| molecular detection of bartonella spp. in deer ked (lipoptena cervi) in poland. | the bacteria of the genus bartonella are obligate parasites of vertebrates. their distribution range covers almost the entire world from america, europe, asia to africa and australia. some species of bartonella are pathogenic for humans. their main vectors are blood-sucking arthropods such as fleas, ticks and blood-feeding flies. one such dipteran able to transfer vector-borne pathogens is the deer ked (lipoptena cervi) of the family hippoboscidae. this species acts as a transmitter of bartonell ... | 2017 | 29037227 |
| traditional cattle vs. introduced deer management in chaco serrano woodlands (argentina): analysis of environmental sustainability at increasing densities. | wild ungulate populations have increased and expanded considerably in many regions, including austral woodlands and forests where deer (cervus elaphus) have been introduced as an alternative management to traditional cattle grazing. in this study, we compared traditional cattle with introduced deer management at increasing deer densities in the "chaco serrano" woodlands of argentina to assess their ecological sustainability. we used three ecological indicators (abundance of tree regeneration, wo ... | 2018 | 29132087 |
| shapes of differential pulse voltammograms and level of metallothionein at different animal species. | metallothioneins play a key role in maintaining homeostasis of essential metalsand in protecting of cells against metal toxicity as well as oxidative damaging. exceptinghumans, blood levels of metallothionein have not yet been reported from any animalspecies. blood plasma samples of 9 animal species were analysed by the adsorptive transferstripping technique to obtain species specific voltammograms. quite distinct records wereobtained from the takin (budorcas taxicolor), while other interesting ... | 2007 | 28903235 |
| antimicrobial resistance in escherichia coli isolated from wild animals in poland. | antimicrobial resistance was tested in escherichia coli isolated from feces (n = 660) of red deer, roe deer, fallow deer, european bison, and wild boar shot in regional forests in poland during two winter hunting seasons. indicator e. coli (n = 542) was resistant against 11 of 14 tested compounds, mostly sulfamethoxazole, streptomycin, ampicillin, trimethoprim, and tetracycline (1.3-6.6% range). no significant differences were observed between boar and ruminant isolates. most of deer and bison i ... | 2017 | 29185858 |
| spectrum of antibody profiles in tuberculous elephants, cervids, and cattle. | using multi-antigen print immunoassay and dpp®vettb assay approved in the united states for testing captive cervids and elephants, we analyzed antibody recognition of mpb83 and cfp10/esat-6 antigens in asian elephants (elephas maximus) infected with mycobacterium tuberculosis and in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), fallow deer (dama dama), elk (cervus elaphus), and cattle (bos taurus) infected with mycobacterium bovis. serum igg reactivity to mpb83 was found in the vast majority of tu ... | 2018 | 29408038 |
| the red deer cervus elaphus genome cerela1.0: sequencing, annotating, genes, and chromosomes. | we present here the de novo genome assembly cerela1.0 for the red deer, cervus elaphus, an emblematic member of the natural megafauna of the northern hemisphere. humans spread the species in the south. today, the red deer is also a farm-bred animal and is becoming a model animal in biomedical and population studies. stag dna was sequenced at 74× coverage by illumina technology. the allpaths-lg assembly of the reads resulted in 34.7 × 103scaffolds, 26.1 × 103of which were utilized in cer.ela1.0. ... | 2018 | 29294181 |
| characterization of a xylanolytic bacterial strain c10 isolated from the rumen of a red deer (cervus elaphus) closely related of the recently described species actinomyces succiniciruminis, a. glycerinitolerans, and a. ruminicola. | gram-stain-positive, catalase and oxidase-negative and short rod-shaped bacterium c10 with occasional branching was isolated under strictly anaerobic conditions from the rumen fluid of a red deer (cervus elaphus) in the course of study attempting to uncover new xylanolytic and cellulolytic rumen bacteria inhabiting the digestive tract of wild ruminants in the czech republic. the anaerobic m10 medium containing bovine rumen fluid and carboxymethylcellulose as a defined source of organic carbon wa ... | 2017 | 29270873 |
| corrigendum: bacterial community composition and fermentation in the rumen of xinjiang brown cattle (bos taurus), tarim red deer (cervus elaphus yarkandensis), and karakul sheep (ovis aries). | | 2017 | 28925282 |
| epizoochorous dispersal by ungulates depends on fur, grooming and social interactions. | the transport phase of the animal-mediated plant dispersal process is critical to dispersal effectiveness as it determines the spatial distribution of the diaspores released and their chance for further recruitment. assessing this specific phase of the dispersal process generally requires combining diaspore retention times with the associated distances covered. here, we specifically tested the effect of grooming behavior, interindividual contacts and ungulate fur on diaspore retention times and ... | 2018 | 29435234 |
| predicting herbivore faecal nitrogen using a multispecies near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy calibration. | optimal management of free-ranging herbivores requires the accurate assessment of an animal's nutritional status. for this purpose 'near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy' (nirs) is very useful, especially when nutritional assessment is done through faecal indicators such as faecal nitrogen (fn). in order to perform an nirs calibration, the default protocol recommends starting by generating an initial equation based on at least 50-75 samples from the given species. although this protocol optimis ... | 2017 | 28453544 |
| mitochondrial genotyping of fascioloides magna from bavaria, germany. | in last few years, a great effort has been made to understand genetic interrelationships of european and north american populations of giant liver fluke fascioloides magna (trematoda, fasciolidae). in europe, spatial distribution of this parasite is evidently dynamic and ongoing process since new f. magna populations have constantly been emerging. most recently, occurrence of f. magna in red deer (cervus elaphus), sika deer (cervus nippon), fallow deer (dama dama), roe deer (capreolus capreolus) ... | 2017 | 29035851 |
| [identification of cervus nippon, c.elaphus and their hybridize samples based on coi and sry gene]. | for rapid identification of cervus nippon, c. elaphus and their hybridize samples, the specific pcr for mutual authentication of them was established based on the snps in coi and sry sequence. c. nippon, c. elaphus and their hybridize samples were collected from different origins, total dna of 24 identified samples were extracted, and the coi and sry gene was seqenced. snps in the coi and sry sequences of the samples were found by clustul x 2.1 program. primers for identifying c. nippon and c. e ... | 2017 | 29376256 |
| social rank affects the haematologic profile in red deer hinds. | we studied the effects of social rank on the haematologic profile in a herd of 24 female iberian red deer hinds. social rank hierarchy was determined and blood samples were taken and analysed. after adjusting for age and body mass, dominance ranking showed a significant negative effect (ie, lower values in dominant hinds) on white blood cell (wbc) count, haemoglobin and haematocrit. our results are similar to those reported for stressed individuals due to physical immobilisation, but do not supp ... | 2018 | 29374098 |
