| epidemiological characterization of mycobacterium caprae strains isolated from wildlife in the bieszczady mountains, on the border of southeast poland. | the majority of animal tuberculosis (tb) cases reported in wildlife in poland over the past 20 years have concerned the european bison inhabiting the bieszczady mountains in southeast poland: an area running along the border of southeast poland. as no tb cases have been reported in domestic animals in this region since 2005, any occurrence of tb in the free-living animals inhabiting this area might pose a real threat to local livestock and result in the loss of disease-free status. the aim of th ... | 2020 | 32993648 |
| the wildlife-livestock interface on extensive free-ranging pig farms in central spain during the "montanera" period. | the effective management of shared pathogens between wild ungulates and livestock requires the understanding of the processes of interaction between them. in this work, we studied the interspecific frequency of interaction (ifreq) and its spatiotemporal pattern between wild and domestic ungulates that coexist in free-ranging farms. for this purpose, 6 red deer, 6 wild boar, 8 iberian pigs and 3 cattle were monitored using gps devices during the "montanera" period (the period in which iberian pig ... | 2020 | 32979253 |
| temporal patterns of ungulate-vehicle collisions in lithuania. | wildlife mortality caused by vehicles is a serious conservation and economic problem as collisions with large mammals are global, pervasive and increasing. we analysed 14,989 reports of ungulate-vehicle collisions (uvc) that occurred in lithuania from 2002 to 2017. we analysed uvc data for four major ungulate species (roe deer, red deer, moose and wild boar) and checked for potential seasonal or daily trends. the temporal distribution of collisions was species-dependent. uvc analysis showed stro ... | 2020 | 32768765 |
| long-term determinants of tuberculosis in the ungulate host community of doñana national park. | animal tuberculosis (tb) is endemic in wild boar (sus scrofa), red deer (cervus elaphus), fallow deer (dama dama) and cattle in south and central spain. in order to clarify the processes that operate in the medium and long-term, we studied tb at the wildlife-livestock interface in doñana national park for 14 years (2006-2018) in relation to host density, stochastic factors (rainfall) and environmental features (e.g., aggregation points such as waterholes). wild boar showed the highest prevalence ... | 2020 | 32516963 |
| detection of porcine circovirus 3 in wildlife species in spain. | porcine circovirus 3 (pcv-3) is the third member of the family circoviridae, genus circovirus, able to infect swine. a high prevalence of viral dna has been recorded in wild boars. recently, pcv-3 dna was identified in italian wild ruminants. based on these previous results, this study assessed the frequency of pcv-3 dna detection in free-ranging ruminants and lagomorpha species in spain. in addition, the genetic characterization of the pcv-3 pcr-positive samples was performed. a total of 801 se ... | 2020 | 32369945 |
| seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii in wild boar and deer in brandenburg, germany. | consumption of game in germany has increased during the past 10 years. wild boar (sus scrofa), roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and red deer (cervus elaphus) are the most frequently hunted and consumed game animals in germany, yet information on the occurrence of zoonotic pathogens in these animal species is scarce. to better estimate the public health risk emanating from handling and consumption of game, this study investigated seroprevalences of toxoplasma gondii in game hunted in the german fed ... | 2020 | 32291969 |
| the unique spatial ecology of human hunters. | human hunters are described as 'superpredators' with a unique ecology. chronic wasting disease among cervids and african swine fever among wild boar are emerging wildlife diseases in europe, with huge economic and cultural repercussions. understanding hunter movements at broad scales has implications for how to control the spread of these diseases. here we show, based on analysis of the settlement patterns and movements of hunters of reindeer (n = 9,685), red deer (n = 47,845), moose (n = 60,365 ... | 2020 | 32203320 |
| dynamic network of interactions in the wildlife-livestock interface in mediterranean spain: an epidemiological point of view. | the correct management of diseases that are transmitted between wildlife and livestock requires a reliable estimate of the pathogen transmission rate. the calculation of this parameter is a challenge for epidemiologists, since transmission can occur through multiple pathways. the social network analysis is a widely used tool in epidemiology due to its capacity to identify individuals and communities with relevant roles for pathogen transmission. in the present work, we studied the dynamic networ ... | 2020 | 32069995 |
| wolf diet and prey selection in the south-eastern carpathian mountains, romania. | the romanian wolf population, one of the largest in europe, occupies a total home-range of 154500 km2 and is spread across a variety of landscapes-from anthropized hills and plateaus to remote, densely forested mountains. however, this population is markedly understudied, and even basic knowledge of the species' feeding habits is deficient. wolf diet was assessed based on 236 scat samples collected between november 2013 and october 2014, by following pre-established transects (total length = 774 ... | 2019 | 31751409 |
| low serologic prevalences suggest sporadic infections of hepatitis e virus in chamois (rupicapra rupicapra) and red deer (cervus elaphus) in the italian alps. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is a worldwide public health concern, with an increase in human autochthonous cases in europe. although domestic pigs and wild boar (sus scrofa) are the main reservoirs of hev, the constant expansion of wild ruminants increases the potential for hev transmission. we investigated hev infection in chamois (rupicapra rupicapra) and red deer (cervus elaphus) in the italian alps using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). we detected hev antibodies from 2013 to 2015 in ... | 2020 | 31658433 |
| no evidence of hepatitis e virus infection in farmed deer in germany. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is a zoonotic agent, which is mainly transmitted by consumption of undercooked meat products originating from infected animals. domestic pigs and wild boars are the major animal reservoirs, but hev infections have been also repeatedly described in wild deer species. however, farmed deer has been only sparsely investigated so far. here, 108 blood and 106 liver samples from fallow deer, red deer, and sika deer strictly hold in game enclosures from 11 farms in germany were a ... | 2020 | 31625032 |
| presence of organic halogenated compounds, organophosphorus insecticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in meat of different game animal species from an italian subalpine area. | the exposure to several compounds such as polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs), organochlorine pesticides (ocps), organophosphorus pesticides (ops), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (pahs), perfluoroalkyl substances (pfass) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes) is a public health issue. the european union (eu) recommended that its member states monitor the presence of emerging contaminants, like pbdes and pfass, in food and in the environment to obtain an accurate estimation of exposure. the tis ... | 2019 | 31192775 |
