| a salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium succinate dehydrogenase/fumarate reductase double mutant is avirulent and immunogenic in balb/c mice. | previously we showed that the tricarboxylic acid (tca) cycle operates as a full cycle during salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium sr-11 peroral infection of balb/c mice (m. tchawa yimga et al., infect. immun. 74:1130-1140, 2006). the evidence was that a deltasuccd mutant (succinyl coenzyme a [succinyl-coa] synthetase), which prevents the conversion of succinyl-coa to succinate, and a deltasdhcda mutant (succinate dehydrogenase), which blocks the conversion of succinate to fumarate, were both ... | 2008 | 18086808 |
| isolation and purification of enterocin e-760 with broad antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. | strain nrrl b-30745, isolated from chicken ceca and identified as enterococcus durans, enterococcus faecium, or enterococcus hirae, was initially identified as antagonistic to campylobacter jejuni. the isolate produced a 5,362-da bacteriocin (enterocin) that inhibits the growth of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis, s. enterica serovar choleraesuis, s. enterica serovar typhimurium, s. enterica serovar gallinarum, escherichia coli o157:h7, yersinia enterocolitica, citrobacter freundii, klebs ... | 2008 | 18086839 |
| trends of antibiotic resistance in salmonella enterica serovar typhi isolated from hospitalized patients from 1997 to 2004 in lagos, nigeria. | | 2007 | 18087113 |
| hila gene expression in scfas adapted and inorganic acid challenged salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. | salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) encounters short chain fatty acids (inorganic acids containing propionate, butyrate and acetate) in the intestine as well as in food preservatives. short chain fatty acids (scfas) exposed organisms have been reported to offer resistance to organic acid resulting into enhanced virulence. however, the role of hila (hyper invasive loci) gene expression has not been assessed in this context. in the present study, s. typhimurium was grown under ... | 2007 | 18092431 |
| evaluation of commercial antisera for salmonella serotyping. | we compared a set of commercial salmonella somatic and flagellar serotyping antisera to in-house-prepared antisera from the microbial diseases laboratory, california department of public health, using 327 salmonella enterica strains belonging to subgroups i, ii, iiia, iiib, and iv. the sensitivities of denka seiken (tokyo, japan) somatic and flagellar antisera (using a tube agglutination assay) were 94.0% and 99.2%, respectively, and the specificity was 100% for both sets of sera. polyvalent o a ... | 2008 | 18094130 |
| antimicrobial resistance and phage and molecular typing of salmonella strains isolated from food for human consumption in spain. | the aims of this study were to ascertain the population structure and antimicrobial susceptibility of salmonella enterica serovars isolated in 2002 from food in 16 spanish regions. serovars were characterized by serotyping, phage typing, antimicrobial susceptibility, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) typing, and 264 nonrelated strains were selected for further analysis. the main sources were eggs and their derivatives (21.6% of strains), poultry and related products (16.6%), and seafoo ... | 2007 | 18095425 |
| pulsed-plasma gas-discharge inactivation of microbial pathogens in chilled poultry wash water. | a pulsed-plasma gas-discharge (ppgd) system was developed for the novel decontamination of chilled poultry wash water. treatment of poultry wash water in the plasma generation chamber for up to 24 s at 4 degrees c reduced escherichia coli nctc 9001, campylobacter jejuni atcc 33560, campylobacter coli atcc 33559, listeria monocytogenes nctc 9863, salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis atcc 4931, and s. enterica serovar typhimurium atcc 14028 populations to non-detectable levels (< or = 8 log cfu ... | 2007 | 18095434 |
| kinetic and structural analysis of bisubstrate inhibition of the salmonella enterica aminoglycoside 6'-n-acetyltransferase. | aminoglycosides are antibacterial compounds that act by binding to the a site of the small 30s bacterial ribosomal subunit and inhibiting protein translation. clinical resistance to aminoglycosides is generally the result of the expression of enzymes that covalently modify the antibiotic, including phosphorylation, adenylylation, and acetylation. bisubstrate analogs for the aminoglycoside n-acetyltransferases are nanomolar inhibitors of enterococcus faecium aac(6')-ii. however, in the case of th ... | 2008 | 18095712 |
| expression of in vivo-inducible salmonella enterica promoters during infection of caenorhabditis elegans. | in vitro mimicking of the stimuli controlling in vivo-inducible bacterial promoters during infection of the host can be complex. therefore, the use of the nematode caenorhabditis elegans was evaluated, as a surrogate host to examine the expression of salmonella enterica promoters. green fluorescent protein (gfp+) was put under the control of the promoters of the pagc, mgtb, ssea, pgte and fur genes of s. enterica. after infection of c. elegans with an s. enterica serovar typhimurium vaccine stra ... | 2008 | 18096019 |
| multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeats analysis of listeria monocytogenes using multicolour capillary electrophoresis and comparison with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing. | the multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeats analysis (mlva) method for genotyping has proven to be a fast and reliable typing tool in several bacterial species. mlva is in our laboratory the routine typing method for salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium and escherichia coli o157. the gram-positive bacteria listeria monocytogenes, while not isolated as frequent as s. typhimurium and e. coli, causes severe illness with an overall mortality rate of 30%. thus, it is importan ... | 2008 | 18096258 |
| pathogenicity of salmonella choleraesuis; maintaining virulence by lyophilization. | | 1949 | 18121301 |
| salmonella choleraesuis bacteremia treated with streptomycin; report of a case. | | 1949 | 18124293 |
| the lysr-type transcriptional regulator leuo controls expression of several genes in salmonella enterica serovar typhi. | leuo is a lysr-type transcriptional regulator that has been implicated in the bacterial stringent response and in the virulence of salmonella. a genomic analysis with salmonella enterica serovar typhi revealed that leuo is a positive regulator of omps1, omps2, asst, and sty3070. in contrast, leuo down-regulated the expression of ompx, tpx, and sty1978. transcriptional fusions supported the positive and negative leuo regulation. expression of omps1, asst, and sty3070 was induced in an hns mutant, ... | 2008 | 18156266 |
| [pediatric salmonellosis at the tokoin's teaching hospital, lomé (togo)]. | the authors had for aim to describe the epidemiological, clinical, and bacteriological aspects and outcome of pediatric salmonella enterica, salmonella septicemia, over the last 10 years. | 2008 | 18160240 |
