulation, kalsome™10 for its leishmanicidal efficacy, tolerability and immunomodulatory activity. | 2015 | 25884796 |
| mapk1 of leishmania donovani modulates antimony susceptibility by downregulating p-glycoprotein efflux pumps. | emergence of resistance to pentavalent antimonials has become a severe obstacle in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis (vl) in the indian subcontinent. mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks) are well-known mediators of signal transduction of eukaryotes, regulating important processes, like proliferation, differentiation, stress response, and apoptosis. in leishmania, mapk1 has been shown to be consistently downregulated in antimony-resistant field isolates, suggesting that it has a role i ... | 2015 | 25870075 |
| click inspired synthesis of antileishmanial triazolyl o-benzylquercetin glycoconjugates. | the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of deoxy-azido sugars 1 with o-benzylquercetin alkynes (5-7) to afford regioselective triazole-linked o-benzylquercetin glycoconjugates (8-10) was investigated in the presence of cui/dipea in dichloromethane. all the developed glycoconjugates (8-10) were evaluated for anti-leishmanial activity against the promastigotes and amastigotes of leishmania donovani. graphical abstract click inspired synthesis of antileishmanial triazolyl o-benzylquercetin glycoconjugates. | 2015 | 25869315 |
| fitness of leishmania donovani parasites resistant to drug combinations. | drug resistance represents one of the main problems for the use of chemotherapy to treat leishmaniasis. additionally, it could provide some advantages to leishmania parasites, such as a higher capacity to survive in stress conditions. in this work, in mixed populations of leishmania donovani parasites, we have analyzed whether experimentally resistant lines to one or two combined anti-leishmanial drugs better support the stress conditions than a susceptible line expressing luciferase (luc line). ... | 2015 | 25849149 |
| antileishmanial pharmacomodulation in 8-nitroquinolin-2(1h)-one series. | an antileishmanial pharmacomodulation at position 4 of 8-nitroquinolin-2(1h)-one was conducted by using the sonogashira and suzuki-miyaura coupling reactions. a series of 25 derivatives was tested in vitro on the promastigote stage of leishmania donovani along with an in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation on the human hepg2 cell line. only the derivatives bearing a phenyl moiety at position 4 of the quinoline ring displayed interesting biologic profile, when the phenyl moiety was substituted at the p ... | 2015 | 25846065 |
| immunomodulatory and antileishmanial activity of phenylpropanoid dimers isolated from nectandra leucantha. | three phenylpropanoid dimers (1-3) including two new metabolites were isolated from the extract of the twigs of nectandra leucantha using antileishmanial bioassay-guided fractionation. the in vitro antiparasitic activity of the isolated compounds against leishmania donovani parasites and mammalian cytotoxicity and immunomodulatory effects were evaluated. compounds 1-3 were effective against the intracellular amastigotes within macrophages, with ic50 values of 26.7, 17.8, and 101.9 μm, respective ... | 2015 | 25835647 |
| antineoplastic impact of leishmanial sphingolipid in tumour growth with regulation of angiogenic event and inflammatory response. | very often conventional therapy, i.e. chemotherapeutic treatment, develops resistance in cancer cells and fails to be effective against disease states. an alternative strategy or a new entity may resolve the problem. interestingly, the microbial world has begun to be explored in medicinal research as a potential new source to deliver bio-active molecules such as sphingolipids for efficacious cancer treatment. a sphingolipid of microbial origin, especially from leishmania donovani (lspl), is a no ... | 2015 | 25828883 |
| synthesis and biological evaluation of 2-arylbenzimidazoles targeting leishmania donovani. | a set of 56 2-arylbenzimidazoles was designed, synthesized and tested against leishmania donovani amastigotes. the left- and right-hand side rings of the molecule, as well as the amide linker were modified. structurally different derivatives were screened on l. donovani axenic amastigotes at concentrations of 5, 15 and 50 μm, and the ten most active derivatives were selected for further testing. 2-arylbenzimidazole derivative 24 was active against l. donovani-infected thp-1 cells showing 46% par ... | 2015 | 25827525 |
| immunostimulatory potential and proteome profiling of leishmania donovani soluble exogenous antigens. | isolation of the soluble exogenous antigens (seags), its immune response study and proteome profiling is an essential prerequisite for understanding the molecular pathogenesis of leishmania donovani. the immunostimulatory potential of l. donovani seags, purified from culture of l. donovani clinical isolate, was evaluated for their ability to induce cellular responses in treated/cured hamsters. seags induced significant proliferative responses in lymphocytes (si 5.6 ± 2.3; p < 0.01) isolated from ... | 2015 | 25824598 |
| chronic generalized fibrotic skin lesions from disseminated leishmaniasis caused by leishmania martiniquensis in two patients from northern thailand infected with hiv. | leishmaniasis is a newly emerging infection in thailand. most of the previous human cases have presented with the clinical features of visceral leishmaniasis and were mainly found in southern thailand. here we report the first two patients from northern thailand presenting with disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis. | 2015 | 25823707 |
| lys-413 of s-phase mrna cycling sequence binding protein from leishmania donovani (ldcsbp) is modified through monoubiquitination that is responsible for inhibition of its riboendonuclease activity. | in addition to well-known process of proteasome-mediated degradation of polyubiquitinated proteins, monoubiquitination of proteins is also an important post-translational modification that regulates various non-degradative cellular processes like protein trafficking, cellular signalling, dna replication and dna repair. we have previously characterized a multi-domain cycling sequence binding protein ldcsbp from leishmania donovani, which binds specifically to a conserved cauagaag octamer containi ... | 2014 | 25823230 |
| leishmania donovani secretory serine protease alters macrophage inflammatory response via cox-2 mediated pge-2 production. | leishmania parasites determine the outcome of the infection by inducing inflammatory response that suppresses macrophage's activation. defense against leishmania is dependent on th1 inflammatory response by turning off macrophages' microbicidal property by upregulation of cox-2, as well as immunosuppressive pge-2 production. to understand the role of l. donovani secretory serine protease (psp) in these phenomena, psp was inhibited by its antibody and serine protease inhibitor, aprotinin. western ... | 2014 | 25823228 |
