| cases of emesis associated with bacterial contamination of an infant breakfast cereal product. | a commercial product for infants containing cereal mixed with dried infant formula was diagnosed as producing rapid projectile vomiting in two infants. analysis of multiple samples of the cereal product revealed significant contamination with two spore-forming species, bacillus subtilis and a strain of bacillus cereus. the latter is the most likely cause of the emetic food poisoning, but we were unable to detect b. cereus emetic toxin. this raises the possibility of the cause being either a new ... | 2005 | 15992624 |
| strain discrimination among b. anthracis and related organisms by characterization of bcla polymorphisms using pcr coupled with agarose gel or microchannel fluidics electrophoresis. | the bcla gene codes for the protein backbone of the exosporium glycoprotein bcla of b. anthracis. bcla has a central collagen-like region formed by polymorphic gxx repeats and conserved amino- and carboxy-termini. it is noted here that the bcla gene is also present in the genome of bacillus cereus and bacillus thuringiensis. there is considerable size heterogeneity among the bcla proteins, both for species and strains, due to different numbers of gpt repeats and [gpt]5gdtgtt repeats (bcla repeat ... | 2006 | 15992950 |
| characterization of calcium-activated bifunctional peptidase of the psychrotrophic bacillus cereus. | the protease purified from bacillus cereus jh108 has the function of leucine specific endopeptidase. when measured by hydrolysis of synthetic substrate (n-succinyl-ala-ala-pro-leu-p-nitroanilide), the enzyme activity exhibited optimal activity at ph 9.0, 60 degrees c. the endopeptidase activity was stimulated by ca++, co++, mn++, mg++, and ni++, and was inhibited by metal chelating agents such as edta, 1,10-phenanthroline, and egta. addition of serine protease inhibitor, pmsf, resulted in the el ... | 2005 | 15995640 |
| the cereulide genetic determinants of emetic bacillus cereus are plasmid-borne. | | 2005 | 16000702 |
| effect of boiling and roasting on the fermentation of soybeans into dawadawa (soy-dawadawa). | soybeans which had initially been dehulled by either boiling (boiled/dehulled) or roasting (roasted/dehulled) before peeling, were cooked and fermented into dawadawa, a traditional food condiment. the micropopulation, enzymatic activities, proximate composition, amino acid, and aroma profiles of the two types of soybean dawadawa were evaluated during fermentation. only minor differences were found in the microbial profiles of the two types of soy-dawadawa. although boiled/dehulled soy-dawadawa i ... | 2005 | 16002169 |
| the possibility of discriminating within the bacillus cereus group using gyrb sequencing and pcr-rflp. | based on a combination of pcr and restriction endonuclease (re) digestion (pcr-re digestion), we have examined the possibility of differentiating members of the bacillus cereus group. fragments of the gyrb gene (362 bp) from pure cultures of 12 b. cereus, 25 b. thuringiensis, 25 b. mycoides and two b. anthracis strains were amplified and subsequently digested with sau3a1. furthermore, a majority of the amplicons were sequenced directly to verify the pcr-re results. the results obtained suggest t ... | 2005 | 16005534 |
| systematic determination of the mosaic structure of bacterial genomes: species backbone versus strain-specific loops. | public databases now contain multitude of complete bacterial genomes, including several genomes of the same species. the available data offers new opportunities to address questions about bacterial genome evolution, a task that requires reliable fine comparison data of closely related genomes. recent analyses have shown, using pairwise whole genome alignments, that it is possible to segment bacterial genomes into a common conserved backbone and strain-specific sequences called loops. | 2005 | 16011797 |
| effect of heat treatment of milk on activation of bacillus spores. | the quality and shelf life of fluid milk products are dependent on the amount and type of microorganisms present following pasteurization. this study evaluated the effects of different pasteurization processes on the microbial populations in fluid milk. the objective was to determine whether certain pasteurization processes lead to an increase in the amount of bacteria present in pasteurized milk by activating bacillus spores. samples of raw milk were collected on the day of arrival at the dairy ... | 2005 | 16013392 |
| [expression and bioactive characterization of bacteriophage lysin gene of bacillus anthracis in escherichia coli]. | the lysin gene of bacillus anthracis-diagnosing bacteriophage, obtained by pcr amplification,was cloned into the escherichia coli exepression vector pet22b which has been cleaved by ecor i and nde i. the recombinant vector pet22b-gamma lysin was verified to be correctly constructed by pcr, sequencing and enzyme digestion, and highly expressed in e. coli bl21 (de3), which accounted for about 40 percent of total protein in e. coli bl21 (de3), while in the 5l fermentor the expression level reached ... | 2005 | 16013478 |
| [multiplex amplification test system for the identification and differentiation of bacillus anthracis]. | the multiplex amplification test system for the identification of bacillus anthracis with primers to plasmid cya (px01), capc (px02) genes and chromosomal sap gene were developed. the primers to sap gene were selected by the authors and, after being tested on 72 microbial strains of the genus bacillus, proposed as more specific in comparison with the known primers to chromosomal locus ba 813. the proposed test system permitted the simultaneous identification of b. anthracis of all plasmid varian ... | 2005 | 16028518 |
| contribution of exsfa and exsfb proteins to the localization of bcla on the spore surface and to the stability of the bacillus anthracis exosporium. | spores of bacillus anthracis, the etiological agent of anthrax, and the closely related species bacillus cereus and bacillus thuringiensis, possess an exosporium, which is the outermost structure surrounding the mature spore. it consists of a paracrystalline basal layer and a hair-like outer layer. to date, the structural contribution of only one exosporium component, the collagen-like glycoprotein bcla, has been described. it is the structural component of the hair-like filaments. here, we desc ... | 2005 | 16030205 |
| unusual group ii introns in bacteria of the bacillus cereus group. | a combination of sequence and structure analysis and reverse transcriptase pcr experiments was used to characterize the group ii introns in the complete genomes of two strains of the pathogen bacillus cereus. while b. cereus atcc 14579 harbors a single intron element in the chromosome, b. cereus atcc 10987 contains three introns in the chromosome and four in its 208-kb pbc10987 plasmid. the most striking finding is the presence in b. cereus atcc 10987 of an intron [b.c.i2(a)] located on the reve ... | 2005 | 16030238 |
| a case of bovine mastitis caused by bacillus cereus. | | 1999 | 16032094 |