| enteric salmonellosis disrupts the microbial ecology of the murine gastrointestinal tract. | the commensal microbiota protects the murine host from enteric pathogens. nevertheless, specific pathogens are able to colonize the intestinal tract and invade, despite the presence of an intact biota. possibly, effective pathogens disrupt the indigenous microbiota, either directly through pathogen-commensal interaction, indirectly via the host mucosal immune response to the pathogen, or by a combination of these factors. this study investigates the effect of peroral salmonella enterica serovar ... | 2008 | 18160481 |
| coordinate regulation of salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (spi1) and spi4 in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. | salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium harbors five pathogenicity islands (spi) required for infection in vertebrate hosts. although the role of spi1 in promoting epithelial invasion and proinflammatory cell death has been amply documented, spi4 has only more recently been implicated in salmonella virulence. spi4 is a 24-kb pathogenicity island containing six open reading frames, siia to siif. secretion of the 595-kda siie protein requires a type i secretory system encoded by siic, siid, and si ... | 2008 | 18160484 |
| card6 is interferon inducible but not involved in nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein signaling leading to nf-kappab activation. | we have previously reported the cloning and characterization of card6, a caspase recruitment domain (card)-containing protein that is structurally related to the interferon (ifn)-inducible gtpases. card6 associates with microtubules and with receptor-interacting protein 2 (rip2). rip2 mediates nf-kappab activation induced by the intracellular nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (nod) receptors that sense bacterial peptidoglycan. here we report that the expression of card6 and rip2 in bone ... | 2008 | 18160713 |
| proteomics analysis of the causative agent of typhoid fever. | typhoid fever is a potentially fatal disease caused by the bacterial pathogen salmonella enterica serotype typhi ( s. typhi). s. typhi infection is a complex process that involves numerous bacterially encoded virulence determinants, and these are thought to confer both stringent human host specificity and a high mortality rate. in the present study, we used a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (lc-ms)-based proteomics strategy to investigate the proteome of logarithmic, stationary phase, an ... | 2008 | 18166006 |
| periplasmic cu,zn superoxide dismutase and cytoplasmic dps concur in protecting salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium from extracellular reactive oxygen species. | several bacteria possess periplasmic cu,zn superoxide dismutases which can confer protection from extracellular reactive oxygen species. thus, deletion of the sodc1 gene reduces salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium ability to colonize the spleens of wild type mice, but enhances virulence in p47phox mutant mice. to look into the role of periplamic cu,zn superoxide dismutase and into possible additive effects of the ferritin-like dps protein involved in hydrogen peroxide detoxification, we have ... | 2008 | 18166161 |
| powdered infant formula as a source of salmonella infection in infants. | powdered infant formula is not sterile and may be intrinsically contaminated with pathogens, such as salmonella enterica, that can cause serious illness in infants. in recent years, at least 6 outbreaks of salmonella infection in infants that have been linked to the consumption of powdered infant formula have been reported. many of these outbreaks were identified because the salmonella strains were unique in some way (e.g., a rare serotype) and a well-established salmonella surveillance network, ... | 2008 | 18171262 |
| aminoglycosides affect intracellular salmonella enterica serovars typhimurium and virchow. | the high antibacterial activity and selectivity of aminoglycosides and their low activity against intracellular bacteria associated with eukaryotic cells make them the antibiotics of choice for the elimination of extracellular bacteria during intracellular studies. given the evidence that aminoglycosides can penetrate the eukaryotic cell membrane, the goal of this study was to examine the influence of aminoglycosides on macrophage-associated salmonella. herein, we show that gentamicin, kanamycin ... | 2008 | 18172002 |
| n-terminal residues of sipb are required for its surface localization on salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. | sipb, one of the invasion proteins encoded in salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (spi-1), is known to be secreted outside the cell, where it functions as a translocon by assembling into a host-cell plasma membrane-integral structure. here, we confirmed that wild-type sipb could be localized to the bacterial outer membrane, and further showed that its localization was dependent on extracellular secretion, and was independent of the presence of the sipd protein. proteinase k susceptibility and immu ... | 2008 | 18174139 |
| reactive nitrogen species contribute to innate host defense against campylobacter jejuni. | campylobacter jejuni, a gram-negative, invasive organism, is a common cause of food-borne bacterial diarrheal disease. however, the relationship between c. jejuni and the innate immune system is not well described. to better characterize host defense against c. jejuni, we investigated the ability of nitric oxide/reactive nitrogen species to kill two strains of c. jejuni. c. jejuni viability was measured after exposure to reactive nitrogen species produced biochemically as acidified nitrite and b ... | 2008 | 18174337 |
| decreased potency of the vibrio cholerae sheathed flagellum to trigger host innate immunity. | vibrio cholerae is a monoflagellated gram-negative bacterium that causes the severe diarrheal disease cholera. in contrast to salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium infection, which is accompanied by both acute diarrhea and high-level inflammation, v. cholerae infection is largely noninflammatory in human hosts. bacterial flagella are composed of flagellin, a highly conserved protein that is also a target of the innate immune response. because the v. cholerae flagellum is covered by a sheath, w ... | 2008 | 18174340 |
| isolation of multidrug-resistant salmonella typhimurium dt104 from swine in korea. | we report the isolation of salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium phage type dt104 (ccarm 8104) from swine in korea. the ccarm 8104 isolate was resistant to nalidixic acid and showed reduced susceptibility to quinolones. the ccarm 8104 isolate had a missense mutation, asp87asn, in the quinolone resistance-determining region in gyra and produced pse-1. the ccarm 8104 isolate carried two different class 1 integrons, and the pse-1 beta-lactamase gene was inserted into a 1,200 bp class 1 integron. ... | 2007 | 18176546 |
| nalidixic acid-resistant salmonella enterica serotype typhi infection presenting with sub-intestinal obstruction and mesenteric adenitis. | nalidixic acid-resistant salmonella typhi narst infections increase minimal inhibitory concentrations of fluoroquinolones, due to chromosomal mutations in the gene encoding dna gyrase, and can lead to a delayed treatment response. this in turn alters the course of the disease allowing for a protracted period of illness and the occurrence of complications. in this case report, we present a patient from the indian sub-continent, who was diagnosed with narst complicated by sub-intestinal obstructio ... | 2008 | 18176688 |