| quality parameters of hunted game meat: sensory analysis and ph monitoring. | the aim of the present research is to propose a new, quick and objective method for the certification of hunted and/or culled wild game meat quality and to monitor its origin and the hunting practices adopted by hunters. the expected deliverable is a new labelling scheme for italian hunted wild game meat that will guarantee high quality and safety standards for consumers and will decrease transaction costs of the supply chains. during the 2015, 2016 and 2017 hunting seasons, 1,056 hunted wild un ... | 2019 | 31008084 |
| a wild circulation: high presence of porcine circovirus 3 in different mammalian wild hosts and ticks. | porcine circovirus 3 (pcv-3) has emerged as a potential threat for swine industry, being consistently reported in the presence of several clinical signs all around the world. recently, its presence in wild boar has been demonstrated at high prevalence. this evidence is surprising since the lower density of wild populations might not be expected to sustain such efficient viral transmission. porcine circoviruses were proven to exhibit a certain plasticity in the host tropism and were detected in u ... | 2019 | 30901142 |
| landscape genetic analyses of cervus elaphus and sus scrofa: comparative study and analytical developments. | red deer and wild boar are two major game species whose populations are managed and live in areas impacted by human activities. measuring and understanding the impact of landscape features on individual movements and spatial patterns of genetic variability in these species is thus of importance for managers. a large number of individuals sampled across wallonia (belgium) for both species have been genotyped using microsatellite markers (respectively > 1700 and > 1200 genotyped individuals) and s ... | 2019 | 30710096 |
| correction to: prevalence and phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis e virus in pigs, wild boars, roe deer, red deer and moose in lithuania. | following publication of the original article [1], we have been notified of a typing error in the "discussion" section. | 2019 | 30704501 |
| cone-to-müller cell ratio in the mammalian retina: a survey of seven mammals with different lifestyle. | mammalian retinal glial (müller) cells are known to guide light through the inner retina to photoreceptors (franze et al., 2007; proc natl acad sci u s a 104:8287-8292). it was shown that müller cells transmit predominantly red-green and less violet-blue light (labin et al., 2014; nat commun 5:4319). it is not known whether this optical function is reflected in the cone-to-müller cell ratio. to determine this ratio in the retinas of mammals with different lifestyle, we evaluated the local densit ... | 2019 | 30641045 |
| spatial analysis of wildlife tuberculosis based on a serologic survey using dried blood spots, portugal. | we investigated the spatial epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis (tb) in wildlife in a multihost system. we surveyed bovine tb in portugal by serologic analysis of elutes of dried blood spots obtained from hunted wild boar. we modeled spatial disease risk by using areal generalized linear mixed models with conditional autoregressive priors. antibodies against mycobaterium bovis were detected in 2.4% (95% ci 1.5%-3.8%) of 678 wild boar in 2 geographic clusters, and the predicted risk fits well wit ... | 2018 | 30457522 |
| infection of wildlife by mycobacterium bovis in france assessment through a national surveillance system, sylvatub. | mycobacterium bovis infection was first described in free-ranging wildlife in france in 2001, with subsequent detection in hunter-harvested ungulates and badgers in areas where outbreaks of bovine tuberculosis (tb) were also detected in cattle. increasing concerns regarding tb in wildlife led the french general directorate for food (dgal) and the main institutions involved in animal health and wildlife management, to establish a national surveillance system for tb in free-ranging wildlife. this ... | 2018 | 30430112 |
| comparison of lead levels in edible parts of red deer hunted with lead or non-lead ammunition. | game meat may contain elevated concentrations of lead especially if lead-containing ammunition is used for hunting. then a health risk is possible for consumer groups with high game meat intake. the lead concentrations in three edible parts (marketable meat from the area close to the wound channel, saddle and haunch) of meat from red deer (cervus elaphus) between animals hunted either with lead or non‑lead ammunition were compared. furthermore, lead levels in game meat of lead-shot red deer were ... | 2019 | 30412876 |
| diverse tick-borne microorganisms identified in free-living ungulates in slovakia. | free-living ungulates are hosts of ixodid ticks and reservoirs of tick-borne microorganisms in central europe and many regions around the world. tissue samples and engorged ticks were obtained from roe deer, red deer, fallow deer, mouflon, and wild boar hunted in deciduous forests of south-western slovakia. dna isolated from these samples was screened for the presence of tick-borne microorganisms by pcr-based methods. | 2018 | 30176908 |
| game meat consumption by hunters and their relatives: a probabilistic approach. | this study aimed to estimate the consumption of meat and products derived from hunting by the consumer population and, specifically, by hunters and their relatives. for this purpose, a survey was conducted on the frequency of consuming meat from the four most representative game species in spain, two of big game, wild boar (sus scrofa) and red deer (cervus elaphus), and two of small game, rabbit (oryctolagus cuniculus) and red partridge (alectoris rufa), as well as of processed meat products (sa ... | 2018 | 29912678 |
| tick- and fly-borne bacteria in ungulates: the prevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum, haemoplasmas and rickettsiae in water buffalo and deer species in central europe, hungary. | hunting constitutes an important industry in europe. however, data on the prevalence of vector-borne bacteria in large game animal species are lacking from several countries. blood or spleen samples (239 and 270, respectively) were taken from red, fallow and roe deer, as well as from water buffaloes, mouflons and wild boars in hungary, followed by dna extraction and molecular analyses for anaplasma phagocytophilum, haemoplasmas and rickettsiae. | 2018 | 29554900 |
| perceptions and acceptability of some stakeholders about the bovine tuberculosis surveillance system for wildlife (sylvatub) in france. | bovine tuberculosis (btb) is a common disease of cattle and wildlife, with economic repercussions and implications for animal and human health. the surveillance of btb in wildlife is particularly important, to shed light on the epidemiological role of wild species and for the adaptation of control measures. in france, a btb surveillance system for free-ranging wildlife, the sylvatub system, was launched in 2011 on wild boars, red deer, roe deer and badgers. it relies on active and passive survei ... | 2018 | 29543911 |
| management of hunting waste as control measure for tuberculosis in wild ungulates in south-central spain. | in recent decades, habitat change and the intensive management of wild ungulates for hunting have led to an increase in their populations in south-central spain. this implies a higher generation of hunting waste, which can favour the transmission of infectious diseases, including tuberculosis (tb). the aim of this study was to assess the usefulness of the proper disposal of hunting waste as tb control measure in wild boar (sus scrofa) and red deer (cervus elaphus) during the 2008/2009 to 2016/20 ... | 2018 | 29536638 |
