| biophysical model of bacterial cell interactions with nanopatterned cicada wing surfaces. | the nanopattern on the surface of clanger cicada (psaltoda claripennis) wings represents the first example of a new class of biomaterials that can kill bacteria on contact based solely on their physical surface structure. the wings provide a model for the development of novel functional surfaces that possess an increased resistance to bacterial contamination and infection. we propose a biophysical model of the interactions between bacterial cells and cicada wing surface structures, and show that ... | 2013 | 23442962 |
| airway microbiome dynamics in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. | specific bacterial species are implicated in the pathogenesis of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd). however, recent studies of clinically stable copd patients have demonstrated a greater diversity of airway microbiota, whose role in acute exacerbations is unclear. in this study, temporal changes in the airway microbiome before, at the onset of, and after an acute exacerbation were examined in 60 sputum samples collected from subjects enrolled in a longitudinal study o ... | 2014 | 24850358 |
| dithiolopyrrolones: biosynthesis, synthesis, and activity of a unique class of disulfide-containing antibiotics. | covering: up to 2014. dithiolopyrrolone (dtp) group antibiotics were first isolated in the early half of the 20th century, but only recently has research been reawakened by insights gained from the synthesis and biosynthesis of this structurally intriguing class of molecules. dtps are characterized by an electronically unique bicyclic structure, which contains a compact disulfide bridge between two ene-thiols. points of diversity within the compound class occur outside of the bicyclic core, at t ... | 2014 | 24835149 |
| impetigo - review. | impetigo is a common cutaneous infection that is especially prevalent in children. historically, impetigo is caused by either group a β-hemolytic streptococci or staphylococcus aureus. currently, the most frequently isolated pathogen is s. aureus. this article discusses the microbiologic and virulence factors of group a β-hemolytic streptococci and staphylococcus aureus, clinical characteristics, complications, as well as the approach to diagnosis and management of impetigo. topical agents for i ... | 2014 | 24770507 |
| metagenomic human repiratory air in a hospital environment. | hospital-acquired infection (hai) or nosocomial infection is an issue that frequent hospital environment. we believe conventional regulated petri dish method is insufficient to evaluate hai. to address this problem, metagenomic sequencing was applied to screen airborne microbes in four rooms of beijing hospital. with air-in amount of sampler being setup to one person's respiration quantity, metagenomic sequencing identified huge numbers of species in the rooms which had already qualified widely ... | 2015 | 26431488 |
| contact-dependent growth inhibition (cdi) and cdib/cdia two-partner secretion proteins. | bacteria have developed several strategies to communicate and compete with one another in complex environments. one important mechanism of inter-bacterial competition is contact-dependent growth inhibition (cdi), in which gram-negative bacteria use cdib/cdia two-partner secretion proteins to suppress the growth of neighboring target cells. cdib is an omp85 outer-membrane protein that exports and assembles cdia exoproteins onto the inhibitor cell surface. cdia binds to receptors on susceptible ba ... | 2015 | 26388411 |
| antibacterial effects of cinnamon: from farm to food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. | herbs and spices have been used since ancient times, because of their antimicrobial properties increasing the safety and shelf life of food products by acting against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria. plants have historically been used in traditional medicine as sources of natural antimicrobial substances for the treatment of infectious disease. therefore, much attention has been paid to medicinal plants as a source of alternative antimicrobial strategies. moreover, due to the growing d ... | 2015 | 26378575 |
| development of two real-time multiplex pcr assays for the detection and quantification of eight key bacterial pathogens in lower respiratory tract infections. | the frequent lack of a positive and timely microbiological diagnosis in patients with lower respiratory tract infection (lrti) is an important obstacle to antimicrobial stewardship. patients are typically prescribed broad-spectrum empirical antibiotics while microbiology results are awaited, but, because these are often slow, negative, or inconclusive, de-escalation to narrow-spectrum agents rarely occurs in clinical practice. the aim of this study was to develop and evaluate two multiplex real- ... | 2015 | 25980353 |
| impact of the cftr-potentiator ivacaftor on airway microbiota in cystic fibrosis patients carrying a g551d mutation. | airway microbiota composition has been clearly correlated with many pulmonary diseases, and notably with cystic fibrosis (cf), an autosomal genetic disorder caused by mutation in the cf transmembrane conductance regulator (cftr). recently, a new molecule, ivacaftor, has been shown to re-establish the functionality of the g551d-mutated cftr, allowing significant improvement in lung function. | 2015 | 25853698 |
| the impact of selection, gene conversion, and biased sampling on the assessment of microbial demography. | recent studies have linked demographic changes and epidemiological patterns in bacterial populations using coalescent-based approaches. we identified 26 studies using skyline plots and found that 21 inferred overall population expansion. this surprising result led us to analyze the impact of natural selection, recombination (gene conversion), and sampling biases on demographic inference using skyline plots and site frequency spectra (sfs). forward simulations based on biologically relevant param ... | 2016 | 26931140 |
| peracetic acid treatment generates potent inactivated oral vaccines from a broad range of culturable bacterial species. | our mucosal surfaces are the main sites of non-vector-borne pathogen entry, as well as the main interface with our commensal microbiota. we are still only beginning to understand how mucosal adaptive immunity interacts with commensal and pathogenic microbes to influence factors such as infectivity, phenotypic diversity, and within-host evolution. this is in part due to difficulties in generating specific mucosal adaptive immune responses without disrupting the mucosal microbial ecosystem itself. ... | 2016 | 26904024 |