| genetic detoxification of an aroa salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium vaccine strain does not compromise protection against virulent salmonella and enhances the immune responses towards a protective malarial antigen. | live salmonella vaccines are limited in use by the inherent toxicity of the lipopolysaccharide. the waan gene encodes a myristyl transferase required for the secondary acylation of lipid a in lipopolysaccharide. a waan mutant exhibits reduced induction of the inflammatory cytokines associated with lipopolysaccharide toxicity. here the characteristics of a salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium aroa waan mutant (sk100) in vitro and in vivo compared with its parent aroa strain (sl3261) were descr ... | 2008 | 18177343 |
| use of episcopic differential interference contrast microscopy to identify bacterial biofilms on salad leaves and track colonization by salmonella thompson. | zoonotic pathogens such as salmonella can cause gastrointestinal illness if they are ingested with food. foods such as salads pose a greater risk because they are consumed raw and have been the source of major outbreaks of disease from fresh produce. the novel light microscopy methods used in this study allow detailed, high resolution imaging of the leaf surface environment (the phyllosphere) and allow pathogen tracking. episcopic differential interference contrast microscopy coupled with epiflu ... | 2008 | 18177375 |
| conjugal transfer of the salmonella enterica virulence plasmid in the mouse intestine. | balb/c mice were infected with two salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium strains, one of which lacked the virulence plasmid. transconjugants were found at high frequencies in the mouse feces and at low frequencies in the liver and the spleen, suggesting that mating occurred in the gut. laboratory conditions that mimic those of the small intestine (microaerophilic growth in the presence of 0.3 m nacl) increased the frequency of virulence plasmid transfer. sodium deoxycholate, which is found at ... | 2008 | 18178735 |
| epa worst case water microcosms for testing phage biocontrol of salmonella. | a microplate method was developed as a tool to test phages for their ability to control salmonella in aqueous environments. the method used epa (u.s. environmental protection agency) worst case water (wcw) in 96-well plates. the wcw provided a consistent and relatively simple defined turbid aqueous matrix, high in total organic carbon (toc) and total dissolved salts (tds), to simulate swine lagoon effluent, without the inconvenience of malodor and confounding effects from other biological factor ... | 2008 | 18178900 |
| characterization of multiple-antimicrobial-resistant salmonella enterica subsp. enterica isolated from indigenous vegetables and poultry in malaysia. | the aims of this communication were to study characterization of serogroups among salmonella isolates and the relationship of antimicrobial resistance to serogroups. multiple antimicrobial resistance (mar) was performed on 189 salmonella enterica isolates associated with 38 different serovars that were recovered from poultry and four types of indigenous vegetables. | 2008 | 18179445 |
| induction of the carrier state in pigeons infected with salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar typhimurium pt99 by treatment with florfenicol: a matter of pharmacokinetics. | paratyphoid caused by salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium is the main bacterial disease in pigeons. the ability of salmonella serovar typhimurium to persist intracellularly inside pigeon macrophages results in the development of chronic carriers, which maintain the infection in the flock. in this study, the effect of drinking-water medication with florfenicol on salmonella infection in pigeons was examined. the pharmacokinetics of florfenicol in pigeons revealed a relatively ... | 2008 | 18180355 |
| laboratory-based salmonella surveillance in fiji, 2004-2005. | although foodborne diseases are an important public health problem worldwide, the burden of foodborne illness is not well described in most pacific island countries and territories. laboratory-based surveillance programs can detect trends and outbreaks, estimate burden of illness, and allow subtyping of enteric pathogens (e.g. salmonella serotyping), which is critical for linking illness to food vehicles and animal reservoirs. to enhance public health capacity in fiji for foodborne disease surve ... | 2005 | 18181494 |
| comparison of antimicrobial resistance genes in nontyphoidal salmonellae of serotypes enteritidis, hadar, and virchow from humans and food-producing animals in england and wales. | isolates of salmonella enterica serovars enteritidis (n = 17), hadar (n = 18), and virchow (n = 13) from cases of human infection and from food production animals were screened using a miniaturized antimicrobial microarray to determine the number and spectra of resistance genes. among enteritidis, the number of genes detected was: animal isolates, mean = 4.6; human isolates, mean = 5.3. resistance to streptomycin, trimethoprim, and sulfonamides was usually encoded by only one resistance gene in ... | 2007 | 18184054 |
| transduction of bla(cmy-2), tet(a), and tet(b) from salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar heidelberg to s. typhimurium. | antimicrobial resistance of salmonella spp., especially resistance mediated by extended spectrum beta-lactamases (esbl), is a growing public health concern. understanding the mechanisms through which salmomella spp. acquire the resistance genes can lead to the development of intervention and mitigation strategies. thirty-one salmonella isolates of bovine origin were analyzed by serotyping, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, phage induction and bacterial host range determination, and phage tra ... | 2008 | 18187273 |
| diseases and reproductive success in a wild mammal: example in the alpine chamois. | density-dependent and climatic factors affect reproduction and dynamics of wild ungulates. parasites can also decrease reproductive success through either a direct abortive effect or a negative impact on host growth and body condition. however, few studies have investigated the effect of parasitism on fecundity of ungulates in natural conditions. we studied three bacterial infections caused by salmonella enterica serovar abortusovis, chlamydophila abortus and coxiella burnetii. these bacteria ar ... | 2008 | 18189146 |
| molecular characterization of the salmonella enterica serovar typhi vi-typing bacteriophage e1. | some bacteriophages target potentially pathogenic bacteria by exploiting surface-associated virulence factors as receptors. for example, phage have been identified that exhibit specificity for vi capsule producing salmonella enterica serovar typhi. here we have characterized the vi-associated e1-typing bacteriophage using a number of molecular approaches. the absolute requirement for vi capsule expression for infectivity was demonstrated using different vi-negative s. enterica derivatives. the p ... | 2008 | 18192390 |