| dental development pathology in wild artiodactyls: two prehistoric case studies from france. | in this paper we report two unique cases of dental development anomalies observed on prehistoric faunal material from france. the first is a severely malformed first incisor from a red deer, dated to the 13th-12th millennium bc, which is interpreted as a composite odontoma, a rare pseudo-tumor of odontogenic origin. the second is a mesolithic (9th-8th millennium bc) wild boar skull presenting an anomalous tooth row including a duplication of the upper left second premolar. both pathologies are d ... | 2014 | 29539502 |
| gammaherpesvirus in cervid species from norway: characterization of a new virus in wild and semi-domesticated eurasian tundra reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus). | gammaherpesvirus infections have been described in cervids worldwide, mainly the genera macavirus or rhadinovirus. however, little is known about the gammaherpesviruses species infecting cervids in norway and fennoscandia. blood samples from semi-domesticated (n = 39) and wild (n = 35) eurasian tundra reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus), moose (alces alces, n = 51), and red deer (cervus elaphus, n = 41) were tested using a panherpesvirus dna polymerase (dpol) pcr. dpol-pcr-positive samples wer ... | 2020 | 32796534 |
| the biomolecular characterization of a finger ring contextually dated to the emergence of the early neolithic from syltholm, denmark. | we present the analysis of an osseous finger ring from a predominantly early neolithic context in denmark. to characterize the artefact and identify the raw material used for its manufacture, we performed micro-computed tomography scanning, zooarchaeology by mass spectrometry (zooms) peptide mass fingerprinting, as well as protein sequencing by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (lc-ms/ms). we conclude that the ring was made from long bone or antler due to the presence of osteons (ha ... | 2020 | 32218948 |
| head to head: the case for fighting behaviour in megaloceros giganteus using finite-element analysis. | the largest antlers of any known deer species belonged to the extinct giant deer megaloceros giganteus. it has been argued that their antlers were too large for use in fighting, instead being used only in ritualized displays to attract mates. here, we used finite-element analysis to test whether the antlers of m. giganteus could have withstood forces generated during fighting. we compared the mechanical performance of antlers in m. giganteus with three extant deer species: red deer (cervus elaph ... | 2019 | 31594504 |
| the first detection of ashworthius sidemi (nematoda, trichostrongylidae) in roe deer (capreolus capreolus) in russia. | ashworthius sidemi is a blood-sucking nematode, which has spread out among wild ruminants in several european countries during last decades. the nematode has recently been detected in cattle as well. the distribution of a. sidemi in russia has not been sufficiently clarified yet. in european part of russia a. sidemi was formerly registered in sika deer (cervus nippon) and maral (cervus elaphus sibiricus) introduced from asia, and also in aboriginal elks (alces alces). taking into consideration t ... | 2018 | 31014730 |
| first detection of chronic wasting disease in a wild red deer (cervus elaphus) in europe. | chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a fatal contagious prion disease naturally occurring in cervids in north america. in 2016, cwd was detected in wild reindeer (rangifer tarandus) and moose (alces alces) in norway. here, we report the first known naturally infected wild norwegian red deer (cervus elaphus). | 2019 | 30920905 |
| genospecies of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato detected in 16 mammal species and questing ticks from northern europe. | lyme borreliosis is the most common vector-borne zoonosis in the northern hemisphere, and the pathogens causing lyme borreliosis have distinct, incompletely described transmission cycles involving multiple host groups. the mammal community in fennoscandia differs from continental europe, and we have limited data on potential competent and incompetent hosts of the different genospecies of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (sl) at the northern distribution ranges where lyme borreliosis is emerging. ... | 2019 | 30911054 |
| the prevalence of yersinia enterocolitica in game animals in poland. | natural reservoirs of yersinia (y.) enterocolitica comprise different animal species, but little is known about the role of wild animals in the epidemiology of yersiniosis. the aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of y. enterocolitica among game animals in poland. the bio-serotypes and the pathogenicity markers of the analyzed isolates were determined. the experimental material comprised rectal swabs from 857 free-living animals hunter-harvested over a period of 2 years (2013-2014) in ... | 2018 | 29596492 |
| a comparison of food habits and prey preferences of amur tiger (panthera tigris altaica) at the southwest primorskii krai in russia and hunchun in china. | a small, isolated amur tiger population ranges across the southwest primorskii krai region in russia and hunchun region in china. many individuals, with "dual nationality," cross the border frequently. formulating effective conservation strategies requires a clear understanding of tiger food requirements in both countries. while the diets of tigers ranging in russia is clearly understood, little is known of the tigers' feeding habits in china.. we used scat analysis combined with data on the abu ... | 2018 | 29722132 |
| social interactions in a solitary carnivore. | in total, 177 of 245 terrestrial carnivores are described as solitary, and much of carnivore ecology is built on the assumptions that interactions between adult solitary carnivores are rare. we employed global positioning system (gps) technology and motion-triggered cameras to test predictions of land-tenure territoriality and the resource dispersion hypothesis in a territorial carnivore, the puma puma concolor. we documented 89 independent gps interactions, 60% of which occurred at puma kills ( ... | 2017 | 29491995 |
| sarcocystis species identification in the moose (alces alces) from the baltic states. | various muscle tissue samples from 60 moose (alces alces) in the baltic region were examined for sarcocystis species. sarcocysts were detected in 49 out of 60 (81.7%) moose investigated. six species, sarcocystis alces, sarcocystis hjorti, sarcocystis linearis, sarcocystis silva, sarcocystis ovalis, and sarcocystis sp., were identified using light microscopy (lm), and dna sequence analysis (cox1 and 18s rdna). sarcocysts of s. alces, s. ovalis, and s. hjorti were studied using transmission electr ... | 2019 | 30895383 |
| infection prevalence and ecotypes of anaplasma phagocytophilum in moose alces alces, red deer cervus elaphus, roe deer capreolus capreolus and ixodes ricinus ticks from norway. | the geographical expansion of the tick ixodes ricinus in northern europe is a serious concern for animal and human health. the pathogen anaplasma phagocytophilum is transmitted by ticks and causes emergences of tick-borne fever (anaplasmosis) in livestock. the transmission dynamics of the different ecotypes of a. phagocytophilum in the ecosystems is only partly determined. red deer and roe deer contribute to circulation of different ecotypes of a. phagocytophilum in continental europe, while the ... | 2019 | 30606222 |
| the scale-dependent effectiveness of wildlife management: a case study on british deer. | impacts of herbivory by wild ungulates represent a significant issue world-wide. to be effective, management of populations and impacts needs to be coordinated above the site scale, yet little research has investigated the appropriate spatial scale over which management should be integrated to be fully effective. in consideration of reduction of impacts in deciduous or mixed woodland habitats, we tested scale-specific management effectiveness in a lowland area of uk where moderate- to high-densi ... | 2020 | 32947117 |