| characterization of esterase a, a pseudomonas stutzeri a15 autotransporter. | autotransporters are a widespread family of proteins, generally known as virulence factors produced by gram-negative bacteria. in this study, the esterase a (esta) autotransporter of the rice root-colonizing beneficial bacterium pseudomonas stutzeri a15 was characterized. a multiple sequence alignment identified esta as belonging to clade ii of the gdsl esterase family. autologous overexpression allowed the investigation of several features of both autotransporter proteins and gdsl esterases. fi ... | 2012 | 22307303 |
| diagnostic value of bronchoalveolar lavage in leukemic and bone marrow transplant patients: the impact of antimicrobial therapy. | there is significant morbidity and mortality from pneumonia in leukemic and bone marrow transplant patients. we sought to explore the diagnostic yield of bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) in these patients with new pulmonary infiltrates. a retrospective chart review of approximately 200 non- human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) leukemic and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (hsct) patients who underwent bronchoscopy at a single academic cancer center was performed. antimicrobial use for less than ... | 2015 | 25574361 |
| symptoms of the oral cavity and their association with local microbiological and clinical findings--a prospective survey in palliative care. | symptoms of the oral cavity clearly encompass more than radiation or chemotherapy-induced mucositis. still, the burden of oral symptoms in palliative care has hardly been addressed directly, and considerations towards underlying disease processes have often been extrapolated from oncology patients. | 2011 | 21336528 |
| symptoms of the oral cavity and their association with local microbiological and clinical findings--a prospective survey in palliative care. | symptoms of the oral cavity clearly encompass more than radiation or chemotherapy-induced mucositis. still, the burden of oral symptoms in palliative care has hardly been addressed directly, and considerations towards underlying disease processes have often been extrapolated from oncology patients. | 2011 | 21336528 |
| moraxella catarrhalis expresses a cardiolipin synthase that impacts adherence to human epithelial cells. | the major phospholipid constituents of moraxella catarrhalis membranes are phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and cardiolipin (cl). however, very little is known regarding the synthesis and function of these phospholipids in m. catarrhalis. in this study, we discovered that m. catarrhalis expresses a cardiolipin synthase (cls), termed mcls, that is responsible for the synthesis of cl within the bacterium. the nucleotide sequence of mcls is highly conserved among m. catarrhalis isola ... | 2014 | 24142255 |
| whole-genome sequencing targets drug-resistant bacterial infections. | during the past two decades, the technological progress of whole-genome sequencing (wgs) had changed the fields of environmental microbiology and biotechnology, and, currently, is changing the underlying principles, approaches, and fundamentals of public health, epidemiology, health economics, and national productivity. today's wgs technologies are able to compete with conventional techniques in cost, speed, accuracy, and resolution for day-to-day control of infectious diseases and outbreaks in ... | 2015 | 26243131 |
| procalcitonin levels in gram-positive, gram-negative, and fungal bloodstream infections. | procalcitonin (pct) can discriminate bacterial from viral systemic infections and true bacteremia from contaminated blood cultures. the aim of this study was to evaluate pct diagnostic accuracy in discriminating gram-positive, gram-negative, and fungal bloodstream infections. a total of 1,949 samples from patients with suspected bloodstream infections were included in the study. median pct value in gram-negative (13.8 ng/ml, interquartile range (iqr) 3.4-44.1) bacteremias was significantly highe ... | 2015 | 25852221 |
| two distinct cardiolipin synthases operate in agrobacterium tumefaciens. | cardiolipin (cl) is a universal component of energy generating membranes. in most bacteria, it is synthesized via the condensation of two molecules phosphatidylglycerol (pg) by phospholipase d-type cardiolipin synthases (pld-type cls). in the plant pathogen and natural genetic engineer agrobacterium tumefaciens cl comprises up to 15% of all phospholipids in late stationary growth phase. a. tumefaciens harbors two genes, atu1630 (cls1) and atu2486 (cls2), coding for pld-type cls. heterologous exp ... | 2016 | 27472399 |
| a wide spectrum of fastidious and ampicillin-susceptible bacteria dominate in animal-caused wounds. | the main purpose of this study was to assess the actual occurrence of gram-negative oxidase-positive bacteria (gnop) in human wounds caused by animals, mostly cat and dog bites and scratches, and with signs of infection. we report a prospective series of 92 wound samples. routine culturing was combined with a procedure optimised for fastidious gnop. all gnop isolates were identified by 16s rdna sequencing to the species level. we observed a more prominent role of gnop, including at least 30 spec ... | 2016 | 27197725 |
| expr coordinates the expression of symbiotically important, bundle-forming flp pili with quorum sensing in sinorhizobium meliloti. | type ivb pili in enteropathogenic bacteria function as a host colonization factor by mediating tight adherence to host cells, but their role in bacterium-plant symbiosis is currently unknown. the genome of the symbiotic soil bacterium sinorhizobium meliloti contains two clusters encoding proteins for type ivb pili of the flp (fimbrial low-molecular-weight protein) subfamily. to establish the role of flp pili in the symbiotic interaction of s. meliloti and its host, medicago sativa, we deleted pi ... | 2014 | 24509921 |
| incidence and microbiological profile of mycotic keratitis in a tertiary care eye hospital: a retrospective analysis. | to determine the incidence and microbiological profile of mycotic keratitis seen at a tertiary care eye hospital. | 2011 | 23960995 |
| incidence and microbiological profile of mycotic keratitis in a tertiary care eye hospital: a retrospective analysis. | to determine the incidence and microbiological profile of mycotic keratitis seen at a tertiary care eye hospital. | 2011 | 23960995 |
| moraxella catarrhalis uses a twin-arginine translocation system to secrete the β-lactamase bro-2. | moraxella catarrhalis is a human-specific gram-negative bacterium readily isolated from the respiratory tract of healthy individuals. the organism also causes significant health problems, including 15-20% of otitis media cases in children and ~10% of respiratory infections in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. the lack of an efficacious vaccine, the rapid emergence of antibiotic resistance in clinical isolates, and high carriage rates reported in children are cause for concern. v ... | 2013 | 23782650 |
