| [the sexual behavior characteristics and std infection status of women who have sex with women in beijing]. | to study sexual behavioral characteristics, infection status of hiv and sexually transmitted infections (stds) among women who have sex with women (wsw) in beijing. | 2012 | 22943919 |
| perturbing purinergic signaling: a pathogen's guidebook to counteracting inflammatory responses. | in this issue of the biomedical journal, we learn how bacteria and parasites alike counteract inflammatory signaling by manipulating purinergic signaling. we also focus on an original article shedding light on the role of an epstein-barr virus encoded gene in metastasis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. finally, we learn about a possible link between trichomonas vaginalis and recurrent urinary tract infection. | 2016 | 27793264 |
| single-dose compared with multidose metronidazole for the treatment of trichomoniasis in women: a meta-analysis. | trichomonas vaginalis is the most common curable sexually transmitted infection worldwide. although the centers for disease control and prevention and the world health organization recommend a single 2-g dose of metronidazole for the first line of treatment for t. vaginalis among human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) negative women, high rates of repeat infections are found. the purpose of this meta-analysis was to compare treatment failure between single versus multidose metronidazole for the trea ... | 2017 | 27898571 |
| trichomonas vaginalis and human immunodeficiency virus coinfection among women under community supervision: a call for expanded t. vaginalis screening. | the united states has a large community supervision population, a growing number of whom are women. trichomonas vaginalis infection is strongly associated with an increased risk of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) acquisition and transmission, particularly among women, but there is a paucity of research on hiv and t. vaginalis co-infection among women under community supervision. | 2016 | 27631355 |
| trichomonas vaginalis nucleic acid amplification testing at an urban hiv clinic. | trichomonas vaginalis is the most common nonviral sexually transmitted infection. t. vaginalis nucleic acid amplification testing (naat) recently became available at the university of alabama at birmingham human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) clinic. the objective of this study was to determine the uptake of t. vaginalis naat testing among clinic providers during the first year of test availability in addition to t. vaginalis prevalence and predictors based on naat results. | 2016 | 27419815 |
| frequency of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in trichomonas vaginalis infected women in badagry, lagos, nigeria. | the interaction between hiv and trichomonas vaginalis infection has been widely studied in most developed countries but with scanty information in sub-saharan africa. while many of these studies have examined the prevalence of t. vaginalis infection in hiv positive individuals, no study in nigeria has shown the effect of t. vaginalis on hiv transmission. therefore, the study aimed to determine the occurrence of hiv in t. vaginalis infected women. | 2017 | 26962485 |
| in vitro effect of octenidine dihydrochloride against trichomonas vaginalis. | trichomoniasis is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease. it is associated with a wide spectrum of complications, including infertility and increased susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). a rising number of reports of trichomonas vaginalis strains resistant to metronidazole has driven the search for new compounds. in the present study, the in vitro effects of the common antiseptic octenidine dihydrochloride against t. vaginalis were tested on metronidazole-resista ... | 2016 | 26899578 |
| a review of evidence-based care of symptomatic trichomoniasis and asymptomatic trichomonas vaginalis infections. | trichomonas vaginalis is the most prevalent nonviral sexually transmitted infection, affecting an estimated 3.7 million women and men in the united states. health disparities are prominent in the epidemiology of this infection, which affects 11% of women aged ≥40 years and a disproportionately high percentage of black women. particularly high prevalences have been identified among sexually transmitted disease (std) clinic patients and incarcerated individuals. this article reviews and updates sc ... | 2015 | 26602621 |
| the incidence of trichomonas vaginalis infection in women attending nine sexually transmitted diseases clinics in the usa. | trichomoniasis (tv) is associated with an increased risk of acquisition of sexually transmitted diseases (stds) and hiv. the purpose of this study is to evaluate factors associated with incidence tv among female std clinic attendees in the usa. | 2016 | 26071390 |
| trichomonas vaginalis infection induces vaginal cd4+ t-cell infiltration in a mouse model: a vaccine strategy to reduce vaginal infection and hiv transmission. | complications related to the diagnosis and treatment of trichomonas vaginalis infection, as well as the association between t. vaginalis infection and increased transmission of and susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus, highlight the need for alternative interventions. we tested a human-safe, aluminum hydroxide-adjuvanted whole-cell t. vaginalis vaccine for efficacy in a balb/c mouse model of vaginal infection. | 2015 | 25616405 |
| the influence of art on the treatment of trichomonas vaginalis among hiv-infected women. | among women who are human immunodeficiency virus positive (hiv+), both prevalent and persistent infections with trichomonas vaginalis (tv) are common. tv has been shown to increase vaginal shedding of hiv, which may influence hiv sexual and perinatal transmission, making prevention important. in 1 cohort of hiv+ women in kenya, antiretroviral therapy (art) use, mostly nevirapine based, was associated with lower cure rates of tv for single-dose therapy. our goal was to repeat this study in a us-b ... | 2014 | 24917661 |
| trichomonas vaginalis virulence factors: an integrative overview. | the elusive nature of trichomonas vaginalis, the most common, non-viral, sexually transmitted pathogen has hampered our knowledge of its significance for human health for over 150 years. the combination of epidemiology, molecular cell biology, immunology and more recently genomics and other allied omics data, are all contributing at shedding new light onto what is increasingly recognised as a significant human pathogen leading to important health sequelae due to multifaceted interactions with it ... | 2013 | 23694938 |
| trichomonas vaginalis and tritrichomonas foetus: interaction with fibroblasts and muscle cells - new insights into parasite-mediated host cell cytotoxicity. | trichomonas vaginalis and tritrichomonas foetus are parasitic, flagellated protists that inhabit the urogenital tract of humans and bovines, respectively. t. vaginalis causes the most prevalent non-viral sexually transmitted disease worldwide and has been associated with an increased risk for human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection in humans. infections by t. foetus cause significant losses to the beef industry worldwide due to infertility and spontaneous abortion in cows. several studies have ... | 2012 | 22990959 |
