| long-term consequences of respiratory syncytial virus acute lower respiratory tract infection in early childhood in guinea-bissau. | the study aimed to investigate long-term consequences of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) positive acute lower respiratory tract infection (alri) in a low-income country according to severity of the initial infection. | 2006 | 17072125 |
| influenza- and rsv-associated hospitalizations among adults. | we estimated influenza- and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)-associated hospitalizations by age, high-risk status and outcome, during the 1996/1997-1999/2000 respiratory seasons among adults who did not receive influenza vaccine. using three health maintenance organization (hmo) databases and local viral surveillance data, we identified weeks when influenza and rsv were circulating and estimated influenza- and rsv-associated hospitalizations. persons aged > or = 65 years with and without high-r ... | 2007 | 17074423 |
| etiology of respiratory disease in non-vaccinated, non-medicated calves in rearing herds. | the aim of this study was to examine the occurrence of bacterial, mycoplasmal and viral pathogens in the lower respiratory tract of calves in all-in all-out calf-rearing units. according to clinical status, non-medicated calves with and without respiratory disease signs were selected of the 40 herds investigated to analyse the micro-organisms present in healthy and diseased calves. tracheobronchial lavage (tbl) and paired serum samples were analysed for bacteria, mycoplasmas, respiratory syncyti ... | 2007 | 17084565 |
| genetic studies of the beta-hairpin loop of rous sarcoma virus capsid protein. | the first few residues of the rous sarcoma virus (rsv) ca protein comprise a structurally dynamic region that forms part of a gag-gag interface in immature virus particles. dissociation of this interaction during maturation allows refolding and formation of a beta-hairpin structure important for assembly of ca monomers into the mature capsid shell. a consensus binding site for the cellular ubc9 protein was previously identified within this region, suggesting that binding of ubc9 and subsequent s ... | 2007 | 17093186 |
| [therapeutic monoclonal antibodics]. | less than ten years after the discovery of hybridomas by kohler and milstein in 1975, the first monoclonal antibody was injected in humans to prevent graft rejection. the antibodies used were targeted against the cd3 molecule involved in the transduction of t cell signals after recognition of the antigen. paradoxically, because of pharmaceutical hesitations later found to be unwarranted, the therapeutic class developed slowly. it was not until the 1990s that other formulations emerged. in parall ... | 2006 | 17095950 |
| synthesis and in vitro evaluation of the anti-viral activity of n-[4-(1h(2h)-benzotriazol-1(2)-yl)phenyl]alkylcarboxamides. | a series n-[4-(1h(2h)-benzotriazol-1(2)-yl)phenyl]alkylcarboxamides (8e-k, 9e-i, k, l) and their parent amines (5a-c and 6a-d) were prepared according to schemes (1 and 2). compounds were evaluated in vitro for cytotoxicity and antiviral activity against a wide spectrum of rna (positive- and negative-sense) viruses, like [bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), yellow fever virus (yfv), coxsackie virus b (cvb-2), polio virus (sb-1), human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1), respiratory syncytial virus ( ... | 2006 | 17105439 |
| retinoic acid-inducible gene i mediates early antiviral response and toll-like receptor 3 expression in respiratory syncytial virus-infected airway epithelial cells. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is one of the most common viral pathogens causing severe lower respiratory tract infections in infants and young children. infected host cells detect and respond to rna viruses using different mechanisms in a cell-type-specific manner, including retinoic acid-inducible gene i (rig-i)-dependent and toll-like receptor (tlr)-dependent pathways. because the relative contributions of these two pathways in the recognition of rsv infection are unknown, we examined thei ... | 2007 | 17108032 |
| il-13 is associated with reduced illness and replication in primary respiratory syncytial virus infection in the mouse. | the role of il-13 in respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) immunopathogenesis is incompletely described. to assess the effect of il-13 on primary rsv infection, transgenic mice which either overexpress il-13 in the lung (il-13 oe) or non-transgenic littermates (il-13 nt) were challenged intranasally with rsv. il-13 oe mice had significantly decreased peak viral titers four days after infection compared to non-transgenic littermates. in addition, il-13 oe mice had significantly lower rsv-induced weig ... | 2006 | 17110149 |
| a member of the cathelicidin family of antimicrobial peptides is produced in the upper airway of the chinchilla and its mrna expression is altered by common viral and bacterial co-pathogens of otitis media. | cationic antimicrobial peptides (amps), a component of the innate immune system, play a major role in defense of mucosal surfaces against a wide spectrum of microorganisms such as viral and bacterial co-pathogens of the polymicrobial disease otitis media (om). to further understand the role of amps in om, we cloned a cdna encoding a cathelicidin homolog (ccramp) from upper respiratory tract (urt) mucosae of the chinchilla, the predominant host used to model experimental om. recombinant ccramp ex ... | 2007 | 17113647 |
| human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus infections in older children with cystic fibrosis. | human metapneumovirus (hmpv) has been isolated from children with acute respiratory infection worldwide. its epidemiology remains to be defined in children with cystic fibrosis (cf). we describe the epidemiology and clinical impact of hmpv in cf children and compared it to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). | 2007 | 17123316 |
| viral infections in patients with hematological malignancies. | viral infections are important causes of morbidity and mortality for patients with a hematological malignancy. however, the true incidence and consequences of viral infections for these patients who undergo conventional nontransplant therapy are poorly defined. the difference in incidence and outcome of viral infections among patient groups is wide, but dependent upon the intensity and duration of t-cell-mediated immune suppression. infections caused by cytomegalovirus (cmv), herpes simplex viru ... | 2006 | 17124085 |
| [etiology of acute viral respiratory tract infections in children from gran canaria, the canary islands (spain)]. | acute respiratory tract infections (arti) of viral origin are a frequent cause of pediatric consultations and hospital admissions. the aim of this study was to investigate the etiology of these infections in gran canaria, the canary islands, (spain). | 2006 | 17125674 |
