| acute bronchitis. | | 2008 | 18272643 |
| canadian thoracic society recommendations for management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - 2008 update - highlights for primary care. | chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) is a major respiratory illness in canada that is preventable and treatable but unfortunately remains underdiagnosed. the purpose of the present article from the canadian thoracic society is to provide up-to-date information so that patients with this condition receive optimal care that is firmly based on scientific evidence. important summary messages for clinicians are derived from the more detailed update publication and are highlighted throughout t ... | 2008 | 18292855 |
| do bacteria promote asthma? | | 2008 | 18197283 |
| long-term outcomes in a family with nephrogenic syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis. | we report a familial case of the nephrogenic syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis (nsiad), including 30-year followup data on two patients. the proband and one maternal uncle presented in their infancy with severe recurrent hyponatremia, and clinical pictures consistent with the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (siadh) in the absence of an elevated adh level. they were both confirmed to be hemizygous for the r137c mutation on the v2r gene (avpr2), the same locus of the gain of fu ... | 2009 | 20148077 |
| long-term outcomes in a family with nephrogenic syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis. | we report a familial case of the nephrogenic syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis (nsiad), including 30-year followup data on two patients. the proband and one maternal uncle presented in their infancy with severe recurrent hyponatremia, and clinical pictures consistent with the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (siadh) in the absence of an elevated adh level. they were both confirmed to be hemizygous for the r137c mutation on the v2r gene (avpr2), the same locus of the gain of fu ... | 2009 | 20148077 |
| mic quality control guidelines and disk diffusion test optimization for cem-101, a novel fluoroketolide. | the development of diagnostic susceptibility tests for cem-101, a new fluoroketolide, was addressed by structured studies to determine the optimal disk diffusion test concentration and effects of various testing conditions or supplements and to establish the quality control (qc) ranges for reference broth microdilution tests. the 15-microg cem-101 disk was selected, and mic ranges for a total of four qc organisms were proposed, with only three doubling dilutions each that included 95.6 to 99.7% ... | 2009 | 20042620 |
| mic quality control guidelines and disk diffusion test optimization for cem-101, a novel fluoroketolide. | the development of diagnostic susceptibility tests for cem-101, a new fluoroketolide, was addressed by structured studies to determine the optimal disk diffusion test concentration and effects of various testing conditions or supplements and to establish the quality control (qc) ranges for reference broth microdilution tests. the 15-microg cem-101 disk was selected, and mic ranges for a total of four qc organisms were proposed, with only three doubling dilutions each that included 95.6 to 99.7% ... | 2009 | 20042620 |
| the role of beta-lactamase-producing-bacteria in mixed infections. | beta-lactamase-producing bacteria (blpb) can play an important role in polymicrobial infections. they can have a direct pathogenic impact in causing the infection as well as an indirect effect through their ability to produce the enzyme beta-lactamase. blpb may not only survive penicillin therapy but can also, as was demonstrated in in vitro and in vivo studies, protect other penicillin-susceptible bacteria from penicillin by releasing the free enzyme into their environment. this phenomenon occu ... | 2009 | 20003454 |
| effectiveness of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against radiologically diagnosed pneumonia in indigenous infants in australia. | to evaluate the effectiveness of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (pcv7) in preventing pneumonia, diagnosed radiologically according to world health organization (who) criteria, among indigenous infants in the northern territory of australia. | 2009 | 20428371 |
| effectiveness of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against radiologically diagnosed pneumonia in indigenous infants in australia. | to evaluate the effectiveness of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (pcv7) in preventing pneumonia, diagnosed radiologically according to world health organization (who) criteria, among indigenous infants in the northern territory of australia. | 2009 | 20428371 |
| the pathophysiology of bronchiectasis. | bronchiectasis is defined by permanent and abnormal widening of the bronchi. this process occurs in the context of chronic airway infection and inflammation. it is usually diagnosed using computed tomography scanning to visualize the larger bronchi. bronchiectasis is also characterized by mild to moderate airflow obstruction. this review will describe the pathophysiology of noncystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. studies have demonstrated that the small airways in bronchiectasis are obstructed from a ... | 2009 | 20037680 |
| expression of a recombinant elastin-like protein in pichia pastoris. | the translation of highly repetitive gene sequences is often associated with reduced levels of protein expression and may be prone to mutational events. in this report, we describe a modified concatemerization strategy to construct a gene with enhanced sequence diversity that encodes a highly repetitive elastin-like protein polymer for expression in pichia pastoris. specifically, degenerate oligonucleotides were used to create a monomer library, which after concatemerization yielded a geneticall ... | 2009 | 19827084 |