| role of polymerase chain reaction in the diagnosis of trichomonas vaginalis infection in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals from india (south). | trichomonas vaginalis is a protozoan parasite and an etiological agent for trichomoniasis, a sexually transmitted infection (sti). fifty to eighty percentage of women with trichomoniasis are asymptomatic and in the absence of treatment the infection persists longer. | 2012 | 22565432 |
| trichomonas vaginalis screening and prevention in order to impact the hiv pandemic: isn't it time we take this infection seriously? | trichomonas vaginalis (tv) is the second most common sexually transmitted infection (sti) in the world. it is associated with significant morbidity in women: pelvic inflammatory disease (pid), concurrent vaginitis and sexually transmitted infections (stis), post-operative infection, and pregnancy complications. tv infection has been implicated in hiv acquisition and transmission in men and women. there are multiple mechanisms to explain this association. tv is not routinely screened for in asymp ... | 2011 | 24470903 |
| vaginal infections of albanian women infected with hpv and their impact in intraepithelial cervical lesions evidenced by pap test. | cervical cytology is the best single method for large screening of the population in identifying precancerous lesions of the uterine cervix. | 2017 | 28182076 |
| association between high risk human papillomavirus infection and co-infection with candida spp. and trichomonas vaginalis in women with cervical premalignant and malignant lesions. | human papillomavirus (hpv) is the necessary cause of cervical cancer. cervico-vaginal infection with pathogens like chlamydia is a likely cofactor. the interactions between hpv, trichomonas vaginalis (tv) and candida spp. are less understood, though inflammation induced by these pathogens has been demonstrated to facilitate oncogenesis. | 2017 | 27992790 |
| associations between vaginal infections and potential high-risk and high-risk human papillomavirus genotypes in female sex workers in western kenya. | infection with and persistence of high-risk human papillomavirus (hr hpv) are the strongest risk factors for cervical cancer. little is known about the prevalence and role of concurrent sexually transmitted infections (stis) found in hpv-infected female sex workers (fsw) in africa. this study purports to test our a priori hypotheses that stis are associated with genotypes pertaining to the α-group species 9. the objectives were to determine the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis (bv), trichomonas ... | 2016 | 27836494 |
| reproductive tract infections and premalignant lesions of cervix: evidence from women presenting at the cancer detection centre of the indian cancer society, delhi, 2000-2012. | burden of cervical cancer (cc) is highest for women in low- and middle-income countries (lmics). human papillomavirus (hpv) is implicated as the necessary cause of cc although a number of other factors aid the long process of cc development. one among them is the presence of reproductive tract infections (rtis). this study investigated the associations between rtis and cc from india. | 2016 | 27651644 |
| association of genital infections other than human papillomavirus with pre-invasive and invasive cervical neoplasia. | human papillomavirus (hpv) is a well-established causative agent of malignancy of the female genital tract and a common sexually transmitted infection. the probable co-factors that prevent spontaneous clearance of hpv and progression to neoplasia are genital tract infections from organisms like chlamydia, trichomonas vaginalis etc, smoking, nutritional deficiencies and multiparity. inflammatory conditions can lead to pre-neoplastic manifestations in the cervical epithelium; however their specifi ... | 2016 | 27042571 |
| bacterial vaginosis, aerobic vaginitis, vaginal inflammation and major pap smear abnormalities. | the purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the impact of the vaginal milieu on the presence of abnormal pap smears and a positive human papilloma virus (hpv) test. a cross-sectional study was conducted between june 2014 and may 2015, evaluating the vaginal discharge by fresh wet mount microscopy and comparing these data with pap smear findings. wet mount slides were scored for bacterial vaginosis (bv), aerobic vaginitis (av), presence of candida and trichomonas vaginalis. cytologic evalua ... | 2016 | 26810061 |
| effect of recombinant prophenin 2 on the integrity and viability of trichomonas vaginalis. | trichomonas vaginalis is the causal agent of trichomoniasis, which is associated with preterm child delivery, low birth weight, and an increased risk of infection by human papilloma virus and human immunodeficiency virus following exposure. several reports have established increasing numbers of trichomoniasis cases resistant to metronidazole, the agent used for treatment, and it is therefore important to identify new therapeutic alternatives. previously, our group reported the effect of tritrpti ... | 2015 | 25815316 |
| the vaginal microbiota: what have we learned after a decade of molecular characterization? | we conducted a systematic review of the medline database (u.s. national library of medicine, national institutes of health, bethesda, md, u.s.a) to determine if consistent molecular vaginal microbiota (vmb) composition patterns can be discerned after a decade of molecular testing, and to evaluate demographic, behavioral and clinical determinants of vmb compositions. studies were eligible when published between 1 january 2008 and 15 november 2013, and if at least one molecular technique (sequenci ... | 2014 | 25148517 |
| high-risk human papillomavirus messenger rna testing in physician- and self-collected specimens for cervical lesion detection in high-risk women, kenya. | little is known about the performance of physician-versus self-collected specimens for high-risk human papillomavirus (hrhpv) messenger rna (mrna) testing or risk factors for hrhpv mrna positivity in physician- versus self-collected specimens. we compared the performance of hrhpv mrna testing of physician- and self-collected specimens for detecting cytological high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions or more severe (≥hsil) and examined risk factors for hrhpv mrna positivity in female sex work ... | 2013 | 23965776 |
| prevalence of human papillomavirus and co-existent sexually transmitted infections among female sex workers, men having sex with men and injectable drug abusers from eastern india. | human papillomavirus (hpv) is a very common sexually transmitted disease affecting both men and women and is responsible for different ano-genital cancers in either sex. co-existing sexually transmitted infections (sti) including hiv have been considered as important co-factors for carcinogenesis induced by hpv. the purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of any hpv, hpv 16 and hpv 18 and also concomitant stis among female sex workers (fsw), men having sex with men (msm) and inject ... | 2012 | 22631651 |
