| influence of intramammary infection and non-infection factors on somatic cell counts in dairy goats. | a total of 1304 goat udder halves were sampled monthly during an entire lactation (6262 samples) with the aim of identifying factors affecting milk somatic cell count (scc). bacteriological analyses for identification of mastitis pathogens were carried out on all samples and scc was also determined. all animals were examined for infection by caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) using a commercial elisa test kit. results obtained were arranged in two databases (whole-lactation average half ... | 2004 | 15190944 |
| direct evidence for natural transmission of small-ruminant lentiviruses of subtype a4 from goats to sheep and vice versa. | small-ruminant lentiviruses (srlv), which include the caprine arthritis-encephalitis and the maedi-visna virus, cause persistent inflammatory infections in goats and sheep. srlv are mainly transmitted from mother to offspring through milk. transmission after prolonged contact between adult animals has also been observed. the observation that certain srlv subtypes are found in both goats and sheep suggests that interspecies transmission has occurred on several occasions in the past. we investigat ... | 2004 | 15220425 |
| antibody response to the surface envelope of caprine arthritis-encephalitis lentivirus: disease status is predicted by su antibody isotype. | this study evaluated the hypothesis that the disease status of saanen goats infected with caprine arthritis-encephalitis lentivirus (caev) is associated with the focus of immune responses to viral antigens, particularly the surface envelope glycoprotein (su). specifically, we have proposed that th2 responses promote progressive immune-mediated arthritis, whereas th1 responses restrict virus replication and development of clinical disease. the present study determined the isotype of su antibodies ... | 2004 | 15231392 |
| simian immunodeficiency virus vpr/vpx proteins kill bystander noninfected cd4+ t-lymphocytes by induction of apoptosis. | the depletion of cd4+ t-lymphocytes central to the immunodeficiency in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) is largely mediated by apoptosis of both infected and uninfected cells, but the mechanisms involved and the viral proteins responsible are still poorly characterized. it has recently been suggested that, in human and simian immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and siv, vpr is a major modulator of apoptosis in infected cells. recently, we have reported on a chimera of caprine arthritis-encepha ... | 2004 | 15262494 |
| genomic characterization of a slow/low maedi visna virus. | the complete genomic sequence of a sheep lentivirus isolate that presents a slow/low phenotype in vitro has been determined. the virus, designated p1olv, was isolated from lung cells of a naturally infected sheep in portugal. three overlapping dna fragments amplified by pcr, and encompassing the entire viral genome were cloned and sequenced. this isolate has an overall similarity of approximately 80% with the k1514 maedi visna virus (mvv) and approximately 70% with the caprine arthritis encephal ... | 2004 | 15284480 |
| monoclonal antibodies to conformational epitopes of the surface glycoprotein of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus: potential application to competitive-inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting antibodies in goat sera. | four immunoglobulin g1 monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to the gp135 surface envelope glycoprotein (su) of the 79-63 isolate of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev), referred to as caev-63, were characterized and evaluated for their ability to compete with antibody from caev-infected goats. three murine mabs (mabs gpb16a, 29a, and 74a) and one caprine mab (mab f7-299) were examined. all mabs reacted in nitrocellulose dot blots with native caev-63 su purified by mab f7-299 affinity chromatogra ... | 2001 | 11139194 |
| an epidemic of caprine arthritis encephalitis in japan: isolation of the virus. | a disease characterized by arthritis of carpal joints and occasionally by pneumonia was seen among goats on a farm in nagano prefecture of japan in the summer of 2002. serological investigation was done on 30 goats, that is one group on the farm by agar gel immunodiffusion tests using maedi-visna virus as the antigen, and 19 goats were positive. the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus genome was detected in peripheral blood leukocytes from several antibody-positive goats. two goats among them w ... | 2004 | 15353840 |
| viral expression and leukocyte adhesion after in vitro infection of goat mammary gland cells with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus. | a characteristic lesion in goats infected by the lentivirus caev is mastitis with lymphoid hyperplasia. in order to investigate the mechanism of lesion formation, cultures highly enriched in microvascular endothelial cells, mature and immature luminal epithelial cells, fibroblasts and myoepithelial cells were established from goat mammary gland biopsies. their susceptibility to in vitro infection with two distinct types of caev was investigated by pcr, antigen expression and cytopathy. the capac ... | 2005 | 15626465 |
| goat endothelial cells may be infected in vitro by transmigration of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus-infected leucocytes. | the caprine arthritis-encephalitis lentivirus (caev) causes a lifelong persistent infection in goats, and induces infiltrations of leucocytes and tissue reorganization in target organs, with a cyclical pattern of viral expression. the mammary gland is an important site of infection, associated with mother-to-kid transmission by infected cells in colostrum and milk. the monocyte/macrophage is the principal target cell, but other cell types, including epithelial and endothelial cells and fibroblas ... | 2005 | 15734546 |
| immunization with plasmid dna expressing the caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus envelope gene: quantitative and qualitative aspects of antibody response to viral surface glycoprotein. | saanen goats were vaccinated intradermally with plasmid dna expressing caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) rev-env (penv) or tat-rev-env (ptat-env) or vaccinia virus expressing caev env (rwr-63). sera from all vaccinated goats immunoprecipitated caev surface (su) and transmembrane (tm) glycoproteins with a dominant response to su. antibody response to caev su induced by plasmid dna was relatively biased toward igg2, whereas vaccinia rwr-63 induced predominantly igg1 antibodies to su. dif ... | 2001 | 11166887 |