| biosynthesis and iroc-dependent export of the siderophore salmochelin are essential for virulence of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. | in response to iron deprivation, salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium secretes two catecholate-type siderophores, enterobactin and its glucosylated derivative salmochelin. although the systems responsible for enterobactin synthesis and acquisition are well characterized, the mechanisms of salmochelin secretion and acquisition, as well as its role in salmonella virulence, are incompletely understood. herein we show by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of culture supernatants fro ... | 2008 | 18194158 |
| aggregation via the red, dry, and rough morphotype is not a virulence adaptation in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. | the salmonella rdar (red, dry, and rough) morphotype is an aggregative and resistant physiology that has been linked to survival in nutrient-limited environments. growth of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium was analyzed in a variety of nutrient-limiting conditions to determine whether aggregation would occur at low cell densities and whether the rdar morphotype was involved in this process. the resulting cultures consisted of two populations of cells, aggregated and nonaggregated, with the ... | 2008 | 18195033 |
| toll-like receptor 5-deficient mice have dysregulated intestinal gene expression and nonspecific resistance to salmonella-induced typhoid-like disease. | the recognition of flagellin by toll-like receptor 5 (tlr5) is the dominant means by which model intestinal epithelia activate proinflammatory gene expression in response to salmonella enterica. the role of the flagellin-tlr5 interaction in vivo has been addressed primarily via studies that use flagellar mutants. such studies suggest that host recognition of flagellin promotes rapid neutrophil recruitment that protects the host from this pathogen. however, these works do not directly address the ... | 2008 | 18195036 |
| the mcdonald-kreitman test and slightly deleterious mutations. | it is possible to estimate the proportion of substitutions that are due to adaptive evolution using the numbers of silent and nonsilent polymorphisms and substitutions in a mcdonald and kreitman-type analysis. unfortunately, this estimate of adaptive evolution is biased downward by the segregation of slightly deleterious mutations. it has been suggested that 1 way to cope with the effects of these slightly deleterious mutations is to remove low-frequency polymorphisms from the analysis. we inves ... | 2008 | 18195052 |
| peptide-assisted degradation of the salmonella mgtc virulence factor. | mgtc is a virulence factor common to several intracellular pathogens that is required for intramacrophage survival and growth in magnesium-depleted medium. in salmonella enterica, mgtc is coexpressed with the mgtb magnesium transporter and transcription of the mgtcb operon is induced by magnesium deprivation. despite the high level of mgtcb transcriptional induction in magnesium-depleted medium, the mgtc protein is hardly detected in a wild-type salmonella strain. here, we show that downregulati ... | 2008 | 18200043 |
| flagellin is required for salmonella-induced expression of heat shock protein hsp25 in intestinal epithelium. | flagellin is a bacterial protein responsible for activation of toll-like receptor 5 (tlr5), which we hypothesize is involved in salmonella's induction of cytoprotective heat shock proteins in intestinal epithelial cells. flagellin induces the cytoprotective heat shock protein hsp25 in different intestinal epithelial cell lines and in mouse intestine. flagellin induces hsp25 expression in a time-dependent manner in vitro. this effect is transcriptional, as confirmed by luciferase reporter assays ... | 2008 | 18202113 |
| role of mitogen-activated protein kinases in the inos production and cytokine secretion by salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium porins. | the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos) is a critical factor in both physiological and pathological functions. the present study examined the role of mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks) in the regulation of inos and proinflammatory cytokine production in raw 264.7 cells in response to salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium porins. by use of western blotting for inos detection and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for quantization of cytokine secretion, selective p ... | 2008 | 18206384 |
| inactivation kinetics of inoculated escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella enterica on lettuce by chlorine dioxide gas. | the purpose of this investigation was to study inactivation kinetics of inoculated escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella enterica on lettuce leaves by clo(2) gas at different concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 3.0, and 5.0 mg l(-1)) for 10 min and to determine the effect of clo(2) gas on the quality and shelf life of lettuce during storage at 4 degrees c for 7 days. one hundred microliters of each targeted organism was separately spot-inoculated onto the surface (5 cm(2)) of lettuce (approximately ... | 2008 | 18206766 |
| survival of enteric microorganisms on grass surfaces irrigated with treated effluent. | treated effluent can be reused for the irrigation of parks and sports grounds but there is an associated potential public health risks from microbial pathogens present on the grass surface, particularly when used for contact sports. the main aim of this study was to investigate the survival of pathogenic and indicator microorganisms on the grass surface of a sports ground irrigated with treated effluent under differing climatic conditions. results showed that salmonella enterica serotype typhimu ... | 2008 | 18209287 |
| enzyme-assisted processing increases antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of bilberry. | the effects of nine cell wall-degrading enzymes on the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of bilberry were studied. antimicrobial activity was measured using the human pathogens salmonella enterica sv. typhimurium and staphylococcus aureus as test strains. enzyme treatments liberated phenolics from the cell wall matrix, which clearly increased the antimicrobial activity of berry juices, press cakes, and berry mashes on the basis of plate counts. antibacterial effects were stronger against ... | 2008 | 18211029 |
| binding specificity of salmonella plasmid-encoded fimbriae assessed by glycomics. | the salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium (s. typhimurium) genome encodes 12 intestinal colonization factors of the chaperone/usher fimbrial assembly class; however, the binding specificity is known for only one of these adhesins, known as type 1 fimbriae. here we explored the utility of glycomics to determine the carbohydrate binding specificity of plasmid-encoded fimbriae from s. typhimurium. a cosmid carrying the pef operon was introduced into escherichia coli and expression of fimbrial fi ... | 2008 | 18211897 |