| tlr4-mediated activation of myd88 signaling induces protective immune response and il-10 down-regulation in leishmania donovani infection. | in visceral leishmaniasis, a fragmentary il-12 driven type 1 immune response along with the expansion of il-10 producing t-cells correlates with parasite burden and pathogenesis. successful immunotherapy involves both suppression of il-10 production and enhancement of il-12 and nitric oxide (no) production. as custodians of the innate immunity, the toll-like receptors (tlrs) constitute the first line of defense against invading pathogens. the tlr-signaling cascade initiated following innate reco ... | 2014 | 25823227 |
| chemical proteomics versus leishmaniasis. | in this issue of chemistry & biology, wright et al. (2015) describe an elegant approach to evaluating substrates and the drug target potential of leishmania donovani n-myristoyltransferase (nmt) using a technically simple and straightforward chemical proteomics approach. | 2015 | 25794432 |
| targeting ergosterol biosynthesis in leishmania donovani: essentiality of sterol 14 alpha-demethylase. | leishmania protozoan parasites (trypanosomatidae family) are the causative agents of cutaneous, mucocutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis worldwide. while these diseases are associated with significant morbidity and mortality, there are few adequate treatments available. sterol 14alpha-demethylase (cyp51) in the parasite sterol biosynthesis pathway has been the focus of considerable interest as a novel drug target in leishmania. however, its essentiality in leishmania donovani has yet to be deter ... | 2015 | 25768284 |
| predicting antiprotozoal activity of benzyl phenyl ether diamine derivatives through qsar multi-target and molecular topology. | multi-target qsar is a novel approach that can predict simultaneously the activity of a given chemical compound on different pharmacological targets. in this work, we have used molecular topology and statistical tools such as multilinear regression analysis and artificial neural networks, to achieve a multi-target qsar model capable to predict the antiprotozoal activity of a group of benzyl phenyl ether diamine derivatives. the activity was related to three parasites with a high prevalence rate ... | 2015 | 25754076 |
| sar refinement of antileishmanial n(2),n(4)-disubstituted quinazoline-2,4-diamines. | visceral leishmaniasis is a neglected parasitic disease that has a high fatality rate in the absence of treatment. new drugs that are inexpensive, orally active, and effective could be useful tools in the fight against this disease. we previously showed that n(2),n(4)-disubstituted quinazoline-2,4-diamines displayed low- to sub-micromolar potency against intracellular leishmania, and lead compound n(4)-(furan-2-ylmethyl)-n(2)-isopropyl-7-methylquinazoline-2,4-diamine (4) exhibited modest efficac ... | 2015 | 25749014 |
| comprehensive proteomics analysis of glycosomes from leishmania donovani. | leishmania donovani is a kinetoplastid protozoan that causes a severe and fatal disease kala-azar, or visceral leishmaniasis. l. donovani infects human host after the phlebotomine sandfly takes a blood meal and resides within the phagolysosome of infected macrophages. previous studies on host-parasite interactions have not focused on leishmania organelles and the role that they play in the survival of this parasite within macrophages. leishmania possess glycosomes that are unique and specialized ... | 2015 | 25748437 |
| in vitro and in vivo evaluation of anti-leishmanial and immunomodulatory activity of neem leaf extract in leishmania donovani infection. | the toxicity and emergence of resistance to available chemical drugs against visceral leishmaniasis is evoking to explore herbal treatment. one such attempt with the neem is being reported here. the current study is primarily focused to evaluate the anti-leishmanial effects of neem leaf extracts. among which, ethyl acetate fraction (eaf) alone was found to exhibit leishmanicidal effect validated through cytotoxicity assay and estimated its ic₅₀ to be 52.4 µg/ml on the promastigote stage. propidi ... | 2015 | 25747203 |
| recombinant nad-dependent sir-2 protein of leishmania donovani: immunobiochemical characterization as a potential vaccine against visceral leishmaniasis. | the development of a vaccine conferring long-lasting immunity remains a challenge against visceral leishmaniasis (vl). immunoproteomic characterization of leishmania donovani proteins led to the identification of a novel protein nad+-dependent silent information regulatory-2 (sir2 family or sirtuin) protein (ldsir2rp) as one of the potent immunostimulatory proteins. proteins of the sir2 family are characterized by a conserved catalytic domain that exerts unique nad-dependent deacetylase activity ... | 2015 | 25745863 |
| new compound sets identified from high throughput phenotypic screening against three kinetoplastid parasites: an open resource. | using whole-cell phenotypic assays, the glaxosmithkline high-throughput screening (hts) diversity set of 1.8 million compounds was screened against the three kinetoplastids most relevant to human disease, i.e. leishmania donovani, trypanosoma cruzi and trypanosoma brucei. secondary confirmatory and orthogonal intracellular anti-parasiticidal assays were conducted, and the potential for non-specific cytotoxicity determined. hit compounds were chemically clustered and triaged for desirable physico ... | 2015 | 25740547 |
| cross talk between leishmania donovani cpg dna and toll-like receptor 9: an immunoinformatics approach. | the precise and potential contribution of toll-like receptors (tlrs) signaling pathways in fighting parasitic infections of leishmania spp., an intracellular protozoan parasite, has gained significant attention during the last decades. although it is well established that tlr9 recognizes cpg motifs in microbial genomes, the specificity of the cpg dna pattern of leishmania parasite interacting with endosomal tlr9 is still unknown. hence in our study to identify the cpg dna pattern of leishmania d ... | 2015 | 25735984 |
| global analysis of protein n-myristoylation and exploration of n-myristoyltransferase as a drug target in the neglected human pathogen leishmania donovani. | n-myristoyltransferase (nmt) modulates protein function through the attachment of the lipid myristate to the n terminus of target proteins, and is a promising drug target in eukaryotic parasites such as leishmania donovani. only a small number of nmt substrates have been characterized in leishmania, and a global picture of n-myristoylation is lacking. here, we use metabolic tagging with an alkyne-functionalized myristic acid mimetic in live parasites followed by downstream click chemistry and an ... | 2015 | 25728269 |
| [molecular cloning and localization of leishmania donovani expression site associated genes-like protein]. | to clone the novel gene that specifically expressed in the amastigotes of leishmania donovani, and observe subcellular localization of the gene encoding protein. | 2014 | 25726590 |
| leishmania infantum amastigotes trigger a subpopulation of human b cells with an immunoregulatory phenotype. | visceral leishmaniasis is caused by the protozoan parasites leishmania infantum and leishmania donovani. this infection is characterized by an uncontrolled parasitization of internal organs which, when left untreated, leads to death. disease progression is linked with the type of immune response generated and a strong correlation was found between disease progression and serum levels of the immunosuppressive cytokine il-10. other studies have suggested a role for b cells in the pathology of this ... | 2015 | 25710789 |