| diagnostic tests for small ruminant lentiviruses. | maedi visna virus and caprine arthritis encephalitis virus are closely related retroviruses that cause chronic inflammatory disease in small ruminants. the infections are characterised by insidious onset and slow progression. diagnosis of infection is usually by serological testing. a variety of assays are available for this purpose, though the relative sensitivity and specificity of these assays has not been compared systematically. here we review recent developments in laboratory diagnostic me ... | 2005 | 15795077 |
| proviral dna of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) is detected in cumulus oophorus cells but not in oocytes from naturally infected goats. | the aim of this study was to determine whether oocytes taken from ovarian follicles in 123 naturally infected goats were carrying the proviral caev genome. examination of dna isolated from 190 batches of oocytes with intact cumulus cells and 190 batches of oocytes whose cumulus cells had been removed, taken from follicles of the same ovaries, demonstrated that 42/190 batches of oocytes with intact cumulus cells had the proviral caev genome, whereas none of the 190 batches of oocytes without cumu ... | 2005 | 15885763 |
| immunohistochemical detection of the p27 capsid protein of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) in bone-marrow cells of seropositive goats. | bone-marrow samples were collected from 48 caev-seropositive, symptomless goats (30 kids, 18 adults). the samples were formalin-fixed and processed for histological examination. in addition, all samples were examined immunohistochemically with a monoclonal antibody (1a7) against the p27 capsid protein of maedi-visna virus, an antibody which cross-reacts with the ca-p27 of caev. samples from 16 goats (10/30 kids, 6/18 adults) showed positive immunolabelling of bone-marrow stromal cells (fibrocyte ... | 2005 | 15899495 |
| efficient replication of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus in goat granulosa cells. | recent reports demonstrated the susceptibility of epithelial cells from different organs to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) both in vitro and in vivo. since granulosa cells (gc) are of epithelial origin and currently used for in vitro oocyte maturation, we addressed the question whether these cells are susceptible or resistant to caev infection. gc were isolated from goats from certified caev-free herds. pcr analysis on gc dna using caev specific primers confirmed the absence of caev ... | 2001 | 11551657 |
| mutations increasing exposure of a receptor binding site epitope in the soluble and oligomeric forms of the caprine arthritis-encephalitis lentivirus envelope glycoprotein. | the caprine arthritis-encephalitis (caev) and ovine maedi-visna (mvv) viruses are resistant to antibody neutralization, a feature shared with all other lentiviruses. whether the caev gp135 receptor binding site(s) (rbs) in the functional surface envelope glycoprotein (env) is protected from antibody binding, allowing the virus to resist neutralization, is not known. two caev gp135 regions were identified by extrapolating a gp135 structural model that could affect binding of antibodies to the rbs ... | 2005 | 15992850 |
| phylogenetic analysis of small-ruminant lentivirus subtype b1 in mixed flocks: evidence for natural transmission from goats to sheep. | small-ruminant lentiviruses (srlv), consisting of the caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) and the maedi-visna virus (mvv), cause chronic multisystemic infections in goats and sheep. the srlv subtype b1, characterized by the prototypic strain caev-co, has a worldwide distribution and, remarkably, has been isolated exclusively from goats, suggesting potential host specificity. to test this hypothesis, srlv pol sequences were obtained by pcr amplification from blood samples of seropositive ... | 2005 | 16005486 |
| isolation of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus from a goat. | caprine arthritis-encephalitis-virus (caev) was isolated from the carpal joint of an anglo-nubian yearling goat with chronic progressive pneumonia and subclinical carpal arthritis. anti-caev antibody was detected in this goat and in nine of 69 goat sera tested from two herds. | 1982 | 16030824 |
| viral and cellular specificities of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus vif protein. | the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) vif protein is necessary for a productive infection of susceptible goat cells. the vif gene is conserved among all primate and most nonprimate lentiviruses. however, previous reports demonstrated that, in their respective host cells, primate vif deleted lentiviruses could not be complemented by nonprimate vif proteins, suggesting that species-specific restrictions between vif and the virus-producing cells may modulate the vif function on viral infe ... | 2002 | 11878918 |
| transmission of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus to sheep. | | 1984 | 16031021 |
| north american and french caprine arthritis-encephalitis viruses emerge from ovine maedi-visna viruses. | the full extent of genetic diversity among small ruminant lentiviruses (srlvs), i.e., caprine arthritis encephalitis viruses (caevs) and maedi-visna viruses (mvvs), remains unknown. this is due in part to the fact that few sequences of caev are available. to contribute to this knowledge, gag, pol, and env nucleotide sequences from an srlv named ca680 originating from a goat from western france were determined. this analysis revealed that this virus is closely related to the cork and 63 caev amer ... | 1997 | 9356342 |
| envelope glycoprotein nucleotide sequence and genetic characterization of north american ovine lentiviruses. | ovine lentiviruses (ovlv) resemble human immunodeficiency viruses in genomic organization, viral heterogeneity, and spectrum of cytophenotypic expression. to gain a better understanding of the relationship of north american ovlv isolates with other characterized ovlv strains, the complete dna nucleotide sequence of the env region of a highly lytic (rapid/high) ovlv strain (85/34) was determined and compared with the sequence of amplicons within env of three other ovlv strains of varying cytophen ... | 1997 | 9375017 |
| a successful attempt to raise goat kids free of infection with caprine arthritis encephalitis virus in an endemically infected goat herd. | goat kids from a herd endemically infected with caprine arthritis encephalitis (cae) virus were raised according to 3 methods. one group of ten goat kids was removed from infected does at birth before suckling or licking by the doe could occur (snatch birth technique). kids were fed on goat colostrum, which had been heated to 57 degrees c for ten minutes and then held in a thermos flask for one hour. subsequently the kids were fed reconstituted spray dried cows' milk powder. they were raised apa ... | 1987 | 16031341 |
