| an update on diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of clostridium difficile-associated disease. | clostridium difficile is an important cause of nosocomial morbidity and mortality and is implicated in recent epidemics. data support the treatment of colitis with oral metronidazole in a dose of 1.0 to 1.5 g/d, with oral vancomycin as a second-line agent, not because its efficacy is questioned but because of environmental concerns. nitazoxanide and other drugs are currently under intense study as alternatives. treatment of asymptomatic patients is not recommended. current management strategies ... | 2006 | 16880068 |
| probiotics in the prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal infections. | probiotics have been studied in a variety of gi infections, and are an appealing concept given their favorable safety profiles. several placebo-controlled trials indicated that lactobacilli have a suppressive effect on h pylori infection. although some studies reported improvement in h pylori eradication, others failed to confirm this. controlled trials support the use of lactobacillus gg and s boulardii for the prevention of aad, and have demonstrated the effectiveness of s boulardii as adjunct ... | 2006 | 16880070 |
| moxifloxacin prophylaxis in neutropenic patients. | recent studies have shown a beneficial impact of fluoroquinolones on infection-related morbidity and mortality for patients with haematological malignancies during neutropenia. among the fluoroquinolones moxifloxacin currently provides one of the broadest spectra of antibacterial activity and may be suitable for prophylaxis during neutropenia. | 2006 | 16880172 |
| factors influencing the composition of the intestinal microbiota in early infancy. | the aim of this study was to examine the contribution of a broad range of external influences to the gut microbiotic composition in early infancy. | 2006 | 16882802 |
| listeria monocytogenes induced rac1-dependent signal transduction in endothelial cells. | infection of endothelial cells by listeria monocytogenes is an essential step in the pathogenesis of listeriosis. small gtpases of the rho family act as molecular switches in signal transduction. we tested the hypothesis that rho gtpases contribute to the regulation of cytokine expression following l. monocytogenes infection. l. monocytogenes induced release of distinct cc and cxc, as well as th1 and th2 cytokines and growth factors by endothelial cells and activated rhoa and rac1. inhibition of ... | 2006 | 16884694 |
| prospective, randomized inpatient study of oral metronidazole versus oral metronidazole and rifampin for treatment of primary episode of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | to date, no randomized trial to address the use of adjunctive rifampin in addition to metronidazole for the treatment of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea has been reported. rifampin has excellent in vitro activity against c. difficile and penetrates into cellular materials where the organisms may persist. | 2006 | 16886144 |
| improving the treatment of clostridium difficile-associated disease: where should we start? | | 2006 | 16886145 |
| a novel fluorescence imaging technique combining deconvolution microscopy and spectral analysis for quantitative detection of opportunistic pathogens. | a novel fluorescence imaging technique based on deconvolution microscopy and spectral analysis is presented here as an alternative to confocal laser scanning microscopy. it allowed rapid, specific and simultaneous identification of five major opportunistic pathogens, relevant for public health, in suspension and provided quantitative results. | 2006 | 16887225 |
| summary of clostridium difficile workshop and symposium, 4-5 may 1995, tours and paris, france. | | 1995 | 16887548 |
| clostridium difficile: an update on virulence mechanisms. | | 1996 | 16887556 |
| pharmaceutical probiotics for the treatment of anaerobic and other infections. | pharmaceutical probiotics have been used as alternative treatments or preventative therapies for a variety of clinical diseases. the overuse of antibiotics and emergence of multiple-antibiotic resistant pathogens has refocused clinical attention on the field of probiotics. anaerobic infections which seem to respond well to probiotics are infections which involve the disruption of normal microbial flora. gastrointestinal infections (travelers' diarrhea, antibiotic-associated diarrhea,clostridium ... | 1997 | 16887565 |
| periodontal microflora of hiv infected patients with periodontitis. | the aim of this study was to determine the microbial profile of periodontal lesions in hiv seropositive patients and to compare it with rapidly progressing periodontal lesions in systemically healthy patients. the subgingival microflora of 20 cdc ii, 20 cdc iii, 20 cdc iv/v and 20 systemically healthy patients with rapidly progressing periodontitis was examined. four sites with greatest probing depth in each patient were selected for microbiological sampling. the samples were cultured aerobicall ... | 1997 | 16887570 |
| in vitro activity of linezolid and eperezolid, two novel oxazolidinone antimicrobial agents, against anaerobic bacteria. | linezolid (formerly u-100766) and eperezolid (formerly u-100592) are novel oxazolidinone antimicrobial agents that are active against multi-drug-resistant staphylococci, streptococci, enterococci, corynebacteria, and mycobacteria. preliminary studies also demonstrated that the compounds inhibited some test strains of anaerobic bacteria. therefore, we extended the in vitro evaluation of these agents to include a total of 54 different anaerobic species. minimal inhibitory concentration (mic) value ... | 1997 | 16887605 |
