| postantibiotic effects of grepafloxacin compared to those of five other agents against 12 gram-positive and -negative bacteria. | the postantibiotic effect (pae) (10x the mic) and the postantibiotic sub-mic effects (0.125, 0.25, and 0.5x the mic) were determined for six compounds against 12 strains. measurable paes ranged between 0 and 1.8 h for grepafloxacin, 0 and 2.2 h for ciprofloxacin, 0 and 3. 1 h for levofloxacin, 0 and 2.2 h for sparfloxacin, 0 and 2.4 h for amoxicillin-clavulanate and 0 and 4.8 h for clarithromycin. reexposure to subinhibitory concentrations increased the paes against some strains. | 2000 | 10602746 |
| cd45ra and cd45ro isoforms in infected malnourished and infected well-nourished children. | the aim of this study was to determine if the distribution in vivo of cd4(+)cd45ra(+)/cd45ro(-) (naive), cd4(+)cd45ra(+)/cd45ro(+) (ddull) and cd4(+)cd45ro(+) (memory) lymphocytes differs in malnourished infected and well-nourished infected children. the expression of cd45ra (naive) and cd45ro (memory) antigens on cd4(+) lymphocytes was analysed by flow cytometry in a prospectively followed cohort of 15 malnourished infected, 12 well-nourished infected and 10 well-nourished uninfected children. ... | 2001 | 11737063 |
| in vitro antibacterial activities of af 3013, the active metabolite of prulifloxacin, against nosocomial and community italian isolates. | af 3013, the active metabolite of prulifloxacin, was tested to determine its inhibitory and bactericidal activities against 396 nosocomial and 258 community italian isolates. compared with that of ciprofloxacin, its activity (assessed in mic and minimal bactericidal concentration tests) was generally similar or greater against gram-positive bacteria and greater against gram-negative bacteria. in time-kill assays using selected isolates, its bactericidal activity was comparable to that of ciprofl ... | 2001 | 11709353 |
| pharmacokinetics of cefepime during continuous renal replacement therapy in critically ill patients. | the pharmacokinetics of cefepime were studied in 12 adult patients in intensive care units during continuous venovenous hemofiltration (cvvh) or continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration (cvvhdf) with a multiflow60 an69hf 0.60-m(2) polyacrylonitrile hollow-fiber membrane (hospal industrie, meyzieu, france). patients (mean age, 52.0 +/- 13.0 years [standard deviation]; mean weight, 96.7 +/- 18.4 kg) received 1 or 2 g of cefepime every 12 or 24 h (total daily doses of 1 to 4 g/day) by intravenous in ... | 2001 | 11600370 |
| cytolytic complement activity in otitis media with effusion. | otitis media with effusion (ome) is a chronic inflammation persisting in the middle ear cavity of at least 8 weeks duration. middle ear effusion (mee; n = 38), samples from children suffering from ome were investigated for their direct cytolytic activity or an ability to enhance complement lysis of unsensitized bystander cells. thirteen of the 38 mees had direct endogenous haemolytic activity and 27 samples had an ability to enhance serum-initiated lysis. using an enzyme immunoassay, high levels ... | 2001 | 11472396 |
| invasive fungal sinusitis and meningitis due to arthrographis kalrae in a patient with aids. | we report the first described case of arthrographis kalrae pansinusitis and meningitis in a patient with aids. the patient was initially diagnosed with arthrographis kalrae pansinusitis by endoscopic biopsy and culture. the patient was treated with itraconazole for approximately 5 months and then died secondary to pneumocytis carinii pneumonia. postmortem examination revealed invasive fungal sinusitis that involved the sphenoid sinus and that extended through the cribiform plate into the inferio ... | 2001 | 11158158 |
| antibiotics for acute purulent rhinitis. | | 2002 | 12468457 |
| overview of lower respiratory tract infections: diagnosis and treatment. | because the diagnosis and treatment of community-acquired pneumonia (cap) continue to present decision-making challenges, a number of professional organizations have developed treatment guidelines to provide parameters for diagnosis and treatment. the infectious diseases society of america (idsa) and the american thoracic society (ats) both recently updated their guidelines for the treatment of cap to take into account the changes that have occurred in antimicrobial susceptibility and the availa ... | 2002 | 22826663 |
| antimicrobial resistance in canada: update on activities of the canadian committee on antibiotic resistance. | | 2002 | 18159395 |
| new antimicrobial agents approved by the u.s. food and drug administration in 2001 and new indications for previously approved agents. | | 2002 | 11897615 |
| longitudinal study of trachomatous trichiasis in the gambia. | investigation of the natural history of trachomatous trichiasis in the gambia and of the outcome of self epilation and surgery for the condition. | 2002 | 11864895 |
| single-dose pharmacokinetics and penetration of bms 284756 into an inflammatory exudate. | the pharmacokinetics of a single dose of bms 284756 were determined following oral administration of a 600-mg dose to eight healthy male volunteers. concentrations of the drug were measured in plasma and a cantharidine-induced inflammatory exudate by a microbiological assay. the mean peak concentration in plasma of 10.4 microg/ml (standard deviation [sd], 1.3 microg/ml) was attained at a mean time of 1.2 h (sd, 0.5 h) after the dose. the penetration into the inflammatory exudate was 82% (sd, 15. ... | 2002 | 11751144 |