| cytokine production in vitro by macrophages of goats with caprine arthritis-encephalitis. | the response of caprine macrophages to exposure to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) and lipopolysaccharide (lps) was investigated in female nubian and nubian crossbreed of goats. macrophages were matured in vitro from monocytes isolated from blood of control and caev-infected goats and the concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (tnf-alpha) and interleukin-6 (il-6) in culture supernatant after exposure of cells to lps and virus were assayed. though barely detectable in unstimulated ce ... | 1997 | 9449535 |
| mammary transmission of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus: a 3d model for in vitro study. | transmission of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) from the mother to offspring is principally mediated by infected cells from colostrum and milk. the infection of the dam is often sub-clinical, and results in increased cellularity of milk, sometimes exacerbated by bacterial co-infections. although monocytes are the major viral host cells, several other cell types, including epithelial mammary cells, fibroblasts and endothelial cells show low levels of in vivo infection. in vitro, howev ... | 2005 | 16045898 |
| risk factors for the infection of swiss goat herds with small ruminant lentivirus: a case-control study. | in the mid-1980s, switzerland started a programme to eradicate caprine arthritis-encephalitis - an infectious disease of goats caused by the small ruminant lentivirus (srlv). since 1996, progress towards eradication has slowed down, owing to infections occurring on farms from which the infection had previously been eliminated. to investigate specific risk factors for these new infections and to improve the eradication programme, a case-control study was conducted. cases consisted of farms that h ... | 2005 | 16113168 |
| a downer nubian goat with coughing. | | 2005 | 16136071 |
| the mhc-haplotype influences primary, but not memory, immune responses to an immunodominant peptide containing t- and b-cell epitopes of the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus gag protein. | in this report, we describe a short peptide, containing a t helper- and a b-cell epitope, located in the gag protein of the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev). this t-cell epitope is capable of inducing a robust t-cell proliferative response in vaccinated goats with different genetic backgrounds and to provide help for a strong antibody response to the b-cell epitope, indicating that it may function as a universal antigen-carrier for goat vaccines. the primary immune response of goats h ... | 2006 | 16154240 |
| a novel deletion in the ltr region of a greek small ruminant lentivirus may be associated with low pathogenicity. | greek small ruminant lentivirus (srlv) strains remain relatively uncharacterized at the molecular level, despite the fact that lentiviral diseases of small ruminants are known to be widespread in the country. in the present study, we investigated the sequence diversity of the ltr region in greek srlv strains from sheep with and without disease symptoms, since sequence differences within this genomic area have been shown to lead to srlvs with distinct replication rates. the ap-4 and aml (vis) mot ... | 2006 | 16446005 |
| a serological study on brucella abortus, caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus and leptospira in dairy goats in rio de janeiro, brazil. | in spite of the large number of goats found in several developing tropical countries, milk production remains unsatisfactory. the occurrence of infectious diseases, such as leptospirosis, brucellosis and caprine arthritis-encephalitis (cae) may in part be responsible for sub-optimal production. in this study, 1000 serum samples were tested for leptospirosis, 953 for brucellosis and 562 for cae. all tested flocks presented at least one seroreactive animal for leptospirosis and for cae. reactivity ... | 2007 | 16455276 |
| cloning and expression of caprine interferon-gamma. | caprine interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) cdna was cloned from mitogen stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cell (pbmc) rna utilizing the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). the cdna open reading frame (orf) is 498bp, encoding a putative 166 amino acid (aa) protein (19327da). the predicted aa sequence homology of caprine ifn-gamma and the corresponding ovine, bovine and cervine cytokine is 98.8%, 95.2% and 92.8%, respectively. ifn-gamma cdna was subcloned and expressed in two ... | 1998 | 9524237 |
| viral load, organ distribution, histopathological lesions, and cytokine mrna expression in goats infected with a molecular clone of the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus. | caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) is a lentivirus of goats that causes persistent infection characterized by the appearance of inflammatory lesions in various organs. to define the sites of persistence, 5 goats were infected with a molecular clone of caev, and the viral load was monitored by real-time-pcr and rt-pcr in different sites 8 years after infection. the lymph nodes proved to be an important virus reservoir, with moderate virus replication relative to what is reported for lent ... | 2006 | 16537085 |
| influence of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines on the neuropathogenesis of oncornavirus and immunosuppressive lentivirus infections. | retroviral infection of the cns can lead to severe debilitating neurological diseases in humans and other animals. four general types of pathogenic effects with various retroviruses have been observed including: hemorrhage (tr1.3), spongiform encephalopathy (casbre, frcase, pvc211, nt40, mol-ts1), demyelination with inflammatory lesions (htlv-1, visna, caev), and encephalopathy with gliosis and proinflammatory chemokines and cytokines, usually with microglial giant cells and nodules [human immun ... | 2006 | 16570857 |
| distribution and heterogeneity of small ruminant lentivirus envelope subtypes in naturally infected french sheep. | small ruminants lentiviruses (srlv) nucleotide sequences spanning the v1v2 variable regions of the env gene were amplified by nested-pcr from 38 blood samples collected from 16 naturally infected sheep flocks in france. for the rapid srlv group determination of field isolates, the pcr-amplified fragments were subjected to a srlv-adapted heteroduplex mobility assay (hma). all viral sequences were clearly assignable to the srlv group b by hma analysis. twenty-seven srlv isolates were selected for ... | 2006 | 16616391 |