| microbiological survey of prepackaged pâté and ham in new zealand. | to gauge the effectiveness of pâté and ham manufacturers' management of the microbial safety and quality of their products. | 2005 | 16033505 |
| diversity of biosurfactant producing microorganisms isolated from soils contaminated with diesel oil. | biosurfactant production is a desirable property of hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms (hdm). we characterized biosurfactant producing microbial populations from a long beach soil, california (usa) and a hong kong soil (china), contaminated with diesel oil. a total of 33 hydrocarbon-utilizing microorganisms were isolated from the soils. twelve isolates and three defined consortia were tested for biosurfactant production and emulsification activity. the highest reduction of surface tension was ... | 2005 | 16035236 |
| insights into the genetic organization of the bacillus mycoides cryptic plasmids pdx14.2 and psin9.7 deduced from their complete nucleotide sequence. | bacillus mycoides, a member of the bacillus cereus group of bacteria, can be easily distinguished from close species because of colony shape, made by filaments of cells, resembling fungal hyphae, curving clock- or counterclockwise depending on the strain. two plasmids, one from a strain curving to the right (pdx14.2), the other from a strain curving to the left (psin9.7), were sequenced and analyzed for gene content and replication mode. rolling-circle replication modules and mobilization protei ... | 2005 | 16040120 |
| isolation of cupanioside, a novel cytotoxic and antibacterial long-chain fatty alcohol glycoside from the bark of cupania glabra. | the crude dichloromethane extract from the stem bark of cupania glabra (sapindaceae), showed in vitro cytotoxic activity against hep g2, mda-mb-231, hs 578t, mcf-7, and pc-3 cells, and antibacterial activity against bacillus cereus, staphylococcus aureus, and escherichia coli. bioactivity-directed fractionation led to isolation of the new 1-o-[2'',3'',4''-tri-o-acetyl-alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta- d-glucopyranosyl]-hexadecanol (cupanioside) as the cytotoxic agent. the structure was eluci ... | 2005 | 16041658 |
| x-ray structure of the r69d phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase c enzyme: insight into the role of calcium and surrounding amino acids in active site geometry and catalysis. | phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase cs (plcs) are a family of phosphodiesterases that catalyze the cleavage of the p-o bond via transesterification using the internal hydroxyl group of the substrate as a nucleophile, generating the five-membered cyclic inositol phosphate as an intermediate or product. to better understand the role of calcium in the catalytic mechanism of plcs, we have determined the x-ray crystal structure of an engineered plc enzyme from bacillus thuringiensis to 2.1 a ... | 2005 | 16042375 |
| conjugative plasmid paw63 brings new insights into the genesis of the bacillus anthracis virulence plasmid pxo2 and of the bacillus thuringiensis plasmid pbt9727. | bacillus cereus, bacillus anthracis and bacillus thuringiensis belong to the genetically close-knit bacillus cereus sensu lato group, a family of rod-shaped gram-positive bacteria. paw63 is the first conjugative plasmid from the b. cereus group to be completely sequenced. | 2005 | 16042811 |
| occurrence and significance of bacillus cereus and bacillus thuringiensis in ready-to-eat food. | among 48,901 samples of ready-to-eat food products at the danish retail market, 0.5% had counts of bacillus cereus-like bacteria above 10(4) cfu g(-1). the high counts were most frequently found in starchy, cooked products, but also in fresh cucumbers and tomatoes. forty randomly selected strains had at least one gene or component involved in human diarrhoeal disease, while emetic toxin was related to only one b. cereus strain. a new observation was that 31 out of the 40 randomly selected b. cer ... | 2005 | 16043311 |
| enhanced photocatalytic inactivation of bacterial spores on surfaces in air. | tio(2) photocatalysis with ultraviolet (uv-a) light has proven to be a highly effective process for complete inactivation of airborne microbes. however, the overall efficiency of the technology needs to be improved to make it more attractive as a defense against bio-terrorism. the present research investigates the enhancement in the rate of destruction of bacterial spores on metal (aluminum) and fabric (polyester) substrates with metal (silver)-doped titanium dioxide and compares it to conventio ... | 2005 | 16044291 |
| structure analysis of peptide deformylase from bacillus cereus. | | 2005 | 16049914 |
| soft tissue infections caused by spore-forming bacteria in injecting drug users in the united kingdom. | from 2000 to may 2004 there has been a marked increase in illness resulting from spore-forming bacteria in injecting heroin users in the united kingdom. clostridium novyi caused 63 cases of severe illness in 2000 and seven further cases from 2001. wound botulism first occurred in 2000 (six cases) with 51 further cases to march 2004. tetanus occurred in 20 cases between late 2003 and march 2004. infections with c. histolyticum (nine cases), c. sordellii (one case) and bacillus cereus (one case) w ... | 2005 | 16050501 |
| antibacterial activity of cerein 8a, a bacteriocin-like peptide produced by bacillus cereus. | the mode of action of cerein 8a, a bacteriocin produced by the soil bacterium bacillus cereus 8a, was investigated. the effect of cerein 8a was tested against listeria monocytogenes and a bactericidal effect at 400 arbitrary units (au)/ml was observed. in addition, cerein 8a was bactericidal against bacillus cereus at 200 au/ml, and inhibited the growth of escherichia coli and salmonella enteritidis. stronger inhibition of these gram-negative bacteria was achieved when the chelating agent edta w ... | 2005 | 16052461 |
| quantifying the combined effects of the heating time, the temperature and the recovery medium ph on the regrowth lag time of bacillus cereus spores after a heat treatment. | the purpose of this study was to quantify the lag time of re-growth of heated spores of bacillus cereus as a function of the conditions of the heat treatment: temperature, duration and ph of the recovery medium. for a given heating temperature, curves plotting lag times versus time of heating show more or less complex patterns. however, under a heating time corresponding to a decrease of 2 decimal logarithms of the surviving populations of spores, a linear relationship between the lag time of gr ... | 2005 | 16055220 |
| stationary-phase expression and aminoacylation of a transfer-rna-like small rna. | genome-scale analyses have shown numerous functional duplications in the canonical translational machinery. one of the most striking examples is the occurrence of unrelated class i and class ii lysyl-transfer rna synthetases (lysrs), which together may aminoacylate non-canonical trnas. we show that, in bacillus cereus, the two lysrss together aminoacylate a small rna of unknown function named trna(other), and that the aminoacylated product stably binds translation elongation factor tu. in vitro ... | 2005 | 16065067 |