| age-dependent changes in essential elements and oxidative stress biomarkers in blood of red deer and vulnerability to nutritional deficiencies. | changes in the concentration of circulating essential elements in animals over life may be indicative of periods of vulnerability to deficiencies and associated diseases. here we studied age-related variations in essential elements (se, cu, zn and mn) and some selected oxidative stress biomarkers (gpx, sod, vitamin a and vitamin e) in blood of an iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) population living in semicaptive conditions. animals during their first year of life showed to be especial ... | 2018 | 29353781 |
| toxoplasma gondii in sympatric domestic and wild ungulates in the mediterranean ecosystem. | toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic protozoan of worldwide distribution. the present study provides information on risk factors affecting t. gondii infection in domestic and free-ranging wild ungulates sharing habitats in mediterranean ecosystems in spain. serum samples from 482 extensively reared domestic ruminants and 2351 wild ungulates were tested for t. gondii antibodies using the modified agglutination test (mat, cut-off 1:25). toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence was 41.2% of 194 sheep, 18.6% of ... | 2018 | 29344801 |
| draft genome of tule elk cervus canadensis nannodes. | this paper presents the first draft genome of the tule elk ( cervus elaphus nannodes), a subspecies native to california that underwent an extreme genetic bottleneck in the late 1800s. the genome was generated from illumina hiseq 3000 whole genome sequencing of four individuals, resulting in the assembly of 2.395 billion base pairs (gbp) over 602,862 contigs over 500 bp and n50 = 6,885 bp. this genome provides a resource to facilitate future genomic research on elk and other cervids. | 2017 | 29333237 |
| genetic diversity, genetic structure and diet of ancient and contemporary red deer (cervus elaphus l.) from north-eastern france. | in north-eastern france, red deer (cervus elaphus l.) populations were rebuilt from a few hundred individuals, which have subsisted in remote valleys of the vosges mountains, and to a lesser extent from individuals escaped from private enclosures; at present times, this species occupies large areas, mainly in the vosges mountains. in this study, we examined the population dynamics of red deer in the vosges mountains using ancient and contemporary mitochondrial dna (mtdna) from 140 samples (23 an ... | 2018 | 29304165 |
| mitochondrial dna of pre-last glacial maximum red deer from nw spain suggests a more complex phylogeographical history for the species. | the major climatic oscillations that characterized the quaternary had a great influence on the evolution and distribution of several species. during cold periods, the distribution of temperate-adapted species became fragmented with many surviving in southern refugia (iberian, italian, and balkan peninsulas). red deer was one of the species that contracted its original range to southern refugia. currently, two main lineages have been described for the species: western and eastern. we have analyze ... | 2017 | 29299249 |
| first detection and genetic characterisation of enterocytozoon bieneusi in wild deer in melbourne's water catchments in australia. | enterocytozoon bieneusi is reported to be a common microsporidian of humans and animals in various countries. however, e. bieneusi has yet to be recorded in animals in australia. here, we undertook the first molecular epidemiological investigation of e. bieneusi in three species of deer (cervus elaphus, dama dama and rusa unicolor) that live in the catchment areas that supply the city of melbourne with drinking water. | 2018 | 29295716 |
| estimating the efficacy of a commercial phase i inactivated vaccine in decreasing the prevalence of coxiella burnetii infection and shedding in red deer (cervus elaphus). | the red deer (cervus elaphus) is a relevant reservoir for coxiella burnetii in iberia. c. burnetii genotypes that infect red deer also infect humans and domestic animals. integrated control approaches that target both domestic and wild ruminants are, therefore, required to reduce c. burnetii infection risks in iberia, especially in wildlife-livestock-human interaction scenarios. the aim of this field experiment was to test the efficacy of an inactivated phase i vaccine [inactivated phase i vacci ... | 2017 | 29270411 |
| dominance of the enterocytozoon bieneusi genotype beb6 in red deer (cervus elaphus) and siberian roe deer (capreolus pygargus) in china and a brief literature review. | enterocytozoon bieneusi is the most frequently diagnosed microsporidian species in humans and is also found in a wide range of animals. it is considered to be an important but neglected zoonotic pathogen. with the development of deer bred in captivity, the number of deer has been increasing in recent years in china and there are more people involved in this work. the aims of this study were to determine prevalence and genotypes of e. bieneusi in red deer (cervus elaphus) and siberian roe deer (c ... | 2017 | 29267159 |
| brominated flame retardants and toxic elements in the meat and liver of red deer (cervus elaphus), wild boar (sus scrofa), and moose (alces alces) from latvian wildlife. | in order to evaluate the contamination status of terrestrial biota in latvia, muscle and liver tissues of red deer (cervus elaphus), wild boar (sus scrofa), and moose (alces alces) were analyzed for the content of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbde), hexabromocyclododecane (hbcd), tetrabromobisphenol a (tbbpa), as well as cadmium and lead. the highest mean concentrations of pbdes (46.6pgg-1 wet weight (w.w.)), cadmium (0.95mgkg-1 w.w.), and lead (0.22mgkg-1 w.w.) were observed in the tissues o ... | 2017 | 29202283 |
| tissue residue levels after immobilization of rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) using a combination of nalbuphine, medetomidine, and azaperone antagonized with naltrexone, atipamezole, and tolazoline. | previous studies demonstrated that nalbuphine, medetomidine, and azaperone (nalmed-a) can effectively immobilize adult elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni), and be antagonized using naltrexone and atipamezole, with or without tolazoline. to assess duration of tissue residues for this immobilization package, we immobilized 14 captive adult elk with nalmed-a, then euthanized animals and collected tissues 0, 3, 6, 14, 21, or 28 d later. except for two animals euthanized immediately, all elk were recovered ... | 2017 | 29148888 |
| development and validation of a fallow deer (dama dama)-specific taqman real-time pcr assay for the detection of food adulteration. | the aim of the present study was to develop a real-time pcr assay for the identification and quantification of fallow deer (dama dama) in food to detect food adulteration. despite high sequence homology among different deer species, a fallow deer-specific primer/probe system targeting a fragment of the nuclear mc1-r gene was designed. this primer/probe system did not amplify dna from 19 other animals and 50 edible plant species. moderate cross-reactivity was observed for sika deer, red deer, roe ... | 2018 | 29146373 |