| clinical response and outcome of infection with salmonella enterica serotype typhi with decreased susceptibility to fluoroquinolones: a united states foodnet multicenter retrospective cohort study. | patients with typhoid fever due to salmonella enterica serotype typhi strains for which fluoroquinolones mics are elevated yet that are classified as susceptible by the current interpretive criteria of the clinical and laboratory standards institute may not respond adequately to fluoroquinolone therapy. patients from seven u.s. states with invasive salmonella serotype typhi infection between 1999 and 2002 were enrolled in a multicenter retrospective cohort study. patients infected with salmonell ... | 2008 | 18212096 |
| distinct roles of the flii atpase and proton motive force in bacterial flagellar protein export. | translocation of many soluble proteins across cell membranes occurs in an atpase-driven manner. for construction of the bacterial flagellum responsible for motility, most of the components are exported by the flagellar protein export apparatus. the flii atpase is required for this export, and its atpase activity is regulated by flih; however, it is unclear how the chemical energy derived from atp hydrolysis is used for the export process. here we report that flagellar proteins of salmonella ente ... | 2008 | 18216858 |
| energy source of flagellar type iii secretion. | bacterial flagella contain a specialized secretion apparatus that functions to deliver the protein subunits that form the filament and other structures to outside the membrane. this apparatus is related to the injectisome used by many gram-negative pathogens and symbionts to transfer effector proteins into host cells; in both systems this export mechanism is termed 'type iii' secretion. the flagellar secretion apparatus comprises a membrane-embedded complex of about five proteins, and soluble fa ... | 2008 | 18216859 |
| human multidrug-resistant salmonella newport infections, wisconsin, 2003-2005. | we conducted a retrospective study of salmonella newport infections among wisconsin residents during 2003-2005. multidrug resistance prevalence was substantially greater in wisconsin than elsewhere in the united states. persons with multidrug-resistant infections were more likely than persons with susceptible infections to report exposure to cattle, farms, and unpasteurized milk. | 2007 | 18217570 |
| disinfectant test against monoculture and mixed-culture biofilms composed of technological, spoilage and pathogenic bacteria: bactericidal effect of essential oil and hydrosol of satureja thymbra and comparison with standard acid-base sanitizers. | to assess the antimicrobial action of three natural-derived products (essential oil, decoction and hydrosol of satureja thymbra) against biofilms, composed of useful, spoilage and pathogenic bacteria (formed as monoculture or/and mixed-culture), and to compare their efficiency with three standard acid and alkaline chemical disinfectants. | 2008 | 18217930 |
| virulent salmonella enterica infections can be exacerbated by concomitant infection of the host with a live attenuated s. enterica vaccine via toll-like receptor 4-dependent interleukin-10 production with the involvement of both trif and myd88. | during systemic disease in mice, salmonella enterica grows intracellularly within discrete foci of infection in the spleen and liver. in concomitant infections, foci containing different s. enterica strains are spatially separated. we have investigated whether functional interactions between bacterial populations within the same host can occur despite the known spatial separation of the foci and independence of growth of salmonellae residing in different foci. in this study we have demonstrated ... | 2008 | 18217948 |
| isolation of avian strains of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium from cats with enteric disease in the united kingdom. | | 2008 | 18223269 |
| molecular evolution of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and pathogenic escherichia coli: from pathogenesis to therapeutics. | salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) and certain escherichia coli are human pathogens that have evolved through the acquisition of multiple virulence determinants by horizontal gene transfer. similar genetic elements, as pathogenicity islands and virulence plasmids, have driven molecular evolution of virulence in both species. in addition, the contribution of prophages has been recently highlighted as a reservoir for pathogenic diversity. characterization of horizontally acqu ... | 2008 | 18226587 |
| braun lipoprotein (lpp) contributes to virulence of yersiniae: potential role of lpp in inducing bubonic and pneumonic plague. | yersinia pestis evolved from y. pseudotuberculosis to become the causative agent of bubonic and pneumonic plague. we identified a homolog of the salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium lipoprotein (lpp) gene in yersinia species and prepared lpp gene deletion mutants of y. pseudotuberculosis ypiii, y. pestis kim/d27 (pigmentation locus minus), and y. pestis co92 with reduced virulence. mice injected via the intraperitoneal route with 5 x 10(7) cfu of the deltalpp kim/d27 mutant survived a month, ... | 2008 | 18227160 |
| in vitro model of colonization resistance by the enteric microbiota: effects of antimicrobial agents used in food-producing animals. | a bioassay was developed to measure the minimum concentration of an antimicrobial drug that disrupts the colonization resistance mediated by model human intestinal microbiota against salmonella invasion of caco-2 intestinal cells. the bioassay was used to measure the minimum disruptive concentrations (mdcs) of drugs used in animal agriculture. the mdcs varied from 0.125 microg/ml for some broad-spectrum antimicrobial drugs (e.g., streptomycin) to 16 microg/ml for drugs with limited spectra of an ... | 2008 | 18227184 |
| distinct functional domains of the salmonella enterica wbap transferase that is involved in the initiation reaction for synthesis of the o antigen subunit. | wbap is a membrane enzyme that initiates o antigen synthesis in salmonella enterica by catalysing the transfer of galactose 1-phosphate (gal-1-p) onto undecaprenyl phosphate (und-p). wbap possesses at least three predicted structural domains: an n-terminal region containing four transmembrane helices, a large central periplasmic loop, and a c-terminal domain containing the last transmembrane helix and a large cytoplasmic tail. in this work, we investigated the contribution of each region to wbap ... | 2008 | 18227248 |
| the yejabef operon of salmonella confers resistance to antimicrobial peptides and contributes to its virulence. | pathogenic micro-organisms have evolved many strategies to counteract the antimicrobial peptides (amps) that they encounter upon entry into host systems. these strategies play vital roles in the virulence of pathogenic micro-organisms. the salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium genome has a gene cluster consisting of yeja, yejb, yeje and yejf genes, which encode a putative atp-binding cassette (abc) transporter. our study shows that these genes constitute an operon. we deleted the yejf gene, wh ... | 2008 | 18227269 |
| high level ciprofloxacin resistance in salmonella enterica isolated from blood. | over the last few years, resistance to ciprofloxacin in salmonella enterica has become a global concern. the present study was undertaken to find out the susceptibility pattern of salmonella enterica isolates in our hospital. | 2008 | 18227598 |
| role of enteric fever in ileal perforations: an overstated problem in tropics? | to determine the role of enteric fever in ileal perforations. | 2008 | 18227599 |