| phylogenetic analysis of pasteuria penetrans by use of multiple genetic loci. | pasteuria penetrans is a gram-positive, endospore-forming eubacterium that apparently is a member of the bacillus-clostridium clade. it is an obligate parasite of root knot nematodes (meloidogyne spp.) and preferentially grows on the developing ovaries, inhibiting reproduction. root knot nematodes are devastating root pests of economically important crop plants and are difficult to control. consequently, p. penetrans has long been recognized as a potential biocontrol agent for root knot nematode ... | 2005 | 16077116 |
| analysis of the role of rsbv, rsbw, and rsby in regulating {sigma}b activity in bacillus cereus. | the alternative sigma factor sigma(b) is an important regulator of the stress response of bacillus cereus. here, the role of the regulatory proteins rsbv, rsbw, and rsby in regulating sigma(b) activity in b. cereus is analyzed. functional characterization of rsbv and rsbw showed that they act as an anti-sigma factor antagonist and an anti-sigma factor, respectively. rsbw can also act as a kinase on rsbv. these data are in line with earlier functional characterizations of rsbv and rsbw homologs i ... | 2005 | 16077134 |
| phenotypic and genotypic comparisons reveal a broad distribution and heterogeneity of hemolysin bl genes among bacillus cereus isolates. | the presence of hemolysin bl (hbl; components l(2), l(1), and b)-encoding genes (hblc, hbld, and hbla) from 339 bacillus cereus strains isolated in thailand was determined. pcr analysis showed that all three hbl genes were detected in 222 strains (65.5%). two, one or no hbl genes were detected in 3 (0.9%), 6 (1.8%), and 108 (31.8%) strains, respectively. among the 222 strains in which all three hbl genes were detected, 210 (61.9%) displayed discontinuous hemolysis (dh) characteristic of hbl prod ... | 2005 | 16081178 |
| fatal family outbreak of bacillus cereus-associated food poisoning. | bacillus cereus is a well-known cause of food-borne illness, but infection with this organism is not commonly reported because of its usually mild symptoms. a fatal case due to liver failure after the consumption of pasta salad is described and demonstrates the possible severity of the emetic syndrome. | 2005 | 16082000 |
| influence of controlled lactic fermentation on growth and sporulation of bacillus cereus in milk. | the growth and sporulation of bacillus cereus nvh 45 in a fermentor with controlled ph or simulated ph conditions were investigated. the study was carried out in a fermentor to measure the influence of a rapid and a slow lactic acid production on the inhibition of b. cereus in a controlled environment during the initial part of fermentation and to observe if other factors than lactic acid influenced the inhibition. in the controlled ph experiments the ph was allowed to decrease to an end ph 5.0, ... | 2005 | 16084267 |
| aerobic nitrification-denitrification by heterotrophic bacillus strains. | twenty-four bacillus strains predominantly outgrown in a night soil treatment system were isolated and characterized. under various culture conditions, cell interactions took place among them and cell population changed. maximum removal of nh4+-n and cell production by the isolates occurred under the conditions of 30% do and c/n ratio of 8. five dominant isolates were identified to be species of bacillus cereus, bacillus subtilis and bacillus licheniformis with similarities of 78-94%. additions ... | 2005 | 16084369 |
| architecture and high-resolution structure of bacillus thuringiensis and bacillus cereus spore coat surfaces. | we have utilized atomic force microscopy (afm) to visualize the native surface topography and ultrastructure of bacillus thuringiensis and bacillus cereus spores in water and in air. afm was able to resolve the nanostructure of the exosporium and three distinctive classes of appendages. removal of the exosporium exposed either a hexagonal honeycomb layer (b. thuringiensis) or a rodlet outer spore coat layer (b. cereus). removal of the rodlet structure from b. cereus spores revealed an underlying ... | 2005 | 16089397 |
| characterization of aerobic and anaerobic vegetative growth of the food-borne pathogen bacillus cereus f4430/73 strain. | the gram-positive bacterium bacillus cereus is a facultative anaerobe that is still poorly characterized metabolically. in this study, the aerobic vegetative growth and anaerobic vegetative growth of the food-borne pathogen b. cereus f4430/73 strain were compared with those of the genome-sequenced atcc14579 strain using glucose and glycerol as fermentative and nonfermentative carbon sources, respectively. uncontrolled batch cultures on several defined media showed that b. cereus strains had high ... | 2005 | 16091773 |
| optical levitation and manipulation of stuck particles with pulsed optical tweezers. | we report on optical levitation and manipulation of microscopic particles that are stuck on a glass surface with pulsed optical tweezers. an infrared pulse laser at 1.06 microm was used to generate a large gradient force (up to 10(-9) n) within a short duration (approximately 45 micros) that overcomes the adhesive interaction between the particles and the glass surface. then a low-power continuous-wave diode laser at 785 nm was used to capture and manipulate the levitated particle. we have demon ... | 2005 | 16092349 |
| the assessment of biological activities associated with the major constituents of the methanol extract of 'wild carrot' (daucus carota l) seeds. | daucus carota l. (family: apiaceae alt. umbelliferae), commonly known as 'wild carrot' or 'queen anne's-lace,' is an ecologically invasive erect biennial naturalized to scotland. the ethnobotanical uses of this species include applications in the treatment of cough, diarrhea, dysentery, cancer, malaria and tumors, and as an antiseptic, abortifacient, aphrodisiac, carminative, stimulant, stomachic and tonic. the major constituents isolated from the methanol extract of d. carota seeds by reversed- ... | 2005 | 16093236 |
| enterocin as-48rj: a variant of enterocin as-48 chromosomally encoded by enterococcus faecium rj16 isolated from food. | the bacteriocinogenic strain rj16 isolated from goat cheese has been identified as enterococcusfaecium by species-specific pcr, dna-rrna hybridization and rdna sequencing. purified bacteriocin from strain rj16 is a carboxypeptidase a-resistant peptide with a molecular mass (7125 da) very close to the cyclic peptide enterocin as-48. bacteriocin from strain rj16 and as-48 show identical antibacterial spectra, although the former is slightly less active on strains of listeria monocytogenes and baci ... | 2005 | 16094865 |