| isolation from the rumen of a new acetogenic bacterium phylogenetically closely related to clostridium difficile. | five strains of filamentous acetogenic bacterium were isolated from high dilutions of ruminal content of newborn lambs. these gram-positive spore-forming bacteria grew either chemolithotrophically with h2+ co2 or chemo-organotrophically with glucose, cellobiose, fructose, maltose, mannose and syringic acid. the dna base composition of the five strains were between 29.1 and 31.3 mol% g + c. their temperature and ph optimum for growth were 35-40 degrees c and 6.5-7.0, respectively. the full 16s rr ... | 1998 | 16887627 |
| susceptibility of hamsters to human pathogenic clostridium difficile strain b1 following clindamycin, ampicillin or ceftriaxone administration. | clindamycin-treated hamsters are predictably susceptible to infection with pathogenic strains of clostridium difficile. this animal model parallels most of the important aspects of human c. difficile associated disease (cdad). in humans, almost any antibiotic may precipitate cdad, but clindamycin, ampicillin and second-and third-generation cephalosporins are implicated most often. we studied the effect of ampicillin and ceftriaxone compared to clindamycin on the susceptibility of hamsters to cha ... | 2003 | 16887694 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea from a general hospital in argentina. | clostridium difficile is responsible for 15-25% of all cases of antibiotic associated diarrhea. the incidence of infection with this organism is increasing in hospitals worldwide, consequent to the widespread use of broad-spectrum antibiotics. although the clinical and financial impact of nosocomial c. difficile infection is believed to be significant, only limited information is available on the importance of c. difficile as a cause of diarrhea in argentina. the aim of the study was to evaluate ... | 2003 | 16887697 |
| clostridium difficile and enterotoxigenic bacteroides fragilis strains isolated from patients with antibiotic associated diarrhoea. | from the fecal samples of 332 patients with a clinical diagnosis of antibiotic associated diarrhoea (aad), 131 clostridium difficile strains were isolated. for detection of toxin a in the isolated strains the enzymatic immunoassay was used. the cytopathic effect was determined on mccoy cell line. pcr was used for the detection of non-repeating and repeating sequences of toxin a gene and non-repeating sequences of toxin b gene. one hundred and six isolated c. difficile strains were tcda(+)tcdb(+) ... | 2003 | 16887705 |
| binary toxin producing clostridium difficile strains. | clostridium difficile produces three toxins, tcda, tcdb and cdt. tcda and tcdb are single-stranded molecules acting as glucosyltransferases specific for small gtpases. cdt is an actin specific adp-ribosylating binary toxin characteristically composed of two independent components, enzymatic cdta (48 kda) and binding cdtb (99 kda). the cdta and cdtb genes were sequenced in two cdt-positive strains of c. difficile (cd 196 and 8864) and at least two cdt-negative strains with truncated form of binar ... | 2003 | 16887714 |
| occurrence of clostridium difficile in fecal samples of hiv-infected children in poland. | the prevalence of clostridium difficile and its toxins (a and b) in hiv-positive children in poland was investigated in a group of 18 children, aged 6 months to 8 1/2 years. stool samples were tested using an antigen detection method for toxin a/b, cytotoxicity-neutralization and culture. in 3 cases (17%) c. difficile toxins were detected in both stool samples and strains recovered from culture. the three strains isolated were shown by pcr methods to contain toxins a and b genes. all children ha ... | 2003 | 16887715 |
| c. difficile: a menace in hospitals and homes alike. | | 2006 | 16888483 |
| comparative analysis of prevalence, risk factors, and molecular epidemiology of antibiotic-associated diarrhea due to clostridium difficile, clostridium perfringens, and staphylococcus aureus. | we prospectively studied the comparative epidemiology and risk factors for clostridium difficile, clostridium perfringens, and staphylococcus aureus antibiotic-associated diarrhea (aad). four thousand six hundred fifty-nine inpatient fecal specimens (11 months) were tested for c. difficile cytotoxin, c. perfringens enterotoxin, and s. aureus by vero cell assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and growth on fresh blood agar, respectively. two distinct age-, sex-, and location-matched control p ... | 2006 | 16891493 |
| epidemic clostridium difficile. | | 2006 | 16893351 |
| management of refractory ulcerative colitis. | a physician's approach to patients with ulcerative colitis (uc) who are refractory to standard first-line therapies must be thoughtful and systematic and include the individual's physical and emotional state as the physician examines the various dietary, medical, and surgical options currently available. it is of foremost importance to confirm that the refractory patient's symptoms are not simply due to dietary indiscretion, concomitant bowel infection (especially with clostridium difficile), an ... | 2006 | 16901387 |
| update on clostridium difficile. | the most dramatic change in the past several years has been the increased incidence and severity of clostridium difficile colitis reported from multiple countries. a number of factors have likely contributed to this. one major event has been the emergence of a fluoroquinolone-resistant clone of c. difficile with enhanced virulence properties that is associated with epidemic disease. also noteworthy is the apparently decreasing effectiveness of the first-line agent metronidazole in treating this ... | 2006 | 16901390 |