| efficacy and safety of levofloxacin in the context of other contemporary fluoroquinolones: a review. | in recent years, fluoroquinolone research has focused on achieving several goals, including (1) enhanced potency against gram-positive cocci, notably streptococcus pneumoniae, and anaerobes, while (2) maintaining potency against gram-negative pathogens, (3) optimizing pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (pk/pd), and (4) minimizing potential adverse drug reactions through recognition and avoidance of structural configurations that have characterized earlier, reactive compounds. | 2003 | 24944413 |
| recommendations for the use of pacifiers. | | 2003 | 20019941 |
| prospective, randomized comparison of om-85 bv and a prophylactic antibiotic in children with recurrent infections and immunoglobulin a and/or g subclass deficiency. | patients with immunoglobulin (ig)a and/or igg subclass deficiency may be asymptomatic or may have recurrent, mainly respiratory infections. | 2003 | 24944407 |
| randomized double-blind study comparing 3- and 6-day regimens of azithromycin with a 10-day amoxicillin-clavulanate regimen for treatment of acute bacterial sinusitis. | a randomized, double-blind, multicenter study of adults with acute bacterial sinusitis (abs) compared the efficacy and safety of two azithromycin (azm) regimens, 500 mg/day once daily for 3 days (azm-3) or 6 days (azm-6) to the efficacy and safety of an amoxicillin-clavulanate (amc) regimen of 500-125 mg three times daily for 10 days. a total of 936 subjects with clinically and radiologically documented abs were treated (azm-3, 312; azm-6, 311; amc, 313). clinical success rates were equivalent a ... | 2003 | 12936972 |
| measurement of cefaclor and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid levels in middle-ear fluid in patients with acute otitis media. | concentrations of cefaclor (cfc) or amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (amx/ca) in middle-ear fluid collected preserving the stability and clearing the cell contents has been compared to those obtained using the traditional method. sixty-seven children with effusive otitis media were treated orally with cfc (20 mg/kg of body weight) or amx/ca (20 mg/kg) (4:1 ratio). the concentrations in cell-free fluid (c-) appear higher than those in the total fluid (c+) (as assayed traditionally). | 2003 | 12937009 |
| a phase iii, placebo controlled clinical trial of 0.5% levofloxacin ophthalmic solution for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis. | to compare the efficacy and safety of levofloxacin 0.5% ophthalmic solution (quixin) with placebo for treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis. | 2003 | 12881345 |
| oral antibiotics with early hospital discharge compared with in-patient intravenous antibiotics for low-risk febrile neutropenia in patients with cancer: a prospective randomised controlled single centre study. | neutropenic sepsis remains a potentially life-threatening complication of anticancer chemotherapy. however, it is possible to identify patients who are at low risk for serious complications and for whom less-intensive, more-convenient treatment may be appropriate. the aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of oral antibiotics in conjunction with early hospital discharge in comparison with standard in-patient intravenous antibiotics in patients with low-risk neutropenic fever. in ... | 2003 | 12838298 |
| new antimicrobial agents approved by the u.s. food and drug administration in 2002 and new indications for previously approved agents. | | 2003 | 12760901 |
| role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in otitis media with effusion in adults. | otitis media with effusion (ome) is one of the most common ear diseases. bacterial endotoxins and several inflammatory cytokines appear to be involved in the pathogenesis of ome in children; however, little is known of the immunological aspects of the onset of ome in adults. we sought to determine the presence of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (mif) as well as interleukin 1beta (il-1beta), tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha), rantes (regulated upon activation, normal t-cell expressed ... | 2003 | 12738641 |
| importance of respiratory viruses in acute otitis media. | acute otitis media is usually considered a simple bacterial infection that is treated with antibiotics. however, ample evidence derived from studies ranging from animal experiments to extensive clinical trials supports a crucial role for respiratory viruses in the etiology and pathogenesis of acute otitis media. viral infection of the upper respiratory mucosa initiates the whole cascade of events that finally leads to the development of acute otitis media as a complication. the pathogenesis of a ... | 2003 | 12692096 |
| selective decontamination of the digestive tract reduces mortality in critically ill patients. | | 2003 | 12720552 |
| single-dose (30 mg/kg) azithromycin compared with 10-day amoxicillin/clavulanate for the treatment of uncomplicated acute otitis media: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. | the long half-life of azithromycin allows for single-dose oral therapy for acute otitis media (aom). | 2003 | 24944351 |
| a pilot study of single-dose azithromycin versus three-day azithromycin or single-dose ceftriaxone for uncomplicated acute otitis media in children. | the pharmacokinetic profile of azithromycin supports its use as single-dose therapy for uncomplicated acute otitis media (aom) in children. | 2003 | 24944350 |