| the neurotrophic receptor ntrk2 directs lymphoid tissue neovascularization during leishmania donovani infection. | the neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor type 2 (ntrk2, also known as trkb) and its ligands brain derived neurotrophic factor (bdnf), neurotrophin-4 (nt-4/5), and neurotrophin-3 (nt-3) are known primarily for their multiple effects on neuronal differentiation and survival. here, we provide evidence that ntrk2 plays a role in the pathologic remodeling of the spleen that accompanies chronic infection. we show that in leishmania donovani-infected mice, ntrk2 is aberrantly expressed on splenic endo ... | 2015 | 25710496 |
| immunosuppression during leishmania donovani infection: a potential target for the development of therapy. | dysfunction of t-helper 1 mediated immune responses is a hallmark of the progression of visceral leishmaniosis (vl). several factors such as altered antigen presentation, and abnormalities in mhc/hla, antigen processing, and t cell receptor recognition regulate the onset of immunosuppression. recent investigations on vl patients suggest that susceptibility to visceral leishmaniosis is genetically determined and varies between populations in different geographical locations. emerging evidence als ... | 2014 | 25706420 |
| parasites and fungi as a threat for prenatal and postnatal human development. | recent literature data reveals the most common etiological agents of congenital parasitoses to be toxoplasma gondii, trypanosoma cruzi, leishmania donovani and plasmodium falciparum. an analysis of clinical data indicates that parasitic congenital infections are often asymptomatic, whereas symptomatic newborns usually display nonspecific symptoms, which greatly hinders correct diagnosis. the long-term consequences of prenatal infections are serious clinical problems. this article presents the po ... | 2014 | 25706418 |
| detection of leishmania donovani and l. tropica in ethiopian wild rodents. | human visceral (vl, also known as kala-azar) and cutaneous (cl) leishmaniasis are important infectious diseases affecting countries in east africa that remain endemic in several regions of ethiopia. the transmission and epidemiology of the disease is complicated due to the complex life cycle of the parasites and the involvement of various leishmania spp., sand fly vectors, and reservoir animals besides human hosts. particularly in east africa, the role of animals as reservoirs for human vl remai ... | 2015 | 25700710 |
| leishmania donovani skews the cd56(+) natural killer t cell response during human visceral leishmaniasis. | the objective of this study was to understand the categorical function of cd4(+)cd56(+) and cd8(+)cd56(+) nkt cells in human visceral leishmaniasis. these cell populations were significantly deregulated in human peripheral blood during vl. the in vitro experiments showed that cd4(+)nkt cells, but not cd8(+)nkt cells, migrated towards the leishmania donovani infection site. additionally, cd4(+)nkt cells from vl subjects primarily expressed cd25(+)foxp3 and il-10 compared with healthy subjects. ho ... | 2015 | 25697139 |
| metabolic reconfiguration of the central glucose metabolism: a crucial strategy of leishmania donovani for its survival during oxidative stress. | understanding the mechanism that allows the intracellular protozoan parasite leishmania donovani (ld) to respond to reactive oxygen species (ros) is of increasing therapeutic importance because of the continuing resistance toward antileishmanial drugs and for determining the illusive survival strategy of these parasites. a shift in primary carbon metabolism is the fastest response to oxidative stress. a (14)co2 evolution study, expression of glucose transporters together with consumption assays, ... | 2015 | 25690656 |
| repurposing of the open access malaria box for kinetoplastid diseases identifies novel active scaffolds against trypanosomatids. | phenotypic screening had successfully been used for hit generation, especially in the field of neglected diseases, in which feeding the drug pipeline with new chemotypes remains a constant challenge. here, we catalyze drug discovery research using a publicly available screening tool to boost drug discovery. the malaria box, assembled by the medicines for malaria venture, is a structurally diverse set of 200 druglike and 200 probelike compounds distilled from more than 20,000 antimalarial hits fr ... | 2015 | 25690568 |
| proteomic-based approach to gain insight into reprogramming of thp-1 cells exposed to leishmania donovani over an early temporal window. | leishmania donovani, a protozoan parasite, is the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis. it lives and multiplies within the harsh environment of macrophages. in order to investigate how intracellular parasite manipulate the host cell environment, we undertook a quantitative proteomic study of human monocyte-derived macrophages (thp-1) following infection with l. donovani. we used the isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (itraq) method and liquid chromatography-tandem mass s ... | 2015 | 25690103 |
| antigen presenting cells targeting and stimulation potential of lipoteichoic acid functionalized lipo-polymerosome: a chemo-immunotherapeutic approach against intracellular infectious disease. | antigen presenting cells (apc) are well-recognized therapeutic targets for intracellular infectious diseases, including visceral leishmaniasis. these targets have raised concerns regarding their potential for drug delivery due to overexpression of a variety of receptors for pathogen associated molecular pathways after infection. since, lipoteichoic acid (lta), a surface glycolipid of gram-positive bacteria responsible for recognition of bacteria by apc receptors that also regulate their activati ... | 2015 | 25671728 |
| up-regulation of silent information regulator 2 (sir2) is associated with amphotericin b resistance in clinical isolates of leishmania donovani. | silent information regulator 2 (sir2) is involved in parasite survival and apoptosis. here, we aimed to explore the involvement of sir2 in amphotericin b (amb) resistance mechanism in leishmania donovani. | 2015 | 25667407 |
| the host-protective effect of arabinosylated lipoarabinomannan against leishmania donovani infection is associated with restoration of ifn-γ responsiveness. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl), which is endemic as a major infectious disease in the tropical and subtropical countries, is caused by a protozoan parasite leishmania donovani. at present, restricted treatment options and lack of vaccines intensify the problem of controlling vl. therefore, finding a novel immunoprophylactic or therapeutic principle is a pressing need. here, we report that arabinosylated lipoarabinomannan (ara-lam), a tlr2-ligand isolated from mycobacterium smegmatis, exhibits a str ... | 2015 | 25658110 |