| decline in respiratory syncytial virus hospitalizations in a region with high hospitalization rates and prolonged season. | during 1993 to 1996, alaska native infants <1 year of age from the yukon kuskokwim (yk) delta in alaska experienced a respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) hospitalization rate 5 times the u.s. general infant population rate. we describe trends in lower respiratory tract infection (lrti) and rsv hospitalizations in yk children from 1994 to 2004. | 2006 | 17133156 |
| the risk of respiratory syncytial virus-related hospitalizations in preterm infants of 29 to 35 weeks' gestational age. | among 1158 preterm infants of 29-35 weeks' gestational age, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) -related hospitalizations (rsv-h) occurred in 4.2% during the first year of life. four independent factors influenced the risk for rsv-h: neurologic problems (odds ratio [or], 3.6), male gender (or, 2.8), presence of an older sibling (or, 1.7) and discharge from october to december (or, 1.7). the estimated risk of rsv-h varied between 1% (no risk factor present) and 30% (4 risk factors present). | 2006 | 17133170 |
| brief report: respiratory syncytial virus activity--united states, 2005-2006. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections (lrtis) (e.g., bronchiolitis and pneumonia) among young children in the united states. rsv also causes severe respiratory disease and a substantial number of deaths among older adults and persons with compromised respiratory, cardiac, or immune systems. rsv is transmitted person to person through close contact or inhalation of large droplets from a sneeze or cough; infection also can occur through contact wi ... | 2006 | 17136023 |
| surfactant protein polymorphisms and neonatal lung disease. | here, we describe the approach of defining the genetic contribution to disease and discuss the polymorphisms of some genes that are associated with respiratory disease. the common allelic variants of sp-a1, sp-a2, sp-b, sp-c, and sp-d genes are associated with respiratory distress syndrome (rds), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (bpd), or respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) bronchiolitis. the main sp-a haplotype, interactively with sp-b ile131thr polymorphism and with constitutional and environmental fa ... | 2006 | 17142161 |
| nak-associated protein 1 participates in both the tlr3 and the cytoplasmic pathways in type i ifn induction. | tlr3 and the cytoplasmic helicase family proteins (retinoic acid-inducible gene i (rig-i) and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (mda5)) serve as dsrna pattern-recognition receptors. in response to poly(i:c), a representative of dsrna, and viral infection, they have been shown to activate the transcription factor ifn regulatory factor (irf)-3, which in turn induces activation of the ifn-beta promoter. rig-i/mda5 recognizes dsrna in the cytoplasm, whereas tlr3 resides in the cell surface ... | 2006 | 17142768 |
| the histopathology of fatal untreated human respiratory syncytial virus infection. | the pathology of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection was evaluated 1 day after an outpatient diagnosis of rsv in a child who died in a motor vehicle accident. we then identified 11 children with bronchiolitis from the vanderbilt university autopsy log between 1925 and 1959 who met criteria for possible rsv infection in the preintensivist era. their tissue was re-embedded and evaluated by routine hematoxylin and eosin and pas staining and immunostaining with rsv-specific antibodies. tissu ... | 2007 | 17143259 |
| nonstructural proteins of respiratory syncytial virus suppress premature apoptosis by an nf-kappab-dependent, interferon-independent mechanism and facilitate virus growth. | the two nonstructural (ns) proteins ns1 and ns2 of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) are abundantly expressed in the infected cell but are not packaged in mature progeny virions. we found that both proteins were expressed early in infection, whereas the infected cells underwent apoptosis much later. coincident with ns protein expression, a number of cellular antiapoptotic factors were expressed or activated at early stages, which included nf-kappab and phosphorylated forms of protein kinases akt ... | 2007 | 17151097 |
| [human metapneumovirus (hmpv) associated to severe bronchial asthmatic crisis]. | human metapneumovirus (hmpv) is a recently reported agent of acute infection in the respiratory tract. it has been found in children as well as in young adults and elders. the clinical manifestations produced by hmpv are indistinguishable from those by common respiratory virus, and can evolve from asymptomatic infection into severe pneumonia. on the other hand, some authors have described cases of bronchial asthma exacerbation associated with hmpv infection. in this work we report a case of a ch ... | 2006 | 17152212 |
| respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis : current and future strategies for treatment and prophylaxis. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most important cause of viral lower respiratory tract illness in infants and children worldwide and is responsible for over 120 000 annual hospitalizations in infants in the us alone. rsv is also recognized as a major respiratory viral pathogen in the elderly and other high-risk populations. bronchiolitis, pneumonia, apnea, respiratory failure, and death are well known manifestations of severe acute rsv disease. rsv infection has also been associated with ... | 2006 | 17154675 |
| role of respiratory syncytial virus in acute otitis media: implications for vaccine development. | we summarize herein the results of various virologic studies of acute otitis media (aom) conducted at our site over a 10-year period. among 566 children with aom, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) was the most common virus identified in either middle ear fluid or nasal wash; it was found in 16% of all children and 38% of virus-positive children. seventy-one percent of the children with rsv were 1 year of age or older, which was significantly older than all other viruses combined (p=0.045). rsv i ... | 2007 | 17156899 |
| interaction of monocytic cells with respiratory syncytial virus results in activation of nf-kappab and pkc-alpha/beta leading to up-regulation of il-15 gene expression. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major human respiratory pathogen, particularly for infants. rsv is also a powerful inducer of cytokines, one of which is il-15, an important immunoregulatory cytokine. il-15 plays a key role in nk and t cell development and differentiation and also regulates nk cell/macrophage interaction, as well as monocyte/macrophage and granulocyte function. we have shown previously that different viruses up-regulate il-15 gene expression in human pbmcs. recently, we fo ... | 2007 | 17158609 |
| whole blood gene expression in infants with respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major cause of viral bronchiolitis in infants worldwide, and environmental, viral and host factors are all of importance for disease susceptibility and severity. to study the systemic host response to this disease we used the microarray technology to measure mrna gene expression levels in whole blood of five male infants hospitalised with acute rsv, subtype b, bronchiolitis versus five one year old male controls exposed to rsv during infancy without bronchi ... | 2006 | 17166282 |