| development and evaluation of an interferon gamma assay for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in red deer experimentally infected with mycobacterium bovis. | red deer (cervus elaphus) is regarded as an epidemiologically relevant host for mycobacterium bovis (m. bovis) and closely related members of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex that cause animal tuberculosis (tb). the standard antemortem screening test for the detection of tb in deer is the intradermal tuberculin skin test, but the detection of interferon-gamma (ifnγ) produced by white blood cells exposed to m. bovis antigens can be used as an alternative or supplemental assay in most tb era ... | 2017 | 29145844 |
| male group size, female distribution and changes in sexual segregation by roosevelt elk. | sexual segregation, or the differential use of space by males and females, is hypothesized to be a function of body size dimorphism. sexual segregation can also manifest at small (social segregation) and large (habitat segregation) spatial scales for a variety of reasons. furthermore, the connection between small- and large-scale sexual segregation has rarely been addressed. we studied a population of roosevelt elk (cervus elaphus roosevelti) across 21 years in north coastal california, usa, to ... | 2017 | 29121076 |
| molecular identification of parasitic nematodes (nematoda: strongylida) in feces of wild ruminants from tunisia. | in tunisia and other north african countries, there is a lack of knowledge about parasite biodiversity within threatened wild ruminants and there are not any studies on their gastrointestinal nematodes. thus the aim of this study was to identify gastrointestinal fauna in the faecal samples of tunisian wild ruminants. a total of 262 faecal samples were collected from domestic sheep and goat, and wild ruminants (addax, barbary sheep, barbary red deer, dorcas gazelle, slender-horned gazelle and sci ... | 2017 | 29113593 |
| oocyte holding in the iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus): effect of initial oocyte quality and epidermal growth factor addition on in vitro maturation. | current in vitro embryo production protocols in the iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) need to be optimized; oocyte harvesting in situ followed by overnight holding could reduce the human effort and shipping costs. in our work, post-mortem ovaries were retrieved, and the oocytes were harvested and allocated to g1 group (good quality) or g2 + g3 group (low quality). the oocytes were separately subjected to immediate in vitro maturation (ivm) or held overnight in a holding medium compose ... | 2018 | 29110393 |
| ante-mortem detection of chronic wasting disease in recto-anal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues from elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) using real-time quaking-induced conversion (rt-quic) assay: a blinded collaborative study. | prion diseases are transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses) characterized by fatal, progressive neurologic diseases with prolonged incubation periods and an accumulation of infectious misfolded prion proteins. antemortem diagnosis is often difficult due to a long asymptomatic incubation period, differences in the pathogenesis of different prions, and the presence of very low levels of infectious prion in easily accessible samples. chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a tse affecting both wil ... | 2017 | 29098931 |
| pathogen-mediated selection in free-ranging elk populations infected by chronic wasting disease. | pathogens can exert a large influence on the evolution of hosts via selection for alleles or genotypes that moderate pathogen virulence. inconsistent interactions between parasites and the host genome, such as those resulting from genetic linkages and environmental stochasticity, have largely prevented observation of this process in wildlife species. we examined the prion protein gene (prnp) in north american elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) populations that have been infected with chronic wasting d ... | 2017 | 29087314 |
| endemic chronic wasting disease causes mule deer population decline in wyoming. | chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a fatal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy affecting white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni), and moose (alces alces shirasi) in north america. in southeastern wyoming average annual cwd prevalence in mule deer exceeds 20% and appears to contribute to regional population declines. we determined the effect of cwd on mule deer demography using age-specific, female-only, cwd transi ... | 2017 | 29049389 |
| using genetic tools to estimate the prevalence of non-native red deer (cervus elaphus) in a western european population. | game species like the red deer have been subjected to anthropogenic impacts for centuries. translocations are often carried out-sometimes illegally-not only for sporting purposes, but also to increase trophy quality, reduce inbreeding, or mitigate bottlenecks after excessive persecution. apart from the blurring of large-scale genetic structure, translocations without adequate quarantine measure risk introducing pathogens into potentially immunologically naïve populations. it is therefore importa ... | 2017 | 29043022 |
| comparisons of airborne measurements and inventory estimates of methane emissions in the alberta upstream oil and gas sector. | airborne measurements of methane emissions from oil and gas infrastructure were completed over two regions of alberta, canada. these top-down measurements were directly compared with region-specific bottom-up inventories that utilized current industry-reported flaring and venting volumes (reported data) and quantitative estimates of unreported venting and fugitive sources. for the 50 × 50 km measurement region near red deer, characterized by natural gas and light oil production, measured methane ... | 2017 | 29039181 |
| expansion of ashworthius sidemi in red deer and roe deer from the lower silesian wilderness and its impact on infection with other gastrointestinal nematodes. | nematodes ashworthius sidemi are typical parasites of asiatic cervids, mostly sika deer (cervus nippon). migrating red deer have probably introduced this parasite to the area of poland from neighbouring countries. the aim of the study was to determine prevalence and intensity of infection of red deer and roe deer from the lower silesian wilderness with a. sidemi after one year from previous studies and to examine the influence of these parasites on other species of gastrointestinal nematodes. 31 ... | 2017 | 29035860 |
| nodular onchocercosis in red deer (cervus elaphus) in sweden. | the presence of subcutaneous nodular onchocercosis was investigated at slaughter of 151 red deer (cervus elaphus) (107 juveniles and 44 adults) between october-december 2015. the prevalence of subcutaneous nodules was 56%. nodules were located in the lumbar region of the back in 96% of the cases, and 38% of the infected red deer had additional parasitic nodules in other body locations, such as rump, thorax, forelimbs and neck. the number of nodules per deer was 1-10 in two-thirds of the affected ... | 2017 | 29034165 |
| pharmacokinetics of articaine hydrochloride and its metabolite articainic acid after subcutaneous administration in red deer (cervus elaphus). | to develop and validate a simple and sensitive method using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (lc-ms) for quantification of articaine, and its major metabolite articainic acid, in plasma of red deer (cervus elaphus), and to investigate the pharmacokinetics of articaine hydrochloride and articainic acid in red deer following s/c administration of articaine hydrochloride as a complete ring block around the antler pedicle. | 2018 | 29020878 |