| protective effect of croton caudatus geisel leaf extract against experimental visceral leishmaniasis induces proinflammatory cytokines in vitro and in vivo. | in the present state of overwhelming emergence of drug-unresponsive phenotypes of leishmania donovani and persistent severe toxicity in conventional anti-leishmanial therapy, in search for novel leads, the aim of this study has been fixed to identify the active extract(s) of croton caudatus geisel. var. tomentosus hook effective against the parasitic protozoans in vitro and in vivo. c. caudatus geisel. is often used by chakma and hmar community, the local tribes of north-east india for medicinal ... | 2015 | 25655407 |
| surface-engineered dendrimeric nanoconjugates for macrophage-targeted delivery of amphotericin b: formulation development and in vitro and in vivo evaluation. | the present study aimed to develop an optimized dendrimeric delivery system for amphotericin b (amb). fifth-generation (5.0 g) poly(propylene imine) (ppi) dendrimers were synthesized, conjugated with mannose, and characterized by use of various analytical techniques, including fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ftir), (1)h nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)h-nmr) spectroscopic analysis, and atomic force microscopy (afm). mannose-conjugated 5.0 g ppi (mppi) dendrimers were loaded with amb and ... | 2015 | 25645852 |
| experimental resistance to drug combinations in leishmania donovani: metabolic and phenotypic adaptations. | together with vector control, chemotherapy is an essential tool for the control of visceral leishmaniasis (vl), but its efficacy is jeopardized by growing resistance and treatment failure against first-line drugs. to delay the emergence of resistance, the use of drug combinations of existing antileishmanial agents has been tested systematically in clinical trials for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis (vl). in vitro, leishmania donovani promastigotes are able to develop experimental resista ... | 2015 | 25645828 |
| antiprotozoal activity and dna binding of dicationic acridones. | dicationic acridone derivatives were synthesized and their antiparasitic activity was evaluated. acridones displayed in vitro nanomolar ic50 values against trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense stib900 with selectivity indices >1000. compounds 1b, 3a, and 3b were as potent as the reference drug melarsoprol in this assay. submicromolar-range activities were observed against wild-type (nf54) and resistant (k1) strains of plasmodium falciparum, whereas no significant activity was detected against trypanos ... | 2015 | 25642604 |
| northalrugosidine is a bisbenzyltetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid from thalictrum alpinum with in vivo antileishmanial activity. | screening of a plant-derived natural product library led to the observation of in vitro antileishmanial activity by three bisbenzyltetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids (1-3) that were purified previously from thalictrum alpinum. a spectroscopic study of the active compounds was conducted to confirm their identities. of the compounds tested, northalrugosidine (1) showed the most potent in vitro activity against leishmania donovani promastigotes (0.28 μm) and the highest selectivity (29.3-fold) versus ... | 2015 | 25629555 |
| synthesis and biological evaluation of ferrocenylquinoline as a potential antileishmanial agent. | the emergence of resistance against antileishmanial drugs in current use necessitates the search for new classes of antileishmanial compounds. herein we report the design, synthesis, and evaluation of a novel ferrocenylquinoline for activity against leishmania donovani. 7-chloro-n-[2-(1h-5-ferrocenyl-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)ethyl]quinolin-4-amine (1) was generated by coupling an iron(ii) ethynylferrocene species with 4-(2-ethylazido)amino-7-chloroquinoline using click chemistry. the synthesized compo ... | 2015 | 25619822 |
| studies on cocktails of 31-kda, 36-kda and 51-kda antigens of leishmania donovani along with saponin against murine visceral leishmaniasis. | a substantial number of antigens of leishmania donovani have been described in the past. however, identifying candidate antigens is not enough. appropriate antigen delivery to induce the right type of immune response against leishmaniasis (i.e. induction of a strong antigen-specific th1 type of immune response) is another crucial component of an effective vaccine. therefore, 'cocktail' vaccines are proposed based on the assumption that such cocktails will show enhanced efficacy. studies have bee ... | 2015 | 25615543 |
| novel arsenic nanoparticles are more effective and less toxic than as (iii) to inhibit extracellular and intracellular proliferation of leishmania donovani. | visceral leishmaniasis, a vector-borne tropical disease that is threatening about 350 million people worldwide, is caused by the protozoan parasite leishmania donovani. metalloids like arsenic and antimony have been used to treat diseases like leishmaniasis caused by the kinetoplastid parasites. arsenic (iii) at a relatively higher concentration (30 μg/ml) has been shown to have antileishmanial activity, but this concentration is reported to be toxic in several experimental mammalian systems. na ... | 2014 | 25614827 |
| leishmania donovani bodies in bone marrow. | we report a case of a 5-year-old female, resident of afghanistan, who presented with fever and massive splenomegaly. bone marrow revealed leishmania donovani bodies (ld bodies) in macrophages characterized by a kinetoplast and characteristic double dot appearance. she was diagnosed as visceral leishmaniasis which is transmitted by sandflies (phlebotomus). | 2014 | 25614819 |
| randomized, double-blind, controlled, comparative study on intralesional 10% and 15% hypertonic saline versus intralesional sodium stibogluconate in leishmania donovani cutaneous leishmaniasis. | intralesional 7% hypertonic saline (hs) has been shown to be effective and safe against leishmania donovani and leishmania major cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl), with cure rates of 92% and 96%, respectively. this study was designed to assess the efficacy and safety of 10% and 15% hs in cl. | 2015 | 25600472 |
| procerenone: a fatty acid triterpenoid from the fruit pericarp of omphalocarpum procerum (sapotaceae). | phytochemical investigation of a dichloromethane-methanol (1:1) extract of the fruit pericarp of omphalocarpum procerum which exhibited antiplasmodial activity during preliminary screening led to the isolation of the new fatty ester triterpenoid 3β-hexadecanoyloxy-28-hydroxyolean-12-en-11-one (1), together with five known compounds 2-6. the structure of the new compound as well as those of the known compounds was established by means of spectroscopic methods and by comparison with previously rep ... | 2014 | 25587333 |
| selective elimination of leptomonas from the in vitro co-culture with leishmania. | leishmania and leptomonas are protozoan parasites of the family trypanosomatidae. leishmania donovani causes the fatal visceral leishmaniasis (vl; kala-azar) in mammals and is transmitted by sand fly vector. certain vl-cured human populations in india and sudan develop post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (pkdl) due to the same parasite. although leptomonas is parasitic mainly in insects, several recent reports on the clinical isolates of l. donovani from vl and pkdl patients in india confirm co- ... | 2015 | 25582929 |