| fluorescein-labeled beta-lactamase mutant for high-throughput screening of bacterial beta-lactamases against beta-lactam antibiotics. | the increasing emergence of new bacterial beta-lactamases that can efficiently hydrolyze beta-lactam antibiotics to clinically inactive carboxylic acids has created an intractable problem in the treatment of bacterial infections, and it is highly desirable to develop a useful tool that can rapidly screen bacteria for beta-lactamases against a variety of antibiotic candidates in a high-throughput manner. this paper describes the use of a fluorescein-labeled beta-lactamase mutant (e166cf) as a con ... | 2005 | 16097768 |
| the inha1 metalloprotease allows spores of the b. cereus group to escape macrophages. | bacteria of the bacillus cereus group are resistant to the immune systems of various hosts and establish potent infections, implying that bacteria circumvent the bactericidal activity of host phagocytic cells. we investigated the fate of bacillus spores after their internalization by macrophages. we found that these spores survive and escape from macrophages, and that the bacterial metalloprotease inha1, the major component of the exosporium, is essential for efficient spore release from macroph ... | 2005 | 16098222 |
| comparative genome analysis of bacillus cereus group genomes with bacillus subtilis. | genome features of the bacillus cereus group genomes (representative strains of bacillus cereus, bacillus anthracis and bacillus thuringiensis sub spp. israelensis) were analyzed and compared with the bacillus subtilis genome. a core set of 1381 protein families among the four bacillus genomes, with an additional set of 933 families common to the b. cereus group, was identified. differences in signal transduction pathways, membrane transporters, cell surface structures, cell wall, and s-layer pr ... | 2005 | 16099605 |
| characterization of a 3944 da bacteriocin, produced by enterococcus mundtii st15, with activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. | strain st15, isolated from soy beans, and identified as enterococcus mundtii, produces a 3944 da bacteriocin that inhibits the growth of lactobacillus sakei, enterococcus faecalis, bacillus cereus, propionibacterium sp., clostridium tyrobutyricum, acinetobacter baumanii, klebsiella pneumoniae, pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pneumoniae and streptococcus caprinus. bacteriocin st15 is inactivated by proteinase k, pronase, pepsin, protease and triton x-114, but not when ... | 2005 | 16102864 |
| structure and lytic activity of a bacillus anthracis prophage endolysin. | we report a structural and functional analysis of the lambda prophage ba02 endolysin (plyl) encoded by the bacillus anthracis genome. we show that plyl comprises two autonomously folded domains, an n-terminal catalytic domain and a c-terminal cell wall-binding domain. we determined the crystal structure of the catalytic domain; its three-dimensional fold is related to that of the cell wall amidase, t7 lysozyme, and contains a conserved zinc coordination site and other components of the catalytic ... | 2005 | 16103125 |
| solid- and vapor-phase antimicrobial activities of six essential oils: susceptibility of selected foodborne bacterial and fungal strains. | the antimicrobial activity of essential oils (eos) of cinnamon (cinnamon zeylanicum), clove (syzygium aromaticum), basil (ocimum basillicum), rosemary (rosmarinus officinalis), dill (anethum graveolens), and ginger (zingiber officinalis) was evaluated over a range of concentrations in two types of contact tests (solid and vapor diffusion). the eos were tested against an array of four gram-positive bacteria (staphylococcus aureus, bacillus cereus, enterococcus faecalis, and listeria monocytogenes ... | 2005 | 16104824 |
| purification and molecular characterization of antibacterial compounds produced by lactobacillus murinus strain l1. | the aim of this work was to purify and characterize antibacterial compounds produced by lactobacillus murinus strain l1. | 2005 | 16108807 |
| purification and partial chemical characterization of the antimicrobial peptide cerein 8a. | to purify and to characterize the antimicrobial compound cerein 8a. | 2005 | 16108919 |
| modulation of pi-specific phospholipase c by membrane curvature and molecular order. | phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase c (pi-plc) from bacillus cereus has been assayed on large and small unilamellar vesicles consisting of pi, either pure or in mixtures with other lipids. vesicle diameter (in the 50-300 nm range) influences pi-plc activity, enzyme rates increasing with decreasing curvature radii. with sonicated unilamellar vesicles of pure pi, two apparent k(s) values are observed, one in the 0-2 mm concentration range and the other in the 2-12 mm concentration range. t ... | 2005 | 16114896 |
| listeria monocytogenes phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase c has evolved for virulence by greatly reduced activity on gpi anchors. | listeria monocytogenes phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase c (pi-plc) plays a critical role in escape of this human pathogen from host cell vacuoles. unlike classical bacterial pi-plcs, the l. monocytogenes enzyme has very weak activity on glycosylphosphatidylinositol (gpi)-anchored proteins. previous crystal structure analysis has revealed that a small beta-strand (vb) is present in bacillus cereus pi-plc and is absent in the enzyme from l. monocytogenes. this vb beta-strand in b. cereu ... | 2005 | 16118276 |
| evaluation of bact/alert plastic culture bottles for use in testing pooled whole blood-derived leukoreduced platelet-rich plasma platelets with a single contaminated unit. | in certain countries, whole blood-derived platelet (plt)-rich plasma plts can only be pooled within 4 hours of transfusion. one prerequisite for prestorage pooling is the ability to detect low levels of bacteria from a single unit (approx. 10 colony-forming units [cfus]/ml) once pooled (10/6 approx. 2 cfus/ml). this study evaluated the bact/alert (biomérieux) for detection of bacteria in 1 unit of a 6-unit pool. | 2005 | 16131385 |
| alteration of pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline following oral administration of piper longum in hens. | the pharmacokinetic profile of orally administered oxytetracycline (10 mg/kg body weight) was studied 7 days post oral treatment of piper longum (15 mg equivalent/kg) in white leghorn hens (2-2.8 kg). on the day 8, oxytetracycline (otc) was administered orally and blood samples were collected from the wing vein in heparinised vials for plasma separation at 0 (pre-treatment), 15, 30, 60, 120, 240, 360, 480 and 600 minutes post otc administration. plasma otc concentrations were determined by micro ... | 2005 | 16131821 |
| diversity of alkaliphilic and alkalitolerant bacteria cultivated from decomposing reed rhizomes in a hungarian soda lake. | bacterial communities associated with decomposing rhizomes of phragmites australis were investigated in lake ferto (neusiedlersee, hungary). alkaliphilic and alkalitolerant strains were isolated on cellulose-containing alkaline medium spread with dilutions of scrapings taken from the surface of the decaying plant material. fifty-one strains were grouped by numerical analysis based on physiological tests and biolog sole carbon source utilization data. the strains identified by 16s rdna sequence c ... | 2005 | 16132425 |