| characterisation of salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium isolates from wild birds in northern england from 2005 - 2006. | several studies have shown that a number of serovars of salmonella enterica may be isolated from wild birds, and it has been suggested that wild birds may play a role in the epidemiology of human and livestock salmonellosis. however, little is known about the relationship between wild bird s. enterica strains and human- and livestock- associated strains in the united kingdom. given the zoonotic potential of salmonellosis, the main aim of this study was to investigate the molecular epidemiology o ... | 2008 | 18230128 |
| label-free detection of dna with interdigitated micro-electrodes in a fluidic cell. | we investigate the analytical performance of an interdigitated electrode sensor for the label-free detection of dna, by monitoring the complex impedance of 5 microm wide interdigitated pt microelectrodes on a glass substrate. we detect the hybridization of unlabeled 38-mer target ssdna with a complementary probe that is bound on the glass in between the electrodes by a disuccinimidyl terephtalate and aminosilane immobilization procedure. the sensor is mounted in a microfluidic flow cell, in whic ... | 2008 | 18231670 |
| an oral recombinant vaccine in dogs against echinococcus granulosus, the causative agent of human hydatid disease: a pilot study. | dogs are the main source of human cystic echinococcosis. an oral vaccine would be an important contribution to control programs in endemic countries. we conducted two parallel experimental trials in morocco and tunisia of a new oral vaccine candidate against echinococcus granulosus in 28 dogs. the vaccine was prepared using two recombinant proteins from adult worms, a tropomyosin (egtrp) and a fibrillar protein similar to paramyosin (ega31), cloned and expressed in a live attenuated strain of sa ... | 2008 | 18235847 |
| microbiological profile of greenhouses in a farm producing hydroponic tomatoes. | produce, including tomatoes, has been implicated in several outbreaks of foodborne illness. a number of the sources of contamination for produce grown in open fields are known. however, as an alternative agricultural system, hydroponic greenhouses are reasonably expected to reduce some of these sources. the objective of the present study was to determine the microbiological profile of tomatoes grown in greenhouses at a mexican hydroponic farm with a high technological level and sanitary agricult ... | 2008 | 18236663 |
| antimicrobial properties of milkfat globule membrane fractions. | milkfat globule membranes (mfgms) were prepared from bovine cream according to standard procedures. these membranes and peptide hydrolysates, which were generated by proteolysis with immobilized digestive enzymes, were screened for antibacterial activity against escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, salmonella enterica typhimurium, pseudomonas fluorescens, bacillus cereus, lactobacillus acidophilus, and lactobacillus gasseri. assays were first performed on beef heart infusion (bhi) p ... | 2008 | 18236672 |
| using salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium to model intestinal fibrosis. | | 2008 | 18242605 |
| the range of influence between cattle herds is of importance for the local spread of salmonella dublin in denmark. | the objective of the study was to estimate the range of influence between cattle herds with positive salmonella dublin herd status. herd status was a binary outcome of high/low antibody levels to salmonella dublin in bulk-tank milk and blood samples collected from all cattle herds in denmark for surveillance purposes. two methods were used. initially, a spatial generalised linear mixed model was developed with an exponential correlation function to estimate the range of influence simultaneously ... | 2008 | 18242741 |
| vaccines and immunotherapy against pseudomonas aeruginosa. | a number of different vaccines and several monoclonal antibodies have been developed in the last decades for active and passive vaccination against the gram-negative opportunistic pathogen pseudomonas aeruginosa. these approaches include vaccine antigens such as lipopolysaccharide, surface polysaccharides, polysaccharide-protein conjugates, flagella, outer membrane proteins, pili, whole formalin-killed p. aeruginosa cells, live-attenuated p. aeruginosa and salmonella enterica strains expressing ... | 2008 | 18242792 |
| biofilm formation in field strains of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium: identification of a new colony morphology type and the role of sgi1 in biofilm formation. | in this study we examined the extent of biofilm formation in field strains of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium), an important foodborne pathogen. ninety-four field strains of s. typhimurium were tested for their ability to form biofilm and components contributing to its formation. most s. typhimurium strains were highly capable of biofilm formation except for strains of phage type dt2 originating from pigeons. the most efficient biofilm forming strains were those of phage ... | 2008 | 18242887 |
| on-line monitoring of microbial volatile metabolites by proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry. | a method for analysis of volatile organic compounds (vocs) from microbial cultures was established using proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry (ptr-ms). a newly developed sampling system was coupled to a ptr-ms instrument to allow on-line monitoring of vocs in the dynamic headspaces of microbial cultures. the novel ptr-ms method was evaluated for four reference organisms: escherichia coli, shigella flexneri, salmonella enterica, and candida tropicalis. headspace vocs in sampling bottles con ... | 2008 | 18245241 |
| human salmonella clinical isolates distinct from those of animal origin. | the global trend toward intensive livestock production has led to significant public health risks and industry-associated losses due to an increased incidence of disease and contamination of livestock-derived food products. a potential factor contributing to these health concerns is the prospect that selective pressure within a particular host may give rise to bacterial strain variants that exhibit enhanced fitness in the present host relative to that in the parental host from which the strain w ... | 2008 | 18245251 |
| coordinated regulation of expression of salmonella pathogenicity island 1 and flagellar type iii secretion systems by atp-dependent clpxp protease. | salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium delivers a variety of proteins via the salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (spi1)-encoded type iii secretion system into host cells, where they elicit several physiological changes, including bacterial invasion, macrophage apoptosis, and enteropathogenesis. once salmonella has established a systemic infection, excess macrophage apoptosis would be detrimental to the pathogen, as it utilizes macrophages as vectors for systemic dissemination throughout the host ... | 2008 | 18245288 |