| [reproduction of severe asthma model in mice]. | to reproduce a severe asthma model in ovalbumin (ova)-sensitized balb/c mice by induction with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). | 2006 | 17166354 |
| respiratory syncytial virus fusion inhibitors. part 4: optimization for oral bioavailability. | a series of benzimidazole-based inhibitors of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) fusion were optimized for antiviral potency, membrane permeability and metabolic stability in human liver microsomes. 1-cyclopropyl-1,3-dihydro-3-[[1-(4-hydroxybutyl)-1h-benzimidazol-2-yl]methyl]-2h-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-2-one (6m, bms-433771) was identified as a potent rsv inhibitor demonstrating good bioavailability in the mouse, rat, dog and cynomolgus monkey that demonstrated antiviral activity in the balb/c and ... | 2007 | 17169560 |
| the nine c-terminal amino acids of the respiratory syncytial virus protein p are necessary and sufficient for binding to ribonucleoprotein complexes in which six ribonucleotides are contacted per n protein protomer. | the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) phosphoprotein (p) is a major polymerase co-factor that interacts with both the large polymerase fragment (l) and the nucleoprotein (n). the n-binding domain of rsv p has been investigated by co-expression of rsv p and n proteins in escherichia coli. pull-down assays performed with a series of truncated forms of p fused to glutathione s-transferase (gst) revealed that the region comprising the last nine c-terminal amino acid residues of p (233-dndlsledf-241) ... | 2007 | 17170452 |
| tissue-specific regulation of cd8+ t-lymphocyte immunodominance in respiratory syncytial virus infection. | cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctls) are critical for control of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection in humans and mice. to investigate cellular immune responses to infection, it is important to identify major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i-restricted ctl epitopes. in this study, we identified a new rsv-specific, h-2k(d)-restricted subdominant epitope in the m2 protein, m2(127-135) (amino acids 127 to 135). this finding allowed us to study the frequency of t lymphocytes responding to ... | 2007 | 17182672 |
| comparison of cepheid's analyte-specific reagents with bd directigen for detection of respiratory syncytial virus. | for detection of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), the bd directigen rsv rapid antigen assay was compared to cepheid's real-time reverse transcriptase pcr rsv analyte-specific reagents. the directigen rsv assay resulted in a 23% false-negative rate, using pcr and chart review as the gold standard, indicating that rapid rsv pcr results would be advantageous. | 2007 | 17182755 |
| cost effectiveness of palivizumab for respiratory syncytial virus prophylaxis in high-risk children: a uk analysis. | to assess the cost effectiveness of palivizumab (a preventative treatment against severe respiratory syncytial virus [rsv] infection) in children at high risk of hospitalisation, i.e. preterm infants < or = 35 weeks gestation, children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (bpd) and children with congenital heart disease (chd). | 2007 | 17192118 |
| prednisolone reduces recurrent wheezing after a first wheezing episode associated with rhinovirus infection or eczema. | rhinovirus-induced early wheezing has been suggested as a new important risk factor for recurrent wheezing. | 2007 | 17196244 |
| respiratory syncytial virus nephropathy in rats. | the pathogenesis of minimal change nephrotic syndrome (mcns) remains unclear. respiratory tract viruses could contribute to mcns, and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most common one. in this study, we planned to investigate the effects of rsv on the proteinuria and glomerular structure of rats and to explore the role of rsv in the pathogenesis of mcns. rats were inoculated with 6 x 10(2), 10(4), and 10(6) pfu (plaque-forming units) rsv and killed on days 4, 8, 14, 28, and 60 postinocula ... | 2007 | 17200682 |
| t cell responses to respiratory syncytial virus fusion and attachment proteins in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. | the cellular immune response to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is considered important in both protection and immunopathogenesis. we have studied the hla class i- and class ii-restricted t cell responses to rsv fusion (f) and attachment (g) proteins in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) obtained from healthy young adults. pbmcs were stimulated with autologous cells infected with recombinant modified vaccinia virus ankara (rmva) expressing rsv f (rmva-f) or g (rmva-g). in rmva-f-stimul ... | 2006 | 17201662 |
| transforming growth factor beta enhances respiratory syncytial virus replication and tumor necrosis factor alpha induction in human epithelial cells. | asthma is characterized as a chronic inflammatory disease associated with significant tissue remodeling. patients with asthma are more susceptible to virus-induced exacerbation, which subsequently can lead to increased rates of hospitalization and mortality. while the most common cause of asthma-related deaths is respiratory viral infections, the underlying factors in the lung environment which render asthmatic subjects more susceptible to viral exacerbation are not yet identified. since transfo ... | 2007 | 17202225 |
| respiratory syncytial virus infection and recurrent wheeze/asthma in children under five years: an epidemiological survey. | to determine the rates of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection in children under 5 years of age with recurrent wheeze or asthma and compare their clinical presentation, course and outcome with asthmatic children of the same age who did not have rsv. | 2007 | 17207052 |
| environmental tobacco smoke exposure and respiratory syncytial virus infection in young children hospitalized with acute lower respiratory tract infection. | the present study was performed to determine the relationship between environmental tobacco smoke (ets) exposure and acute lower respiratory tract infection (lri) caused by respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in children. | 2006 | 17214063 |
| a 1-year prospective study of the infectious etiology in patients hospitalized with acute exacerbations of copd. | infection is a major cause of acute exacerbations of copd (aecopds). we aimed to study the infectious etiology related to aecopd. | 2007 | 17218555 |
| consideration of the three-dimensional structure of core shells (capsids) in spherical retroviruses. | the problem of three-dimensional organization of retroviral cores has been a matter of interest for the past 30 years. the general opinion in favor of icosahedral symmetry based on electron microscopy observations was questioned when cryo-electron microscopy failed to provide convincing evidence in its favor. more recent studies by cryo-electron microscopy, x-ray crystallography and in vitro assembly of the ca domain of human immuno deficiency virus (hiv), murine leukemia virus (mulv) and rous s ... | 2007 | 17223564 |