| caregivers' practices, knowledge and beliefs of antibiotics in paediatric upper respiratory tract infections in trinidad and tobago: a cross-sectional study. | antibiotic overuse and misuse for upper respiratory tract infections in children is widespread and fuelled by public attitudes and expectations. this study assessed knowledge, beliefs, and practices regarding antibiotic use for these paediatric infections among children's caregivers' in trinidad and tobago in the english speaking caribbean. | 2004 | 15574193 |
| [18f]ciprofloxacin, a new positron emission tomography tracer for noninvasive assessment of the tissue distribution and pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in humans. | the biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of the fluorine-18-labeled fluoroquinolone antibiotic [(18)f]ciprofloxacin in tissue were studied noninvasively in humans by means of positron emission tomography (pet). special attention was paid to characterizing the distribution of [(18)f]ciprofloxacin to select target tissues. healthy volunteers (n = 12) were orally pretreated for 5 days with therapeutic doses of unlabeled ciprofloxacin. on day 6, subjects received a tracer dose (mean injected amount, ... | 2004 | 15388445 |
| mapk-dependent regulation of il-1- and beta-adrenoreceptor-induced inflammatory cytokine production from mast cells: implications for the stress response. | catecholamines, such as epinephrine, are elaborated in stress responses, and mediate vasoconstriction to cause elevation in systemic vascular resistance and blood pressure. our previous study has shown that il-1 can induce mast cells to produce proinflammatory cytokines which are involved in atherogenesis. the aim of this study was to determine the effects of epinephrine on il-1-induced proatherogenic cytokine production from mast cells. | 2004 | 15383152 |
| improving m cell mediated transport across mucosal barriers: do certain bacteria hold the keys? | specialized microfold (m) cells of the follicle-associated epithelium (fae) of the mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (malt) in gut and the respiratory system play an important role in the genesis of both mucosal and systemic immune responses by delivering antigenic substrate to the underlying lymphoid tissue where immune responses start. although it has been shown that dendritic cells (dc) also have the ability to sample antigens directly from the gut lumen, m cells certainly remain the most im ... | 2004 | 15312131 |
| steady-state plasma and intrapulmonary pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cethromycin. | the objective of this study was to determine the steady-state plasma and intrapulmonary pharmacokinetic parameters of orally administered cethromycin in healthy volunteers. the study design included administering 150 or 300 mg of cethromycin once daily to 25 or 35 healthy adult subjects, respectively, for a total of five doses. standardized and timed bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) was performed after the last dose. blood was obtained for drug assay prior to the first and last dose, at multiple tim ... | 2004 | 15328118 |
| activity of telithromycin and comparators against bacterial pathogens isolated from 1,336 patients with clinically diagnosed acute sinusitis. | increasing antimicrobial resistance among the key pathogens responsible for community-acquired respiratory tract infections has the potential to limit the effectiveness of antibiotics available to treat these infections. since there are regional differences in the susceptibility patterns observed and treatment is frequently empirical, the selection of antibiotic therapy may be challenging. protekt, a global, longitudinal multicentre surveillance study, tracks the activity of telithromycin and co ... | 2004 | 15287988 |
| quality control guidelines for bal9141 (ro 63-9141), an investigational cephalosporin, when reference mic and standardized disk diffusion susceptibility test methods are used. | bal9141 is a novel cephalosporin with a broad spectrum of activity, including activity against methicillin-resistant staphylococci. this multicenter study was performed to establish quality control (qc) guidelines for susceptibility testing of bal9141 in phase 3 clinical trials and after u.s. food and drug administration approval. the proposed 3 or 4 log(2) dilution mic ranges encompass 97.8 to 100.0% of reported results, while the proposed 7- to 9-mm-zone-diameter qc ranges included 95.2 to 99. ... | 2004 | 15243116 |
| structured representation of the pharmacodynamics section of the summary of product characteristics for antibiotics: application for automated extraction and visualization of their antimicrobial activity spectra. | the aim of this study was to construct automatically a knowledge base concerning the pharmacodynamic properties of antibiotics and a visualization tool. | 2004 | 15064283 |
| physician behaviour for antimicrobial prescribing for paediatric upper respiratory tract infections: a survey in general practice in trinidad, west indies. | upper respiratory tract infections (urtis) are among the most frequent reasons for physician office visits in paediatrics. despite their predominant viral aetiology, urtis continue to be treated with antimicrobials. we explored general practitioners' (gps) prescribing behaviour for antimicrobials in children (< or = 16 years) with urtis in trinidad, using the guidelines from the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) as a reference. | 2004 | 15196306 |