| proton pump inhibitor therapy is a risk factor for clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. | inhibition of gastric acid removes a defence against ingested bacteria and spores, increasing the risk of some forms of gastroenteritis. previous studies investigating a possible link between acid suppression therapy and clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea have reported conflicting results. | 2006 | 16907893 |
| risk factors for clostridium difficile toxin-positive nosocomial diarrhoea. | data were retrieved from the records of all patients from whom stool was sent for clostridium difficile toxin testing during the year 2001. toxin-positive and -negative patients were compared by bivariate analysis and regression models. eight hundred samples from 610 patients were sent for c. difficile toxin testing. charts of 535 patients (88%) were available for analysis. of those, 17% had a positive toxin test whilst 83% had a negative toxin test. there was no difference in the number of dail ... | 2006 | 16908119 |
| how long do nosocomial pathogens persist on inanimate surfaces? a systematic review. | inanimate surfaces have often been described as the source for outbreaks of nosocomial infections. the aim of this review is to summarize data on the persistence of different nosocomial pathogens on inanimate surfaces. | 2006 | 16914034 |
| corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 2-deficient mice have reduced intestinal inflammatory responses. | corticotropin-releasing hormone (crh) and urocortins (ucn) bind with various affinities to two g-protein-coupled receptors, crhr1 and crhr2, which are expressed in brain and in peripheral tissues, including immune cells. crhr2-deficient mice display anxiety-like behavior, hypersensitivity to stress, altered feeding behavior and metabolism, and cardiovascular abnormalities. however, the phenotype of these mice in inflammatory responses has not been determined. in the present study we found that c ... | 2006 | 16920976 |
| trusts must listen to infection control nurses. | | 2006 | 16922092 |
| exopolysaccharides produced by probiotic strains modify the adhesion of probiotics and enteropathogens to human intestinal mucus. | exopolysaccharides (epss) are exocellular polymers present in the surface of many bacteria, including lactobacillus and bifidobacterium. the genome sequence of several strains revealed the presence of eps-encoding genes. however, the physiological role that epss play in the bacterial ecology still remains uncertain. in this study, we have assessed the effect of epss produced by lactobacillus rhamnosus gg, bifidobacterium longum nb667, and bifidobacterium animalis ipla-r1 on the adhesion of probi ... | 2006 | 16924934 |
| construction and analysis of chromosomal clostridium difficile mutants. | clostridium difficile is an emerging nosocomial pathogen of increasing importance and virulence but our ability to study the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of c. difficile-associated disease has been limited because of a lack of tools for its genetic manipulation. we have now developed a reproducible method for the targeted insertional inactivation of chromosomal c. difficile genes. the approach relies on the observation that an escherichia coli-clostridium perfringens shuttle ... | 2006 | 16925561 |
| activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases is essential for hydrogen peroxide -induced apoptosis in retinal pigment epithelial cells. | retinal pigment epithelial (rpe) cells are constantly exposed to oxidative injury while clearing byproducts of photoreceptor turnover, a circumstance thought to be responsible for degenerative retinal diseases. the mechanisms of hydrogen peroxide (h(2)o(2))-induced apoptosis in rpe cells are not fully understood. we studied signal transduction mechanisms of h(2)o(2)-induced apoptosis in the human rpe cell line arpe-19. activation of two stress kinases (jnk and p38) occurs during h(2)o(2) stimula ... | 2006 | 16927023 |
| surface layer proteins from clostridium difficile induce inflammatory and regulatory cytokines in human monocytes and dendritic cells. | clostridium difficile, an etiological agent of most cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea, exerts its pathological action mainly by the activity of toxin a and toxin b. less known is the role that s-layer proteins (slps), predominant surface components of the bacterium, may play in pathogenesis. here, we evaluate the ability of slps to modulate the function of human monocytes and dendritic cells (dc) and to induce inflammatory and regulatory cytokines, influencing the natural and adaptive immu ... | 2006 | 16935543 |
| frequent emergence of resistance in clostridium difficile during treatment of c. difficile-associated diarrhea with fusidic acid. | samples from patients with clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) that were randomized to fusidic acid (n = 59) or metronidazole (n = 55) therapy for 7 days were cultured for clostridium difficile in feces on days 1, 8 to 13, and 35 to 40. of the patients who were culture positive only before treatment, 77% (36/47) were permanently cured (no treatment failure and no clinical recurrence), compared to 54% (22/41) of those with persistence of c. difficile at one or both follow-ups (p = 0. ... | 2006 | 16940098 |