| gene-based identification of bacterial colonies with an electric chip. | a method for the identification of bacterial colonies based on their content of specific genes is presented. this method does not depend on dna separation or dna amplification. bacillus cereus carrying one of the genes (hblc) coding for the enterotoxin hemolysin was identified with this method. it is based on target dna hybridization to a capturing probe immobilized on magnetic beads, followed by enzymatic labeling and measurement of the enzyme product with a silicon-based chip. an hblc-positive ... | 2005 | 16137631 |
| use of two selective media and a broth motility test can aid in identification or exclusion of bacillus anthracis. | during the anthrax attack of 2001, the florida department of health (fdoh) bureau of laboratories in tampa received hundreds of isolates suspected of being bacillus anthracis. none were confirmed to be b. anthracis since most isolates were motile and not even in the bacillus cereus group. although the sentinel laboratories now send fewer isolates to fdoh laboratories, should another attack occur the number of isolates submitted would likely increase dramatically, and this upsurge would seriously ... | 2005 | 16145074 |
| inactivation of spores of bacillus anthracis sterne, bacillus cereus, and bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis by chlorination. | three species of bacillus were evaluated as potential surrogates for bacillus anthracis for determining the sporicidal activity of chlorination as commonly used in drinking water treatment. spores of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis were found to be an appropriate surrogate for spores of b. anthracis for use in chlorine inactivation studies. | 2005 | 16151153 |
| lactic acid bacteria and yeasts associated with spontaneous fermentations during the production of sour cassava starch in brazil. | sour cassava starch is a traditional fermented food used in the preparation of fried foods and baked goods such as traditional cheese breads in brazil. thirty samples of sour cassava starch were collected from two factories in the state of minas gerais. the samples were examined for the presence of lactic acid bacteria, yeasts, mesophilic microorganisms, bacillus cereus and faecal coliforms. lactic acid bacteria and yeasts isolates were identified by biochemical tests, and the identities were co ... | 2005 | 16153731 |
| bacillus cereus meningoencephalitis in preterm infants: neuroimaging characteristics. | meningoencephalitis can severely damage the developing brain. preterms are more prone for nosocomial infections with pathogens other than group b streptococci and escherichia coli. in this report we focus on the deleterious clinical course and imaging characteristics of proven bacillus cereus meningoencephalitis. | 2005 | 16155172 |
| recombinant expression of indolicidin concatamers in escherichia coli. | antimicrobial peptides are part of the innate immune system of vertebrates and invertebrates. they are active against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. currently, most antimicrobial peptides are extracted from host organisms or produced by solid-phase peptide synthesis. recombinant protein expression in escherichia coli is a tool for greater production yields at a decreased cost and reduces the use of hazardous materials. we have constructed a concatamer of indolicid ... | 2006 | 16158282 |
| biodegradation of imazapyr in typical soils in zhejiang province, china. | the degradation of imazapyr in non-sterile and sterile soils from four sampling sites in zhejiang, china was studied. the results showed that the half-lives of imazapyr in non-sterile soils were in the range of 30 to 45 d, while 81 to 133 d in sterile (by autoclaving) soils. it means the rate constants of imazapyr under non-sterile conditions were 2.3-4.4 times faster than that under sterile (by autoclaving) conditions, evidently indicating that the indigenous microorganisms in soil play an impo ... | 2005 | 16158586 |
| investigations on anti-aspergillus properties of bacterial products. | to investigate the anti-aspergillus properties of bacterial products. | 2005 | 16162136 |
| naphthalene degradation and biosurfactant activity by bacillus cereus 28bn. | biosurfactant activity and naphthalene degradation by a new strain identified as bacillus cereus 28bn were studied. the strain grew well and produced effective biosurfactants in the presence of n-alkanes, naphthalene, crude oil and vegetable oils. the biosurfactants were detected by the surface tension lowering of the medium, thin layer chromatography and infrared spectra analysis. with (2%) naphthalene as the sole carbon source, high levels of rhamnolipids at a concentration of 2.3 g 1(-1) were ... | 2005 | 16163832 |
| identification of the bacillus anthracis (gamma) phage receptor. | bacillus anthracis, a gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium, is the etiological agent of anthrax. it belongs to the bacillus cereus group, which also contains bacillus cereus and bacillus thuringiensis. most b. anthracis strains are sensitive to phage gamma, but most b. cereus and b. thuringiensis strains are resistant to the lytic action of phage gamma. here, we report the identification of a protein involved in the bacterial receptor for the gamma phage, which we term gamr (gamma phage recept ... | 2005 | 16166537 |
| a comparative study of bacillus cereus, bacillus thuringiensis and bacillus anthracis extracellular proteomes. | bacillus cereus, bacillus thuringiensis and bacillus anthracis are closely related species that share a similar genetic background but occupy different ecological niches. virulence plasmids bearing genes coding for toxins, may explain, at least partly, this specialization. we have compared by 2-de in the early stationary phase of growth the extracellular proteomes of three strains of these species that have lost their virulence plasmids. proteins expected to be secreted or to belong to the cell ... | 2005 | 16167365 |
| characterization of microorganisms in argentinean honeys from different sources. | seventy polyfloral honeys including commercial samples obtained from supermarkets, harvested from apiaries and purchased in bulk were initially examined for total antibacterial activity. from each sample, numbers of aerobic mesophilic bacteria, total coliforms, moulds and yeasts were determined and the presence of salmonella spp., shigella spp., clostridium sulfite-reducers, paenibacillus larvae and bacillus spp. was investigated. moisture content, ph and total acidity were also determined for a ... | 2005 | 16169624 |
| deletion of sigb in bacillus cereus affects spore properties. | in bacillus cereus and other gram-positive bacteria the alternative sigma factor sigma(b) is an important regulator of the stress response. deletion of the sigb gene generally leads to a stress-sensitive phenotype of vegetative cells. in this study, we describe the effect of the deletion of the sigb gene in b. cereus on spore properties. in particular, spores of the sigb deletion mutant showed a defect in germination upon exposure to the germinants alanine and inosine. | 2005 | 16171954 |