| intranasal immunization with a colloid-formulated bacterial extract induces an acute inflammatory response in the lungs and elicits specific immune responses. | nonspecific stimulation of lung defenses by repeated oral administration of immunomodulators, such as bacterial extracts, has shown potential for the prevention of respiratory tract infections. here, we show that intranasal (i.n.) immunization with a bacterial extract formulated as a colloid induces an acute inflammatory response in the lungs characterized by increased production of ccl and cxcl chemokines and a major influx of dendritic cells (dcs) and neutrophils, with a higher proportion of d ... | 2004 | 15102776 |
| new antimicrobial agents approved by the us food and drug administration in 2003 and new indications for previously approved agents. | | 2004 | 15047565 |
| phagocytosis, innate immunity, and host-pathogen specificity. | | 2004 | 14707110 |
| bacterial tracheitis in children: approach to diagnosis and treatment. | bacterial tracheitis is due to a secondary bacterial infection of the trachea, resulting in the formation of mucopurulent exudates that may acutely obstruct the upper airway, resulting in a life-threatening condition. bacterial tracheitis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any child with acute upper airway obstruction. this diagnosis should also be considered in any child with viral croup that is nonresponsive to conventional therapy. the only definitive way to diagnose bacter ... | 2004 | 19654977 |
| colonization and infection of the respiratory tract: what do we know? | | 2004 | 19654976 |
| a rare cause of specific cough in a child: the importance of following-up children with chronic cough. | for many years, the term 'specific cough' has been used as a clinical cough descriptor in children to signify the likelihood of an underlying disease causing the cough. in this case study, we describe a child with specific cough caused by a rare carcinoma, a mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the bronchus. the cough only totally resolved after the primary cause was successfully treated. this report highlights the importance of following up children with cough, especially those with specific cough. | 2005 | 16270935 |
| cough: are children really different to adults? | worldwide paediatricians advocate that children should be managed differently from adults. in this article, similarities and differences between children and adults related to cough are presented. physiologically, the cough pathway is closely linked to the control of breathing (the central respiratory pattern generator). as respiratory control and associated reflexes undergo a maturation process, it is expected that the cough would likewise undergo developmental stages as well. clinically, the ' ... | 2005 | 16270937 |
| use of pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic target attainment analyses to support phase 2 and 3 dosing strategies for doripenem. | a doripenem population pharmacokinetic model and monte carlo simulations were utilized for dose regimen decision support for future clinical development. simulation results predict that 500 mg of doripenem administered over 1 h every 8 h would be effective against bacterial strains with mics less than 2 microg/ml and that less susceptible strains could be treated with prolonged infusions. | 2005 | 16127078 |
| in vitro antibacterial activity of dx-619, a novel des-fluoro(6) quinolone. | the in vitro activities of dx-619, des-fluoro(6) quinolone, against 1,208 clinical isolates were examined. dx-619 was particularly potent against staphylococci, including ciprofloxacin- and methicillin-resistant strains; the mic at which 90% of the strains tested were inhibited was 0.5 microg/ml. in addition, dx-619 was also active against gram-negative bacteria. | 2005 | 15980395 |
| new antimicrobial agents approved by the u.s. food and drug administration in 2004 and new indications for previously approved agents. | | 2005 | 15855554 |
| use of the microseq 500 16s rrna gene-based sequencing for identification of bacterial isolates that commercial automated systems failed to identify correctly. | reliable automated identification and susceptibility testing of clinically relevant bacteria is an essential routine for microbiology laboratories, thus improving patient care. examples of automated identification systems include the phoenix (becton dickinson) and the vitek 2 (biomerieux). however, more and more frequently, microbiologists must isolate "difficult" strains that automated systems often fail to identify. an alternative approach could be the genetic identification of isolates; this ... | 2005 | 15695654 |
| pharmacological treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. | none of the drugs currently available for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) are able to reduce the progressive decline in lung function which is the hallmark of this disease. smoking cessation is the only intervention that has proved effective. the current pharmacological treatment of copd is symptomatic and is mainly based on bronchodilators, such as selective beta2-adrenergic agonists (short- and long-acting), anticholinergics, theophylline, or a combination of these drugs. glucocor ... | 2006 | 18044097 |
| newer fluoroquinolones in the treatment of acute exacerbations of copd. | acute exacerbations of copd are a major cause of morbidity and mortality. bacteria are implicated in about half of all cases. the frequency of exacerbations is related to decline in lung function and poorer quality of life. 25% of patients with copd have bacterial colonization of the lower airways in stable state whereas non-smokers without copd have airways that are sterile. the significance of the colonization is unclear, but there is emerging evidence that it may be detrimental. much of the d ... | 2006 | 18046861 |