| levels of nitric oxide oxidation products are increased in the epithelial lining fluid of children with persistent asthma. | children with severe allergic asthma have persistent airway inflammation and oxidant stress. | 2009 | 19895987 |
| iga and differentiation-associated transcription factors in chronic otitis media with effusion. | inadequate antibody responses to pathogens may lead to the recurrence of otitis media with effusion (ome). although b-cell production by antibodies is controlled by transcription factors, the status of these factors has not been assessed in patients with ome. | 2009 | 19784405 |
| management of acute otitis media. | | 2009 | 20808476 |
| efficacy of bilateral bronchoalveolar lavage for diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia. | ventilator-associated pneumonia (vap) is a common nosocomial infection causing significant morbidity and mortality. the goal of this study was to determine the efficacy of bilateral versus unilateral bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) for the detection of the causative bacterial agents of vap. we retrospectively studied the quantitative bacterial cultures of 399 bal sample pairs collected from 287 mechanically ventilated patients over a 5-year period at a u.s. tertiary-care teaching hospital. trauma w ... | 2009 | 19605577 |
| pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of primary antibody deficiencies and infections. | primary antibody deficiencies are the most common primary immunodeficiency diseases. they are a heterogeneous group of disorders with various degrees of dysfunctional antibody production resulting from a disruption of b-cell differentiation at different stages. while there has been tremendous recent progress in the understanding of some of these disorders, the etiology remains unknown for the majority of patients. as there is a large spectrum of underlying defects, the age at presentation varies ... | 2009 | 19597006 |
| pediatric asthma: a different disease. | asthma currently affects the lives of more than 30 million americans from infancy to the elderly. in many ways, pediatric asthma differs from adult asthma, including childhood-onset adult asthma. despite many advances in our understanding of the disease, the natural history of asthma is not well defined, especially in different subsets of patients. for many with allergic asthma the disease has its origins in early childhood, associated with early sensitization to aeroallergens and exposure to re ... | 2009 | 19387030 |
| comparison of the pharmacodynamics of biapenem in bronchial epithelial lining fluid in healthy volunteers given half-hour and three-hour intravenous infusions. | the time above the mic (t>mic) is the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (pk/pd) parameter that correlates with the therapeutic efficacy of beta-lactam antibiotics. a prolonged infusion can provide plasma drug concentrations that remain above the mic for a long period. the objective of this study was to compare the pk/pd parameters in bronchial epithelial lining fluid (elf) of biapenem given as 0.5-h and 3-h infusions by using bronchoscopic microsampling (bms). six healthy adult volunteers received ... | 2009 | 19380601 |
| efficacy of amoxycillin versus amoxycillin/clavulanate in acute exacerbations of chronic pulmonary obstructive disease in primary care. | amoxycillin/clavulanate is considered first-line treatment for ambulatory exacerbations of copd. however, narrow-spectrum antibiotics may be as useful for mild to moderate patients. | 2009 | 19436696 |
| change in inflammation in out-patient copd patients from stable phase to a subsequent exacerbation. | inflammation increases during exacerbations of copd, but only a few studies systematically assessed these changes. better identification of these changes will increase our knowledge and potentially guide therapy, for instance by helping with quicker distinction of bacterially induced exacerbations from other causes. | 2009 | 19436694 |
| drugs in upper respiratory tract infections in paediatric patients in north trinidad. | we explored the prescribing patterns of physicians in north trinidad in treating upper respiratory tract infections (urti) in paediatric patients and the appropriateness of drugs prescribed. | 2009 | 25147589 |
| repurposing libraries of eukaryotic protein kinase inhibitors for antibiotic discovery. | | 2009 | 19193851 |
| p-glycoprotein-mediated transport of moxifloxacin in a calu-3 lung epithelial cell model. | moxifloxacin (mxf) is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is effective against respiratory infections. however, the mechanisms of mxf lung diffusion are unknown. active transport in other tissues has been suggested for several members of the fluoroquinolone family. in this study, transport of mxf was systematically investigated across a calu-3 lung epithelial cell model. mxf showed polarized transport, with the secretory permeability being twice as high as the absorptive permeability. the secretor ... | 2009 | 19188390 |
| clinical immunology review series: an approach to the management of pulmonary disease in primary antibody deficiency. | the sinopulmonary tract is the major site of infection in patients with primary antibody deficiency syndromes, and structural lung damage arising from repeated sepsis is a major determinant of morbidity and mortality. patients with common variable immunodeficiency may, in addition, develop inflammatory lung disease, often associated with multi-system granulomatous disease. this review discusses the presentation and management of lung disease in patients with primary antibody deficiency. | 2009 | 19128358 |