| mimicking natural evolution in metallo-beta-lactamases through second-shell ligand mutations. | metallo-beta-lactamases (mbls) represent the latest generation of beta-lactamases. the structural diversity and broad substrate profile of mbls allow them to confer resistance to most beta-lactam antibiotics. to explore the evolutionary potential of these enzymes, we have subjected the bacillus cereus mbl (bcii) to a directed evolution scheme, which resulted in an increased hydrolytic efficiency toward cephalexin. a systematic study of the hydrolytic profile, substrate binding, and active-site f ... | 2005 | 16172409 |
| prevalence of enterotoxigenic bacillus cereus and its enterotoxins in milk and milk products in and around nairobi. | to determine the prevalence of enterotoxigenic bacillus cereus (b. cereus) and enterotoxins in milk and milk products. | 2005 | 16175777 |
| [microbiologic evaluation of enteral diets handled in a hospital]. | to evaluate the microbiological quality of open enteral feeding system manipulated in a specialized hospital in oncology in the city of natal-rn. | 2005 | 16186972 |
| recurrent bacteraemia by 2 different bacillus cereus strains related to 2 distinct central venous catheters. | a 14-y-old girl with osteosarcoma developed 3 episodes of catheter-related bacteraemia by bacillus cereus. after removal of the first and insertion of a second hickman catheter, further episodes of b. cereus bacteraemia occurred. pfge analysis revealed that bacteraemic episodes related to each catheter were caused by a distinct b. cereus strain. | 2005 | 16191899 |
| bacillus cereus dna topoisomerase i and iiialpha: purification, characterization and complementation of escherichia coli topoiii activity. | the bacillus cereus genome possesses three type ia topoisomerase genes. these genes, encoding dna topoisomerase i and iiialpha (bctopo i, bctopo iiialpha), have been cloned into t7 rna polymerase-regulated plasmid expression vectors and the enzymes have been overexpressed, purified and characterized. the proteins exhibit similar biochemical activity to their escherichia coli counterparts, dna topoisomerase i and iii (ectopo i, ectopo iii). bctopo i is capable of efficiently relaxing negatively s ... | 2005 | 16192570 |
| cereulide-producing strains of bacillus cereus show diversity. | producers of cereulide, the emetic toxin of bacillus cereus, are known to constitute a specific subset within this species. we investigated physiological and genetic properties of 24 strains of b. cereus including two high cereulide producers (600-1,800 ng cereulide mg(-1) wet weight biomass), seven average producers (180-600 ng cereulide mg(-1) wet weight biomass), four low cereulide producers (20-160 ng cereulide mg(-1) wet weight biomass) and 11 non-producers representing isolates from food, ... | 2005 | 16195898 |
| characterization of sporulation histidine kinases of bacillus anthracis. | the initiation of sporulation in bacillus species is regulated by the phosphorelay signal transduction pathway, which is activated by several histidine sensor kinases in response to cellular and metabolic signals. comparison of the protein components of the phosphorelay between bacillus subtilis and bacillus anthracis revealed high homology in the phosphorelay orthologs of spo0f, spo0b, and spo0a. the sensor domains of sensor histidine kinases are poorly conserved between species, making ortholo ... | 2005 | 16199567 |
| deletion of the sigb gene in bacillus cereus atcc 14579 leads to hydrogen peroxide hyperresistance. | the sigb gene of bacillus cereus atcc 14579 encodes the alternative sigma factor sigma(b). deletion of sigb in b. cereus leads to hyperresistance to hydrogen peroxide. the expression of kata, which encodes one of the catalases of b. cereus, is upregulated in the sigb deletion mutant, and this may contribute to the hydrogen peroxide-resistant phenotype. | 2005 | 16204573 |
| in-vitro antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic activities of some coumarins and their metal complexes. | a series of new antibacterial and antifungal coumarin-derived compounds and their transition metal complexes [cobalt (ii), copper (ii), nickel (ii) and zinc (ii)] have been synthesized, characterized and screened for their in vitro antibacterial activity against escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, proteus mirabilis, pseudomonas aeruginosa, salmonella typhi, shigella dysenteriae, bacillus cereus, corynebacterium diphtheriae, staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus pyogenes bacterial strains ... | 2005 | 16206827 |
| purification of bovine milk lactoperoxidase and investigation of antibacterial properties at different thiocyanate mediated. | bovine lactoperoxidase (lpo) was purified with amberlite cg 50 h+ resin, cm sephadex c-50 ion-exchange chromatography, and sephadex g-100 gel filtration chromatography from skim milk. the activity of lactoperoxidase was measured by using 2.2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6 sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (abts) as a choromogenic substrate at ph 6.0. purification degree for the purified enzyme was controlled with sds-page and rz value (a412/a280). rz value for the purified lpo was 0.8. km value ... | 2005 | 16212035 |
| effects of antimicrobial components of essential oils on growth of bacillus cereus inra l2104 in and the sensory qualities of carrot broth. | the possible use of antimicrobials from seven plant essential oils as food preservatives was studied by examining their effects on the growth kinetics of activated bacillus cereus inra l2104 spores inoculated into tyndallized carrot broth. the effects of various concentrations of borneol, carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, menthol, thymol, and vanillin were determined. five microliters of cinnamaldehyde, 15 microl of carvacrol, or 30 mg of thymol per 100 ml of inoculated carrot broth completely ... | 2006 | 16213622 |
| bacillus cereus produces several nonproteinaceous insecticidal exotoxins. | bacillus cereus is mainly known as a human food-borne opportunistic pathogen. here, we used biological assays and hplc to investigate the ability of b. cereus to produce insecticidal exotoxins during the stationary growth phase. none of the 575 b. cereus strains screened produced detectable levels of beta-exotoxin i, a small, heat-stable insecticidal nucleotide analogue. however, six out of a subset of 270 b. cereus strains produced several small, nonproteinaceous insecticidal exotoxins differen ... | 2005 | 16214163 |