| development of a semi-nested pcr using degenerate primers for the generic detection of small ruminant lentivirus proviral dna. | a pcr assay was developed for the reliable detection of small ruminant lentivirus (srlv) proviral dna. the method involved the use of degenerate deoxyinosine-substituted primers and a second semi-nested pcr step that increased the polyvalency and sensitivity of the detection, respectively. primers were designed from the pol gene conserved motifs of 85 srlv isolates and were evaluated using different srlv isolates together with maedi-visna virus (mvv) and caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (cae ... | 2006 | 16650487 |
| antibody response in sheep experimentally infected with different small ruminant lentivirus genotypes. | two groups of sheep were experimentally infected by intratracheal route with two small ruminant lentivirus (srlv) isolates belonging to different genotypes (it-561 genotype a3 and it-pi1 genotype b2). seroconversion was evaluated using recombinant homologous and heterologous matrix protein/capsid antigen fusion protein. results clearly indicate that seroconversion against homologous antigen was detected well in advance as regards heterologous antigen in both groups, although the advantage of usi ... | 2006 | 16698088 |
| tnfalpha and gm-csf-induced activation of the caev promoter is independent of ap-1. | caprine arthritis encephalitis virus transcription is under the control of the viral promoter within the long terminal repeat. previous studies with the closely related maedi visna lentivirus have indicated that viral transcription is dependent upon the ap-1 transcription factor. other studies have indicated a potential role for the cytokines tnfalpha and gm-csf in caev pathogenesis by increasing viral loads in infected tissues. the hypotheses that ap-1 transcription factors are necessary for tr ... | 2006 | 16716376 |
| defective rna packaging is responsible for low transduction efficiency of caev-based vectors. | replication defective retroviral vectors are regularly used for transfer and expression of exogenous genes into dividing cells and in animals. since lentiviruses are able to infect terminally differentiated and non-dividing cells, their use to produce replication defective vectors may overcome this limitation. we developed two replication-defective lentiviral vectors based on the genome of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev). the first vector (pbnl2) carries the neo and lacz marker genes ... | 1998 | 9638141 |
| gene transfer system derived from the caprine arthritis-encephalitis lentivirus. | lentiviruses are attractive candidates for therapeutic vectors, because of their ability to infect non-dividing target cells. vectors based on hiv-1 efficiently transfer gene expression to a variety of dividing or quiescent cells, but are subject to reservations on safety grounds. caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) is a lentivirus inducing only minor pathology in its natural host and in related species after cross-species transmission. to test the caev potential as vector for gene trans ... | 2006 | 16797087 |
| from mice to macaques--animal models of hiv nervous system disease. | lentiviral diseases of animals have been recognized for over a century, long before hiv was recognized as the cause of aids. all lentiviruses cause neurological disease and productive virus replication in the cns occurs exclusively in cells of macrophage lineage. the ability to molecularly engineer the inoculum virus, to sample the brain at many different time points from acute through terminal infection and to correlate in vivo with in vitro findings are significant advantages of animal models ... | 2006 | 16842082 |
| cultured early goat embryos and cells are susceptible to infection with caprine encephalitis virus. | zona-pellucida-free embryos at 8-16 cell stage were co-cultured for 6 days in an insert over a mixed cell monolayer infected with caev-pbsca. embryos were washed and transferred to an insert on caev indicator goat synovial membrane cells for 6 h, then they were washed and cultivated in b2 ménézo for 24 h, finally, embryo cells were dissociated and cultivated on a feeder monolayer for 8 days. after 5 weeks, multinucleated giant cells typical of caev infection were observed in indicator gsm cell m ... | 2006 | 16859728 |
| molecular characterization and phylogenetic study of maedi visna and caprine arthritis encephalitis viral sequences in sheep and goats from spain. | small ruminant lentiviruses (srlv) are widely spread in many countries, including spain. however, little is known about the genetic characteristics of spanish goat and sheep srlv. in this study, segments from three genomic regions (pol, gag-p25 and ltr) were amplified using dna isolated from three spanish autochthonous sheep (one) and goats (two). animals (one per flock) belonged to distantly located, single-species flocks (goat or sheep). sequence analysis showed conservation of regions that ar ... | 2006 | 16870297 |
| application of pcr technique in diagnosis of small ruminant lentivirus infection in sheep and goats. | detection of small ruminant lentiviruses (srlvs) in sheep and goats usually relies on serological testing. in this study, we evaluated semi-nested pcr and nested pcr techniques applied as a diagnostic tool for detection of maedi-visna virus (mvv) and caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) in naturally infected sheep and goats, respectively. the examination of 193 ovine and 85 caprine serum samples by the elisa revealed the presence of specific antibodies in 133 (69%) and 18 (21.2%) animals, ... | 2006 | 17203738 |
| natural transmission and comparative analysis of small ruminant lentiviruses in the norwegian sheep and goat populations. | serological surveys for small ruminant lentivirus (srlv) infections have revealed seropositive sheep in several mixed herds, where sheep are kept together with seropositive goats. here we have examined the genetic relationships in ltr, pol and env surface unit (su) and the growth patterns in goat (gsm) and sheep (fos) synovial membrane cell cultures of srlv isolates obtained from both mixed and single species herds. phylogenetic analyses of pol and env su revealed that norwegian srlvs derived fr ... | 2007 | 17240470 |
| molecular characterization of lentiviruses from goats from poland based on gag gene sequence analysis. | caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) infection in goats is worldwide but with higher prevalence in industrialized countries. while positive serology of caev in polish goats was reported there was no genetic study of this virus. in this study, we described the molecular characterization of lentiviruses isolated from seropositive goats from poland. we cloned and sequenced a fragment from the gag gene covering part of the coding sequences for the matrix (ma) p17 and for the capsid (ca) p25 p ... | 2007 | 17337054 |