| [valproate sodium and zonisamide associated interstitial pneumonitis in an infant]. | a six month-old female infant developed dyspnea when she was treated with valproate sodium (vpa) and zonisamide (zns) for epileptic spasms. two weeks after its onset, her dyspnea was exacerbated by respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection. we diagnosed interstitial pneumonitis (ip) based on her chest ct and high serum concentrations of kl-6 and surfactant protein d. her dyspnea improved with the treatment which included steroids, neutrophil elastase inhibitor and discontinuation of vpa and zn ... | 2007 | 17228818 |
| prospective comparison of r-mix shell vial system with direct antigen tests and conventional cell culture for respiratory virus detection. | conventional cell culture (cc) has limited clinical utility as a result of the extended incubation period often required for virus isolation. alternative methodologies have been introduced in an effort to improve turnaround times. one such system, the r-mix shell vial is discussed herein. the study objectives were: (a) to establish r-mix testing parameters as compared to direct antigen testing (dat) and cc, and (b) to assess technical aspects and cost of r-mix in a high volume clinical virology ... | 2007 | 17229589 |
| age-related differences in pulmonary cytokine response to respiratory syncytial virus infection: modulation by anti-inflammatory and antiviral treatment. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the major cause of severe lower respiratory tract infection in infants and young children. recently, rsv has also been recognized as a serious health risk in elderly individuals, but the pathogenesis of rsv infection in elderly individuals remains unknown. | 2007 | 17230410 |
| herpes simplex virus (hsv) pneumonia in a heart transplant: diagnosis and therapy. | organ transplants are frequently complicated by viral infections. the period of maximum immunosuppression, 1 to 6 months posttransplantation, predisposes one to intracellular pathogens. the most common intracellular viral pathogens in transplant recipients include cytomegalovirus (cmv), herpes simplex virus (hsv), and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). cytomegalovirus and hsv are common viral pathogens in the early transplant period (0-1 month posttransplant). although respiratory syncytial viru ... | 2007 | 17234480 |
| lack of long-term effects of respiratory syncytial virus infection on airway function in mice. | epidemiological data suggests lower respiratory infections (lri) with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) are capable of causing long-term abnormalities in airway function. to directly test the effects of rsv lri, we infected adult and weanling balb/c mice with rsv (a2) or vehicle. respiratory system impedance was used to assess baseline airway function and responses to iv methacholine (mch) at 4, 8, 24 and 34 weeks post infection. in vitro airway responses were measured 24 weeks post infection us ... | 2007 | 17236822 |
| preparation of a respiratory syncytial virus human reference serum for use in the quantitation of neutralization antibody. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the major cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants, young children and the elderly. yet, the development of a vaccine to protect against rsv infection still remains an unmet need. at present, immune responses to experimental vaccines under investigation are usually evaluated by elisa and/or by neutralization assays against rsv. however, both types of assays are generally performed somewhat differently at different laboratories. an important step ... | 2007 | 17241789 |
| epidemiological and clinical features of hmpv, rsv and rvs infections in young children. | human metapneumovirus (hmpv) has recently been isolated from children with acute respiratory tract infections (rtis). the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of hmpv infection need further investigation. | 2007 | 17241812 |
| palivizumab efficacy in preterm infants with gestational age < or = 30 weeks without bronchopulmonary dysplasia. | the present study was designed to determine the efficacy of administration of palivizumab to preterm infants with gestational age (ga) < or = 30 weeks without bronchopulmonary dysplasia (bpd). all patients born with ga < or = 30 weeks without bpd on day 28 and hospitalized for rsv bronchiolitis in burgundy (12 hospitals) from december 1 to april 30 of the next year were included in this prospective observational study during five successive rsv seasons (1999-2000, 2000-2001, 2001-2002, 2002-2003 ... | 2007 | 17243184 |
| relationship of early childhood viral exposures to respiratory symptoms, onset of possible asthma and atopy in high risk children: the canadian asthma primary prevention study. | the contribution of respiratory viral infections to the onset of asthma and atopy is controversial. in "high risk" children (n = 455) born into asthmatic/atopic families, we determined the relationship of exposures to common respiratory viruses and concomitant respiratory symptoms, and to subsequent possible asthma and atopy at ages 1 and 2 years. frozen nasal specimens, obtained when children were 2 weeks, 4, 8, and 12 months old, underwent reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pc ... | 2007 | 17245731 |
| cytokine induction by respiratory syncytial virus and adenovirus in bronchial epithelial cells. | in order to broaden our knowledge of the primary immune responses to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and adenovirus infections, we compared the concentrations of interleukin (il)-6, il-8, and regulated on activation, normal t cell expressed and secreted (rantes) produced in vitro during rsv and adenovirus infections of bronchial epithelial cells. we infected beas-2b cells-a human bronchial epithelial cell line-with rsv, adenovirus serotype 3, or serotype 7 and measured the concentrations of il ... | 2007 | 17245736 |
| respiratory syncytial virus ns1 protein degrades stat2 by using the elongin-cullin e3 ligase. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection causes bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants. rsv has a linear single-stranded rna genome encoding 11 proteins, 2 of which are nonstructural (ns1 and ns2). rsv specifically downregulates stat2 protein expression, thus enabling the virus to evade the host type i interferon response. degradation of stat2 requires proteasomal activity and is dependent on the expression of rsv ns1 and ns2 (ns1/2). here we investigate whether rsv ns proteins can assemble u ... | 2007 | 17251292 |
| ribavirin for respiratory syncytial virus infection of the lower respiratory tract in infants and young children. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a common cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants and is responsible for many hospitalizations annually. ribavirin is approved for treatment of these infections, but its use is controversial because of questions about its efficacy, concerns about occupational exposure, and its high cost. | 2007 | 17253446 |