| no evidence for infection of uk prostate cancer patients with xmrv, bk virus, trichomonas vaginalis or human papilloma viruses. | the prevalence of specific infections in uk prostate cancer patients was investigated. serum from 84 patients and 62 controls was tested for neutralisation of xenotropic murine leukaemia virus-related virus (xmrv) envelope. no reactivity was found in the patient samples. in addition, a further 100 prostate dna samples were tested for xmrv, bk virus, trichomonas vaginalis and human papilloma viruses by nucleic acid detection techniques. despite demonstrating dna integrity and assay sensitivity, w ... | 2012 | 22470540 |
| the adherence of trichomonas vaginalis to host ectocervical cells is influenced by lactobacilli. | trichomoniasis is a common sexually transmitted disease, and adhesion of the pathogen trichomonas vaginalis to the host vaginal cells is the first step in establishing infection. for this to happen, the pathogen has to overcome a natural protective barrier composed mostly of lactobacilli. the objective of this study was to understand the role of lactobacilli in the adhesion of t vaginalis to host cells. | 2013 | 23720602 |
| combining a synthetic spermicide with a natural trichomonacide for safe, prophylactic contraception. | can a specifically acting synthetic spermicide (dse-37) be combined with a natural microbicide (saponins) for safe, prophylactic contraception? | 2014 | 24291662 |
| synthesis of 3-(1-alkyl/aminoalkyl-3-vinyl-piperidin-4-yl)-1-(quinolin-4-yl)-propan-1-ones and their 2-methylene derivatives as potential spermicidal and microbicidal agents. | a series of twenty two derivatives of 3-(1-alkyl/aminoalkyl-3-vinyl-piperidin-4-yl)-1-(quinolin-4-yl)-propan-1-one and their 2-methylene derivatives were synthesized from naturally abundant cinchonine (i). tartarate salts of these compounds were prepared and evaluated for spermicidal activity. the most active compounds (24, 27, 34, 36, and 38) showing potent spermicidal activity were further evaluated against different strains of trichomonas vaginalis, for antimicrobial activity, in hela cell li ... | 2012 | 22846917 |
| the anti-trichomonas vaginalis phloroglucinol derivative isoaustrobrasilol b modulates extracellular nucleotides hydrolysis. | trichomonas vaginalis causes trichomoniasis, a neglected sexually transmitted disease. due to severe health consequences and treatment failure, new therapeutic alternatives are crucial. phloroglucinols from southern brazilian hypericum species demonstrated anti-t. vaginalis and anti-leishmania amazonensis activities. the modulation of biochemical pathways involved in the control of inflammatory response by ectonucleotidases, ntpdase and ecto-5'-nucleotidase, represents new targets for combating ... | 2017 | 28390095 |
| antiprotozoal screening of the cuban native plant scutellaria havanensis. | scutellaria havanensis jacq. (lamiaceae) is a native medicinal herb with a history of use in cuba. | 2016 | 27564587 |
| the efficacy of 2-nitrovinylfuran derivatives against leishmania in vitro and in vivo. | despite recent advances in the treatment of some forms of leishmaniasis, the available drugs are still far from ideal due to inefficacy, parasite resistance, toxicity and cost. the wide-spectrum antimicrobial activity of 2-nitrovinylfuran compounds has been described, as has their activity against trichomonas vaginalis and other protozoa. thus, the aim of this study was to test the antileishmanial activities of six 2-nitrovinylfurans in vitro and in a murine model of leishmaniasis. minimum paras ... | 2015 | 25946239 |
| the efficacy of 2-nitrovinylfuran derivatives against leishmania in vitro and in vivo. | despite recent advances in the treatment of some forms of leishmaniasis, the available drugs are still far from ideal due to inefficacy, parasite resistance, toxicity and cost. the wide-spectrum antimicrobial activity of 2-nitrovinylfuran compounds has been described, as has their activity against trichomonas vaginalis and other protozoa. thus, the aim of this study was to test the antileishmanial activities of six 2-nitrovinylfurans in vitro and in a murine model of leishmaniasis. minimum paras ... | 2015 | 25807467 |
| leishmania donovani eukaryotic initiation factor 5a: molecular characterization, localization and homology modelling studies. | eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5a (eif5a) is a small acidic protein highly conserved from archaea to mammals. eif5a is the only protein which undergoes a unique lysine residue modification to hypusine. hypusinylation is important for the function of eif5a which is reported to be essential for cell viability. eif5a promotes formation of the first peptide bond at the onset of protein synthesis. however, its function in leishmania donovani is unclear. the present study focuses on the char ... | 2014 | 24909104 |
| clinical laboratory assessments for mycoplasma genitalium in a high-prevalence sexually-transmitted infection community reveal epidemiologic dichotomies with trichomonas vaginalis. | mycoplasma genitalium is an emerging agent of sexually-transmitted infection and is responsible for clinically-significant genital tract disease in both females and males. similar to scenarios recently experienced with the urogenital flagellate trichomonas vaginalis, an evolving molecular diagnostic reference standard based on transcription-mediated amplification allows for accurate detection of the organism, plus additional insight into disease epidemiology. areas covered. the basis for this ar ... | 2017 | 27894204 |
| sexually transmitted pathogens, coinfections and risk factors in patients attending obstetrics and gynecology clinics in jalisco, mexico. | to determine the frequency of nine sexually transmitted pathogens, coinfections and risk factors in patients attending obstetrics and gynecology clinics in jalisco, mexico. | 2016 | 27599076 |
| trichomonas vaginalis infection in symbiosis with trichomonasvirus and mycoplasma. | trichomonas vaginalis is a protozoan with an extracellular obligatory parasitic lifestyle exclusively adapted to the human urogenital tract and responsible for nearly a quarter billion sexually transmitted infections worldwide each year. this review focuses on symbiotic trichomonasvirus and mycoplasma carried by the protozoan, their molecular features and their role in altering the human vaginal microbiome and the immunopathogenicity of the parasite. improved diagnostics and larger clinical inte ... | 2017 | 28366838 |
| association between preterm labor and genitourinary tract infections caused by trichomonas vaginalis, mycoplasma hominis, gram-negative bacilli, and coryneforms. | preterm labor (ptl) is responsible for most cases of neonatal death. in most of these cases, the causes of ptl have not been established although several risk factors have been described. therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate risk factors for ptl before 37 gestational weeks among egyptian women. | 2017 | 28094234 |