| immunoglobulins and complement factor c4 in adult rhinosinusitis. | we assessed whether complement and its factor c4 or abnormal immunoglobulin levels are associated with chronic or recurrent rhinosinusitis. we used multiple patient and control groups to obtain clinically meaningful data. adult chronic or recurrent rhinosinusitis and acute purulent rhinosinusitis patients were compared with unselected adults and controls without previous rhinosinusitis. associated clinical factors were reviewed. levels of immunoglobulins, plasma c3, c4 and classical pathway haem ... | 2006 | 16879240 |
| association of cd14 promoter polymorphism with otitis media and pneumococcal vaccine responses. | innate immunity is of particular importance for protection against infection during early life, when adaptive immune responses are immature. cd14 plays key roles in innate immunity, including in defense against pathogens associated with otitis media, a major pediatric health care issue. the t allele of the cd14 c-159t polymorphism has been associated with increased serum cd14 levels. our objective was to investigate the hypothesis that the cd14 c-159t allele is protective against recurrent acute ... | 2006 | 16893989 |
| abc of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. acute exacerbations. | | 2006 | 16825232 |
| copd exacerbations.5: management. | a review of the most relevant evidence based therapeutic options currently available for the management of exacerbations of copd. | 2006 | 16738044 |
| new antimicrobial agents approved by the u.s. food and drug administration in 2005 and new indications for previously approved agents. | | 2006 | 16641478 |
| capsaicin cough sensitivity in bronchiectasis. | bronchiectasis is a suppurative airway disease characterised by persistent cough and sputum production associated with bronchial dilatation. a study was undertaken to determine whether cough sensitivity is increased in bronchiectatic patients. | 2006 | 16601085 |
| copd exacerbations . 2: aetiology. | exacerbations of copd are thought to be caused by complex interactions between the host, bacteria, viruses, and environmental pollution. these factors increase the inflammatory burden in the lower airways, overwhelming the protective anti-inflammatory defences leading to tissue damage. frequent exacerbations are associated with increased morbidity and mortality, a faster decline in lung function, and poorer health status, so prevention or optimal treatment of exacerbations is a global priority. ... | 2006 | 16517585 |
| acute otitis media during the first two years of life in a rural community in bangladesh: a prospective cohort study. | the study investigated the burden of acute otitis media (aom) during the first two years of life in a cohort of 252 newborns in rural bangladesh using data collected on occurrences of aom. trained community health workers (chws) conducted household surveillance and picked up cases of aom using the study algorithm. the incidence rate was 0.9 episodes per child-year observed. forty-six percent (n=115) of the 252 subjects developed aom: 36% (n=91) during the first year of life and 10% (n=24) during ... | 2007 | 18402184 |
| pathogen-directed therapy in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. | acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) are important events in the natural history of this chronic lung disorder. these events can be caused by a large number of infectious and noninfectious agents and are associated with an increased local and systemic inflammatory response. their frequency and severity have been linked to progressive deterioration in lung function and health status. infectious pathogens ranging from viral to atypical and typical bacteria have been ... | 2007 | 18073397 |
| acute otitis media. | | 2007 | 18077757 |
| antibiotics for respiratory tract infections in primary care. | | 2007 | 17947743 |
| canadian thoracic society recommendations for management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - 2007 update. | chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) is a major respiratory illness in canada that is both preventable and treatable. our understanding of the pathophysiology of this complex condition continues to grow and our ability to offer effective treatment to those who suffer from it has improved considerably. the purpose of the present educational initiative of the canadian thoracic society (cts) is to provide up to date information on new developments in the field so that patients with this con ... | 2007 | 17885691 |
| a canadian perspective on the american academy of pediatrics guidelines for acute otitis media. | | 2007 | 19030431 |
| recognition, clinical diagnosis and management of patients with primary antibody deficiencies: a systematic review. | the primary purpose of this systematic review was to produce an evidence-based review of the literature as a means of informing current clinical practice in the recognition, diagnosis and management of patients with suspected primary antibody deficiency. randomized controlled trials (rcts) were identified from a search of medline, embase, the cochrane library, dare (crd website) and cinahl by combining the search strategies with the cochrane collaboration's validated rct filter. in addition, oth ... | 2007 | 17565605 |