| identification of salmonella spi-2 secretion system components required for spvb-mediated cytotoxicity in macrophages and virulence in mice. | the salmonella spvb protein possesses adp-ribosyl transferase activity. spvb, acting as an intracellular toxin, covalently modifies monomeric actin, leading to loss of f-actin filaments in salmonella-infected human macrophages. using defined salmonella mutants, different functional components of the spi-2 type three secretion system (ttss), ssav, spic, sseb, ssec, and ssed, were found to be required for spvb-mediated actin depolymerization in human macrophages. expression of spvb protein in salm ... | 2008 | 18248436 |
| secreted enteric antimicrobial activity localises to the mucus surface layer. | the intestinal mucosa is constantly exposed to a dense and highly dynamic microbial flora and challenged by a variety of enteropathogenic bacteria. antibacterial protection is provided in part by paneth cell-derived antibacterial peptides such as the alpha-defensins. the mechanism of peptide-mediated antibacterial control and its functional importance for gut homeostasis has recently been appreciated in patients with crohn's ileitis. in the present study, the spatial distribution of antimicrobia ... | 2008 | 18250125 |
| molecular characterization reveals salmonella enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:- from poultry is a variant typhimurium serovar. | although salmonella remains one of the leading causes of foodborne illnesses in the united states, the salmonella enterica serovars and genetic types associated with most infections appear to fluctuate over time. recently, the center for disease control and prevention (cdc) has reported an increase in cases of salmonellosis caused by salmonella 4,[5],12:i:-. similarly, this unusual salmonella serovar has been isolated from cattle and poultry in the state of georgia. we examined the genetic relat ... | 2007 | 18251408 |
| impact of dietary components on chicken immune system and salmonella infection. | salmonella enterica serovars are facultative intracellular pathogens that may cause serious illness in poultry and humans. human infection by two common serovars, salmonella enteritidis (se) and salmonella typhimurium (st) usually occurs via food-borne transmission. consumption of raw or undercooked contaminated eggs usually causes se infection, while st is transmitted by contaminated chicken meat. there are several reports on dietary interventions, including fatty acid modifications, probiotic ... | 2008 | 18251669 |
| multidrug-resistant salmonella typhimurium, pacific northwest, united states. | we compared human and bovine isolates of salmonella enterica using antimicrobial-drug resistance profiles and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. from 2000 through 2006, we observed an increase in a novel multidrug-resistant clone of s. typhimurium with no recognized phage type. this clone may represent an emerging epidemic strain in the pacific northwest. | 2007 | 18258014 |
| enhanced subtyping scheme for salmonella enteritidis. | to improve pulsed-field gel electrophoresis-based strain discrimination of 76 salmonella enteritidis strains, we evaluated 6 macro-restriction endonucleases, separately and in various combinations. one 3-enzyme subset, sfii/paci/noti, was highly discriminatory. five different indices, including the simpson diversity index, supported this 3-enzyme combination for improved differentiation of s. enteritidis. | 2007 | 18258051 |
| plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance in salmonella enterica, united kingdom. | | 2008 | 18258138 |
| evaluation of the premi test salmonella, a commercial low-density dna microarray system intended for routine identification and typing of salmonella enterica. | a new commercial system based on genetic profiling and aimed at identifying salmonella enterica serovars was evaluated by comparing its performance with classical serotyping on 443 strains. within 62 serovars represented, 60 gave unique genetic profiles while 2 were undistinguishable. results were obtained within 8 h, were reproducible and clear-cut. the system allowed single-tube processing of the samples and required no peculiar technical skill. it showed interesting potential for routine labo ... | 2008 | 18258323 |
| architectural adaptation and protein expression patterns of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis biofilms under laminar flow conditions. | salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis is a significant biofilm-forming pathogen. the influence of a 10-fold difference in nutrient laminar flow velocity on the dynamics of salmonella enteritidis biofilm formation and protein expression profiles were compared in order to ascertain how flow velocity influenced biofilm structure and function. low-flow (0.007 cm s(-1)) biofilms consisted of diffusely-arranged microcolonies which grew until merging by approximately 72 h. high-flow (0.07 cm s(-1)) b ... | 2008 | 18261816 |
| the capacity of salmonella to survive inside dendritic cells and prevent antigen presentation to t cells is host specific. | infection with salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) causes a severe and lethal systemic disease in mice, characterized by poor activation of the adaptive immune response against salmonella-derived antigens. recently, we and others have reported that this feature relies on the ability of s. typhimurium to survive within murine dendritic cells (dcs) and avoid the presentation of bacteria-derived antigens to t cells. in contrast, here we show that infection of murine dcs with ei ... | 2008 | 18266715 |
| subcutaneous vaccination with attenuated salmonella enterica serovar choleraesuis c500 expressing recombinant filamentous hemagglutinin and pertactin antigens protects mice against fatal infections with both s. enterica serovar choleraesuis and bordetella bronchiseptica. | salmonella enterica serovar choleraesuis strain c500 is a live, attenuated vaccine that has been used in china for over 40 years to prevent piglet paratyphoid. we compared the protective efficacies of subcutaneous (s.c.) and oral vaccination of balb/c mice with c500 expressing the recombinant filamentous hemagglutinin type i domain and pertactin region 2 domain antigen (rf1p2) of bordetella bronchiseptica. protective efficacy against both s. enterica serovar choleraesuis infection in an oral fat ... | 2008 | 18268026 |
| overcoming h-ns-mediated transcriptional silencing of horizontally acquired genes by the phop and slya proteins in salmonella enterica. | the acquisition of new traits through horizontal gene transfer depends on the ability of the recipient organism to express the incorporated genes. however, foreign dna appears to be silenced by the histone-like nucleoid-structuring protein (h-ns) in several enteric pathogens, raising the question of how this silencing is overcome and the acquired genes are expressed at the right time and place. to address this question, we investigated transcription of the horizontally acquired ugtl and pagc gen ... | 2008 | 18270203 |
| tolc, but not acrb, is involved in the invasiveness of multidrug-resistant salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium by increasing type iii secretion system-1 expression. | the acrab-tolc efflux system is involved in multidrug and bile salt resistances. in addition, this pump has recently been suggested to increase the invasion of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) into host cells in vitro and could therefore have an important clinical relevance for multidrug-resistant strains. the aim of this study was to investigate the role of the tolc outer membrane channel and the acrb transporter in the interaction of multidrug-resistant s. typhimurium s ... | 2008 | 18272427 |