| are broad-spectrum fluoroquinolones more likely to cause clostridium difficile-associated disease? | limited evidence suggests that broad-spectrum fluoroquinolones such as gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin are more likely to cause clostridium difficile-associated disease than levofloxacin. in a population-based case-control study of outpatients prescribed fluoroquinolones, we found no increased risk of c. difficile-associated disease requiring hospitalization among patients prescribed gatifloxacin or moxifloxacin compared to levofloxacin. | 2006 | 16940135 |
| diarrhea etiology in a children's hospital emergency department: a prospective cohort study. | we evaluated the frequency of recovery of pathogens from children with diarrhea who presented to a pediatric emergency department and characterized the associated illnesses, to develop guidelines for performing a bacterial enteric culture. | 2006 | 16941358 |
| clostridium difficile and childhood diarrhea: cause, consequence, or confounder. | | 2006 | 16941359 |
| review: probiotics are effective for prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and treatment of clostridium difficile disease. | | 2006 | 16944866 |
| multihospital surveillance of nosocomial methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant enterococcus, and clostridium difficile: analysis of a 4-year data-sharing project, 1999-2002. | this study sought to establish a benchmark of resistant organism rates among a cohort of regional hospitals. | 2006 | 16945694 |
| glycopeptides and glycodepsipeptides in clinical development: a comparative review of their antibacterial spectrum, pharmacokinetics and clinical efficacy. | hemi-synthetic derivatives of glycopeptides have demonstrated bactericidal activity towards gram-positive bacteria, including vancomycin-resistant strains (oritavancin and telavancin), and a prolonged half-life, allowing for once-daily (oritavancin and telavancin) or once-weekly (dalbavancin) administration. these compounds have proved effective for the treatment of infections caused by multidrug-resistant gram-positive bacteria, including complicated skin and skin structure infections (oritavan ... | 2006 | 16955686 |
| characterization of (r)-2-hydroxyisocaproate dehydrogenase and a family iii coenzyme a transferase involved in reduction of l-leucine to isocaproate by clostridium difficile. | the strictly anaerobic pathogenic bacterium clostridium difficile occurs in the human gut and is able to thrive from fermentation of leucine. thereby the amino acid is both oxidized to isovalerate plus co(2) and reduced to isocaproate. in the reductive branch of this pathway, the dehydration of (r)-2-hydroxyisocaproyl-coenzyme a (coa) to (e)-2-isocaprenoyl-coa is probably catalyzed via radical intermediates. the dehydratase requires activation by an atp-dependent one-electron transfer (j. kim, d ... | 2006 | 16957230 |
| effect of tea phenolics and their aromatic fecal bacterial metabolites on intestinal microbiota. | tea is rich in polyphenols and other phenolics that have been widely reported to have beneficial health effects. however, dietary polyphenols are not completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and are metabolized by the gut microflora so that they and their metabolites may accumulate to exert physiological effects. in this study, we investigated the influence of the phenolic components of a tea extract and their aromatic metabolites upon bacterial growth. fecal homogenates containing ba ... | 2006 | 16962743 |
| emergence of clostridium difficile-associated disease in north america and europe. | the clinical spectrum of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) ranges from diarrhoea to severe life-threatening pseudomembranous colitis. although not always associated with previous antibiotic exposure, it is in the majority of cases. cdad is recognised increasingly in a variety of animal species and in individuals previously not considered to be predisposed. c. difficile can be transmitted via personal contact or environmentally. the role of patients and healthcare workers who are sy ... | 2006 | 16965399 |
| human monoclonal antibodies directed against toxins a and b prevent clostridium difficile-induced mortality in hamsters. | clostridium difficile is the leading cause of nosocomial antibiotic-associated diarrhea, and recent outbreaks of strains with increased virulence underscore the importance of identifying novel approaches to treat and prevent relapse of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad). cdad pathology is induced by two exotoxins, toxin a and toxin b, which have been shown to be cytotoxic and, in the case of toxin a, enterotoxic. in this report we describe fully human monoclonal antibodies (humabs) ... | 2006 | 16966409 |
| identification of clostridium difficile toxin b cardiotoxicity using a zebrafish embryo model of intoxication. | clostridium difficile toxin b (tcdb) has been studied extensively by using cell-free systems and tissue culture, but, like many bacterial toxins, the in vivo targets of tcdb are unknown and have been difficult to elucidate with traditional animal models. in the current study, the transparent danio rerio (zebrafish) embryo was used as a model for imaging of in vivo tcdb localization and organ-specific damage in real time. at 24 h after treatment, tcdb was found to localize at the pericardial regi ... | 2006 | 16966605 |
| clostridium difficile: more and meaner. | | 2006 | 16972351 |
| curtailing the spread of disease. | | 2006 | 16972462 |
| antibiotic prophylaxis in neutropenic patients: new evidence, practical decisions. | new evidence shows that antibiotic prophylaxis in neutropenic patients reduces mortality, febrile episodes, and bacterial infections. for patients with acute leukemia or those who undergo bone marrow transplantation, prophylaxis with fluoroquinolones diminished the risk of death from any cause by 33% (95% confidence interval [95% ci], 2-54%). thus, 55 patients who have acute leukemia or who undergo bone marrow transplantation must receive prophylaxis to prevent 1 death. in 4 studies that include ... | 2006 | 16977651 |