| leukocyte lysis and cytokine induction by the human sexually transmitted parasite trichomonas vaginalis. | trichomonas vaginalis (tv) is an extracellular protozoan parasite that causes the most common non-viral sexually transmitted infection: trichomoniasis. while acute symptoms in women may include vaginitis, infections are often asymptomatic, but can persist and are associated with medical complications including increased hiv susceptibility, infertility, pre-term labor, and higher incidence of cervical cancer. heightened inflammation resulting from tv infection could account for these complication ... | 2016 | 27529696 |
| symbiotic association with mycoplasma hominis can influence growth rate, atp production, cytolysis and inflammatory response of trichomonas vaginalis. | the symbiosis between the parasitic protist trichomonas vaginalis and the opportunistic bacterium mycoplasma hominis is the only one currently described involving two obligate human mucosal symbionts with pathogenic capabilities that can cause independent diseases in the same anatomical site: the lower urogenital tract. although several aspects of this intriguing microbial partnership have been investigated, many questions on the influence of this symbiosis on the parasite pathobiology still rem ... | 2016 | 27379081 |
| [usefulness of conventional polymerase chain reaction for the detection of mycoplasma hominis, ureaplasma spp. and trichomonas vaginalis in female outpatient's genital samples]. | trichomonas vaginalis, mycoplasma hominis and ureaplasma spp. are microorganisms responsible for genitourinary and pregnancy pathologies. nucleic acid amplification methods have shown several advantages, but have not been widely studied for the detection of these microorganisms. | 2016 | 26965874 |
| high rates of double-stranded rna viruses and mycoplasma hominis in trichomonas vaginalis clinical isolates in south brazil. | trichomonas vaginalis is the etiological agent of trichomoniasis, the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease (std) in world, with 276.4 million new cases each year. t. vaginalis can be naturally infected with mycoplasma hominis and trichomonasvirus species. this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of t. vaginalis infected with four distinct t. vaginalis viruses (tvvs) and m. hominis among isolates from patients in porto alegre city, south brazil. an additional goal of this study w ... | 2015 | 26160539 |
| association of trichomonas vaginalis with its symbiont mycoplasma hominis synergistically upregulates the in vitro proinflammatory response of human monocytes. | trichomonas vaginalis is the causative agent of trichomoniasis, one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases worldwide. in recent years we have described the symbiotic relationship between t vaginalis and mycoplasma hominis. how this biological association might affect the pathogenicity of one or both the microorganisms is still unknown. since local inflammation is thought to play a central role in t vaginalis infection, we investigated the in vitro response of human macrophages to natur ... | 2013 | 23633668 |
| [mycoplasma hominis symbiosis and trichomonas vaginalis metronidazole resistance]. | to investigate the relation of mycoplasma hominis symbiosis and the resistance of trichomonas vaginalis to metronidazole. | 2012 | 23072138 |
| mycoplasma hominis in cuban trichomonas vaginalis isolates: association with parasite genetic polymorphism. | trichomonas vaginalis can be naturally infected with intracellular mycoplasma hominis. this bacterial infection may have implications for trichomonal virulence and disease pathogenesis. the objective of the study was to report the presence of m. hominis in cuban t. vaginalis isolates and to describe the association between the phenotype m. hominis infected with rapd genetic polymorphism of t. vaginalis. the random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) technique was used to determine genetic differenc ... | 2012 | 22584035 |
| gonococcal polyarthritis with sternoclavicular joint involvement in pregnant woman: a case report. | pregnancy is one of conditions that increase the risk of gonococcal arthritis which result from blood dissemination of neisseria gonorrhoeae. a 20-year-old africain female patient (in the second trimester of pregnancy), was admitted to hospital because of fever, asymmetric joint swollen affecting the hands, wrists, left ankle, and right sternoclavicular joint. laboratory findings (erythrocyte sedimentation rate was 117 mm in first hour, the serum c-reactive protein level was 152 mg/l) the gram s ... | 2014 | 25170386 |
| anti-trichomonas vaginalis activity of marine-associated fungi from the south brazilian coast. | trichomonas vaginalis is the causative agent of trichomonosis, the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease. infection with this protozoan may have serious consequences, especially for women. currently, 5-nitroimidazole drugs are the treatment of choice for trichomonosis, but the emergence of resistance has limited the effectiveness of this therapy. in this context, this study aimed to evaluate the anti-t. vaginalis activity of marine-associated fungi found in the south brazilian coast ... | 2013 | 23201217 |
| responding to a zoonotic emergency with multi-omics research: pentatrichomonas hominis hydrogenosomal protein characterization with use of rna sequencing and proteomics. | pentatrichomonas hominis is an anaerobic flagellated protist that colonizes the large intestine of a number of mammals, including cats, dogs, nonhuman primates, and humans. the wide host range of this organism is alarming and suggests a rising zoonotic emergency. however, knowledge on in-depth biology of this protist is still limited. similar to the human pathogen, trichomonas vaginalis, p. hominis possesses hydrogenosomes instead of mitochondria. studies in t. vaginalis indicated that hydrogeno ... | 2016 | 27828770 |
| determination of internal transcribed spacer regions (its) in trichomonas vaginalis isolates and differentiation among trichomonas species. | the nucleotide sequence of the 5.8s rrna gene and the flanked internal transcribed spacer (its) regions of six trichomonas vaginalis isolates with different metronidazole sensitivity and geographic origin were genotyped. a multiple sequence alignment was performed with different sequences of other isolates available at the genbank/embl/ddbj databases, which revealed 5 different sequence patterns. although a stable mutation in position 66 of the its1 (c66t) was observed in 26% (9/34) of the t. va ... | 2014 | 24412628 |
| mono- and multimeric ferrocene congeners of quinoline-based polyamines as potential antiparasitics. | a series of mono- and multimeric polyamine-containing ferrocenyl complexes containing a quinoline motif were prepared. the complexes were characterised by standard techniques. the molecular structure of the monomeric salicylaldimine derivative was elucidated using single crystal x-ray diffraction and was consistent with the proposed structure. the antiplasmodial activity of the compounds were evaluated in vitro against both the nf54 (chloroquine-sensitive) and k1 (chloroquine-resistant) strains ... | 2016 | 27485032 |