| antibiotics for bronchiolitis in children. | bronchiolitis is a serious, potentially life-threatening respiratory illness commonly affecting young babies. it is most often caused by respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). the diagnosis is usually made on clinical grounds (especially tachypnoea and wheezing in a child less than two years of age). antibiotics are not recommended for bronchiolitis unless there is concern about complications such as secondary bacterial pneumonia. despite this, they are used at rates of 34 to 99% in uncomplicated ca ... | 2007 | 17253545 |
| [surveillance for respiratory syncytial virus subtypes a and b in children with acute respiratory infections in beijing during 2000 to 2006 seasons]. | to characterize the prevalence and occurrence of subgroups of human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in infants and young children with acute respiratory infections (ari) in beijing area. | 2006 | 17254462 |
| effect of respiratory syncytial virus on the activity of matrix metalloproteinase in mice. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a common pathogen in the lower respiratory tract of infants and children. recent studies have shown that in adults, especially in the elderly population who have relatively weak immunity, lower respiratory tract infection is not uncommon. rsv was detected in 22% hospitalized patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd), and the detection rate was only next to that of parvovirus and influenza virus respectively. further stud ... | 2007 | 17254480 |
| human metapneumovirus induces more severe disease and stronger innate immune response in balb/c mice as compared with respiratory syncytial virus. | human metapneumovirus (hmpv) and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) are members of the pneumovirinae subfamily of paramyxoviridae and can cause severe respiratory disease, especially in infants and young children. some differences in the clinical course of these infections have been described, but there are few comparative data on pathogenesis in humans and animal models. in this study, hmpv and rsv were compared for replication, pathogenesis and immune induction in balb/c mice infected with equi ... | 2007 | 17257445 |
| bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection. | bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) belongs to the pneumovirus genus within the family paramyxoviridae and is a major cause of respiratory disease in young calves. brsv is enveloped and contains a negative sense, single-stranded rna genome encoding 11 proteins. the virus replicates predominantly in ciliated respiratory epithelial cells but also in type ii pneumocytes. it appears to cause little or no cytopathology in ciliated epithelial cell cultures in vitro, suggesting that much of the p ... | 2007 | 17257568 |
| [effects of alternanthera philoxeroides griseb against respiratory syncytial virus infection in mice]. | to investigate the effect of an oral preparation of alternathera philoxeroides griseb (apg) against respiratory syncytical virus (rsv) in mice. | 2007 | 17259148 |
| performance testing of two new one-step real time pcr assays for detection of human influenza and avian influenza viruses isolated in humans and respiratory syncytial virus. | two real time one-step rt-pcr assays were developed for simultaneous detection and typing of influenza a and b viruses and detection of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). as regard influenza, primers were designed to amplify specific sequences of gene m of a/h1n1, a/h3n2, a/h5n1, a/h7n7 and a/h9n2 viruses and of gene np of type b viruses belonging both yamagata and victoria lineage. specificity, analytical and clinical sensitivity, dynamic range, linearity of the new assays were evaluated. | 2006 | 17263157 |
| tlr-4 and cd14 polymorphisms in respiratory syncytial virus associated disease. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most common viral respiratory pathogen during infancy world wide. it induces innate and adaptive immune response in host cells. the toll like receptor 4 (tlr4)/cd14 complex is particularly important for the initiation of an innate immune response to rsv. thus we were interested whether an association exists between severe rsv associated diseases and polymorphisms within tlr4 and cd14. we genotyped the cd14 promotor polymorphism -c159t and the two common t ... | 2006 | 17264400 |
| respiratory syncytial virus infection in fischer 344 rats is attenuated by short interfering rna against the rsv-ns1 gene. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) causes severe bronchiolitis and is a risk factor for asthma. since there is no commercially available vaccine against rsv, a short interfering rna against the rsv-ns1gene (sins1) was developed and its potential for decreasing rsv infection and infection-associated inflammation in rats was tested. | 2007 | 17270047 |
| type 1 and 2 immunity following vaccination is influenced by nanoparticle size: formulation of a model vaccine for respiratory syncytial virus. | previous studies compared uptake by dendritic cells (dc) of 20, 40, 100, 200, 500, 1000, and 2000 nm beads in vivo. when beads were used as antigen carriers, bead size influenced antibody responses and induction of ifn-gamma-producing cd4 and cd8 t cells. beads of 40-50 nm were taken up preferentially by dc and induced particularly strong immunity. herein, we examine immunity induced by minute differences in nanobead size, specifically within a narrow viral-sized range (20, 40, 49, 67, 93, 101, ... | 2007 | 17274665 |
| relative dominance of epitope-specific cd8+ t cell responses in an f1 hybrid mouse model of respiratory syncytial virus infection. | cd8+ cytotoxic t lymphocytes are key effectors of adaptive immunity for the control of virus infections. epitope-specific responses are hierarchical and the rules for dominance are not well defined. here we show that the h2-kd-restricted rsv m2(82-90) (kdm2(82-90)) epitope dominates the h2-db-restricted rsv m187-195 (dbm187-195) epitope and influences epitope-specific effector function in the acute and memory phases of the immune response to primary rsv infection in h-2b/d hybrid mice. the hybri ... | 2007 | 17275872 |
| detection of human metapneumovirus in hospitalized children with acute respiratory tract infection using real-time rt-pcr in a hospital in northern taiwan. | human metapneumovirus (hmpv) is a newly discovered respiratory pathogen. this prospective hospital-based study investigated the clinical role and features of hmpv in taiwan. | 2007 | 17282966 |
| relationship between five common viruses and febrile seizure in children. | to examine the role of viruses in febrile seizures (fs) by comparing the relative risk (rr) of developing fs with common viral infections and subsequent risk of recurrence. | 2007 | 17284480 |
| contribution of viruses, chlamydia spp. and mycoplasma pneumoniae to acute respiratory infections in iranian children. | the study reports the frequency and clinical presentation of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), human metapneumovirus, influenza (inf v), parainfluenza, adenovirus (adv), chlamydia spp. and mycoplasma pneumoniae in children with acute respiratory infections (ari) in rasht, iran. nasopharyngeal aspirates and swabs were collected from 261 children in 2003 and 2004. pathogens were detected using polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr), confirmed with sequence analysis ... | 2007 | 17287243 |