| modelling the effect of a heat shock and germinant concentration on spore germination of a wild strain of bacillus cereus. | the effect of different concentrations of l-alanine on the germination kinetics of a strain of bacillus cereus isolated from liquid egg after heat shock during sporulation was studied. germination at 30 degrees c and was followed by spectrophotometry. the higher the concentration of l-alanine within the range 100-1 mm the faster was the germination obtained. on the other hand, the application of a heat shock had an effect on the germination producing a diminution on the germination kinetic rates ... | 2006 | 16216372 |
| inhibition of toxicogenic bacillus cereus in rice-based foods by enterocin as-48. | the antimicrobial effect of the broad-spectrum bacteriocin enterocin as-48 against the toxicogenic psychrotrophic strain bacillus cereus lwl1 has been investigated in a model food system consisting of boiled rice and in a commercial infant rice-based gruel dissolved in whole milk stored at temperatures of 37 degrees c, 15 degrees c and 6 degrees c. in food samples supplemented with enterocin as-48 (in a concentration range of 20-35 mug/ml), viable cell counts decreased rapidly over incubation ti ... | 2006 | 16225949 |
| genome sequence and gene expression of bacillus anthracis bacteriophage fah. | fah, a lytic bacteriophage of bacillus anthracis, is used widely in the former soviet union to identify anthrax bacteria. here, we present the analysis of a 37,974 bp sequence of the fah genome and examine gene expression of the phage in a model host, bacillus cereus. half of the fah genome contains genes coding for structural proteins and host lysis functions in an arrangement typical of syphoviridae. the other half of the genome contains genes coding for enzymes of viral genome replication and ... | 2005 | 16226766 |
| antibacterial and antifungal activity of sulfur-containing compounds from petiveria alliacea l. | a total of 18 organosulfur compounds originating from petiveria alliacea l. roots have been tested for their antibacterial and antifungal activities. these represent compounds occurring in fresh homogenates as well as those present in various macerates, extracts and other preparations made from petiveria alliacea. of the compounds assayed, the thiosulfinates, trisulfides and benzylsulfinic acid were observed to be the most active, with the benzyl-containing thiosulfinates exhibiting the broadest ... | 2006 | 16229980 |
| an active-site mutation causes enhanced reactivity and altered regiospecificity of transglucosylation catalyzed by the bacillus sp. sam1606 alpha-glucosidase. | bacillus sp. sam1606 alpha-glucosidase catalyzes the transglucosylation of sucrose to produce three regioisomers of the glucosylsucroses, with theanderose (6-o(g)-glucosylsucrose) as the most abundant transfer product. to find the active-site amino acid residues which can affect the reactivity and regiospecificity of the glucosyl transfer, 16 mutants with amino acid substitutions near the active site were allowed to react with 1.75 m sucrose at 60 degrees c, ph 6.0, and the course of transglucos ... | 2000 | 16232773 |
| treatment of hypersaline-containing wastewater with salt-tolerant microorganisms. | two salt-tolerant bacteria were isolated from soil samples to treat a high-salt-content wastewater from a pickled plum production plant. the strains, which were identified as staphylococcus sp. and bacillus cereus, grew well in a medium containing 0 to 15% nacl. when wastewater in a flask was treated with the strains for 72 h, the cod removal was about 70%, and this was increased to about 90% when they were used in a pilot plant (working volume 1 m3) in a batch culture carried out for 7 d. the s ... | 2001 | 16232979 |
| characterization of the nadh-linked acetylacetoin reductase/2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase gene from bacillus cereus yuf-4. | a 1.4-kbp dna fragment, including the nadh-linked acetylacetoin reductase/2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase (aacrii/bdh) gene from the chromosomal dna of bacillus cereus yuf-4, was cloned in escherichia coli dh5alpha after its insertion into puc119, and the resulting plasmid was named paacrii119. the aacrii/bdh gene had an open reading frame consisting of 1047 bp encoding 349 amino acids. the enzyme exhibited not only aacr activity, but also bdh activity. however, the gene was not located in a 2,3-bu ... | 2001 | 16233036 |
| molecular cloning and structural analysis of the gene encoding bacillus cereus exochitinase chi36. | the chi36 gene encoding exochitinase chi36 was cloned from a bacillus cereus 6e1 subgenomic library. the chi36 open reading frame is 1080 bp long encoding a chi36 precursor protein of 360 amino acids, consisting of a 27 amino acid n-terminal signal peptide and a 333 amino acid sequence found in the mature chi36 protein of 36.346 kda. chi36 shows significant amino acid sequence similarity to many bacterial chitinases, but has highest similarity to b. circulans wl-12 chitinase d. chi36 belongs to ... | 2001 | 16233059 |
| isolation of bacterial strains colonizable in mosquito larval guts as novel host cells for mosquito control. | we screened for microorganisms that can be utilized as new host cells for mosquito larvicides. as long persistence in the environment is required of host cells, we examined the bacterial populations in the guts of mosquito larvae collected from natural breeding habitats. larvae of aedes aegypti and culex quinquefasciatus were examined, and bacillus species, particularly bacillus cereus, were found to be the dominant bacterial species in their guts. to investigate the relationship between these b ... | 2001 | 16233108 |
| isolation and characterization of the solvent-tolerant bacillus cereus strain r1. | toluene-tolerant gram-positive bacteria were isolated and identified to belong to the genus bacillus. they grew in a medium containing yeast extract and in the presence of a separate phase of toluene or other hydrocarbons, but not when aliphatic alcohols were present. the isolate bacillus cereus r1 did not metabolise or transform toluene. toluene accumulation in its cells was rapid, unless the organism was supplied with glucose as energy source. in bacteria adapted to toluene, the amount of tolu ... | 2002 | 16233268 |
| a novel cyanobacteriolytic bacterium, bacillus cereus, isolated from a eutrophic lake. | isolation and screening of cyanobacteriolytic bacteria were carried out. fifteen strains of cyano-bacteriolytic bacteria were isolated by the double layer method using the cyanobacterium, microcystis, as a sole nutrient. the isolate, n-14, showing the highest cyanobacteriolytic activity was identified as bacillus cereus based on the 16s rrna sequence. components among the extracellular products in the culture supernatant of b. cereus were responsible for the cyanobacteriolytic activity. lytic as ... | 2003 | 16233388 |
| purification and characterization of extracellular 1,2-alpha-l-fucosidase from bacillus cereus. | bacillus cereus isolated from a soil sample, inductively produced alpha-l-fucosidase in culture medium containing porcine gastric mucin (pgm). the production of the enzyme was also weakly induced by l-fucose and d-arabinose, but not by other sugars including glucose. the enzyme was purified 61-fold with an overall recovery of 1.8% from the culture fluid supplemented with pgm by ammonium sulfate precipitation, acetone fractionation, and subsequent column chromatography. the purified enzyme was fo ... | 2005 | 16233842 |