| polyamine quinoline rhodium complexes: synthesis and pharmacological evaluation as antiparasitic agents against plasmodium falciparum and trichomonas vaginalis. | a series of mono- and bis-salicylaldimine ligands and their corresponding rh(i) complexes were prepared. the compounds were characterised using standard spectroscopic techniques including nmr, ir spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. the salicylaldimine ligands and complexes were screened for antiparasitic activity against two strains of plasmodium falciparum i.e. the nf54 cq-sensitive and k1 cq-resistant strain as well as against the g3 isolate of trichomonas vaginalis. the monomeric salicylaldim ... | 2015 | 26226082 |
| improved antiparasitic activity by incorporation of organosilane entities into half-sandwich ruthenium(ii) and rhodium(iii) thiosemicarbazone complexes. | a series of ferrocenyl- and aryl-functionalised organosilane thiosemicarbazone compounds was obtained via a nucleophilic substitution reaction with an amine-terminated organosilane. the thiosemicarbazone (tsc) ligands were further reacted with either a ruthenium dimer [(η(6-i)prc6h4me)ru(μ-cl)cl]2 or a rhodium dimer [(cp*)rh(μ-cl)cl]2 to yield a series of cationic mono- and binuclear complexes. the thiosemicarbazone ligands, as well as their metal complexes, were characterised using nmr and ir s ... | 2015 | 25559246 |
| in and out of the minor groove: interaction of an at-rich dna with the drug cd27. | the dna of several pathogens is very rich in at base pairs. typical examples include the malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum and the causative agents of trichomoniasis and trypanosomiases. this fact has prompted studies of drugs which interact with the minor groove of dna, some of which are used in medical practice. previous studies have been performed almost exclusively with the aatt sequence. new features should be uncovered through the study of different dna sequences. in this paper, the c ... | 2014 | 24914972 |
| synthesis and evaluation of new polynuclear organometallic ru(ii), rh(iii) and ir(iii) pyridyl ester complexes as in vitro antiparasitic and antitumor agents. | new polynuclear organometallic platinum group metal (pgm) complexes containing di- and tripyridyl ester ligands have been synthesised and characterised using analytical and spectroscopic techniques including (1)h, (13)c nmr and infrared spectroscopy. reaction of these polypyridyl ester ligands with either [ru(p-cymene)cl2]2, [rh(c5me5)cl2]2 or [ir(c5me5)cl2]2 dimers yielded the corresponding di- or trinuclear organometallic complexes. the polyaromatic ester ligands act as monodentate donors to e ... | 2014 | 24121555 |
| synthesis, characterization, antiparasitic and cytotoxic evaluation of thioureas conjugated to polyamine scaffolds. | a series of mono- and multimeric 4-amino-7-chloroquinoline and ferrocenyl thioureas have been prepared by the reaction of a 7-chloroquinoline methyl ester and a ferrocenylimine methyl ester with various amines. these compounds were characterized using standard spectroscopic and analytical techniques. the compounds were evaluated against the nf54 (cq-sensitive) and dd2 (cq-resistant) strains of plasmodium falciparum. the quinoline compounds show enhanced activity compared to the ferrocene compoun ... | 2013 | 24012713 |
| the synthesis and antiparasitic activity of aryl- and ferrocenyl-derived thiosemicarbazone ruthenium(ii)-arene complexes. | a series of aryl-functionalized and ferrocenyl monothiosemicarbazone compounds (l1-l4) were synthesized in moderate yields via a general schiff-base condensation reaction. the thiosemicarbazone (tsc) ligands were reacted with the ruthenium dimer [ru(ar)(μ-cl)cl](2) (ar = benzene; p-cymene) to yield a series of cationic mononuclear ruthenium(ii)-arene thiosemicarbazone complexes of the general type [ru(cl)(tsc)(ar)]cl (1-8). the thiosemicarbazone ligands act as bidentate chelating ligands that co ... | 2013 | 23361649 |
| activity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids against biofilm formation and trichomonas vaginalis. | crotalaria genus belongs to the subfamily papilionoideae comprising about 600 species spread throughout tropical, neotropical and subtropical regions. in this study, seeds of crolatalaria pallida were used to the isolation of usaramine, a pyrrolizidine alkaloid. thus, pseudomonas aeruginosa and staphylococcus epidermidis were utilized as strains to test some activities of this alkaloid, such as antibiofilm and antibacterial. meanwhile, monocrotaline obtained from crotalaria retusa seeds, was use ... | 2016 | 27399809 |
| [investigation of in vitro metronidazole resistance in the clinical isolates of trichomonas vaginalis]. | trichomonas vaginalis, a flagellated, urogenital anaerobic protozoon is reported as an important cause of vaginitis with a global distribution. although metronidazole is the primary choice of drug for the treatment of trichomoniasis, the presence of resistant isolates from many different countries highlights the need of novel drugs for the treatment. many studies from turkey mostly dealing with the in vitro effects of compounds and natural products against t.vaginalis have been reported, however ... | 2016 | 28124960 |
| vulvovaginite : dépistage et prise en charge de la trichomonase, de la candidose vulvovaginale et de la vaginose bactérienne. | analyser les données probantes et formuler des recommandations quant au dépistage et à la prise en charge de la candidose vulvovaginale, de la trichomonase et de la vaginose bactérienne. | 2016 | 28063567 |
| characterization of cyclin-dependent kinases and cdc2/cdc28 kinase subunits in trichomonas vaginalis. | cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks) have important roles in regulating key checkpoints between stages of the cell cycle. their activity is tightly regulated through a variety of mechanisms, including through binding with cyclin proteins and the cdc2/cdc28 kinase subunit (cks), and their phosphorylation at specific amino acids. studies of the components involved in cell cycle control in parasitic protozoa are limited. trichomonas vaginalis is the causative agent of trichomoniasis in humans and is the ... | 2017 | 27928981 |
| [in vitro susceptibility of trichomonas vaginalis to metronidazole, ornidazole and proton pump inhibitors pantoprazole and esomeprazole]. | the current treatment of trichomoniasis is based on the use of 5-nitroimidazole derivatives. although metronidazole is reliable, inexpensive and highly effective against anaerobic microorganisms and protozoa, the development of metronidazole-resistant t.vaginalis strains pose to an increasing problem. nitroimidazoles are compounds having azomycin (2-nitroimidazole) chemical structure and are obtained from streptomyces strains. benzimidazole, which is found in the structure of proton pump inhibit ... | 2016 | 27058337 |
| conservation of transit peptide-independent protein import into the mitochondrial and hydrogenosomal matrix. | the origin of protein import was a key step in the endosymbiotic acquisition of mitochondria. though the main translocon of the mitochondrial outer membrane, tom40, is ubiquitous among organelles of mitochondrial ancestry, the transit peptides, or n-terminal targeting sequences (ntss), recognised by the tom complex, are not. to better understand the nature of evolutionary conservation in mitochondrial protein import, we investigated the targeting behavior of trichomonas vaginalis hydrogenosomal ... | 2015 | 26338186 |