| culture-inappropriate antibiotic therapy decreases quality of life improvement after sinus surgery. | despite their widespread use, antibiotics have not been shown to improve chronic rhinosinusitis (crs) outcomes. we aimed to determine whether culture-inappropriate postoperative antibiotic therapy was associated with less quality-of-life (qol) improvement following functional endoscopic sinus surgery (fess). | 2014 | 24415647 |
| the genetic analysis of an acinetobacter johnsonii clinical strain evidenced the presence of horizontal genetic transfer. | acinetobacter johnsonii rarely causes human infections. while most a. johnsonii isolates are susceptible to virtually all antibiotics, strains harboring a variety of β-lactamases have recently been described. an a. johnsonii aj2199 clinical strain recovered from a hospital in buenos aires produces per-2 and oxa-58. we decided to delve into its genome by obtaining the whole genome sequence of the aj2199 strain. genome comparison studies on aj2199 revealed 240 unique genes and a close relation to ... | 2016 | 27548264 |
| multidrug efflux pumps at the crossroad between antibiotic resistance and bacterial virulence. | multidrug efflux pumps can be involved in bacterial resistance to antibiotics at different levels. some efflux pumps are constitutively expressed at low levels and contribute to intrinsic resistance. in addition, their overexpression may allow higher levels of resistance. this overexpression can be transient, in the presence of an effector (phenotypic resistance), or constitutive when mutants in the regulatory elements of the expression of efflux pumps are selected (acquired resistance). efflux ... | 2016 | 27708632 |
| flashy flagella: flagellin modification is relatively common and highly versatile among the enterobacteriaceae. | post-translational glycosylation of the flagellin protein is relatively common among gram-negative bacteria, and has been linked to several phenotypes, including flagellar biosynthesis and motility, biofilm formation, host immune evasion and manipulation and virulence. however to date, despite extensive physiological and genetic characterization, it has never been reported for the peritrichously flagellate enterobacteriaceae. | 2016 | 27206480 |
| surveillance bronchoscopy in children during the first year after lung transplantation: is it worth it? | since january 2002, routine surveillance bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) and transbronchial biopsy has been performed in all paediatric recipients of lung and heart-lung transplants at the great ormond street hospital for children, london, uk, using a newly revised treatment protocol. | 2006 | 16928706 |
| surveillance bronchoscopy in children during the first year after lung transplantation: is it worth it? | since january 2002, routine surveillance bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) and transbronchial biopsy has been performed in all paediatric recipients of lung and heart-lung transplants at the great ormond street hospital for children, london, uk, using a newly revised treatment protocol. | 2006 | 16928706 |
| the microbiome of the middle meatus in healthy adults. | rhinitis and rhinosinusitis are multifactorial disease processes in which bacteria may play a role either in infection or stimulation of the inflammatory process. rhinosinusitis has been historically studied with culture-based techniques, which have implicated several common pathogens in disease states. more recently, the nih human microbiome project has examined the microbiome at a number of accessible body sites, and demonstrated differences among healthy and diseased patients. recent dna-base ... | 2013 | 24386477 |
| bronchodilator response in adults with bronchiectasis: correlation with clinical parameters and prognostic implications. | bronchial dilation testing is an important tool to assess airway reversibility in adults with bronchiectasis. this study aims to investigate the association of bronchodilator response (bdr) and clinical parameters in bronchiectasis, and the utility of bdr to indicate lung function decline and risks of bronchiectasis exacerbations (bes). | 2016 | 26904207 |
| abundant intergenic taactga direct repeats and putative alternate rna polymerase β' subunits in marine beggiatoaceae genomes: possible regulatory roles and origins. | the genome sequences of several giant marine sulfur-oxidizing bacteria present evidence of a possible post-transcriptional regulatory network that may have been transmitted to or from two distantly related bacteria lineages. the draft genome of a cand. "maribeggiatoa" filament from the guaymas basin (gulf of california, mexico) seafloor contains 169 sets of taactga direct repeats and one indirect repeat, with two to six copies per set. related heptamers are rarely or never found as direct repeat ... | 2015 | 26733950 |
| role of transition metal exporters in virulence: the example of neisseria meningitidis. | transition metals such as iron, manganese, and zinc are essential micronutrients for bacteria. however, at high concentration, they can generate non-functional proteins or toxic compounds. metal metabolism is therefore regulated to prevent shortage or overload, both of which can impair cell survival. in addition, equilibrium among these metals has to be tightly controlled to avoid molecular replacement in the active site of enzymes. bacteria must actively maintain intracellular metal concentrati ... | 2013 | 24392357 |
| heterologous expression of bartonella adhesin a in escherichia coli by exchange of trimeric autotransporter adhesin domains results in enhanced adhesion properties and a pathogenic phenotype. | human-pathogenic bartonella henselae causes cat scratch disease and vasculoproliferative disorders. an important pathogenicity factor of b. henselae is the trimeric autotransporter adhesin (taa) bartonella adhesin a (bada), which is modularly constructed, consisting of a head, a long and repetitive neck-stalk module, and a membrane anchor. bada is involved in bacterial autoagglutination, binding to extracellular matrix proteins and host cells, and in proangiogenic reprogramming. the slow growth ... | 2014 | 24682330 |
| molecular characterization of plasmid pmbo4.6 of moraxella bovis atcc 10900. | we report the characterization of a small cryptic plasmid unlike any previously described from moraxella bovis atcc 10900, a gram-negative bacterium belonging to the family moraxellaceae. the complete nucleotide sequence of the plasmid pmbo4.6 was determined. the plasmid was analyzed and found to be 4658 in size with a g+c content of 38.6 mol %. computer analysis of the sequence data revealed four major open reading frames encoding putative proteins of 10.1 (orf1), 64.2 (orf2), 45.7 (orf3), and ... | 2012 | 23129346 |