| th1-biased immunomodulation and therapeutic potential of artemisia annua in murine visceral leishmaniasis. | in the absence of vaccines and limitations of currently available chemotherapy, development of safe and efficacious drugs is urgently needed for visceral leishmaniasis (vl) that is fatal, if left untreated. earlier we reported in vitro apoptotic antileishmanial activity of n-hexane fractions of artemisia annua leaves (aal) and seeds (aas) against leishmania donovani. in the present study, we investigated the immunostimulatory and therapeutic efficacy of aal and aas. | 2015 | 25568967 |
| anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies in sudanese patients with leishmania donovani infection exhibit reactivity not dependent on citrullination. | african patients with leishmania donovani infections have signs of strong systemic inflammation and high levels of circulating immune complexes (ic) and rheumatoid factor (rf), all serologic markers of rheumatic disease. as inflammation in general is associated with citrullination, we sought to investigate acpa responses in sudanese leishmania patients. serum samples were collected from sudanese patients with visceral leishmaniasis (vl) and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (pkdl) as well as f ... | 2015 | 25565324 |
| looking for new antileishmanial derivatives in 8-nitroquinolin-2(1h)-one series. | from a recently identified antileishmanial pharmacophore, a structure-activity relationship study was conducted by introducing various aminated, phenoxy or thiophenoxy moieties at position 4 of the 8-nitroquinolin-2(1h)-one scaffold, using snar reactions. thus a series of 47 derivatives was synthesized and evaluated in vitro on the promastigote stage of leishmania donovani. in parallel, the cytotoxicity of the active molecules was tested on the human hepg2 cell line. the results we obtained show ... | 2015 | 25559208 |
| mucocutaneous leishmaniasis caused by leishmania donovani infection in an indian man. | leishmaniasis is a protozoal disease caused by species of leishmania. mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (mcl) involves the skin and mucosa. india is endemic for species such as leishmania donovani and leishmania major, which are responsible for visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis, respectively. although mcl has been reported from india previously, the implicated pathogen was identified as l. donovani in only one case. | 2015 | 25557311 |
| adaptation of leishmania donovani to cutaneous and visceral environments: in vivo selection and proteomic analysis. | leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by leishmania protozoa. two main forms are found in the old world, self-limited cutaneous leishmaniasis and potentially fatal visceral leishmaniasis, with parasite dissemination to liver, bone marrow, and spleen. the leishmania donovani species complex is the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis worldwide, but atypical l. donovani strains can cause cutaneous leishmaniasis. we hypothesized that l. donovani can adapt to survive in response ... | 2015 | 25536015 |
| therapy with radio-attenuated vaccine in experimental murine visceral leishmaniasis showed enhanced t cell and inducible nitric oxide synthase levels, suppressed tumor growth factor-beta production with higher expression of some signaling molecules. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl) or kala-azar (ka) is one of the most deadly forms of disease among all neglected tropical diseases. there are no satisfactory drugs or vaccine candidates available for this dreaded disease. our previous studies showed promising therapeutic and prophylactic efficacy of the live, radio-attenuated parasites through intramuscular (i.m.) and intraperitoneal (i.p.) route in balb/c mice model. | 2015 | 25532783 |
| leishmanial sphingolipid induces apoptosis in sarcoma 180 cancer cells through regulation of tumour growth via angiogenic switchover. | sphingolipids are membrane and intracellular lipids that typically modulate cellular processes to cause cell death. exogenous administration of sphingolipids may cause restriction of tumour growth and several alternative strategies are being used to control the cell growth. the microbes, their cellular component(s) or metabolites like dha, epa and also fty720 have been employed as new therapeutic entities to regulate the disease condition. the therapeutic efficacy of lipids from leishmania donov ... | 2015 | 25524576 |
| "squalenoylcurcumin" nanoassemblies as water-dispersible drug candidates with antileishmanial activity. | curcumin, a natural polyphenolic compound, showed antiparasitic potential, including trypanocidal and leishmanicidal activity, in several in vitro and in vivo models. the molecule is well tolerated in humans. however, it is insoluble in water and displays poor oral bioavailability as a result of low absorption. new derivatives of curcumin were prepared by esterification of one or two of its phenolic groups with 1,1',2-tris-norsqualenic acid. these "squalenoylcurcumins" were formulated as water-d ... | 2015 | 25523035 |
| using a non-image-based medium-throughput assay for screening compounds targeting n-myristoylation in intracellular leishmania amastigotes. | we have refined a medium-throughput assay to screen hit compounds for activity against n-myristoylation in intracellular amastigotes of leishmania donovani. using clinically-relevant stages of wild type parasites and an alamar blue-based detection method, parasite survival following drug treatment of infected macrophages is monitored after macrophage lysis and transformation of freed amastigotes into replicative extracellular promastigotes. the latter transformation step is essential to amplify ... | 2014 | 25522361 |
| novel protein-protein interaction between spermidine synthase and s-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase from leishmania donovani. | polyamine biosynthesis pathway has long been considered an essential drug target for trypanosomatids including leishmania. s-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (adometdc) and spermidine synthase (spdsyn) are enzymes of this pathway that catalyze successive steps, with the product of the former, decarboxylated s-adenosylmethionine (dcsam), acting as an aminopropyl donor for the latter enzyme. here we have explored the possibility of and identified the protein-protein interaction between spdsyn and ... | 2015 | 25511700 |
| isobenzofuranone derivatives exhibit antileishmanial effect by inhibiting type ii dna topoisomerase and inducing host response. | leishmania, a protozoan parasite, causes a wide range of human diseases ranging from the localized self-healing cutaneous lesions to fatal visceral leishmaniasis. toxicity of traditional first line drugs and emergence of drug-resistant strains have worsened the situation. dna topoisomerase ii in kinetoplastid protozoan parasites are of immense interest as drug target because they take part in replication of unusual kinetoplast dna network. in this study, we have taken target-based therapeutic ap ... | 2014 | 25505614 |