| stop codon recognition in the early-diverged protozoans giardia lamblia and trichomonas vaginalis. | two classes of polypeptide release factors (rfs) are responsible for maintaining accuracy in translation termination; however, their detailed mechanism of action and evolutionary history of these factors remain elusive. the structure and function of rfs vary in bacteria and eukaryotes, a fact that is suggestive of evolutionary changes in the translation termination system. giardia lamblia (diplomonada) and trichomonas vaginalis (parabasalia) are considered as early-diverged eukaryotes. the class ... | 2015 | 26310515 |
| anti-retroviral lectins have modest effects on adherence of trichomonas vaginalis to epithelial cells in vitro and on recovery of tritrichomonas foetus in a mouse vaginal model. | trichomonas vaginalis causes vaginitis and increases the risk of hiv transmission by heterosexual sex, while tritrichomonas foetus causes premature abortion in cattle. our goals were to determine the effects, if any, of anti-retroviral lectins, which are designed to prevent heterosexual transmission of hiv, on adherence of trichomonas to ectocervical cells and on tritrichomonas infections in a mouse model. we show that trichomonas asn-linked glycans (n-glycans), like those of hiv, bind the manno ... | 2015 | 26252012 |
| vulvovaginitis: screening for and management of trichomoniasis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, and bacterial vaginosis. | to review the evidence and provide recommendations on screening for and management of vulvovaginal candidiasis, trichomoniasis, and bacterial vaginosis. | 2015 | 26001874 |
| the parasite trichomonas vaginalis expresses thousands of pseudogenes and long non-coding rnas independently from functional neighbouring genes. | the human pathogen trichomonas vaginalis is a parabasalian flagellate that is estimated to infect 3% of the world's population annually. with a 160 megabase genome and up to 60,000 genes residing in six chromosomes, the parasite has the largest genome among sequenced protists. although it is thought that the genome size and unusual large coding capacity is owed to genome duplication events, the exact reason and its consequences are less well studied. | 2014 | 25326207 |
| prevalence of trichomonas vaginalis infection in kashan city, iran (2012-2013). | trichomonas vaginalis infection is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases in humans. t.vaginalis is a parasitic protozoan with a predilection for human urogenital tract and causative agent for vaginitis, cervicitis and urethritis in females. t.vaginalis infection is associated with risk of human immunodeficiency virus infectivity and pregnancy complication. | 2014 | 25114674 |
| a dynamin-related protein contributes to trichomonas vaginalis hydrogenosomal fission. | trichomonas vaginalis is a highly divergent, unicellular eukaryote of the phylum metamonada, class parabasalia, and the source of a common sexually transmitted infection. this parasite lacks mitochondria, but harbors an evolutionarily related organelle, the hydrogenosome. we explored the role of dynamin-related proteins (drps) in the division of the hydrogenosome. eight drp homologues [t. vaginalis drps (tvdrps)], which can be grouped into 3 subclasses, are present in t. vaginalis. we examined 5 ... | 2014 | 24297697 |
| box h/aca snornas are preferred substrates for the trimethylguanosine synthase in the divergent unicellular eukaryote trichomonas vaginalis. | the 2,2,7-trimethylguanosine caps of eukaryal snrnas and snorna are formed by the enzyme tgs1, which catalyzes sequential guanine-n2 methylations of m(7)g caps. atypically, in the divergent unicellular eukaryote trichomonas vaginalis, spliceosomal snrnas lack a guanosine cap and the recombinant t. vaginalis trimethylguanosine synthase (tvtgs) produces only m(2,7)g in vitro. here, we show by direct metabolic labeling that endogenous t. vaginalis rnas contain m(7)g, m(2,7)g, and m(2,2,7)g caps. im ... | 2012 | 22847815 |
| the cytoskeleton of parabasalian parasites comprises proteins that share properties common to intermediate filament proteins. | certain protist lineages bear cytoskeletal structures that are germane to them and define their individual group. trichomonadida are excavate parasites united by a unique cytoskeletal framework, which includes tubulin-based structures such as the pelta and axostyle, but also other filaments such as the striated costa whose protein composition remains unknown. we determined the proteome of the detergent-resistant cytoskeleton of tetratrichomonas gallinarum. 203 proteins with homology to trichomon ... | 2016 | 27744090 |
| new insights into the phylogeny of trichomonads inferred from small subunit rrna sequences. | small subunit ribosomal dna sequences were obtained by polymerase chain reaction from four trichomonad species: a frog endosymbiont trichomitus batrachorum, an intestinal endosymbiont of a squamate reptile, hypotrichomonas acosta and two free-living isolates, monotrichomonas carabina and monotrichomonas sp. molecular trees inferred by distance, parsimony and likelihood techniques identify three well-resolved clusters within the trichomonads, however bootstrap values do not strongly support a par ... | 1998 | 23194718 |
| genetic characterization of oropharyngeal trichomonad isolates from wild birds indicates that genotype is associated with host species, diet and presence of pathognomonic lesions. | oropharyngeal trichomonad isolates of wild birds from spain were studied. a total of 1688 samples (1214 of predator birds and 474 of prey species) from wildlife recovery centres and scientific bird-ringing campaigns were analysed from 2011 to 2013. the overall infection prevalence was 20.3% (11.4% in predator birds and 43.3% in prey species). pathognomonic lesions were present in 26% of the infected birds (57.3% in predator birds and 4.9% in prey species). the most commonly parasitized species w ... | 2014 | 25262786 |
| trichomonas gypaetinii n. sp., a new trichomonad from the upper gastrointestinal tract of scavenging birds of prey. | in the context of an epidemiological study carried out by several wildlife recovery centers in spain, trichomonads resembling trichomonas gallinae were found in the oropharyngeal cavity of 2 egyptian vultures (neophron percnopterus) and 14 cinereous vultures (aegypius monachus) which did not show any symptoms of trichomonosis. in order to characterize them, these isolates along with seven other t. gallinae isolates obtained from different hosts and from different geographical origin were analyze ... | 2015 | 25273632 |
| trichomonas stableri n. sp., an agent of trichomonosis in pacific coast band-tailed pigeons (patagioenas fasciata monilis). | trichomonas gallinae is a ubiquitous flagellated protozoan parasite, and the most common etiologic agent of epidemic trichomonosis in columbid and passerine species. in this study, free-ranging pacific coast band-tailed pigeons (patagioenas fasciata monilis) in california (usa) were found to be infected with trichomonad protozoa that were genetically and morphologically distinct from t. gallinae. in microscopic analysis, protozoa were significantly smaller in length and width than t. gallinae an ... | 2014 | 24918075 |