| demonstration of coinfection with and recombination by caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus and maedi-visna virus in naturally infected goats. | recombination of different strains and subtypes is a hallmark of lentivirus infections, particularly for human immunodeficiency virus, and contributes significantly to viral diversity and evolution both within individual hosts and within populations. recombinant viruses are generated in individuals coinfected or superinfected with more than one lentiviral strain or subtype. this, however, has never been described in vivo for the prototype lentivirus maedi-visna virus of sheep and its closely rel ... | 2007 | 17344293 |
| genetic characterization of maedi-visna virus (mvv) detected in finland. | the aim of the study was to characterize the small-ruminant lentiviruses (srlvs) detected in finland by defining their phylogenetic relationships and by studying the evolution of the virus based on a well-known epidemiology. the study material comprised lung tissue samples of 20 sheep from 5 different farms, a cell-cultured virus from one of the original sheep lung samples, and a blood sample of a goat. the sheep were identified as positive during seroepidemiologic screenings in 1994-1996 and th ... | 2007 | 17349752 |
| "hidden" dutpase sequence in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120. | a coding region homologous to the sequence for essential eukaryotic enzyme dutpase has been identified in different genomic regions of several viral lineages. unlike the nonprimate lentiviruses (caprine arthritis- encephalitis virus, equine infectious anemia virus, feline immunodeficiency virus, and visna virus), where dutpase is integrated into the pol coding region, this enzyme has never been demonstrated to be present in the primate lentivirus genomes (human immunodeficiency virus type 1 [hiv ... | 1999 | 9847382 |
| in vitro cross-species infections using a caprine arthritis encephalitis lentivirus carrying the gfp marker gene. | a caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev), carrying the green fluorescent protein (gfp) into the tat region was recently reported [mselli-lakhal, l., guiguen, f., greenland, t., mornex, j.f., chebloune, y., 2006. gene transfer system derived from the caprine arthritis-encephalitis lentivirus. j. virol. meth. 136, 177-184]. this construct, called pk2egfph replicated to titres up to 10(5)iu/ml on infection of caprine cells, and could be concentrated to 10(6)iu/ml by ultracentrifugation. in the ... | 2007 | 17386948 |
| vaccination with a t-cell-priming gag peptide of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus enhances virus replication transiently in vivo. | cd4+ t cells are involved in several immune response pathways used to control viral infections. in this study, a group of genetically defined goats was immunized with a synthetic peptide known to encompass an immunodominant helper t-cell epitope of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev). fifty-five days after challenge with the molecularly cloned caev strain co, the vaccinated animals had a higher proviral load than the controls. the measurement of gamma interferon and interleukin-4 gene ex ... | 2007 | 17412991 |
| activation/proliferation and apoptosis of bystander goat lymphocytes induced by a macrophage-tropic chimeric caprine arthritis encephalitis virus expressing siv nef. | caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) is the natural lentivirus of goats, well known for its tropism for macrophages and its inability to cause infection in lymphocytes. the viral genome lacks nef, tat, vpu and vpx coding sequences. to test the hypothesis that when nef is expressed by the viral genome, the virus became toxic for lymphocytes during replication in macrophages, we inserted the sivsmm pbj14 nef coding sequences into the genome of caev thereby generating caev-nef. this recombin ... | 2007 | 17442361 |
| evaluation of five enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and an agar gel immunodiffusion test for detection of antibodies to small ruminant lentiviruses. | in the framework of the dutch control program for small ruminant lentiviral (srlv) infections, too many drawbacks were encountered with respect to serological testing. to improve the quality of testing, five enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) and an agar gel immunodiffusion test (agidt) were evaluated. the focus was on the sensitivity, specificity, and variances of the commercially available tests. clear differences were found among the tests in analytical and diagnostic sensitivity and ... | 2007 | 17609394 |
| crossreactive neutralizing antibodies induced by immunization with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus surface glycoprotein. | four saanen goats were immunized with affinity purified gp135 surface glycoprotein (su) of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus isolate 79-63 (caev-63) and evaluated for homologous and crossreactive serum neutralizing antibodies. caev-63 neutralizing antibodies were detected in all goats after seven immunizations with su in quil a adjuvant. sera from three goats neutralized an independent caev isolate (caev-co). however, serum from one goat did not detectably neutralize heterologous caev-co and ... | 2000 | 10649630 |
| immune response to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus surface protein induced by coimmunization with recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing the caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus envelope gene and caprine interleukin-12. | the objective of this study was to determine if interleukin (il)-12 can focus an antigen specific type 1 immune response characterized by activation of th1 lymphocytes and production of igg2 antibodies in vivo. saanen goats co-immunized with recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing caprine il-12 (rrb-il12) and the caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) envelope (env) gene (rwr-63) were evaluated for development of immune responses to the caev env encoded surface glycoprotein (su). immune res ... | 2000 | 10775783 |
| compartmentalization of small ruminant lentivirus between blood and colostrum in infected goats. | the compartmentalization of small ruminant lentivirus (srlv) subtype a (maedi-visna virus) and b (caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus) variants was analyzed in colostrum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of four naturally infected goats. sequence analysis of dna and rna encompassing the v4-v5 env regions showed a differential distribution of srlv variants between the two compartments. tissue-specific compartmentalization was demonstrated by phylogenetic analysis in three of the four cases. ... | 2007 | 17719071 |