| distribution of pestivirus exposure in wild ruminants in spain. | a large-scale study was carried out to determine the prevalence of antibodies against pestivirus species in wild ruminants and describe their spatial variation in mainland spain. serum samples of 1,874 wild ruminants from different regions of this country were collected between the years 2000 and 2017. a total of 6.6% (123/1,874) animals showed antibodies against pestivirus by both blocking elisa (belisa) and virus neutralization tests (vnt). the prevalence of antibodies against pestiviruses was ... | 2020 | 32920992 |
| stable body size of alpine ungulates. | in many species, decreasing body size has been associated with increasing temperatures. although climate-induced phenotypic shifts, and evolutionary impacts, can affect the structure and functioning of marine and terrestrial ecosystems through biological and metabolic rules, evidence for shrinking body size is often challenged by (i) relatively short intervals of observation, (ii) a limited number of individuals, and (iii) confinement to small and isolated populations. to overcome these issues a ... | 2020 | 32874622 |
| species identification of red deer (cervus elaphus), roe deer (capreolus capreolus), and water deer (hydropotes inermis) using capillary electrophoresis-based multiplex pcr. | to provide consumers correct information on meat species, specific and sensitive detection methods are needed. thus, we developed a capillary electrophoresis-based multiplex pcr assay to simultaneously detect red deer (cervus elaphus), roe deer (capreolus capreolus), and water deer (hydropotes inermis). specific primer sets for these three species were newly designed. each primer set only amplified target species without any reactivity against non-target species. to identify multiple targets in ... | 2020 | 32718080 |
| serosurveillance of schmallenberg virus in wild ruminants in spain. | schmallenberg disease (sbd) is an emerging vector-borne disease that affects domestic and wild ruminants. a long-term serosurvey was conducted to assess exposure to schmallenberg virus (sbv) in all the wild ruminant species present in mainland spain. between 2010 and 2016, sera from 1,216 animals were tested for antibodies against sbv using a commercial blocking elisa. the overall prevalence of antibodies was 27.1% (95%ci: 24.7-29.7). statistically significant differences among species were obse ... | 2020 | 32530115 |
| comparison studies of the chemical, physical, technological, and microbiological characteristics of the european roe deer, boar, red deer, and beaver hunted wild game meat. | the aim of this research was to perform comparison studies of the chemical, physical, technological, and microbiological characteristics, including biogenic amines (bas) and volatile compounds (vc), of the european roe deer (rdm), boar (bom), red deer (redm), and beaver (bm) hunted wild game meat (hwgm). the outcome of this study showed a significant effect (p < .05) of animal species on protein content, ph, drip loss, shear force, cooking loss, color coordinates, total count of enterobacteria, ... | 2020 | 32219928 |
| first molecular detection of onchocerca flexuosa (wedl, 1856) in red deer in slovakia. | the present paper deals with the post-mortem diagnostics of onchocerciasis and the molecular detection of causative agents of this disease in wild ruminant ungulates (cervus elaphus, dama dama and capreolus capreolus). the animals were shot in hunting seasons 2017 and 2018, in two regions of the eastern slovakia. the total number of examined skins was fifty-eight. the presence of subcutaneous nodules was confirmed in 27.59% (95% ci 16-39) of animals. all positive skins belonged to red deer indiv ... | 2020 | 31953565 |
| identifying maintenance hosts for infection with dichelobacter nodosus in free-ranging wild ruminants in switzerland: a prevalence study. | footrot is a worldwide economically important, painful, contagious bacterial foot disease of domestic and wild ungulates caused by dichelobacter nodosus. benign and virulent strains have been identified in sheep presenting with mild and severe lesions, respectively. however, in alpine ibex (capra ibex ibex), both strains have been associated with severe lesions. because the disease is widespread throughout sheep flocks in switzerland, a nationwide footrot control program for sheep focusing on vi ... | 2020 | 31917824 |
| temporal and spatial spread of hypoderma actaeon infection in roe deer from peninsular spain determined by an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. | the host switching of hypoderma actaeon (diptera: oestridae), a specific parasite of red deer (cervus elaphus), towards roe deer (capreolus capreolus) has been recently reported in spain. to provide information about the temporal and spatial spreading of h. actaeon infection in roe deer, 244 serum samples from animals hunted in spain between 2013 and 2018 were analysed by an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. the overall seropositivity was 13.9%. seropositivity was higher in continental ... | 2020 | 31444796 |
| screening of wild ruminants from the kaunertal and other alpine regions of tyrol (austria) for vector-borne pathogens. | knowledge about vector-borne pathogens important for human and veterinary medicine in wild ruminants in tyrol (austria) is scarce. blood samples from alpine ibex (capra ibex; n = 44), alpine chamois (rupicapra rupicapra; n = 21), roe deer (capreolus capreolus; n = 18) and red deer (cervus elaphus; n = 6) were collected over a period of 4 years (2015-2018) in four regions in north tyrol, with a primary focus on the kaunertal. blood spots on filter paper were tested for the presence of dna of vect ... | 2019 | 31375956 |
| variation in the prion protein gene (prnp) sequence of wild deer in great britain and mainland europe. | susceptibility to prion diseases is largely determined by the sequence of the prion protein gene (prnp), which encodes the prion protein (prp). the recent emergence of chronic wasting disease (cwd) in europe has highlighted the need to investigate prnp gene diversity in european deer species, to better predict their susceptibility to cwd. here we report a large genetic survey of six british deer species, including red (cervus elaphus), sika (cervus nippon), roe (capreolus capreolus), fallow (dam ... | 2019 | 31366372 |
| a novel parvovirus, roe deer copiparvovirus, identified in ixodes ricinus ticks. | the family parvoviridae contains diverse viruses that are capable of infecting a wide range of hosts. in this study, metagenomic sequencing of ixodes ricinus ticks harvested in 2016 on red deer (cervus elaphus) and european roe deer (capreolus capreolus) in belgium detected a new 6296-bp parvoviral genome. phylogenetic and sequence analyses showed the new virus belongs to a new species within the copiparvovirus genus. pcr screening of 4 pools of 10 serum samples from both deer species identified ... | 2019 | 30945175 |
| prevalence and co-infection with tick-borne anaplasma phagocytophilum and babesia spp. in red deer (cervus elaphus) and roe deer (capreolus capreolus) in southern norway. | anaplasma phagocytophilum and babesia spp. are causative agents of tick-borne infections that are increasingly considered as a threat to animal and public health. to assess the role of cervids in the maintenance of zoonotic pathogens in norway, we investigated the prevalence of a. phagocytophilum and babesia spp. in free-ranging roe deer and red deer. initial screening of spleen samples of 104 animals by multiplex real-time pcr targeting the major surface protein (msp2) gene and 18s rrna reveale ... | 2019 | 30766793 |