| fingerprinting and genetic relationship of trichomonas vaginalis, trichomonas muris and trichomonas gallinae. | because of the common pathology, protein expression and drug resistance mechanisms-though in different hosts- of the luminal trichomonads trichomonas vaginalis, t. gallinae and t. muris, doubts were raised concerning their phylogenetic relationship. the random amplified polymorohic (rapd) technique for genetic dna polymorphism studying was used to genetically characterize and assess their interspecies polymorphism. results showed a high statistical support for the close relationship between the ... | 2013 | 24640874 |
| trichomonas spp. in pigeons: detection by osom trichomonas rapid test. | the efficacy of the osom trichomonas rapid test (developed for rapid diagnosis of human trichomonas vaginalis) in detection of trichomonas spp. in pigeons (columba livia) was investigated. two oral cavity swabs were taken from 50 farm pigeons. cultivation in diamond trichomonas medium was used as a reference method. according to a morphological determination, trichomonas gallinae was the only protozoan found; however, no further molecular analysis was conducted. the osom trichomonas test was pos ... | 2013 | 24597125 |
| molecular confirmation of trichomonas gallinae and other parabasalids from brazil using the 5.8s and its-1 rrna regions. | clinical, gross, and histopathology lesions and molecular characterization of trichomonas spp. infection were described in two striped owls (asio (rhinoptynx) clamator), one american kestrel (falco sparverius), two green-winged saltators (saltator similis), and in a toco toucan (ramphastos toco) from brazil. these birds presented clinical signs including emaciation, ruffled feathers, abundant salivation and open mouth breathing presumably due to abundant caseous material. gross lesions were char ... | 2012 | 22749289 |
| cysteine peptidases, secreted by trichomonas gallinae, are involved in the cytopathogenic effects on a permanent chicken liver cell culture. | trichomonas gallinae, the aetiological agent of avian trichomonosis, was shown to secrete soluble factors involved in cytopathogenic effect on a permanent chicken liver (lmh) cell culture. the present study focused on the characterization of these molecules. the addition of specific peptidase inhibitors to the cell-free filtrate partially inhibited the monolayer destruction, which implied the presence of peptidases in the filtrate and their involvement in the cytopathogenic effect. one-dimension ... | 2012 | 22649527 |
| is trichomonas tenax a parasite or a commensal? | trichomonas tenax is considered a commensal organism found under poor oral hygiene conditions. t. tenax presents morphological similarities with t. vaginalis, and there are doubts concerning whether this protist is a parasite and whether it is a genetic variant of t. vaginalis. this study aimed to investigate the capacity of t. tenax to cause mammalian cell damage and compare its cytotoxicity with that of t. vaginalis. protozoan-host cell interaction assays were performed with madin-darby canine ... | 2015 | 25835639 |
| first report of trichomonas tenax infections in the philippines. | recent studies have reported trichomonas tenax as a cause of pleuropulmonary infections in humans. in this study, sputum and vaginal swab samples were collected from patients suffering from respiratory ailments in rodriguez, rizal and sex workers attending the social hygiene clinics in angeles city in pampanga, mandaluyong city and pasay city in metro manila, philippines, respectively. dna was extracted from samples and the 18s rrna gene was amplified and sequenced. phylogenetic trees were const ... | 2014 | 24406842 |
| glycogen accumulation and degradation by the trichomonads trichomonas vaginalis and trichomonas tenax. | several species of trichomonad have been shown to accumulate significant quantities of glycogen during growth, suggesting an important role for this compound in cell physiology. we provide the first analysis of the changes in glycogen content and glycogen phosphorylase activity that occur during in vitro growth of two trichomonad species: trichomonas vaginalis and trichomonas tenax. both species accumulated glycogen following inoculation into fresh medium and utilized this compound during logari ... | 2012 | 22612314 |
| a cross-sectional analysis of trichomonas vaginalis infection among heterosexual hiv-1 serodiscordant african couples. | trichomonas vaginalis is the most prevalent curable sti worldwide and has been associated with adverse health outcomes and increased hiv-1 transmission risk. we conducted a cross-sectional analysis among couples to assess how characteristics of both individuals in sexual partnerships are associated with the prevalence of male and female t. vaginalis infection. | 2017 | 28377421 |
| the costa of trichomonads: a complex macromolecular cytoskeleton structure made of uncommon proteins. | the costa is a prominent striated fiber that is found in protozoa of the trichomonadidae family that present an undulating membrane. it is composed primarily of proteins that have not yet been explored. in this study, we used cell fractionation to obtain a highly enriched costa fraction whose structure and composition was further analyzed by electron microscopy and mass spectrometry. | 2017 | 28369980 |
| prevalence of trichomonas vaginalis in women of reproductive age at a family health clinic. | trichomonas vaginalis is considered the most prevalent curable sexually transmitted infection, and its occurrence exceeds that of gonococcal and chlamydia infections. this parasite has been identified as responsible for the increased risk of transmission of hiv and has also been associated with prostate and cervical cancer. many carriers of t. vaginalis are asymptomatic and, when experiencing a health problem, they most often have nonspecific symptoms. the aim of this research was to estimate th ... | 2017 | 28368862 |
| trichomoniasis - are we giving the deserved attention to the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease worldwide? | trichomonas vaginalis is the etiologic agent of trichomoniasis, the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease (std) in the world. transmission: trichomoniasis is transmitted by sexual intercourse and transmission via fomites is rare. epidemiology, incidence and prevalence: the who estimates an incidence of 276 million new cases each year and prevalence of 187 million of infected individuals. however, the infection is not notifiable. pathology/symptomatology: the t. vaginalis infection r ... | 2016 | 28357378 |
| urinary infection due to balantioides coli: a rare accidental zoonotic disease in an addicted and diabetic young female in iran. | balantiosis, a rare zoonotic infection resulting in dysentery, is caused by the large ciliated protozoan parasite balantioides coli. humans acquire this organism via the faecal-oral route. very rarely, extraintestinal infections can occur in the urinary tract system. there are very few case reports of urinary balantiosis in humans. | 2016 | 28348744 |