| ultrasound diagnosis of clinically undetected clostridium difficile toxin colitis. | | 2006 | 16978990 |
| the mosaic nature of intergenic 16s-23s rrna spacer regions suggests rrna operon copy number variation in clostridium difficile strains. | clostridium difficile is a major spore-forming environmental pathogen that causes serious health problems in patients undergoing antibiotic therapy. consequently, reliable and sensitive methods for typing individual strains are required for epidemiological and environmental studies. ribotyping is generally considered the best method, but it fails to account for sequence diversity which might exist in intergenic 16s-23s rrna spacer regions (isrs) within and among strains of this organism. therefo ... | 2006 | 16980415 |
| there are lessons to be learnt in the aftermath of a scandal. | | 2006 | 16986585 |
| application of mutated clostridium difficile toxin a for determination of glucosyltransferase-dependent effects. | mutation of tryptophan-101 in clostridium difficile toxin a, a 308-kda glucosyltransferase, resulted in a 50-fold-reduced cytopathic activity in cell culture experiments. the mutant toxin a was characterized and applied to distinguish between glucosyltransferase-dependent and -independent effects with respect to rhob up-regulation as a cellular stress response. | 2006 | 16988280 |
| positive clostridium difficile stool assay in a patient with fatal c. sordellii infection. | | 2006 | 16990397 |
| [therapeutic possibilities of probiotics in antibiotic-related diarrhea]. | one of the major problems associated with the use of antibiotics is the occurrence of antibiotic-related diarrhea. although most such cases of diarrhea are harmless, in individual cases it may lead on to fulminant colitis. in 10-20% of the patients, the causal factor is infection with clostridium difficile, which multiplies unhindered in patients on antibiotics. in the meantime, controlled, randomized studies have shown that probiotics can exercise a preventive effect in antibiotic-related diarr ... | 2006 | 16995359 |
| proton pump inhibitor use and risk of community-acquired clostridium difficile-associated disease defined by prescription for oral vancomycin therapy. | the association between the use of proton pump inhibitors and the risk of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) is controversial. in this study we re-examined a previously reported association between the use of proton pump inhibitors and the development of community-acquired cdad, this time using an alternative case definition of the disease. | 2006 | 17001054 |
| proton pump inhibitors and the risk of clostridium difficile-associated disease: further evidence from the community. | | 2006 | 17001056 |
| rhoa-gtpase facilitates entry of kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus into adherent target cells in a src-dependent manner. | kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) (human herpesvirus 8) binds to adherent target cell surface heparan sulfate molecules via its envelope glycoproteins gb and gpk8.1a, to integrins via gb, to the transporter cd98/xct complex, and possibly to another molecule(s). this is followed by virus entry overlapping with the induction of preexisting host cell signal pathways, such as focal adhesion kinase, src, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (pi3-k), rho-gtpases, protein kinase c-zeta, and extra ... | 2006 | 17005646 |
| effect of tigecycline on normal oropharyngeal and intestinal microflora. | antibacterial agents disrupt the ecological balance of the normal human microflora. tigecycline, a member of a new class of antibiotics (glycylcyclines), has been shown to have a potent broad-spectrum activity against most gram-positive and gram-negative aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. the aim of the study was to investigate the ecological effects of tigecycline on the normal oropharyngeal and intestinal microflora of healthy subjects. thirteen healthy white subjects (six females and seven males ... | 2006 | 17005820 |
| in vitro susceptibility of clostridium difficile clinical isolates from a multi-institutional outbreak in southern québec, canada. | clostridium difficile isolates from a 2004 outbreak in québec, canada, were all found to be susceptible to metronidazole, vancomycin, rifampin, and meropenem but resistant to bacitracin, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, and levofloxacin, and most (>80%) were resistant to ceftriaxone, clarithromycin, gatifloxacin, and moxifloxacin. the predominant nap1 isolates were susceptible to clindamycin, while the nap2 isolates were resistant. | 2006 | 17005836 |
| surveillance for vancomycin-resistant enterococci: type, rates, costs, and implications. | to evaluate 2 active surveillance strategies for detection of enteric vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) in an intensive care unit (icu). | 2006 | 17006814 |
| comparative phylogenomics of clostridium difficile reveals clade specificity and microevolution of hypervirulent strains. | clostridium difficile is the most frequent cause of nosocomial diarrhea worldwide, and recent reports suggested the emergence of a hypervirulent strain in north america and europe. in this study, we applied comparative phylogenomics (whole-genome comparisons using dna microarrays combined with bayesian phylogenies) to model the phylogeny of c. difficile, including 75 diverse isolates comprising hypervirulent, toxin-variable, and animal strains. the analysis identified four distinct statistically ... | 2006 | 17015669 |