| at the crossroads: mucosal immunology of the larynx. | the larynx sits at the crossroads between gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts. besides its intrinsic importance in breathing, swallowing and voice production, the larynx is also exposed to unique immunological challenges. given the propensity of chronic inflammatory conditions such as chronic laryngitis, which affects up to 20% of western populations, it is surprising that our understanding of the immunology of this organ remains relatively limited. recent work on the immunological architect ... | 2009 | 19129759 |
| cefazolin-gentamicin versus vancomycin-ceftazidime eye drops for bacterial corneal ulcers;a randomized clinical trial. | to compare the efficacy of topical cefazolin-gentamicin versus vancomycinceftazidime for treatment of bacterial corneal ulcers. | 2009 | 23056669 |
| sputum colour for diagnosis of a bacterial infection in patients with acute cough. | sputum colour plays an important role in the disease concepts for acute cough, both in the patients' and the doctors' view. however, it is unclear whether the sputum colour can be used for diagnosis of a bacterial infection. | 2009 | 19242860 |
| 99mtechnetium-labelled neutrophil scanning in pneumonia. | | 2009 | 19103876 |
| role of infections in the induction and development of asthma: genetic and inflammatory drivers. | genetic and environmental factors interact to initiate and even maintain the course of asthma. as one of the highly risky environmental factors, infections in predisposed individuals can promote asthma development and exacerbations and/or prolong symptoms. this review will describe our current understanding of the genetic markers of innate immunity in the induction and development of asthma, the diverse roles of infections in modulating allergic inflammation, host susceptibility to infections an ... | 2009 | 19885377 |
| airway glutathione homeostasis is altered in children with severe asthma: evidence for oxidant stress. | severe asthma is characterized by persistent airway inflammation and increased formation of reactive oxygen species. | 2009 | 19130935 |
| penicillins vs trimethoprim-based regimens for acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. | to compare the effectiveness and toxicity of semisynthetic penicillins (ssps) (amoxicillin, ampicillin, pivampicillin) and trimethoprim-based regimens (trimethoprim, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim-sulfadiazine) in treating acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (abecb). | 2009 | 19155372 |
| the copd action plan. | | 2009 | 19155371 |
| antibiotics in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. | | 2009 | 19155354 |
| the blind nasotracheal aspiration method is not a useful tool for pathogen detection of pneumonia in children. | acute lower respiratory infection (alri) is a major cause of hospitalization for children in china, while the etiological diagnosis of alri remains a challenge. this study was performed to evaluate the utility of the blind nasotracheal aspiration (nta) in the pathogen detection in alri through an evaluation of the test's specificity. | 2010 | 21209964 |
| bacterial conjunctivitis. | what is the best treatment for bacterial conjunctivitis? | 2010 | 21188158 |
| airway mucus function and dysfunction. | | 2010 | 21121836 |
| analysis of viral load in children infected with human metapneumovirus. | human metapneumovirus (hmpv) is a respiratory pathogen responsible for disease and subsequent hospitalizations in young children around the world. the disease pathology, including how viral load correlates with respiratory disease severity, remains unclear. this study investigated the correlation between viral load and clinical characteristics of hmpv infections. | 2010 | 23056737 |
| developments in the field of allergy in 2009 through the eyes of clinical and experimental allergy. | in 2009 the journal published in the region of 200 papers including reviews, editorials, opinion pieces and original papers that ran the full gamut of allergic disease. it is instructive to take stock of this output to determine patterns of interest and where the cutting edge lies. we have surveyed the field of allergic disease as seen through the pages of clinical and experimental allergy (cea) highlighting trends, emphasizing notable observations and placing discoveries in the context of other ... | 2010 | 21039970 |
| procalcitonin and c-reactive protein in hospitalized adult patients with community-acquired pneumonia or exacerbation of asthma or copd. | antibiotic overuse in respiratory illness is common and is associated with drug resistance and hospital-acquired infection. biomarkers that can identify bacterial infections may reduce antibiotic prescription. we aimed to compare the usefulness of the biomarkers procalcitonin and c-reactive protein (crp) in patients with pneumonia or exacerbations of asthma or copd. | 2010 | 21030489 |
| procalcitonin and c-reactive protein in hospitalized adult patients with community-acquired pneumonia or exacerbation of asthma or copd. | antibiotic overuse in respiratory illness is common and is associated with drug resistance and hospital-acquired infection. biomarkers that can identify bacterial infections may reduce antibiotic prescription. we aimed to compare the usefulness of the biomarkers procalcitonin and c-reactive protein (crp) in patients with pneumonia or exacerbations of asthma or copd. | 2010 | 21030489 |
| selective decontamination of the digestive tract reduces pneumonia and mortality. | selective decontamination of the digestive tract (sdd) has been subject of numerous randomized controlled trials in critically ill patients. almost all clinical trials showed sdd to prevent pneumonia. nevertheless, sdd has remained a controversial strategy. one reason for why clinicians remained reluctant to implement sdd into daily practice could be that mortality was reduced in only 2 trials. another reason could be the heterogeneity of trials of sdd. indeed, many different prophylactic antimi ... | 2010 | 20981328 |