| leishmanicidal activities of artemisia annua leaf essential oil against visceral leishmaniasis. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl), the second-most dreaded parasitic disease after malaria, is currently endemic in 88 countries. dramatic increases in the rates of infection, drug resistance, and non-availability of safe vaccines have highlighted the need for identification of novel and inexpensive anti-leishmanial agents from natural sources. in this study, we showed the leishmanicidal effect of essential oil from artemisia annua leaves (aaleo) against leishmania donovani in vitro and in vivo. aaleo ... | 2014 | 25505453 |
| quantitative pcr in epidemiology for early detection of visceral leishmaniasis cases in india. | studies employing serological, dth or conventional pcr techniques suggest a vast proportion of leishmania infected individuals living in regions endemic for visceral leishmaniasis (vl) remain asymptomatic. this study was designed to assess whether quantitative pcr (qpcr) can be used for detection of asymptomatic or early leishmania donovani infection and as a predictor of progression to symptomatic disease. | 2014 | 25503103 |
| dna-protein immunization using leishmania peroxidoxin-1 induces a strong cd4+ t cell response and partially protects mice from cutaneous leishmaniasis: role of fusion murine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor dna adjuvant. | to date, no universally effective and safe vaccine has been developed for general human use. leishmania donovani peroxidoxin-1 (ldpxn-1) is a member of the antioxidant family of proteins and is predominantly expressed in the amastigote stage of the parasite. the aim of this study was to evaluate the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of ldpxn-1 in balb/c mice in heterologous dna-protein immunization regimen in the presence of fusion murine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (mg ... | 2014 | 25500571 |
| arg-265: a critical residue of l.donovani cytosolic shmt in maintaining the binding of thf and catalysis. | serine hydroxymethyltransferase belongs to the class of pyridoxal-5-phosphate enzymes along with aspartate aminotransferase. to explore the function of residue(s) involved in binding of the carboxylate group of tetrahydrofolic acid (thf) to l. donovani cytosolic serine hydroxymethyltransferase (ldcshmt), the gene was cloned in pet-28(a) vector, overexpressed and purified to homogeneity. with the help of docking results of thf to the active site of protein, the key residues involved in interactio ... | 2015 | 25499510 |
| design, synthesis and in vitro antikinetoplastid evaluation of n-acylated putrescine, spermidine and spermine derivatives. | a structure-activity relationship study on polyamine derivatives led to the synthesis and the determination of antikinetoplastid activity of 17 compounds. among them, a spermidine derivative (compound 13) was specifically active in vitro against leishmania donovani axenic amastigotes (ic50 at 5.4μm; selectivity index >18.5) and a spermine derivative (compound 28) specifically active against trypanosoma brucei gambiense (ic50 at 1.9μm; selectivity index >52). | 2015 | 25499437 |
| immunological consequences of stress-related proteins--cytosolic tryparedoxin peroxidase and chaperonin tcp20--identified in splenic amastigotes of leishmania donovani as th1 stimulatory, in experimental visceral leishmaniasis. | in earlier studies, proteomic characterization of splenic amastigote fractions from clinical isolates of leishmania donovani, exhibiting significant cellular responses in cured leishmania subjects, led to the identification of cytosolic tryparedoxin peroxidase (ldctryp) and chaperonin-tcp20 (ldtcp20) as th1-stimulatory proteins. both the proteins, particularly ldtcp20 for the first time, were successfully cloned, overexpressed, purified and were found to be localized in the cytosol of purified s ... | 2015 | 25498563 |
| antiprotozoal activity of (e)-cinnamic n-acylhydrazone derivatives. | a series of 14 (e)-cinnamic n-acylhydrazone derivatives, designed through molecular hybridization between the (e)-1-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-one and (e)-3-hydroxy-n'-((2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)methylene)-7-methoxy-2-naphthohydrazide, were tested for in vitro antiparasitic activity upon axenic amastigote forms of leishmania donovani and bloodstream forms of trypamosoma brucei rhodesiense. the derivative (2e)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-5-nitrophenyl)-n'-[(1e)-phenylmethy ... | 2014 | 25490429 |
| mechanisms of action of substituted β-amino alkanols on leishmania donovani. | leishmaniasis is the protozoan disease second in importance for human health, superseded only by malaria; however, the options for chemotherapeutic treatment are increasingly limited due to drug resistance and toxicity. under this perspective, a quest for new chemical compounds is urgently needed. an n-substituted 2-aminoalkan-1-ol scaffold has been shown to be a versatile scaffold for antiparasitic activity. knowledge about its mechanism of action is still rather limited. in this work, we endea ... | 2015 | 25487805 |
| cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by leishmania donovani in the tribal population of the agasthyamala biosphere reserve forest, western ghats, kerala, india. | cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl), a neglected tropical disease, is reported to be prevalent in tribal villages located in the agasthyamala biosphere reserve forests of western ghats, kerala state, india. we carried out an investigation to characterize the species of leishmania parasites involved in these infections prevalent among one of the oldest human tribal populations in india. skin aspirates collected from 13 clinically diagnosed cases were subjected to histopathological investigations, serolo ... | 2015 | 25480880 |
| a defective oxidative burst and impaired antigen presentation are hallmarks of human visceral leishmaniasis. | survival of the leishmania parasite within monocytes hinges on its ability to effectively nullify their microbicidal effector mechanisms. accordingly, this study aimed to delineate this biological niche in patients with visceral leishmaniasis (vl). | 2015 | 25479930 |
| vaccination using live attenuated leishmania donovani centrin deleted parasites induces protection in dogs against leishmania infantum. | live attenuated leishmania donovani parasites such as ldcen(-/-) have been shown elicit protective immunity against leishmanial infection in mice and hamster models. previously, we have reported on the induction of strong immunogenicity in dogs upon vaccination with ldcen(-/-) including an increase in immunoglobulin isotypes, higher lymphoproliferative response, higher frequencies of activated cd4(+) and cd8(+) t cells, ifn-γ production by cd8(+) t cells, increased secretion of tnf-α and il-12/i ... | 2015 | 25475955 |
| chemotherapy of leishmaniasis part xiii: design and synthesis of novel heteroretinoid-bisbenzylidine ketone hybrids as antileishmanial agents. | some novel heteroretinoid-bisbenzylidine ketone hybrids have been synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro antileishmanial activity against intramacrophagic amastigotes of leishmania donovani. among all the nine synthetic compounds, five compounds (7c, 7d and 7f-h) have shown significant (less than 7μm) activity against intramacrophagic amastigotes. the ic50 values of these compounds were found better than the reference drugs sodium stibogluconate (ssg) and miltefosine. this study helped us ... | 2015 | 25475205 |