| molecular characterization of plasmid pmbo4.6 of moraxella bovis atcc 10900. | we report the characterization of a small cryptic plasmid unlike any previously described from moraxella bovis atcc 10900, a gram-negative bacterium belonging to the family moraxellaceae. the complete nucleotide sequence of the plasmid pmbo4.6 was determined. the plasmid was analyzed and found to be 4658 in size with a g+c content of 38.6 mol %. computer analysis of the sequence data revealed four major open reading frames encoding putative proteins of 10.1 (orf1), 64.2 (orf2), 45.7 (orf3), and ... | 2012 | 23129346 |
| pharmacokinetic properties of clarithromycin: a comparison with erythromycin and azithromycin. | to compare the pharmacokinetic properties of two new macrolide antibiotics, clarithromycin and azithromycin, with those of the prototype macrolide, erythromycin. | 1993 | 22346438 |
| beyond erythromycin ... | | 1994 | 22346474 |
| community acquired pneumonia in elderly people. current british guidelines need revision. | | 1998 | 9614014 |
| pharmacokinetics and tolerability of gemifloxacin (sb-265805) after administration of single oral doses to healthy volunteers. | gemifloxacin (known as sb-265805 or lb-20304) is a potent, novel fluoroquinolone compound with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity. the pharmacokinetics and tolerability of oral gemifloxacin were characterized in healthy male volunteers after a single dose of 20, 40, 80, 160, 320, 600, or 800 mg. multiple serum and urine samples were collected and analyzed for gemifloxacin using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. safety assessments included vital signs, 12 ... | 2000 | 10817716 |
| multiple-dose pharmacokinetics and tolerability of gemifloxacin administered orally to healthy volunteers. | gemifloxacin mesylate (sb-265805-s, lb-20304a) is a potent, novel fluoroquinolone agent with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity. the pharmacokinetics and tolerability of oral gemifloxacin were characterized in two parallel group studies in healthy male volunteers after doses of 160, 320, 480, and 640 mg once daily for 7 days. multiple serum or plasma and urine samples were collected on days 1 and 7 and were analyzed for gemifloxacin by high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc)-fluore ... | 2001 | 11158752 |
| pharmacokinetics of the new ketolide telithromycin (hmr 3647) administered in ascending single and multiple doses. | telithromycin (hmr 3647) is a novel ketolide antimicrobial with good activity against both common and atypical respiratory pathogens, including many resistant strains. this randomized, three-period crossover study determined the dose proportionality of telithromycin pharmacokinetics after single and multiple dosing in healthy subjects. in each treatment period, subjects received a single oral dose of 400, 800 or 1,600 mg of telithromycin followed 4 days later by the same dose once daily for 7 da ... | 2001 | 11120961 |
| laboratory diagnosis of lower respiratory tract infections: controversy and conundrums. | | 2002 | 12202540 |
| intrapulmonary pharmacokinetics of telithromycin, a new ketolide, in healthy japanese volunteers. | the concentrations of telithromycin, a new ketolide antimicrobial agent, in alveolar macrophages (ams) and bronchoalveolar epithelial lining fluid (elf) were determined in order to investigate the transfer of the drug into target tissue, relative to plasma, following multiple oral doses of telithromycin. twenty-four healthy male japanese volunteers were randomly allocated to four groups. each subject was given 600 or 800 mg of telithromycin once daily for 5 days, followed by bronchoalveolar lava ... | 2002 | 11850288 |
| steady-state plasma and bronchopulmonary concentrations of intravenous levofloxacin and azithromycin in healthy adults. | the purpose of this study was to compare the concentrations of levofloxacin and azithromycin in steady-state plasma, epithelial lining fluid (elf), and alveolar macrophage (am) after intravenous administration. thirty-six healthy, nonsmoking adult subjects were randomized to either intravenous levofloxacin (500 or 750 mg) or azithromycin (500 mg) once daily for five doses. venipuncture and bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage were performed in each subject at either 4, 12, or 24 h after the ... | 2003 | 12878504 |
| novel, single-dose microsphere formulation of azithromycin versus 7-day levofloxacin therapy for treatment of mild to moderate community-acquired pneumonia in adults. | this randomized, double-blind, noninferiority study was designed to demonstrate that a single 2.0-g oral dose of a novel microsphere formulation of azithromycin was at least as effective as 7 days of levofloxacin, 500 mg/day, in the treatment of adult patients with mild to moderate community-acquired pneumonia (fine classes i, ii, and iii). in total, 427 subjects were randomly assigned to receive either a single 2.0-g dose of azithromycin microspheres (n = 213) or a 7-day regimen of levofloxacin ... | 2005 | 16189077 |
| treating acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and community-acquired pneumonia: how effective are respiratory fluoroquinolones? | to provide family physicians with a review of evidence supporting fluoroquinolone therapy for defined patient populations with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (aecb) and community-acquired pneumonia (cap). | 2006 | 17279183 |
| bronchoscopic validation of the significance of sputum purulence in severe exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. | antibiotics are commonly prescribed in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd). however, the role of bacteria in these exacerbations is controversial. | 2006 | 16928715 |
| bronchoscopic validation of the significance of sputum purulence in severe exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. | antibiotics are commonly prescribed in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd). however, the role of bacteria in these exacerbations is controversial. | 2006 | 16928715 |
| determinants of short and long term functional recovery after hospitalization for community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly: role of inflammatory markers. | hospitalization for older patients with community-acquired pneumonia (cap) is associated with functional decline. little is know about the relationship between inflammatory markers and determinants of functional status in this population. the aim of the study is to investigate the association between tumor necrosis factor (tnf)-alpha, c-reactive protein (crp) and activities of daily living, and to identify risk factors associated with one year mortality or hospital readmission. | 2006 | 16899118 |