| evidence for host specificity of theileria capreoli genotypes in cervids. | data on the prevalence of piroplasms in buffaloes and large game animal species are lacking from several central european countries. therefore, to investigate the presence of babesia/theileria dna in these hosts, 239 blood and 270 spleen samples were taken from cervids (red, fallow, and roe deer), as well as from water buffaloes, mouflons, and wild boars in southwestern hungary, followed by dna extraction and molecular analysis for piroplasms. all samples from buffaloes and wild boars were pcr n ... | 2017 | 29017556 |
| erratum: phylogeography of the tyrrhenian red deer (cervus elaphus corsicanus) resolved using ancient dna of radiocarbon-dated subfossils. | a corarection to this article has been published and is linked from the html version of this paper. the error has not been fixed in the paper. | 2017 | 28955047 |
| copper and zinc content in wild game shot with lead or non-lead ammunition - implications for consumer health protection. | the aim of this study was to examine the contamination of game meat with copper and zinc and establish whether the use of alternative (non-lead) ammunition can lead to higher or unsafe levels of copper and zinc in the meat of roe deer, wild boar and red deer. the research project "safety of game meat obtained through hunting" (lemisi) was conducted in germany with the purpose of examining the entry of lead as well as copper and zinc into the meat of hunted game when using either lead or non-lead ... | 2017 | 28934259 |
| evaluation of western blot, elisa and latex agglutination tests to detect toxoplasma gondii serum antibodies in farmed red deer. | abortion due to toxoplasma gondii has been suspected in new zealand farmed red deer. however, knowledge around the epidemiology and prevalence of t. gondii in farmed red deer is limited. the aim of this study was to firstly, assess the sensitivity and specificity of two commercially available assays, elisa and latex agglutination test (lat), for use in deer and secondly, to estimate the sero-prevalence of t. gondii in red deer. a total of 252 sera from rising 2-year-old and adult hinds from 17 n ... | 2017 | 28917307 |
| 'blind with hormones' red deer to begin annual rut. | | 2017 | 28916683 |
| the response of red deer to oral administration of heat-inactivated mycobacterium bovis and challenge with a field strain. | deer species (family cervidae) are often part of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex maintenance host community, and tuberculosis (tb) control in deer, including vaccination, is consequently an area of ongoing research. however, most research into deer vaccination against tb is focused on using the live bacillus calmette guerin (bcg). oral inactivated vaccines represent an interesting alternative to either oral or parenteral bcg, since neither diagnostic cross-reactions nor vaccine strain sur ... | 2017 | 28888638 |
| seroprevalence of leptospirosis, brucellosis, and q fever in a wild red deer (cervus elaphus) population kept in a fenced reserve in absence of contact with livestock. | wildlife health is of interest for public and animal health because wild animals have been identified as important sentinels for the surveillance for zoonotic pathogens. this work investigated brucella spp., coxiella burnetii, and leptospira spp. infection seroprevalence in a free-ranging red deer population. the study was conducted in a fenced reserve with controlled hunting activity in central spain with animals that did not have any contact with livestock. sampling was performed at two time p ... | 2017 | 28873022 |
| intensive management and natural genetic variation in red deer (cervus elaphus). | the current magnitude of big-game hunting has outpaced the natural growth of populations, making artificial breeding necessary to rapidly boost hunted populations. in this study, we evaluated if the rapid increase of red deer (cervus elaphus) abundance, caused by the growing popularity of big-game hunting, has impacted the natural genetic diversity of the species. we compared several genetic diversity metrics between 37 fenced populations subject to intensive management and 21 wild free-ranging ... | 2017 | 28863451 |
| molecular cloning and expression analysis of annexin a2 gene in sika deer antler tip. | molecular cloning and bioinformatics analysis of annexin a2 gene in sika deer antler tip were conducted. the role of annexin a2 gene in the growth and development of the antler were analyzed initially. | 2017 | 28823128 |
| myiasis of domestic and wild ruminants caused by hypodermatinae in the mediterranean and indian subcontinent. | myiasis caused by hypodermatinae flies is an economically important disease affecting domesticated and wild ruminants in countries of the mediterranean and indian subcontinent. the adult flies have a short life span of 1 week, and they spread disease by laying their eggs on the coat of animals. hypoderma spp. primarily lay their eggs on cattle, buffalo, roe deer, red deer and reindeer, while przhevalskiana spp. lay eggs on the coat of goats. the larvae live as tissue parasites, inducing myiasis ... | 2017 | 28807296 |
| relative selection strength: quantifying effect size in habitat- and step-selection inference. | habitat-selection analysis lacks an appropriate measure of the ecological significance of the statistical estimates-a practical interpretation of the magnitude of the selection coefficients. there is a need for a standard approach that allows relating the strength of selection to a change in habitat conditions across space, a quantification of the estimated effect size that can be compared both within and across studies. we offer a solution, based on the epidemiological risk ratio, which we term ... | 2017 | 28770070 |
| isotopic analyses suggest mammoth and plant in the diet of the oldest anatomically modern humans from far southeast europe. | relatively high 15n abundances in bone collagen of early anatomically modern humans in europe have often been interpreted as a specific consumption of freshwater resources, even if mammoth is an alternative high 15n prey. at buran-kaya iii, access to associated fauna in a secured archaeological context and application of recently developed isotopic analyses of individuals amino acids offer the opportunity to further examine this hypothesis. the site of buran-kaya iii is located in south crimea a ... | 2017 | 28754955 |
| study of morphology, chemical, and amino acid composition of red deer meat. | the aim of this study was to evaluate red deer (maral) meat quality based on chemical composition, ph, water-binding capacity (wbc), and amino acid content. | 2017 | 28717313 |
| a high-density linkage map reveals sexual dimorphism in recombination landscapes in red deer (cervus elaphus). | high-density linkage maps are an important tool to gain insight into the genetic architecture of traits of evolutionary and economic interest, and provide a resource to characterize variation in recombination landscapes. here, we used information from the cattle genome and the 50 k cervine illumina beadchip to inform and refine a high-density linkage map in a wild population of red deer (cervus elaphus). we constructed a predicted linkage map of 38,038 snps and a skeleton map of 10,835 snps acro ... | 2017 | 28667018 |