| leishmania donovani infection enhances lateral mobility of macrophage membrane protein which is reversed by liposomal cholesterol. | the protozoan parasite leishmania donovani (ld) reduces cellular cholesterol of the host possibly for its own benefit. cholesterol is mostly present in the specialized compartment of the plasma membrane. the relation between mobility of membrane proteins and cholesterol depletion from membrane continues to be an important issue. the notion that leishmania infection alters the mobility of membrane proteins stems from our previous study where we showed that the distance between subunits of ifnγ re ... | 2014 | 25474261 |
| unmethylated cpg motifs in the l. donovani dna regulate tlr9-dependent delay of programmed cell death in macrophages. | regulation of macrophage pcd plays an important role in pathogenesis of leishmaniasis. however, the precise involvement of any parasite molecule in this process remains uncertain. in the current study, in silico wide analysis demonstrated that genes in the leishmania donovani genome are highly enriched for cpg motifs, with sequence frequency of 8.7%. here, we show that unmethylated species-specific cpg motifs in lddna significantly (p = 0.01) delay macrophage pcd by endosomal interaction with tl ... | 2015 | 25473100 |
| characterization of a ricin-resistant mutant of leishmania donovani that expresses lipophosphoglycan. | the abundant cell-surface lipophosphoglycan (lpg) of leishmania parasites plays a central role throughout the eukaryote's life cycle. a number of lpg-defective mutants and their complementing genes have been isolated and have proven invaluable in assessing the importance of lpg and related glycoconjugates in parasite virulence. while ricin agglutination selection protocols frequently result in lpg- mutants, one leishmania donovani variant we isolated, named jabba, was found to be lpg+. procycli ... | 2015 | 25472443 |
| role of cd8(+) t cells in protection against leishmania donovani infection in healed visceral leishmaniasis individuals. | majority of individuals with history of visceral leishmaniasis (vl) exhibit strong immunity to re-infection, however, the mechanism of resistance is poorly understood. it is unclear whether cd8(+) t cells contribute to protection against leishmania donovani infection through cytotoxic activity. the present study aims to evaluate immunological mechanism associated with resistance to the disease in healed vl (hvl) individuals and further, the contribution of cd8(+) t cells in the protective immuni ... | 2014 | 25471494 |
| genes that encodes nagt, mif1 and mif2 are not virulence factors for kala-azar caused by leishmania infantum. | kala-azar is a disease resulting from infection by leishmania donovani and leishmania infantum. most patients with the disease exhibit prolonged fever, wasting, anemia and hepatosplenomegaly without complications. however, some patients develop severe disease with hemorrhagic manifestations, bacterial infections, jaundice, and edema dyspnea, among other symptoms, followed by death. among the parasite molecules that might influence the disease severity are the macrophage migration inhibitory fact ... | 2014 | 25467261 |
| design, synthesis and anti-leishmanial activity of novel symmetrical bispyridinium cyclophanes. | nine novel symmetrical bispyridinium cyclophanes have been synthesized. they are rigid derivatives with an upper spacer which joins the two exocyclic amino groups, and a lower spacer joining the two positively charged nitrogen atoms. at least one of the two spacers is an aliphatic linker, such as an alkane or oxyalkane fragment. the activity of these compounds has been evaluated against promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes of leishmania donovani and leishmania major. all the cyclophanes a ... | 2015 | 25462252 |
| analysis of genetic variants in the il4 promoter and vntr loci in indian patients with visceral leishmaniasis. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is the most severest form of leishmaniasis and resistance to infection is mediated by cellular immune responses. interleukin 4 (il-4) orchestrates of th2 and th1 immune responses during infections. in this study, we aimed to investigate possible association between three functional il-4 polymorphisms -590c/t (rs2243250), -34c/t (rs2070874) and 70bp vntr (rs79071878 in intron3) with vl in an indian cohort comprising of 197 vl patients and 193 healthy controls. the thre ... | 2014 | 25454624 |
| granzyme-mediated regulation of host defense in the liver in experimental leishmania donovani infection. | in the livers of susceptible c57bl/6 (b6) mice infected with leishmania donovani, cd8(+) t cell mechanisms are required for granuloma assembly, macrophage activation, intracellular parasite killing, and self-cure. since gene expression of perforin and granzymes a and b (gzma and gzmb), cytolytic proteins linked to cd8(+) cell effector function, was enhanced in infected liver tissue, b6 mice deficient in these granular proteins were used to gauge host defense roles. neither perforin nor gzma was ... | 2015 | 25452549 |
| leishmania donovani: impairment of the cellular immune response against recombinant ornithine decarboxylase protein as a possible evasion strategy of leishmania in visceral leishmaniasis. | ornithine decarboxylase, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthesis pathway, is significant in the synthesis of trypanothione, t(sh)2, the major reduced thiol which is responsible for the modulation of the immune response and pathogenesis in visceral leishmaniasis. data on the relationship between ornithine decarboxylase and the cellular immune response in vl patients are limited. therefore, we purified a recombinant ornithine decarboxylase from leishmania donovani (r-ldodc) of appro ... | 2015 | 25449949 |
| evaluation of the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of killed leishmania donovani antigen along with different adjuvants against experimental visceral leishmaniasis. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl) caused by leishmania donovani is a life-threatening disease involving uncontrolled parasitization of vital organs. drugs to treat leishmaniasis have one or more limitations or insufficiencies in the long run. a safe and efficacious vaccine to control this disease is needed. killed antigens that could be safer as vaccines have shown limited efficacy in clinical trials. immunogenic enhancement with appropriate adjuvants may thus be required to elicit protective immunity ... | 2015 | 25432859 |
| anti-leishmanial, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities of phenolic derivatives from tibouchina paratropica. | a new phenolic derivative, 2,8-dihydroxy-7h-furo[2,3-f]chromen-7-one (1), together with isoquercitrin (2), was isolated from the aerial parts of tibouchina paratropica. compound structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. both compounds show antimicrobial activity towards a panel of bacterial and fungal pathogens, and compound 1 displayed potent anti-parasitic activity against leishmania donovani (ic50 = 0.809 µg/ml). in addition, an 85% reduction in the secretion of the pro-inflammato ... | 2015 | 25417600 |