| characterisation of faecal staphylococci from roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and red deer (cervus elaphus) and their susceptibility to gallidermin. | our current knowledge of microbiota in wild ruminants is limited. the goal of this study was to evaluate staphylococcal species in red and roe deer for various attributes (haemolysis, dnase, and urease activities; lactic acid and biofilm production; and antibiotic profile) and their susceptibility to gallidermin. sixteen staphylococcal strains were identified from faeces of 21 free-living animals (9 adult female cervus elaphus-red deer and 12 young female capreolus capreolus-roe deer) sampled by ... | 2020 | 30710249 |
| an assessment of the use of cox1 and cox3 mitochondrial genetic markers for the identification of dictyocaulus spp. (nematoda: trichostrongyloidea) in wild ruminants. | lungworms of the genus dictyocaulus railliet and henry, 1907 (nematoda: trichostrongyloidea) are the causative agents of parasitic bronchitis (dictyocaulosis, husk) of various ungulate hosts, including domestic and wild ruminants. correct diagnosis of lungworm species and a better understanding of the transmission patterns of dictyocaulus spp. are crucial in minimising the risk of its cross transmission between wildlife and livestock, and for the control of dictyocaulosis. the study was conducte ... | 2018 | 29736729 |
| low sequence diversity of the prion protein gene (prnp) in wild deer and goat species from spain. | the first european cases of chronic wasting disease (cwd) in free-ranging reindeer and wild elk were confirmed in norway in 2016 highlighting the urgent need to understand transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses) in the context of european deer species and the many individual populations throughout the european continent. the genetics of the prion protein gene (prnp) are crucial in determining the relative susceptibility to tses. to establish prnp gene sequence diversity for free-ranging ... | 2018 | 29631620 |
| frequency of gastrointestinal and pulmonary helminth infections in wild deer from western romania. | a survey was carried out to assess the prevalence and the intensity of helminth infections in the roe deer (capreolus capreolus l.), red deer (cervus elaphus l.) and fallow deer (dama dama l.) from 16 hunting areas in western romania. overall, 122 deer shot during the hunting season 2013-2015 were examined. haemonchus contortus, nematodirus filicollis, oesophagostomum venulosum and dictyocalus spp. were found in all the deer species. trichuris spp. and dicrocoelium dendriticum were found in the ... | 2017 | 31014642 |
| pressure algometry validation and determination of efficacy of articaine hydrochloride ring block in antler removal in red deer (cervus elaphus). | new zealand deer farming centres on the production of meat and velvet antler. velvet antler removal is a painful procedure and currently, new zealand animal welfare regulations dictate surgical removal of velvet antlers under lignocaine anaesthesia. to improve our knowledge on the efficacy and duration of other local anaesthetics to mitigate pain after antler removal, it is important to accurately assess and quantify pain arising from antler removal. therefore, the current study was designed to ... | 2020 | 33153106 |
| the dark ventral patch: a bimodal flexible trait related to male competition in red deer. | sexual signals play a central role in male-male competition in polygynous species. in red deer (cervus elaphus), male's ventral area become dark during the rutting season due to urine spraying behaviour and retains many chemical compounds potentially revealing individual features. here we investigate the variation in size of this trait, exploring its relationship with age and male competitive features such as antlers or body size, as well as populational level of intrasexual competition for mate ... | 2020 | 33151970 |
| the importance of individual movement and feeding behaviour for long-distance seed dispersal by red deer: a data-driven model. | long-distance seed dispersal (ldd) has strong impacts on the spatiotemporal dynamics of plants. large animals are important ldd vectors because they regularly transport seeds of many plant species over long distances. while there is now ample evidence that behaviour varies considerably between individual animals, it is not clear to what extent inter-individual variation in behaviour alters seed dispersal by animals. | 2020 | 33133610 |
| bilateral antler sequestration above the coronet in a red deer (cervus elaphus) stag-insights into the process of antler casting. | this paper reports a case of delayed velvet shedding and bilateral premature antler casting above the coronets in a young adult red deer stag from germany. based on the established role of testosterone in the control of the antler cycle, the antler abnormality is considered to have been the result of a (temporary) androgen deficiency. the basal surfaces (separation planes or seals) of the cast antlers were markedly concave. scanning electron microscopy revealed that the separation plane was dens ... | 2020 | 33128478 |
| plantain (plantago lanceolata) reduces the environmental impact of farmed red deer (cervus elaphus). | the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of plantain (plantago lanceolata l.) on water dynamics and balance, as well as nitrogen (n) excretion by red deer (cervus elaphus l.) as a potential forage tool to reduce negative environmental impacts. this experiment used a crossover design with red deer (n = 8) in metabolism crates to determine how fresh-cut herbage diets of either plantain or ryegrass (lolium perenne l.) compared in terms of dry matter intake (dmi), diet digestibility, w ... | 2020 | 33123680 |
| transstadial transmission from nymph to adult of coxiella burnetii by naturally infected hyalomma lusitanicum. | coxiella burnetii (derrick) philip, the causative agent of q fever, is mainly transmitted by aerosols, but ticks can also be a source of infection. transstadial and transovarial transmission of c. burnetii by hyalomma lusitanicum (koch) has been suggested. there is a close relationship between this tick species, wild animals and c. burnetii but the transmission in a natural environment has not been demonstrated. in this study, we collected 80 engorged nymphs of h. lusitanicum from red deer and w ... | 2020 | 33113791 |
| temporal trends (1953-2012) of toxic and essential elements in red deer antlers from northeastern poland. | red deer antlers have a number of advantages that make them a unique material for monitoring trace elements. as antlers are shed and regrown every year, results of toxicological investigations can be applied to a particular region and time. we analyzed the content of four toxic (pb, cd, hg, as) and three essential (cu, zn, fe) trace elements in 254 red deer antler samples spanning between 1953 and 2012. age of stags did not influence concentrations of analyzed elements in antlers, except for zn ... | 2020 | 33113660 |
| interspecific interactions among functionally diverse frugivores and their outcomes for plant reproduction: a new approach based on camera-trap data and tailored null models. | the study of plant-frugivore interactions is essential to understand the ecology and evolution of many plant communities. however, very little is known about how interactions among frugivores indirectly affect plant reproductive success. in this study, we examined direct interactions among vertebrate frugivores sharing the same fruit resources. then, we inferred how the revealed direct interspecific interactions could lead to indirect (positive or negative) effects on reproductive success of fle ... | 2020 | 33064761 |