| otitis media in children (acute). | in the uk, about 30% of children under 3 years of age visit their gps each year with acute otitis media (aom), and 97% of these receive antibiotics. in the usa, aom is the most common reason for outpatient antibiotic treatment. without antibiotics, aom resolves within 24 hours in about 60% of children, and within 3 days in about 80% of children. | 2007 | 19454120 |
| innate immune control of pulmonary dendritic cell trafficking. | dendritic cells (dc) are potent antigen-presenting cells that are essential for initiating adaptive immune responses. residing within the airway mucosa, pulmonary dc continually sample the antigenic content of inhaled air and migrate to draining lymph nodes, where they present these antigens to naive t cells. the migratory patterns of pulmonary dc are highly dependent upon inflammatory conditions in the lung. under steady-state, or non-inflammatory, conditions, pulmonary dc undergo slow but cons ... | 2007 | 17607005 |
| 10-minute consultation: sinusitis. | | 2007 | 17540947 |
| acute rhinosinusitis in adults: an update on current management. | acute rhinosinusitis is a common disease with worldwide prevalence. it is a significant burden on the health services. it is most commonly caused by viruses and is self-limiting in nature. the diagnosis of acute rhinosinusitis is clinical and sinus radiography is not indicated routinely. most cases of acute rhinosinusitis are treated symptomatically. however, symptoms may persist beyond 10 days when secondary bacterial infection prevails. antibiotics are reserved for moderate or severe cases or ... | 2007 | 17551072 |
| effector t lymphocytes in well-nourished and malnourished infected children. | the mechanisms involved in impaired immunity in malnourished children are not well understood. cd4(+) cd62l(-) and cd8(+) cd28(-) do not express the naive cell markers cd62l and cd28, suggesting that they function as effector t cells. using a flow cytometry-based analysis we examined the proportions of cd4(+) cd62l(-) and cd8(+) cd28(-) t cell subsets in well-nourished infected (wni) and malnourished infected (mni) children. here we report that wni children had a higher percentage of cd4(+) cd62 ... | 2007 | 17362263 |
| what is new in otitis media? | the "wait and see" approach in acute otitis media (aom), consisting of postponing the antibiotic administration for a few days, has been advocated mainly to counteract the increased bacterial resistance in respiratory infections. this approach is not justified in children less than 2 years of age and this for several reasons. first, aom is an acute inflammation of the middle ear caused in about 70% of cases by bacteria. redness and bulging of the tympanic membrane are characteristic findings in ... | 2007 | 17364173 |
| prulifloxacin: a brief review of its potential in the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. | exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (aecb) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd), and their impact on public health is increasing. the new fluoroquinolones have an excellent spectrum providing cover for the most important respiratory pathogens, including atypical and "typical" pathogens. not surprisingly, different guidelines have inserted these agents among the drugs of choice in the empirical therapy of aecb. the pharmacokine ... | 2007 | 18044063 |
| single-dose azithromycin microsphere formulation: a novel delivery system for antibiotics. | azithromycin extended release (zmax, pfizer inc) is a novel single-dose administration formulation of azithromycin which won fda approval in june 2005 and is currently approved for the treatment of community acquired pneumonia and acute bacterial sinusitis. azitromycin is incorporated into sustained-release microspheres which release the drug slowly through 200 microm pores. because of this sustained release mechanism, most of the drug is released into the lower gastrointestinal tract, reducing ... | 2007 | 17722506 |
| sinusitis and its management. | | 2007 | 17303885 |
| effectiveness and safety of short vs. long duration of antibiotic therapy for acute bacterial sinusitis: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. | treatment guidelines generally support that a 10-14-day antibiotic regimen should be administered to uncomplicated acute bacterial sinusitis patients. however, the level of evidence for such a recommendation is rather weak. treatment of such duration may have disadvantages compared with a shorter duration but equally effective regimen, including the promotion of bacterial drug resistance, poorest patient compliance, higher toxicity, and a greater overall economic burden. | 2008 | 19154447 |
| effectiveness and safety of short vs. long duration of antibiotic therapy for acute bacterial sinusitis: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. | treatment guidelines generally support that a 10-14-day antibiotic regimen should be administered to uncomplicated acute bacterial sinusitis patients. however, the level of evidence for such a recommendation is rather weak. treatment of such duration may have disadvantages compared with a shorter duration but equally effective regimen, including the promotion of bacterial drug resistance, poorest patient compliance, higher toxicity, and a greater overall economic burden. | 2008 | 19154447 |
| in vitro activity of lk-157, a novel tricyclic carbapenem as broad-spectrum {beta}-lactamase inhibitor. | lk-157 is a novel tricyclic carbapenem with potent activity against class a and class c beta-lactamases. when tested against the purified tem-1 and shv-1 enzymes, lk-157 exhibited 50% inhibitory concentrations (ic(50)s) in the ranges of the clavulanic acid and tazobactam ic(50)s (55 nm and 151 nm, respectively). moreover, lk-157 significantly inhibited ampc beta-lactamase (ic(50), 62 nm), as lk-157 was >2,000-fold more potent than clavulanic acid and approximately 28-fold more active than tazoba ... | 2008 | 19075067 |