| inhibition of airway na+ transport by respiratory syncytial virus. | in previous studies, we have shown that two major respiratory pathogens, influenza virus and parainfluenza virus, produce acute alterations in ion transport upon contacting the apical membrane of the respiratory epithelium. in the present study, we examine the effects on ion transport by the mouse tracheal epithelium of a third major respiratory pathogen, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). rsv infections are associated with fluid accumulation in the respiratory tract and cause illnesses that ran ... | 2007 | 17287265 |
| morbidity profiles of patients consulting during influenza and respiratory syncytial virus active periods. | we compared the burden of illness due to a spectrum of respiratory diagnostic categories among persons presenting in a sentinel general practice network in england and wales during periods of influenza and of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) activity. during all periods of viral activity, incidence rates of influenza-like illness, bronchitis and common cold were elevated compared to those in baseline periods. excess rates per 100,000 of acute bronchitis were greater in children aged <1 year (me ... | 2007 | 17291381 |
| respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in infants hospitalized for acute lower respiratory tract disease: incidence and associated risks. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is one of the main causes of acute lower respiratory tract infections worldwide. we examined the incidence and associated risks for rsv infection in infants hospitalized in two university hospitals in the state of são paulo. we made a prospective cohort study involving 152 infants hospitalized for acute lower respiratory tract infections (alrti) in two university hospitals in campinas, são paulo, brazil, between april and september 2004. clinical and epidemiolog ... | 2006 | 17293926 |
| eosinophil cationic protein and chemokines in nasopharyngeal secretions of infants with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) bronchiolitis and non-rsv bronchiolitis. | bronchiolitis is a risk factor for the development of childhood asthma. eosinophilic inflammation in airways plays an important role in the pathophysiology of both bronchiolitis and asthma. to investigate this inflammation, we measured the eosinophil cationic protein (ecp), regulated on activation normal t-cell expressed and secreted (rantes) and eotaxin levels in nasopharyngeal secretions (nps). twenty-eight patients with rsv bronchiolitis (rsv group), 11 patients with non-rsv bronchiolitis (no ... | 2007 | 17297249 |
| risk factors for severe rsv-induced lower respiratory tract infection over four consecutive epidemics. | variability in severity among different respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) seasons may influence hospital admission rates for rsv-induced lower respiratory tract infection (lrti) in young children. the aim of the present study was to identify through logistic regression analysis, risk factors associated with higher likelihood to acquire rsv-induced lrti, in children with symptoms severe enough to lead to hospital admission. over four consecutive rsv seasons (2000-2004), records from children <4 y ... | 2007 | 17308898 |
| detection and typing by molecular techniques of respiratory viruses in children hospitalized for acute respiratory infection in rome, italy. | detection of a broad number of respiratory viruses is not undertaken currently for the diagnosis of acute respiratory infection due to the large and always increasing list of pathogens involved. a 1-year study was undertaken on children hospitalized consecutively for acute respiratory infection in a pediatric department in rome to characterize the viruses involved. two hundred twenty-seven children were enrolled in the study with a diagnosis of asthma, bronchiolitis, bronchopneumonia, or laringo ... | 2007 | 17311326 |
| human neutrophil elastase in rsv bronchiolitis. | acute bronchiolitis is the most common lower respiratory tract infection in young children and may be life-threatening in those with underlying cardiac or respiratory conditions. we evaluated the nasal and serum levels of human neutrophil elastase (hne) in patients with acute respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) bronchiolitis and investigated the correlation of these levels with illness severity. fifty-one patients (28 boys, 23 girls) with acute bronchiolitis positive for rsv by direct immunoenzyme ... | 2007 | 17311874 |
| cutting edge: oseltamivir decreases t cell gm1 expression and inhibits clearance of respiratory syncytial virus: potential role of endogenous sialidase in antiviral immunity. | the sialoglycosphingolipid gm1 is important for lipid rafts and immune cell signaling. t cell activation in vitro increases gm1 expression and increases endogenous sialidase activity. gm1 expression has been hypothesized to be regulated by endogenous sialidase. we tested this hypothesis in vivo using a mouse model of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection. rsv infection increased endogenous sialidase activity in lung mononuclear cells. rsv infection increased lung cd8+ t cell surface gm1 ex ... | 2007 | 17312105 |
| il-13 genetic polymorphism identifies children with late wheezing after respiratory syncytial virus infection. | the nature of wheezing after respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infection (rsv lrti) is usually transient. however, some children will develop persistent or late wheezing. | 2007 | 17313976 |
| dysoxylins a-d, tetranortriterpenoids with potent anti-rsv activity from dysoxylum gaudichaudianum. | four new compounds, belonging to the tetranortriterpenoid family, named dysoxylins a-d (1-4), isolated from dysoxylum gaudichaudianum, were found to exhibit potent antiviral activity against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). these structures were determined by nmr spectroscopy and mass spectrometry and were shown to have anti-rsv ec50 activities in the range 1.0-4.0 microg/ml in cytopathic effect inhibition and plaque reduction assays. | 2007 | 17315968 |
| t cell responses and dengue haemorrhagic fever. | the enhancement of severe disease upon secondary infection makes dengue almost unique among infectious pathogens and presents a serious challenge to vaccine design. several key observations have been made which shed light onto this phenomenon particularly that antibodies can enhance fc receptor-dependent uptake of virus into macrophages thereby increasing virus replication. furthermore there seems to be a relationship between the peak virus load and disease severity. however, a second key featur ... | 2006 | 17319161 |