| elk population dynamics when carrying capacities vary within and among herds. | population and land management relies on understanding population regulation and growth, which may be impacted by variation in population growth parameters within and among populations. we explored the interactions between variation in carrying capacity (k), intrinsic population growth rate (r), and strength of density dependence (β) within and among elk (cervus elaphus) herds in a small part of the geographic range of the species. we also estimated stochastic fluctuations in abundance around k ... | 2020 | 32994437 |
| impact of freeze-thaw cycles on die-off of e. coli and intestinal enterococci in deer and dairy faeces: implications for landscape contamination of watercourses. | characterising faecal indicator organism (fio) survival in the environment is important for informing land management and minimising public health risk to downstream water users. however, key gaps in knowledge include understanding how wildlife contribute to catchment-wide fio sources and how fio survival is affected by low environmental temperatures. the aim of this study was to quantify e. coli and intestinal enterococci die-off in dairy cow versus red deer faecal sources exposed to repeated f ... | 2020 | 32987924 |
| comparative metabolomics study revealed difference in central carbon metabolism between sika deer and red deer antler. | the antler regeneration has been well studied for the past two decades and adopted in the regenerative medicine model for studying on developmental biology. despite our growing knowledge of functional molecules regulating antler regeneration, we still do not know whether antler from different deer species possess the exact same mechanism or not. our previous comparative study between sika deer and red deer suggests that the metabolic pathways between them are profoundly different based on protei ... | 2020 | 32908856 |
| failure to detect prion infectivity in ticks following prion-infected blood meal. | chronic wasting disease (cwd) is an emerging and fatal contagious prion disease that affects cervids, including mule deer, white-tailed deer, black-tailed deer, red deer reindeer, elk, and moose. cwd prions are widely distributed throughout the bodies of cwd-infected animals and are found in the nervous system, lymphoid tissues, muscle, blood, urine, feces, and antler velvet. the mechanism of cwd transmission in natural settings is unknown. potential mechanisms of transmission include horizontal ... | 2020 | 32878935 |
| a survey of gastrointestinal nematode species in red deer (cervus elaphus) farms in new zealand using pcr. | gastrointestinal nematodes are recognised as an animal health issue for farmed red deer. the aim of this study was to explore the range of species infecting farmed deer herds and their farm-level prevalence in new zealand. faecal samples were collected from 12-24-month-old deer (n = 6-26; mean 19) on 59 farms located in the north (n = 25) and south (n = 34) islands. sub-samples of faeces were pooled by farm and cultured to recover third stage larvae. twenty four larvae were randomly selected and ... | 2020 | 32862895 |
| dear deer? maybe for now. people's perception on red deer (cervus elaphus) populations in portugal. | the human dimension of wildlife is a subject of increasing interest, especially considering the potential impact of people's perceptions on decision-making concerning wildlife management and thus on species' distribution and abundance. this is particularly important for species that inhabit human-dominated landscapes, where conflicts are likely to arise. these conflicts typically emerge between different human collectives when their interests collide and thus an assessment of their perceptions i ... | 2020 | 32823227 |
| nanotechnology in reproduction: vitamin e nanoemulsions for reducing oxidative stress in sperm cells. | vitamin e is considered a powerful biological antioxidant; however, its characteristics such as high hydrophobicity and low stability limit its application. we propose to use nanotechnology as an innovative tool in spermatology, formulating nanoemulsions (ne) that accommodate vitamin e, protecting it from oxidation and promoting its release into the medium. the protective effect of the ne against oxidative stress was assessed in red deer epididymal sperm incubated at 37 °c. cryopreserved sperm f ... | 2020 | 32768571 |
| a study of kudurs used by wild animals located on the water sources high in ree content in the caucasus nature reserve. | one of the theories explaining the reasons for geophagy, which was proposed earlier by the authors of the article, consists in the assumption that animals need rare-earth elements (ree). in order to test this hypothesis, we studied the chemical composition of spring waters in the territory of the caucasus nature reserve at three kudurs along the achipsta river, as well as at the mamaevsky kudur (southwestern slope of the pshekish mountain). at the mamaevsky kudur, we also studied the chemical co ... | 2020 | 32748302 |
| identification of the prion-related protein gene (prnt) sequences in various species of the cervidae family. | chronic wasting disease (cwd) is caused by abnormal deleterious prion protein (prpsc), and transmissible spongiform encephalopathy occurs in the cervidae family. in recent studies, the susceptibility of prion disease has been affected by polymorphisms of the prion gene family. however, the study of the prion-related protein gene (prnt) is rare, and the dna sequence of this gene was not fully reported in all cervidae families. in the present study, we amplified and first identified prnt dna seque ... | 2020 | 32737828 |
| quality of main types of hunted red deer meat obtained in spain compared to farmed venison from new zealand. | deer venison is increasingly valued as a natural meat. this study examines the three main sources of venison: farmed venison from new zealand (nz), the world's leading producer, and wild deer from spain (sp), the second largest producer, which mainly supplies venison from traditional autumn-winter driven hunts (monteria), involving packs of dogs, and a smaller proportion culled through summer selective stalking. meat from nz contained more protein, lower shear force and lower n-6/n-3 ratio (p < ... | 2020 | 32699311 |
| to beat or not to beat: behavioral plasticity during the antler growth period affects cortisol but not testosterone concentrations in red deer (cervus elaphus) males. | out of rut, male red deer (cervus elaphus) associate themselves in bachelor groups where animals compete for rank position via agonistic interactions. in a previous study on red deer, males were recognized either as "non-fighters" (nf, low frequency of attacks) or "fighters" (f, high frequency of attacks). this study, therefore, aims to verify the consistency of the inter-individual differences in fighting attitude across different social contexts and investigate whether they could be considered ... | 2020 | 32687931 |
| antioxidative potential of red deer embryos depends on reproductive stage of hind as a oocyte donor. | the aim was to compare the blastocyst stages of red deer embryos in respect of in vitro fertilization (ivf) efficiency, morphology, apoptotic and proliferative abilities, and antioxidative potential according to the reproductive status of hinds. we used three experimental groups, including the ovaries collected post mortem on the 4th and 13th days of the estrous cycle and during pregnancy (n = 18). after oocyte maturation, frozen-thawed epididymal semen was used for ivf. blastocyst quality, apop ... | 2020 | 32674333 |
| fatty acid composition of meat and edible offal from free-living red deer (cervus elaphus). | the objective of the study was to characterize tissue-associated differences in the fatty acid composition of fat in skeletal muscles m. longissimus dorsi (loin), m. biceps femoris (hind quarter), and m. triceps brachii (shoulder), and internal organs (i.e., liver, heart, and kidney) from free-living red deer (cervus elaphus) females (n = 11) hunted in lithuania. skeletal muscles were characterized by lower content of free fat compared with the offal. the highest percentage of saturated fatty ac ... | 2020 | 32674267 |