| in vitro activity of lk-157, a novel tricyclic carbapenem as broad-spectrum {beta}-lactamase inhibitor. | lk-157 is a novel tricyclic carbapenem with potent activity against class a and class c beta-lactamases. when tested against the purified tem-1 and shv-1 enzymes, lk-157 exhibited 50% inhibitory concentrations (ic(50)s) in the ranges of the clavulanic acid and tazobactam ic(50)s (55 nm and 151 nm, respectively). moreover, lk-157 significantly inhibited ampc beta-lactamase (ic(50), 62 nm), as lk-157 was >2,000-fold more potent than clavulanic acid and approximately 28-fold more active than tazoba ... | 2008 | 19075067 |
| tonsillectomy in children. | tonsillectomy is one of the most frequently performed surgical interventions in children. in the following, indications, preoperative evaluation, surgical techniques and postoperative complications will be discussed. | 2008 | 19561812 |
| the role for s-carboxymethylcysteine (carbocisteine) in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. | prescription of mucoactive drugs for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) is increasing. this development in clinical practice arises, at least in part, from a growing understanding of the important role that exacerbation frequency, systemic inflammation and oxidative stress play in the pathogenesis of respiratory disease. s-carboxymethylcysteine (carbocisteine) is the most frequently prescribed mucoactive agent for long-term copd use in the uk. in addition to its mucoregulatory activity ... | 2008 | 19281081 |
| cytokine-mediated regulation of antimicrobial proteins. | antimicrobial proteins constitute a phylogenetically ancient form of innate immunity that provides host defence at skin and mucosal surfaces. although some components of this system are constitutively expressed, new evidence reviewed in this progress article shows that the production of certain antimicrobial proteins by epithelial cells can also be regulated by cytokines of the innate and adaptive immune systems. in particular, the effector cytokines interleukin-17 and interleukin-22, which are ... | 2008 | 18949018 |
| pharmacological management of acute bronchiolitis. | this article reviews the current knowledge base related to the pharmacological treatments for acute bronchiolitis. bronchiolitis is a common lower respiratory illness affecting infants worldwide. the mainstays of therapy include airway support, supplemental oxygen, and support of fluids and nutrition. frequently tried pharmacological interventions, such as ribavirin, nebulized bronchodilators, and systemic corticosteroids, have not been proven to benefit patients with bronchiolitis. antibiotics ... | 2008 | 19209271 |
| the role of inflammatory mediators in the pathogenesis of otitis media and sequelae. | this review deals with the characteristics of various inflammatory mediators identified in the middle ear during otitis media and in cholesteatoma. the role of each inflammatory mediator in the pathogenesis of otitis media and cholesteatoma has been discussed. further, the relation of each inflammatory mediator to the pathophysiology of the middle and inner ear along with its mechanisms of pathological change has been described. the mechanisms of hearing loss including sensorineural hearing loss ... | 2008 | 19434244 |
| white tide. | | 2008 | 25949289 |
| white tide. | | 2008 | 25949289 |
| analysis of mixed sequencing chromatograms and its application in direct 16s rrna gene sequencing of polymicrobial samples. | investigation of clinical samples by direct 16s rrna gene sequencing provides the possibility to detect nonviable bacteria and bacteria with special growth requirements. this approach has been particularly valuable for the diagnosis of patients who have received antibiotics prior to sample collection. in specimens containing more than one bacterium, direct sequencing gives mixed chromatograms that complicate further interpretation. we designed an algorithm able to analyze these ambiguous chromat ... | 2008 | 18768654 |
| shea/apic guideline: infection prevention and control in the long-term care facility. | | 2008 | 18786461 |
| shea/apic guideline: infection prevention and control in the long-term care facility, july 2008. | | 2008 | 18767983 |
| role of macrolide therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. | chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. the global burden of disease study has concluded that copd will become the third leading cause of death worldwide by 2020, and will increase its ranking of disability-adjusted life years lost from 12th to 5th. acute exacerbations of copd (aecopd) are associated with impaired quality of life and pulmonary function. more frequent or severe aecopds have been associated with especially markedly impaire ... | 2008 | 18990961 |
| absent otoacoustic emissions predict otitis media in young aboriginal children: a birth cohort study in aboriginal and non-aboriginal children in an arid zone of western australia. | otitis media (om) is the most common paediatric illness for which antibiotics are prescribed. in australian aboriginal children om is frequently asymptomatic and starts at a younger age, is more common and more likely to result in hearing loss than in non-aboriginal children. absent transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (teoaes) may predict subsequent risk of om. | 2008 | 18755038 |