| identification of a single tryptophan residue as critical for binding activity in a humanized monoclonal antibody against respiratory syncytial virus. | we have identified a single tryptophan (trp) residue responsible for loss of binding and biological activity upon ultraviolet (uv) light irradiation in medi-493, a humanized monoclonal antibody (mab) against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). this finding provides a better understanding of structure-function relationship in a 150-kda protein. irradiation of medi-493 with uv light resulted in spectral changes typical of trp photoproducts and in a progressive loss of medi-493 binding and biologica ... | 2007 | 17319649 |
| risk of concurrent bacterial infection in preterm infants hospitalized due to respiratory syncytial virus infection. | to evaluate the risk of concurrent bacterial infection in preterm infants hospitalized due to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) disease. | 2007 | 17326757 |
| tap and dbp5, but not gag, are involved in dr-mediated nuclear export of unspliced rous sarcoma virus rna. | all retroviruses must circumvent cellular restrictions on the export of unspliced rnas from the nucleus. while the unspliced rna export pathways for hiv and mason-pfizer monkey virus are well characterized, that of rous sarcoma virus (rsv) is not. we have previously reported that the rsv direct repeat (dr) elements are involved in the cytoplasmic accumulation of unspliced viral rna. here, using fluorescent in situ hybridization (fish), we demonstrate that unspliced viral rnas bearing a single po ... | 2007 | 17328934 |
| human bocavirus: a novel parvovirus epidemiologically associated with pneumonia requiring hospitalization in thailand. | we detected human bocavirus (hbov) infection in 4.5% of hospitalized patients with pneumonia in rural thailand. however, the role of hbov as a pathogen is unclear. | 2007 | 17330795 |
| is clinical recognition of respiratory syncytial virus infection in hospitalized elderly and high-risk adults possible? | the clinical and radiographic features of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection in elderly hospitalized persons have not been described in detail, to our knowledge, despite its relative frequent occurrence. | 2007 | 17330796 |
| respiratory syncytial virus is not an important community acquired pathogen in adult hematological malignancy patients. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) has been reported as a leading cause of upper and lower viral respiratory tract infection in high-risk adult populations. we prospectively studied 48 patients with hematological malignancies over a period of 2 years. throat and nasal washings were subjected to immunofluorescence and cell culture for virus isolation. of these 48 patients, 31 had acute leukemia, 6 had chronic leukemia, 10 had lymphoma and one had multiple myeloma. the median age of the patients wa ... | 2006 | 17333765 |
| respiratory syncytial virus replication is prolonged by a concomitant allergic response. | epidemiological studies show an association between early exposure to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and the development or exacerbation of asthma. this idea is supported by studies in mice that demonstrate worsened airway hyper-reactivity (ahr) when rsv-infected animals are exposed to allergen. the effect of allergen on rsv disease, however, has not been reported. cotton rats (sigmodon hispidus) that have been used as a model to study rsv pathogenesis were sensitized to extracts of aspergill ... | 2007 | 17335559 |
| [influenza virus in pediatrics. a reason for hospitalization]. | influenza infection in infants and children has been classically underestimated due to its non-specific symptoms, which sometimes overlap those of other respiratory viruses. infants under 24 months are a risk group and school-aged children are a major source of influenza infection. the aim of this study was to describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of children hospitalized for flu, including co-infections and the differences as compared to other respiratory viruses. the effect ... | 2007 | 17335696 |
| age-related difference in immune responses to respiratory syncytial virus infection in young children. | there have been longitudinal studies of the developmental change of the immune system during the first year of life. the aim of this study was to investigate if there is any age-related difference in cytokine responses to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection between the patients under 6 months of age and the patients over 12 months of age compared with age-matched controls. forty-five children < or =24 months of age who were admitted with acute rsv bronchiolitis were enrolled. the patient ... | 2007 | 17338780 |
| nasal lavage leukotrienes in infants with rsv bronchiolitis. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) bronchiolitis is a very common infection in infants and, after the acute phase, a number of patients develop a reactive airway disease that lasts for years. although the pathogenesis of the lung damage after rsv bronchiolitis is still largely unknown, previous studies suggest that leukotrienes may play an active part in it. the aim of this study was to measure leukotriene levels in the nasal lavage fluid (nlf) collected in infants during rsv bronchiolitis and 1 ... | 2007 | 17338781 |
| consumption of asthma medication after rs-virus epidemic--a population based survey. | it has been suggested that a respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection in infancy increases the likelihood of development of asthma in childhood. the rsv epidemics have a special 2-yr pattern in finland and this allows the evaluation of the association of rsv and asthma by epidemiological means. we evaluated whether being 0-6 months of age during an rsv epidemic has an impact on the use of asthma medication later in the childhood. the consumption of asthma medication at the age of 3-16 yr and ... | 2007 | 17338782 |
| 1,4-benzodiazepines as inhibitors of respiratory syncytial virus. the identification of a clinical candidate. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the cause of one-fifth of all lower respiratory tract infections worldwide and is increasingly being recognized as representing a serious threat to patient groups with poorly functioning or immature immune systems. racemic 1,4-benzodiazepines show potent anti-rsv activity in vitro. anti-rsv evaluation of 3-position r- and s-benzodiazepine enantiomers and subsequent optimization of this series resulted in selection of a clinical candidate. antiviral activity w ... | 2007 | 17341059 |
| the relationship of meteorological conditions to the epidemic activity of respiratory syncytial virus. | our aim was to obtain knowledge of how meteorological conditions affect community epidemics of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection. to this end we recorded year-round rsv activity in nine cities that differ markedly in geographic location and climate. we correlated local weather conditions with weekly or monthly rsv cases. we reviewed similar reports from other areas varying in climate. weekly rsv activity was related to temperature in a bimodal fashion, with peaks of activity at tempera ... | 2007 | 17346359 |