| lack of risk of transmission of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) after an appropriate embryo transfer procedure. | the aim of this study was to demonstrate that embryo transfer can be used to produce caev-free kids from caev-infected biological mothers when appropriate procedure is implemented. twenty-eight goats that had tested positive for caev using pcr on vaginal secretions were used as embryo donors. embryos with intact-zp were selected and washed 10 times; they were then frozen and used for transfer into caev-free recipient goats. nineteen of the 49 recipient goats gave birth, producing a total of 23 k ... | 2008 | 18036653 |
| presence of pro-lentiviral dna in male sexual organs and ejaculates of small ruminants. | to be able to predict sexual transmissibility of small ruminant lenti viruses (srlv), it is necessary to know whether or not the virus is excreted in the semen, and under what circumstances. thus, this research focussed on establishing the presence of proviral dna of srlv in semen and in the male genital tract of small ruminants. after initial results established the presence of srlv in serum, the emergence of proviral dna of srlv in semen and presence in blood in a group of naturally srlv-infec ... | 2008 | 18037482 |
| detection of viral genomes of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) in semen and in genital tract tissues of male goat. | the aim of this study was to determine the infectious status of semen and genital tract tissues from male goat naturally infected with the caprine lentivirus. firstly, polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was used to detect the presence of caev proviral-dna in the circulating mononuclear cells, semen (spermatozoa and non-spermatic cells), and genital tract tissues (testis, epididymis, vas deferens, and vesicular gland) of nine bucks. rt-pcr was used to detect the presence of caev viral rna in seminal ... | 2008 | 18082249 |
| preliminary survey for antibodies against caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) using recombinant gag proteins: studies among small ruminant populations in north-eastern nigeria. | a total of 1000 serum samples were obtained from small ruminants in maiduguri, borno state, nigeria and tested for the presence of antibodies against caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) based on p17 and p28 recombinant gag proteins. the distribution of the sera tested was as follows: 900 serum samples collected at slaughter from 700 goats and 200 sheep in the municipal abattoir as well as 100 sera obtained from 50 each of goats and sheep in ... | 2000 | 10818314 |
| caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus induces apoptosis in infected cells in vitro through the intrinsic pathway. | caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) is a lentivirus that causes natural inflammatory disease in goats, with chronic lesions in several different organs. caev infection of in vitro cultured cells is accompanied by apoptosis, but the involvement of the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways has not previously been elucidated. we have studied the activation of caspases-3, -8 and -9 by fluorescent assays in various goat cells infected in vitro by caev, and the effects of transfected dominant negat ... | 2008 | 18358512 |
| small ruminant lentivirus proviral sequences from wild ibexes in contact with domestic goats. | small ruminant lentiviruses (srlv) are widespread amongst domesticated goats and sheep worldwide, but have not been clearly identified in wild small ruminants, where they might constitute an animal health risk through contamination from local domesticates. srlv proviruses from three ibexes from the french alps are described and sequences from their gag gene and long terminal repeats (ltrs) were compared with sequences from local goats and goat/ibex hybrids. the ibex and hybrid proviruses formed ... | 2008 | 18474564 |
| seroprevalence of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus in goats in the cariri region, paraiba state, brazil. | the seroprevalence of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) in the cariri region of paraíba state, brazil, was determined in 60 goat herds using the agar gel immunodiffusion test. the overall seroprevalence was 8.2%, with seropositivity in 21/60 (35%) herds and 13/15 (86.6%) municipalities. bucks had a significantly higher frequency of infection (28.3%) than does (5.9%), and bucks that originated in other states had a significantly higher frequency of infection (76.5%) than those from para ... | 2009 | 18675568 |
| small-ruminant lentivirus enhances prpsc accumulation in cultured sheep microglial cells. | sheep scrapie is the prototypical transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (prion disease), which has a fundamental pathogenesis involving conversion of normal cellular prion protein (prp(c) [c superscript stands for cellular]) to disease-associated prion protein (prp(sc) [sc superscript stands for sheep scrapie]). sheep microglial cell cultures, derived from a prnp 136vv/171qq near-term fetal brain, were developed to study sheep scrapie in the natural host and to investigate potential cofactors ... | 2008 | 18684809 |
| prevention strategies against small ruminant lentiviruses: an update. | small ruminant lentiviruses (srlvs), including maedi-visna virus (mvv) of sheep and caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev), are widespread, cause fatal diseases and are responsible for major production losses in sheep and goats. seventy years after the legendary maedi-visna sheep epidemic in iceland, which led to the first isolation of a srlv and subsequent eradication of the infection, no vaccine or treatment against infection has been fully successful. research during the last two decades ... | 2009 | 18755622 |
| deceptive imprinting and immune refocusing in vaccine design. | a large number of the world's most widespread and problematic pathogens evade host immune responses by inducing strain-specific immunity to immunodominant epitopes with high mutation rates capable of altering antigenic profiles. the immune system appears to be decoyed into reacting to these immunodominant epitopes that offer little cross protection between serotypes or subtypes. for example, during hiv-1 infection, the immune system reacts strongly to the v1, v2, and/or v3 loops of the surface e ... | 2008 | 18852005 |
| impact of natural sheep-goat transmission on detection and control of small ruminant lentivirus group c infections. | dissemination of small ruminant lentivirus (srlv) infections in norway is affected by the different control strategies used for maedi-visna virus (mvv) infections in sheep and caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) infections in goats. here we investigated srlv phylogenetic group variants in sheep. caev-like isolates, belonging to phylogenetic group c, were found among both seropositive sheep and goats in mixed flocks, in which sheep and goats are kept together. intra-herd clustering confir ... | 2009 | 18986775 |