| acute otitis media in children with tympanostomy tubes. | to review evidence regarding antibiotic treatment of acute otitis media in children with tympanostomy tubes and to discuss antibiotic resistance and ototoxicity. | 2008 | 18697973 |
| in children with prolonged cough, does treatment with antibiotics have a better effect on cough resolution than no treatment?: part a: evidence-based answer and summary. | | 2008 | 19436433 |
| in children with prolonged cough, does treatment with antibiotics have a better effect on cough resolution than no treatment?: part b: clinical commentary. | | 2008 | 19436426 |
| neutrophil and monocyte cd64 and cd163 expression in critically ill neonates and children with sepsis: comparison of fluorescence intensities and calculated indexes. | to evaluate the expression of cd64 and cd163 on neutrophils and monocytes in sirs with/without sepsis and to compare the diagnostic accuracy of cd64 and cd163 molecules expression determined as (1) mean fluorescence intensities (mfi) of cd64 and cd163; and (2) the ratio (index) of linearized mfi to the fluorescence signal of standardized beads. | 2008 | 18604302 |
| common cold. | each year, children suffer up to 5 colds and adults have 2-3 infections, leading to time off school or work, and considerable discomfort. most symptoms resolve within a week, but coughs often persist for longer. | 2008 | 19450292 |
| compared to placebo, long-term antibiotics resolve otitis media with effusion (ome) and prevent acute otitis media with perforation (aomwip) in a high-risk population: a randomized controlled trial. | for children at high risk of chronic suppurative otitis media (csom), strategies to prevent acute otitis media with perforation (aomwip) may reduce progression to csom. | 2008 | 18513453 |
| severe asthma and the omalizumab option. | atopic diseases and asthma are increasing at a remarkable rate on a global scale. it is now well recognized that asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways. the inflammatory process in many patients is driven by an immunoglobulin e (ige)-dependent process. mast cell activation and release of mediators, in response to allergen and ige, results in a cascade response, culminating in b lymphocyte, t lymphocyte, eosinophil, fibroblast, smooth muscle cell and endothelial activation. this ... | 2008 | 18489791 |
| acute exacerbations and respiratory failure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. | acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (aecopd) describe the phenomenon of sudden worsening in airway function and respiratory symptoms in patients with copd. these exacerbations can range from self-limited diseases to episodes of florid respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation. the average patient with copd experiences two such episodes annually, and they account for significant consumption of health care resources. although bacterial infections are the most co ... | 2008 | 18453367 |
| fluoroquinolones compared with beta-lactam antibiotics for the treatment of acute bacterial sinusitis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. | the presumed superiority of newer fluoroquinolones for the treatment of acute bacterial sinusitis is based on laboratory data but has not yet been established on clinical grounds. | 2008 | 18362380 |
| the treatment of acute bacterial sinusitis: no change is good medicine. | | 2008 | 18362382 |
| sinusitis (acute). | acute sinusitis is defined pathologically, by transient inflammation of the mucosal lining of the paranasal sinuses lasting less than 4 weeks. clinically, it is characterised by nasal congestion, rhinorrhoea, facial pain, hyposmia, sneezing, and, if more severe, additional malaise and fever. it affects 1-5% of the adult population each year in europe. | 2008 | 19450327 |
| review of moxifloxacin hydrochloride ophthalmic solution in the treatment of bacterial eye infections. | moxifloxacin hydrochloride ophthalmic solution 0.5% (vigamox((r))) is the ocular formulation/adaptation of moxifloxacin. moxifloxacin is a broad spectrum 8-methoxyfluoroquinolone which terminates bacterial growth by binding to dna gyrase (topoisomerase ii) and topoisomerase iv, essential bacterial enzymes involved in the replication, translation, repair and recombination of deoxyribonucleic acid. affinity for both enzymes improves potency and reduces the probability of selecting resistant bacter ... | 2008 | 19668391 |
| optimizing antibiotic selection in treating copd exacerbations. | our understanding of the etiology, pathogenesis and consequences of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) has increased substantially in the last decade. several new lines of evidence demonstrate that bacterial isolation from sputum during acute exacerbation in many instances reflects a cause-effect relationship. placebo-controlled antibiotic trials in exacerbations of copd demonstrate significant clinical benefits of antibiotic treatment in moderate and severe epis ... | 2008 | 18488427 |
| association of nasopharyngeal bacterial colonization during upper respiratory tract infection and the development of acute otitis media. | acute otitis media occurs mostly after upper respiratory tract infection; the causative bacteria are those colonized in the nasopharynx. we studied 709 episodes of upper respiratory tract infection and found that children with no bacteria in the nasopharynx were at low risk for acute otitis media, whereas children with 3 pathogenic bacteria were at the greatest risk. | 2008 | 18205533 |