| rnai-dependent and -independent antiviral phenotypes of chromosomally integrated shrna clones: role of vasp in respiratory syncytial virus growth. | stable rna interference (rnai) is commonly achieved by recombinant expression of short hairpin rna (shrna). to generate virus-resistant cell lines, we cloned a shrna cassette against the phosphoprotein gene of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) into a poliii-driven plasmid vector. analysis of individual stable transfectants showed a spectrum of rsv resistance correlating with the levels of shrna expressed from different chromosomal locations. interestingly, resistance in a minority of clones was ... | 2007 | 17351763 |
| recombinant human deoxyribonuclease in infants with respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. | treatment of hospitalized infants with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) bronchiolitis is mainly supportive. bronchodilators and systemic steroids are often used but do not reduce the length of hospital stay. because hypoxia and airways obstruction develop secondary to viscous mucus in infants with rsv bronchiolitis, and because free dna is present in rsv mucus, we tested the efficacy of the mucolytic drug recombinant human deoxyribonuclease (rhdnase). | 2007 | 17356094 |
| severe human lower respiratory tract illness caused by respiratory syncytial virus and influenza virus is characterized by the absence of pulmonary cytotoxic lymphocyte responses. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and influenza virus are common causes of infantile lower respiratory tract infection (lrti). it is widely believed that both viral replication and inappropriately enhanced immune responses contribute to disease severity. in infants, rsv lrti is known to be more severe than influenza virus lrti. | 2007 | 17357048 |
| antiviral triterpenoids from the medicinal plant schefflera heptaphylla. | schefflera heptaphylla (l.) frodin is a principal ingredient of an herbal tea formulation widely used for the treatment of common cold in southern china. an extract of the long leafstalk of the compound leaf of s. heptaphylla exhibited the most potent antiviral activity against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). further antiviral-guided fractionation and isolation of the leafstalk extract of s. heptaphylla led to obtain two highly active pure triterpenoids, namely 3alpha-hydroxylup-20(29)-ene-23 ... | 2007 | 17357972 |
| development of motavizumab, an ultra-potent antibody for the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infection in the upper and lower respiratory tract. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause of viral bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants and children. currently, palivizumab is the only approved monoclonal antibody (mab) for prophylaxis of rsv. however, a small percentage of patients are not protected by palivizumab; in addition, palivizumab does not inhibit rsv replication effectively in the upper respiratory tract. we report here the development and characterization of motavizumab, an ultra-potent, affinity-matured, humanized ... | 2007 | 17362988 |
| respiratory syncytial virus infection in anesthetized weanling rather than adult rats prolongs the apneic responses to right atrial injection of capsaicin. | apnea is a common complication in infants infected by respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). a recent study has shown that intranasal inoculation of rsv in conscious weanling rats strengthens the apneic responses to right atrial injection of capsaicin (cap), leading to 66% mortality. the objectives of the present study were to determine 1) whether rsv infection changes baseline minute ventilation (ve) and arterial blood gases in anesthetized rats; 2) what the effects of rsv infection are on the resp ... | 2007 | 17363622 |
| c57bl/6 mice are protected from respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) challenge and il-5 associated pulmonary eosinophilic infiltrates following intranasal immunization with protollin-ersv vaccine. | the protective efficacy of an intranasal (in) protollin-ersv vaccine has recently been demonstrated in the rsv-susceptible balb/c mouse model. here, we report the safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of protollin-ersv vaccine in the relatively resistant c57bl/6 mouse model. c57bl/6 mice immunized in with either two or three doses of protollin-ersv produced significant systemic and mucosal rsv-specific antibodies. mice immunized with the protollin vaccine displayed polarized th1 responses with aug ... | 2007 | 17374422 |
| mechanistic analysis and comparison of viral fusogenic membrane proteins for their synergistic effects on chemotherapy. | previously we demonstrated that the expression of fusogenic membrane proteins (fmg) of measles virus (mv-h/f) can synergistically enhance chemotherapy. in this study, we used median-effect analysis to evaluate whether the expression of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv-f), as well as vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv-g) can also synergistically enhance chemotherapy. furthermore we elucidated by western blot analysis some molecular pathways that might be responsible for this effect. we showed in col ... | 2007 | 17374986 |
| host transcription profiles upon primary respiratory syncytial virus infection. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a common cause of severe lower respiratory tract infection in children. severe rsv disease is related to an inappropriate immune response to rsv resulting in enhanced lung pathology which is influenced by host genetic factors. to gain insight into the early pathways of the pathogenesis of and immune response to rsv infection, we determined the transcription profiles of lungs and lymph nodes on days 1 and 3 after infection of mice. primary rsv infection result ... | 2007 | 17376894 |
| bronchiolitis due to respiratory syncytial virus in hospitalized children: a study of seasonal rhythm. | the objective of this study was to describe the rhythm of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) bronchiolitis seasonal outbreaks in hospitalized children. | 2007 | 17381468 |
| human bocavirus in iranian children with acute respiratory infections. | human bocavirus (hbov), a virus discovered in sweden in 2005, has been associated with acute respiratory infections in young children and subsequent reports suggest that hbov may have a worldwide distribution. this report describes the frequency and clinical presentation of hbov in 261 iranian children<5 years old with acute respiratory infections attending two regional hospitals in rasht, iran in the winter of 2003-2004. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and reverse transcription pcr (rt-pcr) wer ... | 2007 | 17385723 |
| rsv-infected airway epithelial cells cause biphasic up-regulation of ccr1 expression on human monocytes. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection can cause extensive airway inflammation, which is orchestrated by chemokines and their receptors. rsv-infected epithelial cells secrete many cytokines and chemokines, but little is known about regulation of chemokine receptors on target cells. we investigated the effects of conditioned media (cm) from rsv-infected epithelial cells on monocyte ccr1, ccr2, and ccr5 expression. rsv-cm but not control-cm stimulated a biphasic increase in cell-surface ccr1, ... | 2007 | 17389578 |