| treatment of community-acquired pneumonia, with special emphasis on gemifloxacin. | community-acquired pneumonia (cap) is the cause of substantial morbidity, mortality, and resource utilization worldwide. when choosing an antimicrobial, effective treatment depends on proper patient evaluation and the identification of numerous risk factors, such as recent antibiotic exposure or the presence of comorbidity. patients without any risk factor should be treated effectively with a narrow spectrum beta-lactam agent, like amoxicillin, or a macrolide. if a risk factor is present, agents ... | 2007 | 18488076 |
| diagnostic and prognostic accuracy of clinical and laboratory parameters in community-acquired pneumonia. | community-acquired pneumonia (cap) is the most frequent infection-related cause of death. the reference standard to diagnose cap is a new infiltrate on chest radiograph in the presence of recently acquired respiratory signs and symptoms. this study aims to evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic accuracy of clinical signs and symptoms and laboratory biomarkers for cap. | 2007 | 17335562 |
| optimal sampling sites and methods for detection of pathogens possibly causing community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections. | | 2008 | 19020070 |
| optimal sampling sites and methods for detection of pathogens possibly causing community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections. | | 2008 | 19020070 |
| cell penetrating peptide inhibitors of nuclear factor-kappa b. | the nuclear factor kappa b (nf-kappab) transcription factors are activated by a range of stimuli including pro-inflammatory cytokines. active nf-kappab regulates the expression of genes involved in inflammation and cell survival and aberrant nf-kappab activity plays pathological roles in certain types of cancer and diseases characterized by chronic inflammation. nf-kappab signaling is an attractive target for the development of novel anti-inflammatory or anti-cancer drugs and we discuss here how ... | 2008 | 18668204 |
| gemifloxacin use in the treatment of acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. | the newest generation of fluoroquinolones have proven efficacy against bacterial organisms associated with acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis (aecb). gemifloxacin, as one of the quinolones in this class, exhibits many of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of the class with a few notable differences. against streptococccus pneumoniae it has a lower minimal inhibitory concentration (mic) than the other respiratory fluoroquinolones and it has activity against both bacteri ... | 2009 | 19684863 |
| inflammatory parameters predict etiologic patterns but do not allow for individual prediction of etiology in patients with cap: results from the german competence network capnetz. | aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation of inflammatory markers procalcitonin (pct), c-reactive protein (crp) and leukocyte count (wbc) with microbiological etiology of cap. | 2009 | 19594893 |
| besifloxacin, a novel fluoroquinolone, has broad-spectrum in vitro activity against aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. | the antibacterial spectrum of besifloxacin, a novel fluoroquinolone recently approved for treatment of ocular infections, was studied using 2,690 clinical isolates representing 40 species. overall, besifloxacin was the most potent agent tested against gram-positive pathogens and anaerobes and was generally equivalent to comparator fluoroquinolones in activity against most gram-negative pathogens. besifloxacin demonstrated potent, broad-spectrum activity, which was particularly notable against gr ... | 2009 | 19506065 |
| causative agent distribution and antibiotic therapy assessment among adult patients with community acquired pneumonia in chinese urban population. | knowledge of predominant microbial patterns in community-acquired pneumonia (cap) constitutes the basis for initial decisions about empirical antimicrobial treatment, so a prospective study was performed during 2003-2004 among cap of adult chinese urban populations. | 2009 | 19292931 |
| community-acquired pneumonia in elderly patients. | community-acquired pneumonia continues to have a significant impact on elderly individuals, who are affected more frequently and with more severe consequences than younger populations. as the population ages it is expected that the medical and economic impact of this disease will increase. despite these concerns, little progress has been made in research specifically focusing on community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly. data continue to show that a high index of suspicion, early antimicrobial ... | 2009 | 20694055 |
| low zinc status: a new risk factor for pneumonia in the elderly? | low zinc status may be a risk factor for pneumonia in the elderly. this special article reviews the magnitude of the problem of pneumonia (its prevalence, morbidity, and mortality) in the elderly, pneumonia's etiology, and the dysregulation of the immune system associated with increasing age. in addition, recent evidence from the literature is presented demonstrating that low zinc status (commonly reported in the elderly) impairs immune function, decreases resistance to pathogens, and is associa ... | 2010 | 20041998 |
| cumulative clinical experience from over a decade of use of levofloxacin in community-acquired pneumonia: critical appraisal and role in therapy. | levofloxacin is the synthetic l-isomer of the racemic fluoroquinolone, ofloxacin. it interferes with critical processes in the bacterial cell such as dna replication, transcription, repair, and recombination by inhibiting bacterial topoisomerases. levofloxacin has broad spectrum activity against several causative bacterial pathogens of community-acquired pneumonia (cap). oral levofloxacin is rapidly absorbed and is bioequivalent to the intravenous formulation such that patients can be convenient ... | 2011 | 22046107 |
| update and critical appraisal of the use of topical azithromycin ophthalmic 1% (azasite) solution in the treatment of ocular infections. | azithromycin is an azalide that acts by binding to the 50s ribosomal subunit of susceptible microorganisms and interfering with microbial protein synthesis. azithromycin is also noted by anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity. azasite(®) (inspire pharmaceuticals, inc, durham, nc) is azithromycin ophthalmic solution, 1% formulated in polycarbophil (the aqueous mucoadhesive polymer contained in durasite(®)) that delivers high and prolonged azithromycin concentrations in a variety of ocula ... | 2011 | 21750614 |
| inhaled innate immune ligands to prevent pneumonia. | epithelial surfaces throughout the body continuously sample and respond to environmental stimuli. the accessibility of lung epithelium to inhaled therapies makes it possible to stimulate local antimicrobial defences with aerosolized innate immune ligands. this strategy has been shown to be effective in preclinical models, as delivery of innate immune ligands to the lungs of laboratory animals results in protection from subsequent challenge with microbial pathogens. survival of the animal host in ... | 2011 | 21250981 |