| small ruminant lentivirus tat protein induces apoptosis in caprine cells in vitro by the intrinsic pathway. | the small ruminant lentiviruses, caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) and maedi visna virus (mvv) naturally cause inflammatory disease in goats and sheep, provoking chronic lesions in several different organs. we have previously demonstrated that in vitro infection of caprine cells by caev induces apoptosis through the intrinsic pathway (rea-boutrois, a., pontini, g., greenland, t., mehlen, p., chebloune, y., verdier, g. and legras-lachuer, c. 2008). in the present study, we used tat dele ... | 2009 | 19007964 |
| variability and immunogenicity of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus surface glycoprotein. | the complete surface glycoprotein (su) nucleotide sequences of three french isolates of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) were determined and compared with those of previously described isolates: three american isolates and one french isolate. phylogenetic analyses revealed the existence of four distinct and roughly equidistant evolutionary caev subtypes. four conserved and five variable domains were identified in the su. the fine specificities of antibodies produced against these doma ... | 2000 | 10846103 |
| the effect of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus infection on production in goats. | three consecutive years of monitoring 248 goats in the same flock, found that the first lactation milk yield was significantly higher in seronegative (578l) than in seropositive (447l) animals but this difference disappeared in the subsequent second to fourth lactations. no significant differences were found in the proportions of seronegative and seropositive does in the flock, the percentage of animals culled, the number of offspring, or in the number of cases of udder bacterial infection, irre ... | 2010 | 19157929 |
| phylogenetic analysis of srlv sequences from an arthritic sheep outbreak demonstrates the introduction of caev-like viruses among spanish sheep. | small ruminant lentiviruses (srlvs) cause different clinical forms of disease in sheep and goats. so far in spain, maedi visna virus-like (mvv-like) sequences have been found in both species, and the arthritic srlv disease has never been found in sheep until a recent outbreak. knowing that arthritis is common in goats, it was of interest to determine if the genetic type of the virus involved in the sheep arthritis outbreak was caprine arthritis encephalitis virus-like (caev-like) rather than mvv ... | 2009 | 19339126 |
| systemic and in vitro expression of goat alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein during caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus infection. | the present study was carried out in order to investigate the systemic and local expression of the acute-phase protein alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein (agp, orosomucoid) during caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) natural infection. the aminoacid sequence of goat agp (gagp), which was unknown, was determined by cdna sequencing of the gene. agp serum concentration was analyzed from 40 healthy and 36 caev-induced arthritis-affected goats. the mean concentration of agp in healthy goats was of 219 ... | 2009 | 19375174 |
| development of specific diagnostic test for small ruminant lentivirus genotype e. | small ruminant lentivirus (srlv) belonging to the highly divergent genotype e has recently been identified in the italian goat breed roccaverano. in this report we have developed a specific serological test based on recombinant matrix/capsid antigen fusion protein. performance has been evaluated and compared with a similar test based on genotype b antigen. herds under study were selected according to the infectious status characterized by blood pcr and sequencing. results clearly showed that b a ... | 2009 | 19406590 |
| frequency of the serological reactivity against the caprine arthritis encephalitis lentivirus gp135 in children who consume goat milk. | caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) is a retrovirus belonging to the lentivirus genus that also includes the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). caev may be transmitted to humans by goat milk consumption. it has been suggested that caev may also be involved in the immunological protection process against hiv, but this has not been demonstrated. here we identified serological reactivity against caev gp135 in children who consumed goat milk. | 2009 | 19427972 |
| serological characterization of the new genotype e of small ruminant lentivirus in roccaverano goat flocks. | maedi visna virus (mvv) and caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) are a heterogeneous group of infectious agents affecting sheep and goats. due to their natural cross-species infection they are referred to as small-ruminant lentiviruses (srlv). recently a new genetic cluster, highly divergent from mvv and caev was identified in the north-west part of italy. a panel of genotype e specific antigens was developed and evaluated in flocks infected with b1 and e strains. the results clearly indi ... | 2009 | 19629741 |
| lack of functional receptors is the only barrier that prevents caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus from infecting human cells. | barriers to replication of viruses in potential host cells may occur at several levels. lack of suitable and functional receptors on the host cell surface, thereby precluding entry of the virus, is a frequent reason for noninfectivity, as long as no alternative way of entry (e.g., pinocytosis, antibody-dependent adsorption) can be exploited by the virus. other barriers can intervene at later stages of the virus life cycle, with restrictions on transcription of the viral genome, incorrect transla ... | 2000 | 10954533 |
| immunomodulation of caprine lentiviral infection by interleukin-16. | interleukin-16 (il-16) is a proinflammatory cytokine produced by a variety of cells including lymphocytes, macrophages, mast cells, and eosinophils. we have shown in our previous studies increased expression of il-16 mrna and protein in caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev)-infected goats blood. in this study, we determined the immunomodulatory effects of il-16 in vitro using cells derived from caev infected and uninfected goats. human recombinant il-16 (rhil-16) significantly increased ch ... | 2010 | 19811834 |