| association of bacteria and viruses with wheezy episodes in young children: prospective birth cohort study. | to study the association between wheezy symptoms in young children and the presence of bacteria in the airways. | 2010 | 20921080 |
| interspecies bacterial communication as a target for therapy in otitis media. | | 2010 | 20954869 |
| durable infection control and function with the prostalac spacer in two-stage revision for infected knee arthroplasty. | a two-stage revision total knee arthroplasty is recognized as the gold standard in the treatment of infection. however, traditional spacers limit function in the interval between the two stages and may cause instability, scarring, and bone erosion. the prostalac knee spacer is an antibiotic-loaded cement articulating spacer that allows some movement of the knee between stages. whether motion enhances long-term function is unknown. | 2010 | 20878287 |
| durable infection control and function with the prostalac spacer in two-stage revision for infected knee arthroplasty. | a two-stage revision total knee arthroplasty is recognized as the gold standard in the treatment of infection. however, traditional spacers limit function in the interval between the two stages and may cause instability, scarring, and bone erosion. the prostalac knee spacer is an antibiotic-loaded cement articulating spacer that allows some movement of the knee between stages. whether motion enhances long-term function is unknown. | 2010 | 20878287 |
| comparative in vitro activities of torezolid (da-7157) against clinical isolates of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in south korea. | resistance of gram-positive pathogens to first-line antimicrobial agents has been increasing in many parts of the world. we compared the in vitro activities of torezolid with those of other antimicrobial agents, including linezolid, against clinical isolates of major aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. torezolid had an mic(90) of ≤0.5 μg/ml for the gram-positive bacterial isolates tested and was more potent than either linezolid or vancomycin. | 2010 | 20837761 |
| orbital cellulitis and abscess. | | 2010 | 21079719 |
| effectiveness of antibiotics for acute sinusitis in real-life medical practice. | determining bacterial aetiology of acute sinusitis is difficult without employing invasive procedures. most episodes of acute sinusitis resolve spontaneously. antibiotics have demonstrated efficacy for the treatment of acute bacterial sinusitis in clinical trials yet little is known of their effectiveness in real-life treatment settings. | 2010 | 20716243 |
| greatest international antiinfective trial (giant) with moxifloxacin in the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis: subanalysis of chinese data of a global, multicenter, noninterventional study. | a single infective acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis (aecb) has a sustained effect on health status. although a number of clinical investigations have demonstrated the efficacy of antibiotics in aecb, increased bacterial resistance has caused concern about the efficacy of currently available antibiotic therapies. this subanalysis of a global noninterventional study aimed to evaluate the impact of aecb on the patient and the community and the effectiveness and safety of a treatment with mo ... | 2010 | 20865098 |
| management with colistin. | | 2010 | 21253354 |
| drug resistance in community-acquired respiratory tract infections: role for an emerging antibacterial. | the nasopharynx is the ecological niche where evolution towards resistance occurs in respiratory tract isolates. dynamics of different bacterial populations in antibiotic-free multibacterial niches are the baseline that antibiotic treatments can alter by shifting the competitive balance in favor of resistant populations. for this reason, antibiotic resistance is increasingly being considered to be an ecological problem. traditionally, resistance has implied the need for development of new antibi ... | 2010 | 21694892 |
| tolerizing allergic responses in the lung. | the absolute requirement of the pulmonary immune system is to limit the inflammatory consequences of inhaled infectious agents while maintaining tolerance to harmless aeroallergens. this tolerance is maintained by a complex network of cells and molecules interacting with lung stromal cells. however, in some individuals there is a breakdown in tolerance to particles such as pollens, animal dander, or dust, resulting in the development of allergic pathology. emerging evidence suggests that this br ... | 2010 | 20505664 |
| immunoglobulin g subclass deficiency is the major phenotype of primary immunodeficiency in a korean adult cohort. | primary immunodeficiency disease (pid) is a rare disorder in adults. most often, serious forms are detected during infancy or childhood. however, mild forms of pid may not be diagnosed until later in life, and some types of humoral immunodeficiency may occur in adulthood. the purpose of this study was to identify clinical features of pid in korean adults. a retrospective study was performed on 55 adult patients who were diagnosed as pid between january 1998 and january 2009 at a single tertiary ... | 2010 | 20514300 |
| pathogenesis of inflammation and repair in advanced copd. | chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is characterized by an abnormal persistent inflammatory response to noxious environmental stimuli, most commonly cigarette smoke. although cigarette smoking elicits airway inflammation in all of those who smoke, persistent inflammation and clinically significant copd occurs in only a minority of smokers. the pathogenesis of copd involves the recruitment and regulation of neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes to the lung, as well as the induction of oxida ... | 2010 | 20496295 |