| healthcare-associated pneumonia among hospitalized patients in a korean tertiary hospital. | healthcare-associated pneumonia (hcap) has more similarities to nosocomial pneumonia than to community-acquired pneumonia (cap). however, there have only been a few epidemiological studies of hcap in south korea. we aimed to determine the differences between hcap and cap in terms of clinical features, pathogens, and outcomes, and to clarify approaches for initial antibiotic management. | 2011 | 21396096 |
| clinical effectiveness and safety of gemifloxacin versus cefpodoxime in acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis: a randomized, controlled trial. | acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis (aecb) is a commonly encountered problem and those suspected to be due to bacterial infections require antibiotic therapy. this randomized, controlled trial was designed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of gemifloxacin, a new fluoroquinolone, versus cefpodoxime, an oral third-generation cephalosporin, for the treatment of mild to moderately severe cases of aecb. | 2011 | 21455420 |
| newer antibacterials in therapy and clinical trials. | in order to deal with the rising problem of antibiotic resistance, newer antibacterials are being discovered and added to existing pool. since the year 2000, however, only four new classes of antibacterials have been discovered. these include the oxazolidinones, glycolipopeptides, glycolipodepepsipeptide and pleuromutilins. newer drugs were added to existing classes of antibiotics, such as streptogramins, quinolones, beta-lactam antibiotics, and macrolide-, tetracycline- and trimethoprim-related ... | 2012 | 23181224 |
| global fluoroquinolone resistance epidemiology and implictions for clinical use. | this paper on the fluoroquinolone resistance epidemiology stratifies the data according to the different prescription patterns by either primary or tertiary caregivers and by indication. global surveillance studies demonstrate that fluoroquinolone resistance rates increased in the past years in almost all bacterial species except s. pneumoniae and h. influenzae, causing community-acquired respiratory tract infections. however, 10 to 30% of these isolates harbored first-step mutations conferring ... | 2012 | 23097666 |
| the neutrophil-lymphocyte count ratio in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. | the neutrophil-lymphocyte count ratio (nlcr) has been identified as a predictor of bacteremia in medical emergencies. the aim of this study was to investigate the value of the nlcr in patients with community-acquired pneumonia (cap). | 2012 | 23049706 |
| comparison of plasma, epithelial lining fluid, and alveolar macrophage concentrations of solithromycin (cem-101) in healthy adult subjects. | the steady-state concentrations of solithromycin in plasma were compared with concomitant concentrations in epithelial lining fluid (elf) and alveolar macrophages (am) obtained from intrapulmonary samples during bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) in 30 healthy adult subjects. subjects received oral solithromycin at 400 mg once daily for five consecutive days. bronchoscopy and bal were carried out once in each subject at either 3, 6, 9, 12, or 24 h after the last administered dose of s ... | 2012 | 22802254 |
| etiology and incidence of viral and bacterial acute respiratory illness among older children and adults in rural western kenya, 2007-2010. | few comprehensive data exist on disease incidence for specific etiologies of acute respiratory illness (ari) in older children and adults in africa. | 2012 | 22937071 |
| does the adoption of eucast susceptibility breakpoints affect the selection of antimicrobials to treat acute community-acquired respiratory tract infections? | in several european countries, by the end of 2012, clsi guidelines will be replaced by eucast. we compared antimicrobial susceptibility results of a large number of respiratory pathogens using both eucast and previously adopted clsi criteria to evaluate the impact on susceptibility patterns and the possible consequences that could occur in clinical practice due to this replacement.for s. pyogenes and s. aureus, the interpretation of susceptibility data using the eucast criteria did not produce r ... | 2012 | 22866984 |
| blood urea nitrogen to serum albumin ratio independently predicts mortality and severity of community-acquired pneumonia. | early studies of community-acquired pneumonia showed that nonsurvivors had higher blood urea nitrogen levels and lower serum albumin levels than survivors. therefore, elevation of the blood urea nitrogen to serum albumin (b/a) ratio may identify patients with community-acquired pneumonia who are becoming critically ill. this study investigated the correlation between commonly used laboratory markers, in particular the b/a ratio, and clinical outcomes of community-acquired pneumonia. | 2012 | 22866010 |
| efficacy and safety of oral gemifloxacin for the empirical treatment of pneumonia. | respiratory tract infections (rti) are common causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. initial antibiotic therapy in upper and lower respiratory tract infections is usually empirical. the increasing evidence of antibacterial resistance in the pathogens commonly associated with pneumonia has raised concerns about the efficacy of currently available therapies and poses a challenge to clinicians. gemifloxacin is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antimicrobial agent exhibiting potent activity against ... | 2012 | 22919164 |
| cethromycin versus clarithromycin for community-acquired pneumonia: comparative efficacy and safety outcomes from two double-blinded, randomized, parallel-group, multicenter, multinational noninferiority studies. | community-acquired pneumonia (cap) continues to be a major health challenge in the united states and globally. factors such as overprescribing of antibiotics and noncompliance with dosing regimens have added to the growing antibacterial resistance problem. in addition, several agents available for the treatment of cap have been associated with serious side effects. cethromycin is a new ketolide antibiotic that may provide prescribing physicians with an additional agent to supplement a continuall ... | 2012 | 22290969 |