| the role of landscape characteristics for forage maturation and nutritional benefits of migration in red deer. | large herbivores gain nutritional benefits from following the sequential flush of newly emergent, high-quality forage along environmental gradients in the landscape, termed green wave surfing. which landscape characteristics underlie the environmental gradient causing the green wave and to what extent landscape characteristics alone explain individual variation in nutritional benefits remain unresolved questions. here, we combine gps data from 346 red deer (cervus elaphus) from four partially mi ... | 2017 | 28649354 |
| learning from the mistakes of others: how female elk (cervus elaphus) adjust behaviour with age to avoid hunters. | in animal behaviour, there is a dichotomy between innate behaviours (e.g., temperament or personality traits) versus those behaviours shaped by learning. innate personality traits are supposedly less evident in animals when confounded by learning acquired with experience through time. learning might play a key role in the development and adoption of successful anti-predator strategies, and the related adaptation has the potential to make animals that are more experienced less vulnerable to preda ... | 2017 | 28614406 |
| distribution of bdnf and trkb isoforms in growing antler tissues of red deer. | antlers are the cranial appendages of deer that regenerate each year. this renewal provides a model to explore molecules involved in mammalian organ regeneration. the cellular distributions of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (bdnf) and the isoforms of its cognate receptor trk tyrosine kinase receptor (trkb) were localized by immunohistochemistry in sections of growing red deer antler. bdnf and trkb full length were widely expressed in the integument, perichondrium, periosteum and bone. the ... | 2017 | 28602824 |
| phylogeography of the tyrrhenian red deer (cervus elaphus corsicanus) resolved using ancient dna of radiocarbon-dated subfossils. | we present ancient mitochondrial dna analyses of 31 complete cytochrome b gene sequences from subfossil red deer remains from the tyrrhenian islands (corsica and sardinia) and mainland italy in a european-wide phylogeographic framework. tyrrhenian and north african red deer, both going back to human introductions, were previously the only red deer to harbour the mitochondrial b lineage whose origin, however, remained unknown. our ancient italian samples from the central part of the peninsula tha ... | 2017 | 28539631 |
| large herbivores in novel ecosystems - habitat selection by red deer (cervus elaphus) in a former brown-coal mining area. | after centuries of range contraction, many megafauna species are recolonizing parts of europe. one example is the red deer (cervus elaphus), which was able to expand its range and is now found in half the areas it inhabited in the beginning of the 19th century. herbivores are important ecosystem engineers, influencing e.g. vegetation. knowledge on their habitat selection and their influence on ecosystems might be crucial for future landscape management, especially for hybrid and novel ecosystems ... | 2017 | 28505192 |
| human recreation affects spatio-temporal habitat use patterns in red deer (cervus elaphus). | the rapid spread and diversification of outdoor recreation can impact on wildlife in various ways, often leading to the avoidance of disturbed habitats. to mitigate human-wildlife conflicts, spatial zonation schemes can be implemented to separate human activities from key wildlife habitats, e.g., by designating undisturbed wildlife refuges or areas with some level of restriction to human recreation and land use. however, mitigation practice rarely considers temporal differences in human-wildlife ... | 2017 | 28467429 |
| erosion of the alberta badlands produces highly variable and elevated heavy metal concentrations in the red deer river, alberta. | erosion is important in the transport of heavy metals from terrestrial to fluvial environments. in this study, we investigated riverine heavy metal (cd, cu, hg and pb) dynamics in the red deer river (rdr) watershed at sites upstream (n=2) and downstream (n=7) of the alberta badlands, an area of naturally high erosion. at sites draining the badlands, total water column cd, cu, hg and pb concentrations frequently exceeded guidelines for the protection of freshwater biota. furthermore, peak concent ... | 2017 | 28448918 |
| comparative analysis of the merino sheep and iberian red deer abomasum during prenatal development. | the aim of this study is to describe differences in the ontogenesis of the abomasum in sheep (domestic ruminant) and deer (wild ruminant). histomorphometric and immunohistochemical analysis were carried out on 50 embryos and fetuses of the sheep and 50 red deer from the first prenatal stages until birth. to compare similar periods of gestation in both species, we calculate the percentages of gestation. the appearance of the abomasum was earlier in the red deer (22% gestation) than in the sheep ( ... | 2017 | 28422357 |
| rapid and robust authentication of deer antler velvet product by fast pcr-rflp analysis. | deer antler velvet is widely used as a vitalizing, tonifying, haemopoietic and strengthening agent for debilitated persons in east asia. to develop a rapid and sensitive method for the identification of the biological source or origin in antler velvet products, a molecular approach was applied using pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. the cytochrome b gene sequences of nine cervidae species were analyzed, and a dde i restriction endonuclease recognition site was found only in ... | 2018 | 28071968 |
| characteristics of air quality and sources affecting fine particulate matter (pm2.5) levels in the city of red deer, canada. | with concern about levels and exceedances of canadian and provincial standards and objectives for fine particulate matter (pm2.5) in recent years, an investigation of air quality characteristics and potential local and long-range sources influencing pm2.5 concentrations was undertaken in the city of red deer, alberta. the study covered the period may 2009 to december 2015. comparatively higher concentrations of pm2.5 were observed in winter (mean: 11.6 μg/m3, median: 10 μg/m3) than in summer (me ... | 2017 | 27939625 |
| variation in stability of elk and red deer populations with abiotic and biotic factors at the species-distribution scale. | stability in population dynamics is an emergent property of the interaction between direct and delayed density dependence, the strengths of which vary with environmental covariates. analysis of variation across populations in the strength of direct and delayed density dependence can reveal variation in stability properties of populations at the species level. we examined the stability properties of 22 elk/red deer populations in a two-stage analysis. first, we estimated direct and delayed densit ... | 2016 | 27870038 |
| the role of topography in the distribution and intensity of damage caused by deer in polish mountain forests. | the increase in the deer population observed in recent decades has strongly impacted forest regeneration and the forest itself. the reduction in the quality of raw wood material, as a consequence of deer-mediated damage, constitutes a significant burden on forest owners. the basis for the commencement of preventive actions in this setting is the understanding of the populations and behaviors of deer in their natural environment. although multiple studies have been carried out regarding this subj ... | 2016 | 27851776 |