| involvement of rho gtpases and erk in synuclein-gamma enhanced cancer cell motility. | synuclein-gamma is aberrantly expressed in more than 70% of stage iii/iv breast and ovarian carcinomas. ectopic overexpression of synuclein-gamma enhanced mda-mb-435 cell migration in vitro and metastasis in a nude mouse model. however, the mechanism of how synuclein-gamma promotes cell motility is not clear. in our previous studies, we showed that synuclein-gamma overexpression activates erk. in the present study, we overexpressed synuclein-gamma in several breast and ovarian cancer cell lines ... | 2006 | 17016652 |
| high-level resistance to moxifloxacin and gatifloxacin associated with a novel mutation in gyrb in toxin-a-negative, toxin-b-positive clostridium difficile. | to determine the mechanism of high-level resistance to fluoroquinolone antimicrobials in toxin-a-negative, toxin-b-positive (a- b+) clostridium difficile isolates. | 2006 | 17018563 |
| [clostridium difficile:an epidemic event in service of public health]. | | 2006 | 17019844 |
| major issues still to be addressed. | | 2006 | 17019902 |
| small intestinal pathology. | during the past year, important studies on various mechanisms of small bowel disease have been reported. the section on enterocyte function evaluates studies on hypoxia and apoptosis. many of the studies of small intestinal epithelia use as models t84 cells. when these cells are referred to as intestinal cells, it may be in a general sense. this may be of relevance in permeability studies because the transepithelial resistance of t84 cells is on the order of 1000 to 2000 ohm.cm, much higher than ... | 1999 | 17023934 |
| gastrointestinal infections in children. | new pathogens that cause gastroenteritis in children are being recognized. even well-recognized pathogens, such as clostridium difficile, may require more extensive testing than was previously thought necessary. several new tests have emerged that allow for faster identification of these pathogens so that same-day results may be possible. probiotic therapy has emerged as a novel strategy for the treatment of gastroenteritis. new vaccines against both viral and bacterial causes of gastroenteritis ... | 2000 | 17024014 |
| treatment of gastrointestinal infections. | treatment of gastrointestinal infections continues to be complicated by expanding resistance to antibiotics. this has led to both new antibiotic treatments and to research on alternative therapies. in the case of clostridium difficile colitis, interesting preliminary results have been obtained with both probiotic therapy and passive immunization strategies. the newer macrolides were found to be effective for multidrug-resistant salmonella typhi and safe in the pediatric population. the efficacy ... | 2000 | 17024016 |
| [evaluation of four immunoenzymatic tests for detecting clostridium difficile toxins a and b]. | four immunoenzymatic tests for detecting clostridium difficile toxins a and b were studied: two rapid tests (tox a/b quik chek-techlab and noviview toxine-a-hiss diagnostics) and two elisa tests (c. difficile tox a/b ii -techlab and toxin a+b elisa test, novitec-hiss diagnostics). the results were compared to those obtained with immunocard tox a+b -ictab (meridian), c. difficile toxine a (oxoid) for rapid test and elisa premier a+b meridian for elisa. a total of 41 stools and 16 isolates were st ... | 2006 | 17027189 |
| who are susceptible to pseudomembranous colitis among patients with presumed antibiotic-associated diarrhea? | pseudomembranous colitis is a severe form of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. however, there have been no reports about the factors that make patients with presumed antibiotic-associated diarrhea susceptible to pseudomembranous colitis. this study was designed to determine the clinical risk factors for pseudomembranous colitis among the patients with presumed antibiotic-associated diarrhea. | 2006 | 17028914 |
| bacterial aetiology of diarrhoea in young children: high prevalence of enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec) not belonging to the classical epec serogroups. | diarrhoeal disease continues to be one of the most common causes of admittance in children hospital emergency. the aim of the present study was to investigate the relative contribution of enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (epec and ehec, respectively) as a cause of infectious bacterial diarrhoea in children from the region of toulouse. we analysed 280 samples of stools from 280 children (<2 years) with diarrhoea admitted in the "hopital des enfants" from january to august 2 ... | 2006 | 17030460 |
| tigecycline does not induce proliferation or cytotoxin production by epidemic clostridium difficile strains in a human gut model. | data on the risk of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) associated with specific antibiotics are difficult to obtain because of confounding clinical factors. it is particularly important to evaluate the propensity of new antibiotics to induce cdi. we have examined the propensity of tigecycline to induce cdi using a human gut model. | 2006 | 17030519 |
| the role of probiotics in the treatment of intestinal infections and inflammation. | clinical studies have established that certain probiotics are useful in a variety of intestinal disorders, including viral diarrhea, antibiotic-associated diarrhea, clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, and traveler's diarrhea. evolving data suggest that probiotics might be useful in the control of inflammatory diseases, treatment and prevention of allergic diseases, cancer prevention, and stimulation of the immune system, which may result in the reduction in respiratory disease. a review o ... | 2001 | 17031151 |