| salmonella enterica serovar senftenberg human clinical isolates lacking spi-1. | nontyphoidal salmonella species cause gastrointestinal disease worldwide. the prevailing theory of salmonella enteropathogenesis is that bacterial invasion of the intestinal epithelium is essential for virulence and that this requires the virulence-associated genomic region salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (spi-1). recent studies of salmonella enterica infection models have demonstrated that enterocolitis and diarrhea in mice and cows can occur independently of spi-1. in this study, we sought t ... | 2008 | 18272702 |
| simple, rapid, and affordable point-of-care test for the serodiagnosis of typhoid fever. | we developed a point-of-care test for the serodiagnosis of typhoid fever in the format of an immunochromatographic lateral flow assay. the flow assay for typhoid fever is based on the detection of salmonella enterica serotype typhi lipopolysaccharide-specific immunoglobulin m (igm) antibodies. the assay was evaluated on serum samples collected in a hospital in south sulawesi, indonesia, where typhoid fever is endemic, and the results were compared with culture and widal test. the sensitivity of ... | 2008 | 18276100 |
| parallel evolution of multidrug-resistance in salmonella enterica isolated from swine. | the increase in frequency of salmonella enterica resistant to antibiotics in food-producing animals is of great concern to public health. determining the rate at which different resistance phenotypes are generated and maintained in the environment is thus of great importance. the distribution and evolution of antibiotic resistance and multidrug-resistance in 362 salmonella stains as part of a cross-sectional study of the canadian swine industry were investigated. the susceptibility of all isolat ... | 2008 | 18279339 |
| emergence of highly fluoroquinolone-resistant salmonella enterica serovar typhi in a community-based fever surveillance from kolkata, india. | | 2008 | 18280709 |
| influence of housing system, grain type, and particle size on salmonella colonization and shedding of broilers fed triticale or corn-soybean meal diets. | salmonella colonization in poultry may be influenced by grain type and particle size. broilers reared either in nonlitter cage-based housing or in a conventionally floored litter house from 0 to 42 d were assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments: 1) ground corn-soybean meal (c, 560 microm), 2) coarsely ground corn-soybean meal (cc, >1,700 microm), 3) ground triticale-soybean meal (t, 560 microm), or 4) whole triticale-soybean meal (wt). a 4-strain cocktail of salmonella enterica was orally gavaged ... | 2008 | 18281566 |
| salmonella species in free-living spur-thighed tortoises (testudo graeca) in central western morocco. | | 2008 | 18281632 |
| nucleotide biosynthesis is critical for growth of bacteria in human blood. | proliferation of bacterial pathogens in blood represents one of the most dangerous stages of infection. growth in blood serum depends on the ability of a pathogen to adjust metabolism to match the availability of nutrients. although certain nutrients are scarce in blood and need to be de novo synthesized by proliferating bacteria, it is unclear which metabolic pathways are critical for bacterial growth in blood. in this study, we identified metabolic functions that are essential specifically for ... | 2008 | 18282099 |
| growth control in the salmonella-containing vacuole. | salmonella enterica is an intracellular bacterial pathogen that inhabits membrane-bound vacuoles of eukaryotic cells. coined as the 'salmonella-containing vacuole' (scv), this compartment has been studied for two decades as a replicative niche. recent findings reveal, however, marked differences in the lifestyle of bacteria enclosed in the scv of varied host cell types. in fibroblasts, the emerging view supports a model of bacteria facing in the scv a 'to grow' or 'not to grow' dilemma, which is ... | 2008 | 18282735 |
| spvc is a salmonella effector with phosphothreonine lyase activity on host mitogen-activated protein kinases. | spvc is encoded by the salmonella virulence plasmid. we have investigated the biochemical function of spvc and the mechanism by which it is secreted by bacteria and translocated into infected macrophages. we constructed a strain carrying a deletion in spvc and showed that the strain is attenuated for systemic virulence in mice. spvc can be secreted in vitro by either the spi-1 or spi-2 type iii secretion systems. cell biological and genetic experiments showed that translocation of the protein in ... | 2008 | 18284579 |
| flil is essential for swarming: motor rotation in absence of flil fractures the flagellar rod in swarmer cells of salmonella enterica. | flil is the first gene in a flagellar operon that specifies members of the switch complex and type iii export system in salmonella enterica and escherichia coli, but no function has been ascribed to this gene thus far. here we report that a flil mutant is slightly impaired for swimming but completely defective in swarming in both organisms, and have studied this phenotype further in s. enterica. we have found that on swarm agar, mutant cells release or 'eject' their flagellar filaments. the rele ... | 2008 | 18284590 |
| nitric oxide homeostasis in salmonella typhimurium: roles of respiratory nitrate reductase and flavohemoglobin. | nitric oxide (no) is generated in biological systems primarily via the activity of no synthases and nitrate and nitrite reductases. here we show that salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) grown anaerobically with nitrate is capable of generating polarographically detectable no after nitrite (no(2)(-)) addition. no accumulation is sensitive to the no scavenger 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide. neither an fnr mutant nor an fnr hmp double mutant p ... | 2008 | 18285340 |
| infection of epithelial cells with salmonella enterica. | salmonella enterica serovars cause a variety of diseases ranging from self-limiting gastroenteritis to severe systemic infections. virulence of these facultative intracellular pathogens is dependent on their ability to invade and replicate within non-phagocytic cells, and cultured epithelial cell systems have been used extensively to dissect the molecular mechanisms involved. for efficient invasion in vitro, the bacterial cell growth conditions as critical since the invasion associated type iii ... | 2008 | 18287758 |
| terpenoid compositions, and antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the rhizome essential oils of different hedychium species. | a phytochemical study of the rhizome essential oils of four different hedychium species was performed by means of gc and gc/ms analyses. h. ellipticum mainly contained 1,8-cineole, sabinene, and terpin-4-ol, while h. aurantiacum possessed terpin-4-ol, para-cymene, and bornyl acetate as the major entities. similarly, trans-meta-mentha-2,8-diene and linalool were noticed in h. coronarium. three different collections (i-iii) of h. spicatum showed amazing differences in the relative contents of thei ... | 2008 | 18293443 |