| the many axes of deer lactation. | in undomesticated animals information about the production and composition of milk over time is still scarce. in general, for most mammals it is known that milk composition changes across lactation, is different for male and female offspring, and even that marsupials, such as kangaroos, can simultaneously produce milk of different compositions for young of different ages. such parallel milk production of differing compositions has not yet been studied in single-offspring placental mammals, but m ... | 2016 | 27744517 |
| selection of red deer spermatozoa with different cryoresistance using density gradients. | the objective of sperm selection media is selecting the best spermatozoa and to remove seminal plasma and diluent for using them in assisted reproductive techniques. it is known that individuals show different cryoresistance in response to the same freezing procedure. our hypothesis was that the efficacy of selection media could be dissimilar for samples with different sperm quality after thawing. epididymal sperm samples from mature iberian red deer were collected and frozen. males were classif ... | 2016 | 27562911 |
| melatonin receptors mt1 and mt2 are expressed in spermatozoa from several seasonal and nonseasonal breeder species. | melatonin is a ubiquitous and multipurpose molecule, and one of its roles is to regulate reproduction in some seasonal mammals. our group has previously reported the variation in the melatonin levels in ram seminal plasma along the year and identified mt1 and mt2 receptors in ram spermatozoa. the objective of this study was to elucidate whether the presence of melatonin receptors (mt1 and mt2) in the sperm plasma membrane, and melatonin in the seminal plasma is related to seasonal breeding. for ... | 2016 | 27448693 |
| the effect of oxidative stress on thawed bulk-sorted red deer sperm. | the aims of this study were to assess the effects of the sex-sorting process on post-thaw sperm quality as well as on induced oxidative stress damage (h2 o2 0 mm = h000; h2 o2 50 mm = h050; h2 o2 100 mm = h100) and the protective action of reduced glutathione (gsh) and trolox, when comparing sorted (bss) and non-sorted (ns) red deer spermatozoa incubated at 37°c. sperm samples from three stags were collected by electroejaculation and frozen. immediately after thawing, sperm motility was higher ( ... | 2016 | 27103320 |
| technological analysis of the world's earliest shamanic costume: a multi-scalar, experimental study of a red deer headdress from the early holocene site of star carr, north yorkshire, uk. | shamanic belief systems represent the first form of religious practice visible within the global archaeological record. here we report on the earliest known evidence of shamanic costume: modified red deer crania headdresses from the early holocene site of star carr (c. 11 kya). more than 90% of the examples from prehistoric europe come from this one site, establishing it as a place of outstanding shamanistic/cosmological significance. our work, involving a programme of experimental replication, ... | 2016 | 27073850 |
| purification and identification of anti-inflammatory peptides derived from simulated gastrointestinal digests of velvet antler protein (cervus elaphus linnaeus). | the objective of this study was to identify anti-inflammatory peptides from simulated gastrointestinal digest (pepsin-pancreatin hydrolysate) of velvet antler protein. the hydrolysate was purified using ultrafiltration and consecutive chromatographic methods. the anti-inflammatory activity of the purified fraction was evaluated by the inhibition of no production in lipopolysaccharide-induced raw 264.7 macrophages. four anti-inflammatory peptides, vh (val-his), lan (leu-ala-asn), al (ala-leu), an ... | 2016 | 28911592 |
| leave before it's too late: anthropogenic and environmental triggers of autumn migration in a hunted ungulate population. | autumn has to a large extent been neglected in the climate effect literature, yet autumn events, e.g., plant senescence and animal migration, affect fitness of animals differently than spring events. understanding how variables including plant phenology influence timing of autumn migrations is important to gain a comprehensive understanding of the full annual cycle of migratory species. here we use 13 yr of data from 60 male and 168 female red deer (cervus elaphus) to identify triggers of autumn ... | 2016 | 28792596 |
| testosterone and cortisol concentrations vary with reproductive status in wild female red deer. | although hormones are key regulators of many fitness and life history traits, the causes of individual level variation in hormones, particularly in wild systems, remain understudied. whilst we know that androgen and glucocorticoid levels vary within and among individuals in mammalian populations, how this relates to key reproductive processes such as gestation and lactation, and their effects on a female's measurable hormone levels are poorly understood in wild systems. using fecal samples colle ... | 2016 | 26941946 |
| dioxins and pcbs in game animals: interspecies comparison and related consumer exposure. | polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (pcdds), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (pcdfs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-pcb) and non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (ndl-pcb) are ubiquitous, persistent toxic compounds that are highly bioaccumulative in nature. wild-living animals are vulnerable to the negative impacts of human activity. dioxins and pcbs enter the animal organisms through foraging. due to the toxicological threat, much attention is paid to these compounds worldwide. the ... | 2017 | 26826359 |
| influence of evisceration time and carcass ageing conditions on wild venison quality. preliminary study. | the influence of common carcass preparation practices of wild red deer on the physicochemical, microbiological and sensory quality of venison was assessed by varying evisceration time and ageing method. deer were head shot; half were eviscerated 30 min and the other half 4 h post mortem. in both groups (n=18), 6 carcasses were skinned immediately after evisceration and aged for 24 h; 6 were aged unskinned for 24 h and 6 were aged unskinned for 72 h at 10°c. ageing method had a significant effect ... | 2016 | 26773970 |
| exploring the potential of laser ablation carbon isotope analysis for examining ecology during the ontogeny of middle pleistocene hominins from sima de los huesos (northern spain). | laser ablation of tooth enamel was used to analyze stable carbon isotope compositions of teeth of hominins, red deer, and bears from middle pleistocene sites in the sierra de atapuerca in northern spain, to investigate the possibility that this technique could be used as an additional tool to identify periods of physiological change that are not detectable as changes in tooth morphology. most of the specimens were found to have minimal intra-tooth variation in carbon isotopes (< 2.3‰), suggestin ... | 2015 | 26673156 |
| intramale variation in sperm size: functional significance in a polygynous mammal. | studies concerning the relationships between sperm size and velocity at the intraspecific level are quite limited and often yielded contradictory results across the animal kingdom. intramale variation in sperm size may represent a meaningful factor to predict sperm velocity, due to its relationship with the level of sperm competition among related taxa. because sperm phenotype is under post-copulatory sexual selection, we hypothesized that a reduced intramale variation in sperm size is associate ... | 2015 | 26664807 |