| the impact of homologous recombination on the generation of diversity in bacteria. | the imprint of demographic and selective processes on bacterial population structure needs to be evaluated as deviation from the expectations of an appropriate null neutral model. we explore the impact of varying the population mutation and recombination rates theta and rho on ideal populations, using a recently developed model of neutral drift at multiple loci. this model may be fitted to experimental data to provide estimates of these parameters, and we do so for seven bacterial species (neiss ... | 2006 | 16236325 |
| proximity ligation assays with peptide conjugate 'burrs' for the sensitive detection of spores. | the proximity ligation assay (pla) has previously been used for the sensitive and specific detection of single proteins. in order to adapt pla methods for the detection of cell surfaces, we have generated multivalent peptide-oligonucleotide-phycoerythrin conjugates ('burrs') that can bind adjacent to one another on a cell surface and be ligated together to form unique amplicons. real-time pcr detection of burr ligation events specifically identified as few as 100 bacillus anthracis, 10 bacillus ... | 2005 | 16237122 |
| the autolytic phenotype of the bacillus cereus group. | to determine the autolytic phenotype of five species in the bacillus cereus group. | 2005 | 16238737 |
| isolation and identification of nitrogen-fixing bacilli from plant rhizospheres in beijing region. | to isolate and identify nitrogen-fixing bacilli from the plant rhizospheres in beijing region of china. | 2005 | 16238759 |
| microarray analysis of bacillus cereus group virulence factors. | bacillus cereus, b. thuringiensis and b. anthracis are closely related medically and economically important bacterial species that belong to the b. cereus group. members of the b. cereus group carry genes encoding several important virulence factors, including enterotoxins, phospholipases and exotoxins. since it is difficult to differentiate among b. cereus group members, and because bacillus virulence factors are very important for pathogenesis, we explored the use of microarray-based detection ... | 2006 | 16242802 |
| stability of enterocin as-48 in fruit and vegetable juices. | enterocin as-48 is a candidate bacteriocin for food biopreservation. before addressing application of as-48 to vegetable-based foods, the interaction between as-48 and vegetable food components and the stability of as-48 were studied. enterocin as-48 had variable interactions with fruit and vegetable juices, with complete, partial, or negligible loss of activity. for some juices, loss of activity was ameliorated by increasing the bacteriocin concentration, diluting the juice, or applying a heat ... | 2005 | 16245711 |
| establishment of a novel multiplex pcr assay and detection of toxigenic strains of the species in the bacillus cereus group. | five different enterotoxins and one emetic toxin of bacillus cereus have been characterized. to amplify all of the enterotoxin and emetic-specific sequences of the species in the b. cereus group, a multiplex pcr with 12 primer pairs was established. in developing the assay method, a common terminal sequence at the 3' ends of all primers was chosen and a hot start taq polymerase was used to overcome primer dimer formation. the assay was successfully applied to analyze the toxigenic potential of 1 ... | 2005 | 16245717 |
| [study of real-time pcr assays for rapid detection of food-borne pathogens]. | a duplex real-time sybr green lightcycler pcr (lc-pcr) assay with dna extraction using qiaamp dna stool minikit was evaluated for detection of 8 of 19 species of food-borne pathogens, including plesiomonas shigelloides, providencia alcalifaciens, in five stool specimens. the time frame was within 2h or less. the protocol used the same lc-pcr with 22 pairs of specific primers. the rapid amplification and reliable detection of specific genes were determined by this lc-pcr assay from 10 cases of fo ... | 2005 | 16248373 |
| immunoassay and polymerase chain reaction techniques for detection of enterotoxigenic bacillus cereus. | to compare the reverse passive latex agglutination (rpla) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) techniques with a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for detection of enterotoxigenic bacillus cereus. | 2005 | 16261920 |
| optimal sampling time after preparation of platelet concentrates for detection of bacterial contamination by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. | a universal quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr), based on bacterial 16s rdna, to detect bacterial contamination of platelet concentrates (pcs), was developed previously and compared with automated culturing. in the present study, this real-time pcr method was evaluated to determine the optimal sampling time for screening of bacterial contamination in pcs. | 2005 | 16262753 |
| bacillus cereus var. toyoii and saccharomyces boulardii increased feed efficiency in broilers infected with salmonella enteritidis. | 1. the effect on feed efficiency of two probiotics, one prepared with saccharomyces boulardii and the other with bacillus cereus var. toyoii, was tested in broilers infected with salmonella enteritidis. 2. one-day-old chicks were divided at random into three groups and fed commercial feed devoid of antibiotics: group 1 was fed with non-supplemented feed, group 2 was supplemented with s. boulardii and group 3 with b. cereus. at 14 d of age the animals were challenged by the oral route with 1 x 10 ... | 2005 | 16268108 |
| comparison of minisatellite polymorphisms in the bacillus cereus complex: a simple assay for large-scale screening and identification of strains most closely related to bacillus anthracis. | polymorphism of five tandem repeats that are monomorphic in bacillus anthracis was investigated in 230 isolates of the b. cereus group and in 5 sequenced b. cereus genomes in search for markers allowing identification of b. cereus and b. thuringiensis strains most closely related to b. anthracis. using this multiple-locus variable number of tandem repeat analysis (mlva), a cluster of 30 strains was selected for further characterization. eventually, six of these were characterized by multilocus s ... | 2005 | 16269689 |
| photodynamic inactivation of bacillus spores, mediated by phenothiazinium dyes. | spore formation is a sophisticated mechanism by which some bacteria survive conditions of stress and starvation by producing a multilayered protective capsule enclosing their condensed dna. spores are highly resistant to damage by heat, radiation, and commonly employed antibacterial agents. previously, spores have also been shown to be resistant to photodynamic inactivation using dyes and light that easily destroy the corresponding vegetative bacteria. we have discovered that bacillus spores are ... | 2005 | 16269726 |