| structure of an essential type iv pilus biogenesis protein provides insights into pilus and type ii secretion systems. | type iv pili (t4ps) are long cell surface filaments, essential for microcolony formation, tissue adherence, motility, transformation, and virulence by human pathogens. the enteropathogenic escherichia coli bundle-forming pilus is a prototypic t4p assembled and powered by bfpd, a conserved gspe secretion superfamily atpase held by inner-membrane proteins bfpc and bfpe, a gspf-family membrane protein. although the t4p assembly machinery shares similarity with type ii secretion (t2s) systems, the s ... | 2012 | 22387466 |
| strategies of exploitation of mammalian reservoirs by bartonella species. | numerous mammal species, including domestic and wild animals such as ruminants, dogs, cats and rodents, as well as humans, serve as reservoir hosts for various bartonella species. some of those species that exploit non-human mammals as reservoir hosts have zoonotic potential. our understanding of interactions between bartonellae and reservoir hosts has been greatly improved by the development of animal models for infection and the use of molecular tools allowing large scale mutagenesis of barton ... | 2012 | 22369683 |
| diagnosis and treatment of hiv-associated manifestations in otolaryngology. | almost 30 years after its first description, hiv still remains a global pandemic. the present paper aims to review the current knowledge on the ear, nose and throat (ent) manifestations of hiv infection, and present the available diagnostic and treatment options. a literature review was conducted in medline and other available database sources. information from related books was also included in the data analysis. it is well acknowledged that up to 80% of hiv-infected patients eventually develop ... | 2012 | 24470939 |
| dissecting the machinery that introduces disulfide bonds in pseudomonas aeruginosa. | disulfide bond formation is required for the folding of many bacterial virulence factors. however, whereas the escherichia coli disulfide bond-forming system is well characterized, not much is known on the pathways that oxidatively fold proteins in pathogenic bacteria. here, we report the detailed unraveling of the pathway that introduces disulfide bonds in the periplasm of the human pathogen pseudomonas aeruginosa. the genome of p. aeruginosa uniquely encodes two dsba proteins (p. aeruginosa ds ... | 2013 | 24327342 |
| biological evaluation of benzothiazole ethyl urea inhibitors of bacterial type ii topoisomerases. | the type ii topoisomerases dna gyrase (gyra/gyrb) and topoisomerase iv (parc/pare) are well-validated targets for antibacterial drug discovery. because of their structural and functional homology, these enzymes are amenable to dual targeting by a single ligand. in this study, two novel benzothiazole ethyl urea-based small molecules, designated compound a and compound b, were evaluated for their biochemical, antibacterial, and pharmacokinetic properties. the two compounds inhibited the atpase act ... | 2013 | 24041906 |
| viral-bacterial interactions-therapeutic implications. | viral and bacterial respiratory tract infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, despite the development of vaccines and potent antibiotics. frequently, viruses and bacteria can co-infect the same host, resulting in heightened pathology and severity of illness compared to single infections. bacterial superinfections have been a significant cause of death during every influenza pandemic, including the 2009 h1n1 pandemic. this review will analyze the epidemiology and glob ... | 2013 | 24215379 |
| antibacterial activity of eravacycline (tp-434), a novel fluorocycline, against hospital and community pathogens. | eravacycline (tp-434 or 7-fluoro-9-pyrrolidinoacetamido-6-demethyl-6-deoxytetracycline) is a novel fluorocycline that was evaluated for antimicrobial activity against panels of recently isolated aerobic and anaerobic gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. eravacycline showed potent broad-spectrum activity against 90% of the isolates (mic90) in each panel at concentrations ranging from ≤0.008 to 2 μg/ml for all species panels except those of pseudomonas aeruginosa and burkholderia cenocepacia ... | 2013 | 23979750 |
| possible involvement of human bocavirus 1 in the death of a middle-aged immunosuppressed patient. | an immunosuppressed 61-year-old man went to the hospital with fever, nonproductive cough, and increasing shortness of breath. the subject died 8 days later of respiratory complications. pcr of respiratory samples as well as a blood sample revealed exceptionally high dna levels of the emerging pathogen, human bocavirus 1 (hbov1), a recently found pathogen associated with respiratory symptoms in young children. we describe the clinical progression of the case and discuss the potential role of hbov ... | 2013 | 23903541 |
| investigational antimicrobial agents of 2013. | new antimicrobial agents are always needed to counteract the resistant pathogens that continue to be selected by current therapeutic regimens. this review provides a survey of known antimicrobial agents that were currently in clinical development in the fall of 2012 and spring of 2013. data were collected from published literature primarily from 2010 to 2012, meeting abstracts (2011 to 2012), government websites, and company websites when appropriate. compared to what was reported in previous su ... | 2013 | 24092856 |
| time to intubation is associated with outcome in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. | it has been suggested that delayed intensive care unit (icu) transfer is associated with increased mortality for patients with community-acquired pneumonia (cap). however, icu admission policies and patient epidemiology vary widely across the world depending on local hospital practices and organizational constraints. we hypothesized that the time from the onset of cap symptoms to invasive mechanical ventilation could be a relevant prognostic factor. | 2013 | 24069367 |
| bacterial profile, antibiotic sensitivity and resistance of lower respiratory tract infections in upper egypt. | lower respiratory tract infections (lrti) account for a considerable proportion of morbidity and antibiotic use. we aimed to identify the causative bacteria, antibiotic sensitivity and resistance of hospitalized adult patients due to lrti in upper egypt. | 2013 | 24106606 |
| antimicrobial activity of the pleuromutilin antibiotic bc-3781 against bacterial pathogens isolated in the sentry antimicrobial surveillance program in 2010. | bc-3781 is a novel semisynthetic pleuromutilin antibiotic inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. bc-3781 has completed a phase 2 clinical trial in acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (absssi). its antibacterial spectrum additionally covers the predominant pathogens causing community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (cabp). in this study, the antibacterial activity of bc-3781 was evaluated against a contemporary collection of 10,035 bacterial isolates predominately causing absssi and ... | 2013 | 23836172 |