| colour of sputum is a marker for bacterial colonisation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. | bacterial colonisation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) contributes to airway inflammation and modulates exacerbations. we assessed risk factors for bacterial colonisation in copd. | 2010 | 20470372 |
| effectiveness, tolerability and safety of azithromycin 1% in durasite for acute bacterial conjunctivitis. | bacterial eye infections are commonly treated with topical antibiotics, despite limited evidence of effectiveness. azithromycin 1% in durasite((r)) is a new formulation of azithromycin in a gel polymer designed for use in acute bacterial conjunctivitis. | 2010 | 20517467 |
| early fiberoptic bronchoscopy during non-invasive ventilation in patients with decompensated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease due to community-acquired-pneumonia. | inefficient clearance of copious respiratory secretion is a cause of non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (nppv) failure, especially in chronic respiratory patients with community-acquired-pneumonia (cap) and impaired consciousness. we postulated that in such a clinical scenario, when intubation and conventional mechanical ventilation (cmv) are strongly recommended, the suction of secretions with fiberoptic bronchoscopy (fbo) may increase the chance of nppv success. the objective of this p ... | 2010 | 20429929 |
| regulation and dysregulation of immunoglobulin e: a molecular and clinical perspective. | altered levels of immunoglobulin e (ige) represent a dysregulation of ige synthesis and may be seen in a variety of immunological disorders. the object of this review is to summarize the historical and molecular aspects of ige synthesis and the disorders associated with dysregulation of ige production. | 2010 | 20178634 |
| structure and function of immunoglobulins. | immunoglobulins are heterodimeric proteins composed of 2 heavy and 2 light chains. they can be separated functionally into variable domains that bind antigens and constant domains that specify effector functions, such as activation of complement or binding to fc receptors. the variable domains are created by means of a complex series of gene rearrangement events and can then be subjected to somatic hypermutation after exposure to antigen to allow affinity maturation. each variable domain can be ... | 2010 | 20176268 |
| pulsed moxifloxacin for the prevention of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized controlled trial. | acute exacerbations contribute to the morbidity and mortality associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd). this proof-of-concept study evaluates whether intermittent pulsed moxifloxacin treatment could reduce the frequency of these exacerbations. | 2010 | 20109213 |
| repellency effects of essential oils of myrtle (myrtus communis), marigold (calendula officinalis) compared with deet against anopheles stephensi on human volunteers. | malaria and leishmaniasis are two most significant parasitic diseases which are endemic in iran. over the past decades, interest in botanical repellents has increased as a result of safety to human. the comparative efficacy of essential oils of two native plants, myrtle (myrtus communis) and marigold (calendula officinalis) collected from natural habitats at southern iran was compared with deet as synthetic repellent against anopheles stephensi on human subjects under laboratory condition. | 2011 | 22808414 |
| determination of phenolic acids and flavonoids in taraxacum formosanum kitam by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry coupled with a post-column derivatization technique. | a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method (lc-ms/ms) was developed for the determination of phenolic acids and flavonoids in a medicinal chinese herb taraxacum formosanum kitam. initially, both phenolic acids and flavonoids were extracted with 50% ethanol in a water-bath at 60 °c for 3 h and eventually separated into acidic fraction and neutral fraction by using a c(18) cartridge. a total of 29 compounds were separated within 68 min by employing a gemini c(18) column and a gradient ... | 2011 | 22312251 |
| determination of phenolic acids and flavonoids in taraxacum formosanum kitam by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry coupled with a post-column derivatization technique. | a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method (lc-ms/ms) was developed for the determination of phenolic acids and flavonoids in a medicinal chinese herb taraxacum formosanum kitam. initially, both phenolic acids and flavonoids were extracted with 50% ethanol in a water-bath at 60 °c for 3 h and eventually separated into acidic fraction and neutral fraction by using a c(18) cartridge. a total of 29 compounds were separated within 68 min by employing a gemini c(18) column and a gradient ... | 2011 | 22312251 |
| impaired release of antimicrobial peptides into nasal fluid of hyper-ige and cvid patients. | patients with primary immunodeficiency (pid) often suffer from frequent respiratory tract infections. despite standard treatment with igg-substitution and antibiotics many patients do not improve significantly. therefore, we hypothesized that additional immune deficits may be present among these patients. | 2011 | 22216247 |
| rifaximin in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy. | hepatic encephalopathy is a challenging complication in patients with advanced liver disease. it can be defined as a neuropsychiatric syndrome caused by portosystemic venous shunting, ranging from minimal to overt hepatic encephalopathy or coma. its pathophysiology is still unclear, although increased levels of ammonia play a key role. diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy is currently based on specific tests evaluating the neuropsychiatric state of patients and their quality of life; the severity ... | 2011 | 24367227 |