| induction of mucosal immune responses by bacteria and bacterial components. | bacteria have well documented abilities to induce protective as well as pathogenic mucosal immune responses, with the type of response dependent on the genetically programmed balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and t-lymphocyte subsets. inflammatory bowel disease, especially crohn disease and periodontal disease, appear to be overly aggressive cellular immune responses to some, but not all, normal resident bacteria. recent evidence suggests that the balance of protective (probiotic) ... | 2001 | 17031218 |
| probiotics in gastroenterology. | recent evidence has suggested the potential therapeutic role for probiotics in the prevention or treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. several studies have shown that probiotics are of benefit in gastrointestinal infections, including viral diarrhea, clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, traveler's diarrhea, and antibiotic-associated diarrhea. recent data support the potential beneficial therapeutic effect in inflammatory bowel disease as well. other possible indications for probiotic tre ... | 2002 | 17033293 |
| bacterial infections of the gut (excluding enteric fever). | bacterial enteric infections are still a major cause of morbidity and mortality, and many challenges lie ahead in understanding and managing these conditions. clostridium difficile remains the most important nosocomial infection. antibiotic resistance makes the treatment of shigella infections increasingly difficult. molecular and cellular techniques are, however, rapidly expanding our understanding of the complexity of the pathogenesis of established and newly recognized pathogens. | 1998 | 17033424 |
| tcdc genotypes associated with severe tcdc truncation in an epidemic clone and other strains of clostridium difficile. | severe clostridium difficile associated disease is associated with outbreaks of the recently described bi/nap1 epidemic clone. this clone is characterized by an 18-bp deletion in the tcdc gene and increased production of toxins a and b in vitro. tcdc is a putative negative regulator of toxin a&b production. we characterized tcdc genotypes from a collection of c. difficile isolates from a hospital that experienced an outbreak caused by the bi/nap1 epidemic clone. sequence analysis of tcdc was per ... | 2007 | 17035492 |
| nosocomial diarrhoea. | toroviruses have been reported as a new cause of nosocomial viral diarrhoea, and the role of astroviruses has been further elucidated. polymerase chain reaction methods promise to improve the diagnosis and understanding of the aetiology and control of hospital-acquired viral gastroenteritis. a clearer picture of the impact and extent of clostridium difficile diarrhoea has emerged, and several control measures have been described. an epidemic clostridium difficile strain and toxin a-deficient str ... | 1999 | 17035796 |
| larry's story. | | 2006 | 17038849 |
| analysis of proline reduction in the nosocomial pathogen clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile, a proteolytic strict anaerobe, has emerged as a clinically significant nosocomial pathogen in recent years. pathogenesis is due to the production of lethal toxins, a and b, members of the large clostridial cytotoxin family. although it has been established that alterations in the amino acid content of the growth medium affect toxin production, the molecular mechanism for this observed effect is not yet known. since there is a paucity of information on the amino acid fermen ... | 2006 | 17041035 |
| gut microbiota composition and development of atopic manifestations in infancy: the koala birth cohort study. | perturbations in intestinal microbiota composition due to lifestyle changes may be involved in the development of atopic diseases. we examined gut microbiota composition in early infancy and the subsequent development of atopic manifestations and sensitisation. | 2007 | 17047098 |
| proton pump inhibitors and hospitalization for clostridium difficile-associated disease: a population-based study. | previous studies have examined the association between proton pump inhibitor (ppi) use and the risk of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad), with conflicting results. whether outpatient ppi use influences the risk of hospital admission for cdad among older patients who have recently been treated with antibiotics is unknown. | 2006 | 17051491 |
| has the severity of clostridium difficile infections increased? | | 2007 | 17055114 |
| ehrho1, a rhoa-like gtpase of entamoeba histolytica, is modified by clostridial glucosylating cytotoxins. | clostridial glucosylating cytotoxins inactivate mammalian rho gtpases by mono-o glucosylation of a conserved threonine residue located in the switch 1 region of the target protein. here we report that ehrho1, a rhoa-like gtpase from the protozoan parasite entamoeba histolytica, is glucosylated by clostridial cytotoxins. recombinant glutathione s-transferase-ehrho1 and ehrho1 from cell lysate of entamoeba histolytica were glucosylated by clostridium difficile toxin b and clostridium novyi alpha-t ... | 2006 | 17056697 |
| in vitro killing of nosocomial pathogens by acid and acidified nitrite. | exposure to ph 1 or 2 buffers or acidic gastric contents resulted in the killing of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus sp., klebsiella pneumoniae, staphylococcus aureus, and candida glabrata but not clostridium difficile spores. nitrite enhanced killing under acidic conditions, but significant killing of c. difficile spores required nitrite concentrations above usual physiological levels. | 2006 | 17065628 |