| evaluation of yield of currently available diagnostics by sample type to optimize detection of respiratory pathogens in patients with a community-acquired pneumonia. | for the detection of respiratory pathogens, the sampling strategy may influence the diagnostic yield. ideally, samples from the lower respiratory tract are collected, but they are difficult to obtain. | 2013 | 23957707 |
| evaluation of yield of currently available diagnostics by sample type to optimize detection of respiratory pathogens in patients with a community-acquired pneumonia. | for the detection of respiratory pathogens, the sampling strategy may influence the diagnostic yield. ideally, samples from the lower respiratory tract are collected, but they are difficult to obtain. | 2013 | 23957707 |
| the biology of neisseria adhesins. | members of the genus neisseria include pathogens causing important human diseases such as meningitis, septicaemia, gonorrhoea and pelvic inflammatory disease syndrome. neisseriae are found on the exposed epithelia of the upper respiratory tract and the urogenital tract. colonisation of these exposed epithelia is dependent on a repertoire of diverse bacterial molecules, extending not only from the surface of the bacteria but also found within the outer membrane. during invasive disease, pathogeni ... | 2013 | 24833056 |
| a cost effective real-time pcr for the detection of adenovirus from viral swabs. | compared to traditional testing strategies, nucleic acid amplification tests such as real-time pcr offer many advantages for the detection of human adenoviruses. however, commercial assays are expensive and cost prohibitive for many clinical laboratories. to overcome fiscal challenges, a cost effective strategy was developed using a combination of homogenization and heat treatment with an "in-house" real-time pcr. in 196 swabs submitted for adenovirus detection, this crude extraction method show ... | 2013 | 23758993 |
| randomized, double-blind, multicenter phase 2 study comparing the efficacy and safety of oral solithromycin (cem-101) to those of oral levofloxacin in the treatment of patients with community-acquired bacterial pneumonia. | solithromycin, a new macrolide, and the first fluoroketolide in clinical development, with activity against macrolide-resistant bacteria, was tested in 132 patients with moderate to moderately severe community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (cabp) in a multicenter, double-blind, randomized phase 2 study. patients were enrolled and randomized (1:1) to either 800 mg solithromycin orally (po) on day 1, followed by 400 mg po daily on days 2 to 5, or 750 mg levofloxacin po daily on days 1 to 5. efficac ... | 2013 | 23507282 |
| prevention of respiratory tract infections with bacterial lysate om-85 bronchomunal in children and adults: a state of the art. | respiratory tract infections (rtis) are a leading cause of morbidity and also represent a cause of death in some parts of the world. the treatment of rtis implies a continuous search for stronger therapies and represents an economical burden for health services and society. in this context the prevention of infections is absolutely required. the use of bacterial lysates as immuno-modulators to boost immunological response is widely debated. aim of this review is to summarize the main clinical st ... | 2013 | 23692890 |
| phase ii clinical study of bc-3781, a pleuromutilin antibiotic, in treatment of patients with acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections. | this study investigated the potential of the novel systemic pleuromutilin antibiotic bc-3781 to treat patients with an acute bacterial skin and skin structure infection (absssi) caused by a gram-positive pathogen. patients were randomized to intravenous bc-3781 100 mg, bc-3781 150 mg, or vancomycin 1 g every 12 h. response to treatment was assessed daily and at test of cure (toc). the primary endpoint was the clinical success rate at toc in the modified intent-to-treat (mitt) and clinically eval ... | 2013 | 23422913 |
| dynamics of peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations in the acute and subacute phase of legionnaires' disease. | absolute lymphocytopenia is recognised as an important hallmark of the immune response to severe infection and observed in patients with legionnaires' disease. to explore the immune response, we studied the dynamics of peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations in the acute and subacute phase of ld. | 2013 | 23646123 |
| aetiology of paediatric pneumonia after the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. | we describe the aetiology of community-acquired pneumonia in children before and after the introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccination (pcv) programme in 2006. prospective studies were conducted in 2001-2002 (pre-vaccine) and 2009-2011 (post-vaccine) of children aged 0-16 years with radiologically confirmed pneumonia seen in hospital. investigations included culture, serology, immunofluorescence antibody and urine antigen testing, with an increased use of pcr assays and expanded panel ... | 2013 | 23598951 |
| secondary electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (sesi-ms) breathprinting of multiple bacterial lung pathogens, a mouse model study. | bacterial pneumonia is one of the leading causes of disease-related morbidity and mortality in the world, in part because the diagnostic tools for pneumonia are slow and ineffective. to improve the diagnosis success rates and treatment outcomes for bacterial lung infections, we are exploring the use of secondary electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (sesi-ms) breath analysis as a rapid, noninvasive method for determining the etiology of lung infections in situ. using a murine lung infection ... | 2013 | 23519230 |
| etiology and outcome of severe community acquired pneumonia in immunocompetent adults. | community acquired pneumonia (cap) is a commonly encountered disease, one third of which is severe community acquired pneumonia (scap) that can be potentially fatal. there is a paucity of data on etiology and outcome of patients with scap in south asian population. | 2013 | 23425298 |
| population pharmacokinetic analyses for bc-3781 using phase 2 data from patients with acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections. | bc-3781, a pleuromutilin antimicrobial agent, is being developed for the treatment of patients with acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (absssi) and community-acquired bacterial pneumonia. data from a phase 2 study of patients with absssi were used to refine a previous population pharmacokinetic (pk) model and explore potential predictors of pk variability. the previously derived population pk model based on data from three phase 1 studies was applied to sparse sampling data from ... | 2014 | 25348519 |