| formulation of cefuroxime axetil oral suspension and investigation of its pharmaceutical properties. | cefuroxime is the second generation cephalosporin, which its intravenous and oral dosage forms are available. oral route is the selective method for administration of most of the drugs. the aim of this study was formulating 'for oral' cefuroxime axetil suspensions. | 2011 | 24312763 |
| sinusitis (acute). | acute sinusitis is defined pathologically, by transient inflammation of the mucosal lining of the paranasal sinuses lasting less than 4 weeks. clinically, it is characterised by nasal congestion, rhinorrhoea, facial pain, hyposmia, sneezing, and, if more severe, additional malaise and fever. it affects 1% to 5% of the adult population each year in europe. | 2011 | 22189346 |
| moxifloxacin versus amoxicillin/clavulanic acid in outpatient acute exacerbations of copd: maestral results. | bacterial infections causing acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (aecopd) frequently require antibacterial treatment. more evidence is needed to guide antibiotic choice. the moxifloxacin in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis trial (maestral) was a multiregional, randomised, double-blind non-inferiority outpatient study. patients were aged ≥ 60 yrs, with an anthonisen type i exacerbation, a forced expiratory volume in 1 s < 60% predicted and two or more exacerbatio ... | 2011 | 22135277 |
| moxifloxacin versus amoxicillin/clavulanic acid in outpatient acute exacerbations of copd: maestral results. | bacterial infections causing acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (aecopd) frequently require antibacterial treatment. more evidence is needed to guide antibiotic choice. the moxifloxacin in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis trial (maestral) was a multiregional, randomised, double-blind non-inferiority outpatient study. patients were aged ≥ 60 yrs, with an anthonisen type i exacerbation, a forced expiratory volume in 1 s < 60% predicted and two or more exacerbatio ... | 2011 | 22135277 |
| oral microflora: a comparative study in hiv and normal patients. | the study was designed to compare the oral microbiota in normal and hiv-infected individuals. the study tries to establish a significant shift in oral microflora in hiv-infected patients. antibiotic sensitivity testing was performed to establish any rise in resistance against the antibiotics. it was a two and half year prospective study conducted in a tertiary care centre. the study group consisted of eighty subjects divided into two groups of control and hiv. the age range for this group was 9- ... | 2011 | 24533371 |
| oral microflora: a comparative study in hiv and normal patients. | the study was designed to compare the oral microbiota in normal and hiv-infected individuals. the study tries to establish a significant shift in oral microflora in hiv-infected patients. antibiotic sensitivity testing was performed to establish any rise in resistance against the antibiotics. it was a two and half year prospective study conducted in a tertiary care centre. the study group consisted of eighty subjects divided into two groups of control and hiv. the age range for this group was 9- ... | 2011 | 24533371 |
| population pharmacokinetics of ceftriaxone in critically ill septic patients: a reappraisal. | to investigate the population pharmacokinetics of ceftriaxone in critically ill patients suffering from sepsis, severe sepsis or septic shock. | 2011 | 21545483 |
| update on acute otitis media in children younger than 2 years of age. | as concern about antimicrobial resistance grows, i am aware of the need to reduce unnecessary antibiotic treatment; however, in my practice i see many children with acute otitis media (aom) and this is the most common reason i prescribe antibiotics. most of these children are young and otherwise healthy, and i am uncertain about when to prescribe antibiotics and when to endorse "watchful waiting." which children will benefit from antibiotic treatment? | 2011 | 22084458 |
| multi-species bacterial biofilm and intracellular infection in otitis media. | bacteria which are metabolically active yet unable to be cultured and eradicated by antibiotic treatment are present in the middle ear effusion of children with chronic otitis media with effusion (come) and recurrent acute otitis media (raom). these observations are suggestive of biofilm presence or intracellular sequestration of bacteria and may play a role in om pathogenesis. the aim of this project is to provide evidence for the presence of otopathogenic bacteria intracellularly or within bio ... | 2011 | 22018357 |
| roflumilast, a novel phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, for copd patients with a history of exacerbations. | acute exacerbations of copd (aecopd) are major clinical events. they are associated with a more rapid decline in lung function, poorer quality of life scores, and an increased risk of dying. exacerbations that require hospitalization have particular significance. approximately 40% of the aecopd patients who require hospitalization will die in the subsequent year. since many aecopd require hospitalization, they account for most of the expense of caring for copd patients. treatment with long-actin ... | 2011 | 22084617 |
| acute lung failure. | lung failure is the most common organ failure seen in the intensive care unit. the pathogenesis of acute respiratory failure (arf) can be classified as (1) neuromuscular in origin, (2) secondary to acute and chronic obstructive airway diseases, (3) alveolar processes such as cardiogenic and noncardiogenic pulmonary edema and pneumonia, and (4) vascular diseases such as acute or chronic pulmonary embolism. this article reviews the more common causes of arf from each group, including the pathologi ... | 2011 | 21989697 |