| are probiotics effective for treating clostridium difficile disease and antibiotic-associated diarrhea? | | 2006 | 17068492 |
| risk factors for clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea on an adult hematology-oncology ward. | nosocomial diarrhea caused by clostridium difficile causes significant morbidity and mortality in an increasing proportion of hospitalized patients annually. this case-control study of patients admitted to the hematology-oncology ward of a tertiary academic medical center over a 2-year period demonstrates that patients with clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) were 22 times more likely than ward-matched controls with diarrhea to have received any antibiotic either during hospitalizat ... | 2006 | 17072575 |
| fluoroquinolones and risk for methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, canada. | receipt of fluoroquinolones was the predominant risk factor for clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) during an epidemic in quebec, canada. to determine the role of antimicrobial drugs in facilitating healthcare-associated methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) colonization and infection and to compare this role with their effects on methicillin-susceptible s. aureus infection and cdad, we conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients in a quebec hospital. for 7371 epi ... | 2006 | 17073089 |
| nosocomial infections in neurocritical care. | development of nosocomial infections is a commonly encountered problem for critically ill patients. approximately half of all nosocomial pneumonias in the neurointensive care unit (nicu) are associated with ventilator-associated pneumonia. prompt diagnosis with appropriate specimen analysis is required in order to prevent increased morbidity. catheter-related blood stream infection imposes financial as well as medical implications. multifaceted interventions are helpful to ensure adherence with ... | 2006 | 17074289 |
| emergence of clostridium difficile toxinotype iii, pcr-ribotype 027-associated disease, france, 2006. | | 2006 | 17075146 |
| epidemiology of clostridium difficile toxinotype iii, pcr-ribotype 027 associated disease in belgium, 2006. | | 2006 | 17075147 |
| first isolation of clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 027 in austria. | | 2006 | 17075148 |
| final report and recommendations from the national notifiable diseases working group. | the national notifiable diseases working group performed a ranking of 48 communicable diseases to assist with determining priorities for national surveillance. the wg offers six specific recommendations relating to the addition or deletion of communicable diseases from the list of nationally notifiable diseases. key recommendations: 1. clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, paralytic shellfish poisoning, and invasive listeriosis are recommended for addition to the nationally notifiable disea ... | 2006 | 17076030 |
| lessons from stoke mandeville. | | 2006 | 17077764 |
| helicobacter pylori and clostridium difficile in cystic fibrosis patients. | we describe the prevalence of h. pylori and toxigenic clostridium difficile (cd) infection and its relationship with gastrointestinal symptoms and pancreatic sufficiency (ps) or insufficiency (pi) in cystic fibrosis (cf) patients. stool specimens from 30 consecutive patients with cf, aged 1-44, and from 30 healthy similarly aged subjects were tested for the h. pylori antigen by specific monoclonal antibodies and for cd toxins by tox a/b assay and tox a assay. cf patients were assessed clinically ... | 2006 | 17078007 |
| production of xylitol by metabolically engineered strains of bacillus subtilis. | xylitol-phosphate dehydrogenase (xpdh) genes from several gram-positive bacteria were isolated and expressed in bacillus subtilis. the substrate specificities of the recombinant xpdh enzymes were compared and it was found that the xpdh enzymes of lactobacillus rhamnosus and clostridium difficile had the highest selectivity towards d-xylulose 5-phosphate. expression of these two xpdh enzymes in d-ribulose and d-xylulose producing b. subtilis strain resulted in strains of b. subtilis capable of co ... | 2007 | 17079043 |
| experimental evaluation of an automated endoscope reprocessor with in situ generation of peracetic acid for disinfection of semicritical devices. | to evaluate the effectiveness of a high-level disinfection solution generated inside an endoscope processing system for decontaminating external and internal surfaces of experimentally contaminated heat-sensitive medical devices. | 2006 | 17080376 |
| management of an outbreak of clostridium difficile-associated disease among geriatric patients. | to describe a nosocomial outbreak of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad). | 2006 | 17080377 |
| the potential role of computerized decision support systems to improve empirical antibiotic prescribing. | prudent antibiotic prescribing is a cornerstone of efforts to control the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance and to reduce the occurrence of clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea, and is also currently the subject of a joint working party of the british society for antimicrobial chemotherapy and the hospital infection society. an article in this issue of the journal describes a cluster randomized trial of an intervention to improve antibiotic prescribing using treat, a compute ... | 2006 | 17082202 |
| treatment of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad). | | 2006 | 17082738 |