| multi-event capture-recapture analysis in alpine chamois reveals contrasting responses to interspecific competition, within and between populations. | understanding components of interspecific competition has long been a major goal in ecological studies. classical models of competition typically consider equal responses of all individuals to the density of competitors, however responses may differ both among individuals from the same population, and between populations. based on individual long-term monitoring of two chamois populations in sympatry with red deer, we built a multi-event capture-recapture model to assess how vital rates of the s ... | 2020 | 32654115 |
| dermacentor reticulatus and babesia canis in bavaria (germany)-a georeferenced field study with digital habitat characterization. | the hard tick dermacentor reticulatus transmits babesia canis, the causative agent of canine babesiosis. both the occurrence and local distribution of d. reticulatus as well as infection rates of questing ticks with b. canis are thus far poorly known in bavaria, germany. the objectives of this study were to conduct (1) a georeferenced field study on the occurrence of d. reticulatus with digital habitat characterization and (2) a pcr analysis of d. reticulatus collected in bavaria for infection w ... | 2020 | 32645829 |
| is canadian federal legislation effective in preventing youth access to vaping initiation products? a study using secret shoppers and online access in three alberta cities. | the tobacco and vaping products act (canada, 1997) (the "tvpa") aims to protect the health of young persons by restricting access to vaping products. we studied whether the tvpa achieves this goal by sending young 'secret shoppers' to 120 shops in calgary, edmonton, and red deer to attempt to buy nicotine-based vaping-initiation products, and by asking minors to purchase the same product online. we used three 'improper' shop scenarios: 1. a minor or minors; 2. a young adult with no or invalid id ... | 2020 | 32637300 |
| ecological niche modeling of babesia sp infection in wildlife experimentally evaluated in questing ixodes ricinus. | tick-borne diseases and especially protozoa of the genus babesia, are gaining increasing attention as emerging zoonotic pathogens. zoonotic species like b. venatorum and b. microti have wild animals as main reservoir hosts. we propose a habitat suitability model for babesia spp., as tool for institutions and policy makes to better understand the entity of babesia presence, to improve diagnostic awareness and to optimize screening and preventive actions. the probability of presence of babesia spp ... | 2020 | 32575961 |
| chromosome-level genome assembly of tarim red deer, cervus elaphus yarkandensis. | tarim red deer (cervus elaphus yarkandensis) is the only subspecies of red deer (of 22 subspecies) from central asia. this species is a desert dweller of the tarim basin of southern xinjiang, china, and exhibits some unique adaptations to the dry and extreme hot climate. we report here the assembly of a tarim red deer genome employing a 10x genomics library, termed cey_v1. our genome consisted of 2.6 gb with contig n50 and scaffold n50 of 275.5 kb and 31.7 mb, respectively. around 96% of the ass ... | 2020 | 32561793 |
| physiological stress reactions in red deer induced by hunting activities. | hunting activity is usually seen as a factor capable of causing an intense stress response in wildlife that may lead to short but also long-term stress. in the lousã mountain, portugal, the population of red deer (cervuselaphus) is the target of intensive seasonal hunting. we collected and measured cortisol (and its metabolites) in three tissues types (blood, feces and hair) from red deer hunted during two hunting seasons to evaluate the stress levels at different time windows. we also assessed ... | 2020 | 32521768 |
| social environment modulates investment in sex trait versus lifespan: red deer produce bigger antlers when facing more rivalry. | theory predicts that the plastic expression of sex-traits should be modulated not only by their production costs but also by the benefits derived from the presence of rivals and mates, yet there is a paucity of evidence for an adaptive response of sex-trait expression to social environment. we studied antler size, a costly and plastic sex trait, and tooth wear, a trait related to food intake and longevity, in over 4,000 male iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) from 56 wild populations c ... | 2020 | 32514059 |
| the use of rnai technology to interfere with zfx gene increases the male rates of red deer (cervus elaphus) offspring. | zinc finger protein x-linked (zfx) was regarded to be a sex determination factor and plays a critical role in spermatogenesis. rnai is an effective method of silencing zfx mrna expression. however, there has been little research on the use of rnai technology to control the sex of the offspring of red deer (cervus elaphus). the objective of this study was first to explore an efficient method to alter the red deer offspring sex-ratio by silencing the gene zfx during spermatogenesis. three recombin ... | 2020 | 32509876 |
| cardiovascular effects of intravenous vatinoxan (mk-467) in medetomidine-tiletamine-zolazepam anaesthetised red deer (cervus elaphus). | to determine the effect of intravenous vatinoxan administration on bradycardia, hypertension and level of anaesthesia induced by medetomidine-tiletamine-zolazepam in red deer (cervus elaphus). | 2020 | 32507716 |
| heat stress reduces growth rate of red deer calf: climate warming implications. | climate models agree in predicting scenarios of global warming. in endothermic species heat stress takes place when they are upper their thermal neutral zone. any physiological or behavioural mechanism to mitigate heat stress is at the cost of diverting energy from other physiological functions, with negative repercussions for individual fitness. tolerance to heat stress differs between species, age classes and sexes, those with the highest metabolic rates being the most sensitive to stressing t ... | 2020 | 32480402 |
| the genetic architecture of maternal effects across ontogeny in the red deer. | maternal effects, either environmental or genetic in origin, are an underappreciated source of phenotypic variance in natural populations. maternal genetic effects have the potential to constrain or enhance the evolution of offspring traits depending on their magnitude and their genetic correlation with direct genetic effects. we estimated the maternal effect variance and its genetic component for 12 traits expressed over the life history in a pedigreed population of wild red deer (morphology, s ... | 2020 | 32462712 |
| nutritional quality of wild iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) meat: effects of sex and hunting period. | the proximate composition, energetic value, minerals, b-group vitamins and ph value of the loin (longissimus thoracis) of 71 wild iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus), were evaluated in stags and hinds hunted in autumn and winter. in autumn, meat had a higher content of moisture, k, na, zn and thiamine when compared to winter, in which higher content of proteins and p were detected. meat from stags had a higher moisture, na, zn and folic acid content, while hinds provided optimal ph valu ... | 2020 | 32447187 |