| the prevalence of trichomoniasis and associated factors among women treated at a university hospital in southern brazil. | trichomoniasis is the most prevalent non-viral sexually transmitted disease (std) in the world; however, it remains a neglected parasitic disease. this study aimed to determine the prevalence of trichomoniasis and its associated epidemiological factors among women treated at a hospital in southern brazil. | 2017 | 28346531 |
| epigenome mapping highlights chromatin-mediated gene regulation in the protozoan parasite trichomonas vaginalis. | trichomonas vaginalis is an extracellular flagellated protozoan parasite that causes trichomoniasis, one of the most common non-viral sexually transmitted diseases. to survive and to maintain infection, t. vaginalis adapts to a hostile host environment by regulating gene expression. however, the mechanisms of transcriptional regulation are poorly understood for this parasite. histone modification has a marked effect on chromatin structure and directs the recruitment of transcriptional machinery, ... | 2017 | 28345651 |
| t. vaginalis exosome-like vesicles modify the cytokine profile and reduce inflammation in parasite-infected mice. | trichomonas vaginalis (tv) is a flagellated parasite commonly spread through sexual transmission. this protozoan initiates a severe inflammatory process, inducing nitric oxide, interleukin-6 (il-6), il-8, il-10, il-17, and il-22 production by host immune cells. the parasites elicit these responses by releasing surface lipophosphoglycan, small extracellular vesicles (exosomes) and other factors. tv exosomes are similar to mammalian exosomes and have been implicated in the modulation of il-8 secre ... | 2017 | 28345149 |
| potential of bisbenzimidazole-analogs toward metronidazole-resistant trichomonas vaginalis isolates. | a bisoxyphenylene-bisbenzimidazole series with increasing aliphatic chain length (ch2 to c10 h20 ) containing a meta (m) or para (p) benzimidazole linkage to the phenylene ring was tested for ability to inhibit the growth of metronidazole susceptible (c1) and refractory (085) trichomonas vaginalis isolates under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. compound 3m, 2,2'-[α,ω-propadiylbis(oxy-1,3-phenylene)]bis-1h-benzimidazole, displayed a 5.5-fold lower minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) towards t ... | 2017 | 28296056 |
| antiparasitic activity of 1,3-dioxolanes containing tellurium in trichomonas vaginalis. | the increased prevalence of metronidazole-resistant infections has resulted in a search for alternative drugs for the treatment of trichomoniasis. in the present study, we report the preparation and in vitro activity of three 1,3-dioxolanes that contain tellurium (ptedox 01, ptedox 02, and ptedox 03) against trichomonas vaginalis. six concentrations of these compounds were analyzed for in vitro activity against atcc 30236 isolate of t. vaginalis. ptedox 01 reported a cytotoxic effect against 100 ... | 2017 | 28236702 |
| can trichomoniasis cause pharyngitis? a case report. | we report on a heterosexual male with sore throat diagnosed as oral trichomoniasis vaginalis. | 2016 | 28228954 |
| syndromic diagnosis in evaluation of women with symptoms of vaginitis. | this review aims to determine the effectiveness of the use of syndrome diagnosis in the evaluation of vaginitis and to make suggestions based on the review findings. | 2017 | 28210940 |
| recombinant α-actinin subunit antigens of trichomonas vaginalis as potential vaccine candidates in protecting against trichomoniasis. | human trichomoniasis caused by trichomonas vaginalis is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases with more than 200 million cases worldwide. it has caused a series of health problems to patients. for prevention and control of infectious diseases, vaccines are usually considered as one of the most cost-efficient tools. however, until now, work on the development of t. vaginalis vaccines is still mainly focused on the screening of potential immunogens. alpha-actinin characterized by hi ... | 2017 | 28209207 |
| medicinal plants and their isolated compounds showing anti-trichomonas vaginalis- activity. | trichomonas vaginalis is a major of non-viral sexually-transmitted infection and an important cause of serious obstetrical and gynecological complications. treatment options for trichomoniasis are limited to nitroimidazole compounds. the increasing resistance and allergic reactions to nitroimidazole and recurrent trichomoniasis make it essential to identify and develop new drugs against trichomoniasis. medicinal plants are an important source for discovery of new medications. this review discuss ... | 2017 | 28178618 |
| natural products as new treatment options for trichomoniasis: a molecular docking investigation. | trichomoniasis, caused by the parasitic protozoan trichomonas vaginalis, is the most common non-viral sexually-transmitted disease, and there can be severe complications from trichomoniasis. antibiotic resistance in t. vaginalis is increasing, but there are currently no alternatives treatment options. there is a need to discover and develop new chemotherapeutic alternatives. plant-derived natural products have long served as sources for new medicinal agents, as well as new leads for drug discove ... | 2017 | 28134827 |
| in vitro activity of nitazoxanide against some metronidazole-resistant and susceptible trichomonas vaginalis isolates. | trichomonas vaginalis cases refractory to metronidazole (mtz) treatment had been reported. this study aimed to the assessment of in vitro metronidazole resistance among trichomonas positive cases with treatment failure by determination of metronidazole minimal lethal concentration (mlc), and to the evaluation of the in vitro efficacy of nitazoxanide (ntz) as compared to metronidazole (mtz) in both resistant and susceptible isolates. drug testing was carried out by an aerobic tube assay where sus ... | 2017 | 28131737 |
| prevalence of trichomoniasis among 18-48 year-old women in northwest of iran. | the aims of this study were to examine the prevalence of trichomoniasis among women aged 18 to 48 yr in ardabil, northwestern iran and the relationship between demographic factors and the risk of infection. | 2017 | 28127371 |
| molecular characterization of trichomonas vaginalis strains based on identifying their probable variations in asymptomatic patients. | the aim of this study was to identify the trichomonas vaginalis strains/haplotypes based on identifying their probable variations in asymptomatic patients referred to tabriz health centers, northwestern iran. | 2017 | 28127362 |
| [investigation of the prevalence of trichomonas vaginalis among female syrian refugees with the complaints of vaginitis aged between 15-49 years]. | since the syrian civil war began in 2011, most of the syrian refugees have immigrated to turkey due to its open gate policy and the width of the border. by the end of 2015, it was estimated that there were 2.5 million syrian refugees in turkey. many of the syrian refugees live in sanliurfa due to its location on the border with syria. trichomonas vaginalis, apart from viral agents is the most common parasite among sexually transmitted infection agents. the aim of this study was to determine the ... | 2016 | 28124964 |