| [morphometry in development of red deer's adrenal glands]. | histological structures and morphometric and some histochemical indicators of elk's adrenal gland development as subspecies of red deer in prenatal and postnatal ontogenies stages was studied. it was found that the growth of the fetus adrenal glands weight and the thickness of the structures adrenal glands fragments continue throughout the prenatal period of ontogeny. the cells of androgenic zone with single wandering sympathogoniae are differentiated in the adrenal glands in the second month of ... | 2015 | 26480487 |
| reduced glutathione addition improves both the kinematics and physiological quality of post-thawed red deer sperm. | the potential protective effect of reduced glutathione (gsh) and trolox (trx), an analogue of vitamin e, supplementation during in vitro culture (2h, 39°c) of electroejaculated frozen/thawed red deer sperm was investigated. cryopreserved sperm were thawed and incubated with no additive (control) and 1mm or 5mm of each antioxidant to find out whether these supplementations can maintain the sperm quality, considering the use of thawed samples for in vitro techniques such as in vitro fertilisation ... | 2015 | 26474690 |
| characterization, thermochemical conversion studies, and heating value modeling of municipal solid waste. | a study was carried out to examine the characteristics of municipal solid waste (msw) from the city of red deer, alberta, canada. experiments were performed for determining the moisture content, proximate and ultimate compositions, heating value of fourteen wastes in different categories. their thermal weight loss behaviors under pyrolysis/torrefaction conditions were also investigated in a thermogravimetric analyzer (tga). an empirical model was developed for the high heating value (hhv) estima ... | 2016 | 26445363 |
| beyond testis size: links between spermatogenesis and sperm traits in a seasonal breeding mammal. | spermatogenesis is a costly process that is expected to be under selection to maximise sperm quantity and quality. testis size is often regarded as a proxy measure of sperm investment, implicitly overlooking the quantitative assessment of spermatogenesis. an enhanced understanding of testicular function, beyond testis size, may reveal further sexual traits involved in sperm quantity and quality. here, we first estimated the inter-male variation in testicular function and sperm traits in red deer ... | 2015 | 26430740 |
| how many routes lead to migration? comparison of methods to assess and characterize migratory movements. | decreasing rate of migration in several species as a consequence of climate change and anthropic pressure, together with increasing evidence of space-use strategies intermediate between residency and complete migration, are very strong motivations to evaluate migration occurrence and features in animal populations. the main goal of this paper was to perform a relative comparison between methods for identifying and characterizing migration at the individual and population level on the basis of an ... | 2016 | 26412564 |
| combining small-vertebrate, marine and stable-isotope data to reconstruct past environments. | three very different records are combined here to reconstruct the evolution of environments in the cantabrian region during the upper pleistocene, covering ~35.000 years. two of these records come from antoliñako koba (bizkaia, spain), an exceptional prehistoric deposit comprising 9 chrono-cultural units (aurignacian to epipaleolithic). the palaeoecological signal of small-vertebrate communities and red deer stable-isotope data (δ(13)c and δ(15)n) from this mainland site are contrasted to marine ... | 2015 | 26391668 |
| relationship between the electroglottographic signal and vocal fold contact area. | electroglottography (egg) is a widely used noninvasive method that purports to measure changes in relative vocal fold contact area (vfca) during phonation. despite its broad application, the putative direct relation between the egg waveform and vfca has to date only been formally tested in a single study, suggesting an approximately linear relationship. however, in that study, flow-induced vocal fold (vf) vibration was not investigated. a rigorous empirical evaluation of egg as a measure of vfca ... | 2016 | 26256493 |
| cortisol but not testosterone is repeatable and varies with reproductive effort in wild red deer stags. | although it is known that hormone concentrations vary considerably between individuals within a population, how they change across time and how they relate to an individual's reproductive effort remains poorly quantified in wild animals. using faecal samples collected from wild red deer stags, we examined sources of variation in faecal cortisol and androgen metabolites, and the potential relationship that these might have with an index of reproductive effort. we also biologically validated an as ... | 2015 | 26209865 |
| manganese supplementation in deer under balanced diet increases impact energy and contents in minerals of antler bone tissue. | bone ash, collagen, ca and p composition, are considered the main factors affecting mechanical properties in bones. however, a series of studies in bone and antler have shown that some trace minerals, such as manganese, may play a role whose importance exceeds what may be expected considering their low content. a previous study showed that a reduction in manganese in antlers during a year of late winter frosts led to generalized antler breakage in spain, which included a reduction of 30% of cort ... | 2015 | 26177083 |
| vocal activity of the red deer and the acoustic structure of its rutting calls in the russian far east. | | 2015 | 26164336 |
| mitochondrial genomes of giant deers suggest their late survival in central europe. | the giant deer megaloceros giganteus is among the most fascinating late pleistocene eurasian megafauna that became extinct at the end of the last ice age. important questions persist regarding its phylogenetic relationship to contemporary taxa and the reasons for its extinction. we analyzed two large ancient cervid bone fragments recovered from cave sites in the swabian jura (baden-württemberg, germany) dated to 12,000 years ago. using hybridization capture in combination with next generation se ... | 2015 | 26052672 |
| use of androcoll-s after thawing improves the quality of electroejaculated and epididymal sperm samples from red deer. | single layer centrifugation is a useful technique to select sperm with good quality. the use of selection methods such as androcoll could become an important tool to improve the quality of sperm samples and therefore to improve other artificial reproductive techniques such as sperm sex sorting, in vitro fertilization or ai. the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a single layer centrifugation with androcoll-s on the sperm quality of red deer sperm samples of two different origins, el ... | 2015 | 26002696 |
| framing the relationship between people and nature in the context of european conservation. | a key controversy in conservation is the framing of the relationship between people and nature. the extent to which the realms of nature and human culture are viewed as separate (dualistic view) or integrated is often discussed in the social sciences. to explore how this relationship is represented in the practice of conservation in europe, we considered examples of cultural landscapes, wildlife (red deer, reindeer, horses), and protected area management. we found little support, for a dualistic ... | 2015 | 25997474 |
| hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects of peptides from red deer antlers in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. | diabetes mellitus is a serious chronic metabolic disorder. to develop novel anti-diabetic drugs from nature sources has always been the focus of research. red deer (cervus elaphu linnaeus) antler is one of the most famous chinese traditional medicines. we found that the peptides of 5-10 kda from red deer antlers (prda) promoted the growth of cultured rat islet cells. the purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-diabetic actions of prda in vivo and purify a pure active peptide. we theref ... | 2015 | 25985857 |
| adding structure to land cover - using fractional cover to study animal habitat use. | linking animal movements to landscape features is critical to identify factors that shape the spatial behaviour of animals. habitat selection is led by behavioural decisions and is shaped by the environment, therefore the landscape is crucial for the analysis. land cover classification based on ground survey and remote sensing data sets are an established approach to define landscapes for habitat selection analysis. we investigate an approach for analysing habitat use using continuous land cover ... | 2014 | 25709834 |
| variation of spermatogenic and sertoli cell number detected by fine needle aspiration cytology (fnac) in iberian red deer during and out of the breeding season. | the aim of the present study was to evaluate spermatogenesis in iberian red deer, a short-day seasonal breeder, using the fine needle aspiration cytology (fnac) technique. reports on spermatogenesis in deer are limited and here, for the first time, fnac has been used to evaluate changes in such physiological process during and out of the breeding season. testes were collected from 51 stags from november 2010 to february 2011. the sertoli index and spermatic index were significantly higher during ... | 2015 | 25483787 |
| pre-orbital gland opening during aggressive interactions in rusa deer (rusa timorensis). | the opening of the preorbital gland in cervids has a visual meaning and is frequently associated with agonistic and/or stress related situations. apart from in red deer, this behaviour has scarcely been studied and the range of situations when it may occur remains unclear. in this study we report the unusual case of preorbital gland opening in rusa deer, rusa timorensis, associated to direct aggressive agonistic interaction (biting/kicking) between two adult hinds. this case observed in tierpark ... | 2015 | 25481309 |
| sperm flagellum volume determines freezability in red deer spermatozoa. | the factors affecting the inter-individual differences in sperm freezability is a major line of research in spermatology. poor sperm freezability is mainly characterised by a low sperm velocity, which in turn is associated with low fertility rates in most animal species. studies concerning the implications of sperm morphometry on freezability are quite limited, and most of them are based on sperm head size regardless of the structural parts of the flagellum, which provides sperm motility. here, ... | 2014 | 25380133 |
| beyond mice and men: environmental change, immunity and infections in wild ungulates. | in the face of rapid environmental change, anticipating shifts in microparasite and macroparasite dynamics, including emergence events, is an enormous challenge. we argue that immunological studies in natural populations are pivotal to meeting this challenge: many components of environmental change--shifts in biotic assemblages, altered climate patterns and reduced environmental predictability--may affect host immunity. we suggest that wild ungulates can serve as model systems aiding the discove ... | 2015 | 25354672 |
| cross-amplification of nonspecific microsatellites markers: a useful tool to study endangered/vulnerable species of southern andes deer. | thirty-nine microsatellite loci that are highly conserved in red deer, sika deer, reindeer, soay sheep, and other artiodactyls were tested in two vulnerable and endangered neotropical deer (pudu: pudu puda and huemul: hippocamelus bisulcus) with the aim of producing a standardized set of markers that can be used successfully in noninvasive samples from these species. we also compared these nonspecific loci against eight polymorphic loci that were recently developed for huemul to determine whethe ... | 2014 | 24841651 |
| aqueous extract of red deer antler promotes hair growth by regulating the hair cycle and cell proliferation in hair follicles. | deer antlers are the only mammalian appendage capable of regeneration. we aimed to investigate the effect of red deer antler extract in regulating hair growth, using a mouse model. the backs of male mice were shaved at eight weeks of age. crude aqueous extracts of deer antler were prepared at either 4 °c or 100 °c and injected subcutaneously to two separate groups of mice (n = 9) at 1 ml/day for 10 consecutive days, with water as a vehicle control group. the mice skin quantitative hair growth pa ... | 2014 | 24695964 |
| campylobacter infection in wild artiodactyl species from southern spain: occurrence, risk factors and antimicrobial susceptibility. | a cross-sectional study was performed to assess the occurrence of campylobacter species and to identify potential associated risk factors for wild artiodactyl species in southern spain. campylobacter species were isolated in 55 of 363 (15.2%) faecal samples. campylobacter was identified in faeces from wild boar (49/126; 38.9%), red deer (5/179; 2.8%) and mouflon (1/13; 7.7%) but not from fallow deer (0/45). the isolated campylobacter species were identified as c. jejuni (2 isolates; 3.6%), c. co ... | 2014 | 24462184 |
| supplemental feeding alters migration of a temperate ungulate. | conservation of migration requires information on behavior and environmental determinants. the spatial distribution of forage resources, which migration exploits, often are altered and may have subtle, unintended consequences. supplemental feeding is a common management practice, particularly for ungulates in north america and europe, and carryover effects on behavior of this anthropogenic manipulation of forage are expected in theory, but have received limited empirical evaluation, particularly ... | 2018 | 29210236 |
| supporting nursing educators to improve retention. red deer college introduces faculty navigators. | | 2013 | 24288876 |
| clothing increases the risk of indirect ballistic fractures. | current literature has shown the mechanism of how indirect fractures occur but has not determined what factors increase the risks of such fractures. the objective of this study is thus to determine the effect of clothing and soft tissue thickness on the risk of indirect fracture formation. | 2013 | 24267379 |
| why do cervids feed on aquatic vegetation? | consumption of aquatic plants is rare among cervids, despite the common occurrence of this form of vegetation. however, the paucity of literature reporting on this feeding behaviour suggests that na (but also other minerals), protein, and the ubiquitous availability of aquatic vegetation may play a role in its consumption. we present results quantifying those factors that regulate the consumption of aquatic plants in the iberian red deer. we focussed our study primarily on two questions: (i) wha ... | 2014 | 24220797 |