| pkdl and other dermal lesions in hiv co-infected patients with leishmaniasis: review of clinical presentation in relation to immune responses. | co-infection of leishmaniasis and hiv is increasingly reported. the clinical presentation of leishmaniasis is determined by the host immune response to the parasite; as a consequence, this presentation will be influenced by hiv-induced immunosuppression. as leishmaniasis commonly affects the skin, increasing immunosuppression changes the clinical presentation, such as in post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (pkdl) and cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl); dermal lesions are also commonly reported in visc ... | 2014 | 25412435 |
| leishmania donovani populations in eastern sudan: temporal structuring and a link between human and canine transmission. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl), caused by the members of the leishmania donovani complex, has been responsible for devastating vl epidemics in the sudan. multilocus microsatellite and sequence typing studies can provide valuable insights into the molecular epidemiology of leishmaniasis, when applied at local scales. here we present population genetic data for a large panel of strains and clones collected in endemic sudan between 1993 and 2001. | 2014 | 25410888 |
| specific antibody responses as indicators of treatment efficacy for visceral leishmaniasis. | acute visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is caused by infection with parasites of the leishmania donovani complex and may be fatal if not treated. early diagnosis and efficacious treatment are the keys to effective vl management and control. novel regimens are being developed to overcome limitations in vl treatment options, which are currently restricted by high costs, severe systemic side effects, and unresponsiveness. although simple and accurate serological tests are available to help confirm vl, no ... | 2015 | 25407374 |
| nitroimidazo-oxazole compound dndi-vl-2098: an orally effective preclinical drug candidate for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. | the objective of this study was to identify a nitroimidazo-oxazole lead molecule for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis (vl). | 2015 | 25389223 |
| screening leishmania donovani complex-specific genes required for visceral disease. | leishmania protozoan parasites are the causing agent of leishmaniasis. depending on the infecting species, leishmania infection can causes a wide variety of diseases such as self-healing cutaneous lesions by l. major and fatal visceral leishmaniasis by l. donovani and l. infantum. comparison of the visceral disease causing l. infantum genome with cutaneous disease causing l. major and l. braziliensis genomes has identified 25 l. infantum (l. donovani complex) species-specific genes that are abse ... | 2015 | 25388124 |
| characterization of microrna expression profiles in leishmania-infected human phagocytes. | leishmania are intracellular protozoa that influence host immune responses eliciting parasite species-specific pathologies. micrornas (mirnas) are short single-stranded ribonucleic acids that complement gene transcripts to block protein translation and have been shown to regulate immune system molecular mechanisms. human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (dc) and macrophages (mp) were infected in vitro with leishmania major or leishmania donovani parasites. small rnas were isolated from total rna ... | 2015 | 25376316 |
| identification of leishmania donovani peroxin 14 residues required for binding the peroxin 5 receptor proteins. | trafficking of peroxisomal targeting signal 1 (pts1) proteins to the leishmania glycosome is dependent on the docking of the ldpex5 receptor to ldpex14 on the glycosomal membrane. a combination of deletion and random mutagenesis was used to identify residues in the ldpex14 n-terminal region that are critical for mediating the ldpex5-ldpex14 interaction. these studies highlighted residues 35-75 on ldpex14 as the core domain required for binding ldpex5. single point mutation within this core domai ... | 2015 | 25370715 |
| cationic liposomal sodium stibogluconate (ssg), a potent therapeutic tool for treatment of infection by ssg-sensitive and -resistant leishmania donovani. | pentavalent antimonials have been the first-line treatment for leishmaniasis for decades. however, the development of resistance to sodium stibogluconate (ssg) has limited its use, especially for treating visceral leishmaniasis (vl). the present work aims to optimize a cationic liposomal formulation of ssg for the treatment of both ssg-sensitive (ag83) and ssg-resistant (ge1f8r and ck1r) leishmania donovani infections. parasite killing was determined by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2)-2,5-diphenyl ... | 2015 | 25367907 |
| bioactive derivatives of isopropylstilbene from mutasynthesis and chemical synthesis. | isopropylstilbene is a natural product from photorhabdus luminescens tt01, with multiple biological activities. a mutant deficient in the production of both anthraquinones and cinnamic acid was constructed, thus giving a clean background according to uv detection. this anthraquinone and stilbene deficient (asd) mutant was used in mutasynthesis experiments to obtain new stilbene derivatives, which were detected by gc-ms. the structures of the new derivatives were confirmed by detailed ms analysis ... | 2014 | 25346446 |
| a cluster of four cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis by leishmania donovani in cyprus: a case series. | leishmaniasis is endemic in more than 95 countries and is the only tropical/subtropical vector-borne disease that has been endemic in southern europe for decades. to the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of cutaneous leishmaniasis by leishmania donovani in a child and the first cluster with adult cases reported in europe. | 2014 | 25343876 |
| igg1 as a potential biomarker of post-chemotherapeutic relapse in visceral leishmaniasis, and adaptation to a rapid diagnostic test. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl), caused by protozoa of the leishmania donovani complex, is a widespread parasitic disease of great public health importance; without effective chemotherapy symptomatic vl is usually fatal. distinction of asymptomatic carriage from progressive disease and the prediction of relapse following treatment are hampered by the lack of prognostic biomarkers for use at point of care. | 2014 | 25340782 |
| pharmacological activities of cilantro's aliphatic aldehydes against leishmania donovani. | leishmaniasis is a chronic infectious disease caused by different leishmania species. global occurrences of this disease are primarily limited to tropical and subtropical regions. treatments are available; however, patients complain of side effects. different species of plants have been screened as a potential source of new drugs against leishmaniasis. in this study, we investigated the antileishmanial activity of cilantro (coriandrum sativum) essential oil and its main components: (e)-2-undecen ... | 2014 | 25340465 |