| antimicrobial, antiviral and immunomodulatory activity studies of pelargonium sidoides (eps(®) 7630) in the context of health promotion. | pelargonium species contribute significantly to the health care of a large population in the southern african region, as part of a long-standing medical system intimately linked to traditional healing practices. most notably, extracts of the roots of p. sidoides have commonly been applied for the treatment of dysentery and diarrhoea but only occasionally for respiratory complaints. clinical trials have shown that a modern aqueous-ethanolic formulation of p. sidoides extracts (eps(®) 7630) is an ... | 2011 | 27721327 |
| high prevalence of sinusitis in children with henoch-schönlein purpura. | we evaluated the prevalence and the types of infectious foci in oral as well as ear, nose, and throat diseases, and we examined incidence of renal involvement with active treatment for focal infection in children with henoch-schönlein purpura. a total of 96 children who presented at aichi children's health and medical center and were diagnosed as having hsp were evaluated for infectious foci in the ear, nose, throat, and oral cavities. seventy-one of 96 children (74.0%) had some type of infectio ... | 2011 | 21977045 |
| pre-hospital intubation factors and pneumonia in trauma patients. | we reported similar rates of ventilator-associated pneumonia (vap) previously in trauma patients intubated either in a pre-hospital (ph) venue or the emergency department. a subset of ph intubations with continuous quality assessment was re-examined to identify the intubation factors associated with vap. | 2011 | 21933010 |
| large unilateral pleural effusion secondary to moraxella catarrhalis infection. | a 43-year-old male with chronic kidney disease on maintenance hemodialysis presented with breathlessness, cough and right-sided abdominal pain. examination revealed a large right-sided pleural effusion and subsequent thoracocentesis yielded an exudate. although the fluid culture was sterile, sputum culture produced moraxella catarrhalis. tuberculosis was ruled out by pleural fluid analysis and pleural biopsy. antibiotics were administered and subsequent radiograms indicated resolution of the eff ... | 2011 | 23393539 |
| management of patients during and after exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the role of primary care physicians. | current treatments have failed to stem the continuing rise in health care resource use and fatalities associated with exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd). reduction of severity and prevention of new exacerbations are therefore important in disease management, especially for patients with frequent exacerbations. acute exacerbation treatment includes short-acting bronchodilators, systemic corticosteroids, and antibiotics if bacterial infections are present. oxygen and/or ... | 2011 | 21941453 |
| pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin and its penetration into bronchial secretions of mechanically ventilated patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. | we evaluated the pharmacokinetic profile of ciprofloxacin and its penetration into bronchial secretions of critically ill patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd). twenty-five mechanically ventilated patients with severe copd who were suffering from an acute, infectious exacerbation were included in this prospective, open-label study. all subjects received a 1-hour intravenous infusion of 400 mg ciprofloxacin every 8 h. serial blood and bronchial secretion samples were obtained ... | 2011 | 21670178 |
| acute infective conjunctivitis in primary care: who needs antibiotics? an individual patient data meta-analysis. | acute infective conjunctivitis is a common problem in primary care, traditionally managed with topical antibiotics. a number of clinical trials have questioned the benefit of topical antibiotics for patients with acute infective conjunctivitis. | 2011 | 22152728 |
| azithromycin for prevention of exacerbations of copd. | acute exacerbations adversely affect patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd). macrolide antibiotics benefit patients with a variety of inflammatory airway diseases. | 2011 | 21864166 |
| pneumonia in healthy canadian children and youth: practice points for management. | although immunization has decreased the incidence of bacterial pneumonia in vaccinated children, pneumonia remains common in healthy children. unless it is totally impractical, a chest radiograph should be performed to confirm the diagnosis of pneumonia. factors such as age, vital signs and other measures of illness severity are critical in the decision regarding whether to admit a patient to hospital. because streptococcus pneumoniae continues to be the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia ... | 2011 | 22851898 |
| optimal dose finding of garenoxacin based on population pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics and monte carlo simulation. | garenoxacin, a novel des-f(6)-quinolone, possesses potent antibacterial activity against infectious pathogens in the respiratory tract. population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (pk/pd) modeling and monte carlo simulations were used to optimize garenoxacin dosage regimens. | 2011 | 21796376 |
| optimal dose finding of garenoxacin based on population pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics and monte carlo simulation. | garenoxacin, a novel des-f(6)-quinolone, possesses potent antibacterial activity against infectious pathogens in the respiratory tract. population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (pk/pd) modeling and monte carlo simulations were used to optimize garenoxacin dosage regimens. | 2011 | 21796376 |