| prenatal histomorphological development of the reticulum in fallow deer (dama dama). | the histomorphological changes occurring in the dama dama reticulum during prenatal development have been investigated. twenty-five dama dama embryos were used, from the first stages of prenatal life until birth. differentiation of the reticulum was observed at 23% gestation. by 25% gestation the reticular wall comprised three layers: an internal epithelial layer, a middle layer of pluripotential blastemic tissue and an external layer or serosa. primary reticular crests were visible at 38% gesta ... | 2020 | 32441442 |
| epitheliotropic infections in wildlife ruminants from the central alps and stelvio national park. | the mountain chain of the alps, represents the habitat of alpine fauna where the red deer (cervus elaphus) population is the outmost numerous, followed by the chamois (rupicapra rupicapra) and the alpine ibex (capra ibex) at higher altitudes. previous reports showed the circulation of epitheliotropic viruses, belonging to the families papillomaviridae and poxviridae, causing skin and mucosal lesions in wild ruminants of the stelvio national park, situated in the area. to deepen our knowledge on ... | 2020 | 32426384 |
| genomic analysis of a multidrug-resistant klebsiella pneumoniae st11 strain recovered from barbary deer (cervus elaphus barbarus) in akfadou forest, algeria. | the emergence and worldwide spread of carbapenemase-producing enterobacterales (cpe) is a great public-health concern. this study aimed to screen for the presence of cpe isolates from barbary deer in akfadou forest, béjaïa (algeria). | 2020 | 32380242 |
| beneficial effects of melatonin in the ovarian transport medium on in vitro embryo production of iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus). | a major limiting factor for the development of in vitro embryo production (ivp) in wild species, such as iberian red deer, compared to livestock animals is the poor availability and limited access to biological material. thus, the use of post-mortem ovaries from slaughtered animals represent a source of oocytes for the large scale production of embryos needed for research and to improve the efficiency of ivp. however, these oocytes are not as developmentally competent as their in vivo counterpar ... | 2020 | 32349425 |
| what do rates of deposition of dental cementum tell us? functional and evolutionary hypotheses in red deer. | cementum is a bone connective tissue that provides a flexible attachment for the tooth to the alveolar bone in many mammalian species. it does not undergo continuous remodelling, unlike non-dental bone, which combined with its growth pattern of seasonal layering makes this tissue uniquely suitable as a proxy for tracking changes in body repair investment throughout an animal´s life. we tested functional and sexual selection hypotheses on the rate of cementum deposition related to the highly poly ... | 2020 | 32343718 |
| testosterone and the dark ventral patch of male red deer: the role of the social environment. | the expression of male sexual traits, which is stimulated by testosterone, entails significant costs for individuals. consequently, natural selection is expected to favour the modulation of sexual trait development according to the balance between its costs and benefits. the proportion of rivals in a population may affect this balance by increasing or decreasing the reproductive benefits associated with the development of sex traits. here, we explore the relationship between testosterone level a ... | 2020 | 32333124 |
| gelation of milks of different species (dairy cattle, goat, sheep, red deer, and water buffalo) using glucono-δ-lactone and pepsin. | dynamic low-amplitude oscillatory rheology was used to study the gelation properties of skim milk gels made at 37°c, using glucono-δ-lactone alone (acid gels) or a combination of glucono-δ-lactone and porcine pepsin ("combination gels"). the protein contents of the skim milks increased in the order goat milk < cattle milk < buffalo milk < sheep milk < deer milk, whereas the average casein micelle diameters increased in the order cattle milk < buffalo milk < goat milk < sheep milk ≃ deer milk. th ... | 2020 | 32331870 |
| short communication: red deer (cervus elaphus) colostrum during its transition to milk. | we studied changes in chemical composition, somatic cell count, and immunoglobulin g (igg) and m (igm) content in red deer (cervus elaphus) colostrum during the transition to milk at different times after parturition (<5 h, 24 h, 48 h, 2 wk, and 4 wk). the production level was higher at 2 and 4 wk of lactation than during the first day after parturition, with intermediate values at 48 h postpartum. fat content did not vary during the study period. however, total protein and casein contents were ... | 2020 | 32307161 |
| [herbalogical study on cervi colla]. | cervi colla, deer's gelatin, had two kinds of original sources historically, including the skin and antler of deer, known as cervi corii colla(lupijiao, lpj) and cervi cornus colla(lujiaojiao, ljj) respectively.ljj is the mainstream of the market, while lpj is only used by common people in guizhou and jilin etc. this article sorted out the ancient and modern literature(since rites of the zhou in zhou dynasty) on cervi colla and conducted the herbalogical study. the results of the study include:① ... | 2020 | 32237464 |
| herbivory and climate as drivers of woody plant growth: do deer decrease the impacts of warming? | vegetation at ecotone transitions between open and forested areas is often heavily affected by two key processes: climate change and management of large herbivore densities. these both drive woody plant state shifts, determining the location and the nature of the limit between open and tree or shrub-dominated landscapes. in order to adapt management to prevailing and future climate, we need to understand how browsing and climatic factors together affect the growth of plants at biome borders. to ... | 2020 | 32160360 |
| should i stay or should i go? determinants of immediate and delayed movement responses of female red deer (cervus elaphus) to drive hunts. | hunting can be used as a tool for wildlife management, through limitation of population densities and dissuading game from using sensitive areas. the success of these approaches requires in depth knowledge of prey movement. indeed, movement decisions of game during hunting may affect the killing success of hunters as well as the subsequent location of surviving animals. we thus investigated red deer movement responses to drive hunts and their causal factors. we studied 34 hunting events in the n ... | 2020 | 32150545 |
| a comparison of methods for estimating forage intake, digestibility, and fecal output in red deer (cervus elaphus). | the objective of this experiment was to determine appropriate methods for estimating fecal output, digestibility, and intake in red deer (cervus elaphus). dry matter intake (dmi), digestibility, and fecal output were estimated using the dual-marker (titanium dioxide; tio2 and indigestible acid detergent fiber) technique, double n-alkane ratio technique (alk) and the pulse dose (yttrium; y) technique to determine a suitable method to estimate dmi, fecal output, and digestibility measurements. fou ... | 2020 | 32115639 |
| no effect of inoculation site and injection device on the skin test response of red deer to the intradermal injection of mycobacterium avium-derived purified protein derivative (ppd). | mycobacterial diseases are important health issues in farmed deer. the single intradermal tuberculin test is the standard test for tuberculosis testing in deer. we studied two factors which might influence the response of deer to skin testing: the inoculation site and the injection device. deer included in this study were 2.5 years old farmed red deer (cervus elaphus) hinds (n = 80). two areas of 3 cm × 3 cm were shaved at the left side of the neck. site a (sa) was situated about 10 cm caudal to ... | 2020 | 32088530 |