| risk factors of postoperative pneumonia after lung cancer surgery. | the purpose of this study was to investigate risk factors of postoperative pneumonia (pop) after lung cancer surgery. the 417 lung cancer patients who underwent surgical resection in a tertiary referral hospital were included. clinical, radiological and laboratory data were reviewed retrospectively. male and female ratio was 267:150 (median age, 65 yr). the incidence of pop was 6.2% (26 of 417) and in-hospital mortality was 27% among those patients. by univariate analysis, age ≥ 70 yr (p < 0.001 ... | 2011 | 21860545 |
| higher rate of bronchoalveolar lavage culture positivity in children with nonacid reflux and respiratory disorders. | the aim of the study was to determine if children with chronic cough or wheezing and with more full-column, nonacid reflux have a higher likelihood of a positive bronchoalveolar lavage fluid culture. in a prospective study of 46 children with cough who were undergoing endoscopy, multichannel intraluminal impedance testing, and bronchoscopy, we found that patients who had a positive culture had significantly more full-column, nonacid gastroesophageal reflux than those who had a negative culture. | 2011 | 21777922 |
| clinical and epidemiological profile of patients with severe h1n1/09 pandemic influenza in australia and new zealand: an observational cohort study. | background pandemic influenza h1n1/09 emerged in april 2009 and spread widely in australia and new zealand. although an unprecedented number of cases required intensive care, comparative community-based studies with seasonal influenza strains have not shown any significant differences in clinical symptoms or severity. methods the authors performed active surveillance on confirmed influenza-related admissions and compared the clinical profile of patients with pandemic h1n1/09 influenza and patien ... | 2011 | 22021761 |
| a clinical pathway for community-acquired pneumonia: an observational cohort study. | six hospitals instituted a voluntary, system-wide, pathway for community acquired pneumonia (cap). we proposed this study to determine the impact of pathway antibiotics on patient survival, hospital length of stay (los), and total hospital cost. | 2011 | 21733161 |
| a novel study design for antibiotic trials in acute exacerbations of copd: maestral methodology. | antibiotics, along with oral corticosteroids, are standard treatments for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (aecopd). the ultimate aims of treatment are to minimize the impact of the current exacerbation, and by ensuring complete resolution, reduce the risk of relapse. in the absence of superiority studies of antibiotics in aecopd, evidence of the relative efficacy of different drugs is lacking, and so it is difficult for physicians to select the most effective antibio ... | 2011 | 21760724 |
| acute otitis media in children. | what is the best treatment for acute otitis media in children? | 2011 | 21731893 |
| bioequivalence of 2 azithromycin capsule formulations: a randomized, single-dose, open-label, 2-period crossover study in healthy male pakistani volunteers. | approximately 68 brands of azithromycin capsule formulations are available in pakistan; however, published data on their bioequivalence in the pakistani population are not available. | 2011 | 24648579 |
| a randomized, double-blinded, open label study of the efficacy and safety of cefcapene pivoxil and amoxicillin·clavulanate in acute presumed bacterial rhinosinusitis. | currently established first line therapy of acute (presumed bacterial) rhinosinusitis (ars) consists of 10 to 14 days of oral amoxicillin or cephalosporins. this study compared the clinical efficacy and tolerance of cefcapene pivoxil (cp) and amoxicillin-clavulanate (amc) in patients with ars. | 2011 | 21716955 |
| aom in children. | in the uk, about 30% of children under 3 years of age visit their gp each year with acute otitis media (aom), and 97% of these receive antibiotics. in the us, aom is the most common reason for outpatient antibiotic treatment. without antibiotics, aom resolves within 24 hours in about 60% of children, and within 3 days in about 80% of children. | 2011 | 21554768 |
| always one step ahead: how pathogenic bacteria use the type iii secretion system to manipulate the intestinal mucosal immune system. | the intestinal immune system and the epithelium are the first line of defense in the gut. constantly exposed to microorganisms from the environment, the gut has complex defense mechanisms to prevent infections, as well as regulatory pathways to tolerate commensal bacteria and food antigens. intestinal pathogens have developed strategies to regulate intestinal immunity and inflammation in order to establish or prolong infection. the organisms that employ a type iii secretion system use a molecula ... | 2011 | 21539730 |
| genetics of complex airway disease. | the past 3 years have seen highly significant genetic effects identified for a wide variety of common complex diseases, including the airway disorders of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. it appears that only a portion of the genetically mediated susceptibility to complex diseases has been identified, and there is much left to be discovered. this review briefly describes the results of the genome-wide association studies of asthma and gives an overview of the parallel and increas ... | 2011 | 21543792 |
| access to a polymerase chain reaction assay method targeting 13 respiratory viruses can reduce antibiotics: a randomised, controlled trial. | viral respiratory infections are common worldwide and range from completely benign disease to life-threatening illness. symptoms can be unspecific, and an etiologic diagnosis is rarely established because of a lack of suitable diagnostic tools. improper use of antibiotics is common in this setting, which is detrimental in light of the development of bacterial resistance. it has been suggested that the use of diagnostic tests could reduce antibiotic prescription rates. the objective of this study ... | 2011 | 21521505 |