| diagnostic performance of elisa and pcr in identifying srlv-infected sheep and goats using serum, plasma and milk samples and in early detection of infection in dairy flocks through bulk milk testing. | the objective of the study was to evaluate the diagnostic performances of the elitest-mvv elisa for detection of antibodies against small ruminant lentiviruses and of two recently published pcrs for the detection of proviral dna of srlv in blood and corresponding individual milk samples. in addition, the feasibility of bulk milk testing was investigated by titrating elisa positive pooled milk samples in negative milk, and by investigating bulk milk samples by elisa and pcr in relation to the srl ... | 2010 | 19913363 |
| evaluation of a caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus/maedi-visna virus indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the serological diagnosis of ovine progressive pneumonia virus in u.s. sheep. | a caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev)/maedi-visna virus (mvv) indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ielisa) was validated with samples from u.s. sheep and by the use of radioimmunoprecipitation as the standard for comparison. the sensitivity and the specificity were 86.0% (+ or - 5.8%) and 95.9% (+ or - 2.9%), respectively. the ielisa format and phylogenetic differences based on the mvv gag sequence contribute to the reduced sensitivity. | 2010 | 20016044 |
| srlvs: a genetic continuum of lentiviral species in sheep and goats with cumulative evidence of cross species transmission. | lentiviruses from distinct animal species have in common their genomic organization, the induction of slowly progressive diseases over months or years, the large spectrum of induced symptoms and concerned organs, the frequent inapparent infection without any detectable clinical signs, their ability to persist into their hosts despite an often strong and mature immune response. lentiviruses are also characterized by their genomic plasticity and the rapid evolution of the viral species. srlvs infe ... | 2010 | 20210785 |
| pathogenesis of natural goat scrapie: modulation by host prnp genotype and effect of co-existent conditions. | after detection of a high prevalence of scrapie in a large dairy goat herd, 72 infected animals were examined by immunohistochemistry with prion protein (prp) antibody bar224 to study the pathogenesis of the infection. tissues examined included the brain and thoracic spinal cord (tsc), a wide selection of lymphoreticular system (lrs) tissues, the distal ileum and its enteric nervous system (ens), and other organs, including the mammary gland. the whole open reading frame of the prnp gene was seq ... | 2010 | 20374697 |
| sequence comparison on gag gene of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus from korea. | caprine arthritis encephalitis (cae) is a lentiviral infection in goats characterized by arthritis. although cae has been identified in most goat-rearing countries around the world, korea had been considered to be free from this disease. here, we determine the partial sequence on the gag gene of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) suspect from korea using nested pcr. genetic analysis of our isolate showed 93.5 and 90.9% sequence homology with the standard strain caev cork and lentivirus ... | 2010 | 20379771 |
| ovine progressive pneumonia virus capsid antigen as found in cd163- and cd172a-positive alveolar macrophages of persistently infected sheep. | in situ detection of ovine progressive pneumonia virus (oppv) and the phenotypic identification of the cells that harbor oppv have not been described for the oppv-affected tissues, which include lung, mammary gland, synovial membranes of the carpal joint, and choroid plexus of the brain. in this study, the authors first developed a single enzyme-based automated immunohistochemical (ihc) analysis for detection of oppv capsid antigen (ca) on oppv-affected tissues, using 2 anti-caev ca monoclonal a ... | 2010 | 20382821 |
| development of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibody against caprine arthritis encephalitis virus using recombinant protein of the precursor of the major core protein, p55gag. | an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) by using recombinant caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) p55gag antigen (relisa), an indirect elisa by using whole caev (welisa), and western blot analysis by using the recombinant p55gag antigen (rwb) were developed for detection of caev-specific antibodies in goats. seven hundred and forty-five sera from goats were tested by relisa, welisa, rwb, and agar gel immunodiffusion test (agid), and the results were compared with those of wb ... | 2010 | 20453217 |
| tissue tropism and promoter sequence variation in caprine arthritis encephalitis virus infected goats. | caprine arthritis encephalitis virus is a lentivirus that infects goats and is closely related to maedi-visna virus of sheep. infection with caev results in multiple discrete disease manifestations in goats which can include chronic arthritis, mastitis, pneumonia or encephalomyelitis. presently, no satisfactory mechanistic rationale for viral tropism has been put forward. we propose that specific sequences in the lentiviral promoter (u3 region of the viral long terminal repeat) are associated wi ... | 2010 | 20466024 |
| glycosylation of immunodominant linear epitopes in the carboxy-terminal region of the caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus surface envelope enhances vaccine-induced type-specific and cross-reactive neutralizing antibody responses. | this study evaluated type-specific and cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies induced by immunization with modified surface glycoproteins (su) of the 63 isolate of caprine arthritis-encephalitis lentivirus (caev-63). epitope mapping of sera from caev-infected goats localized immunodominant linear epitopes in the carboxy terminus of su. two modified su (su-m and su-t) and wild-type caev-63 su (su-w) were produced in vaccinia virus and utilized to evaluate the effects of glycosylation or the delet ... | 2004 | 15308714 |
| aspects of the epidemiology, research, and control of lentiviral infections of small ruminants and their relevance to dutch sheep and goat farming. | in 1862, the veterinarian loman reported the first sheep in the netherlands with symptoms associated with lentiviral infection, although at the time the symptoms were ascribed to ovine progressive pneumonia. in the following century, similar cases were reported by south african, french, american, and icelandic researchers. extensive research into the pathology, aetiology, and epidemiology of this slowly progressive and ultimately fatal disease was initiated in several countries, including the ne ... | 2010 | 20822040 |
| recombinant small ruminant lentivirus subtype b1 in goats and sheep of imported breeds in mexico. | nucleotide sequences of small ruminant lentiviruses (srlvs) were determined in sheep and goats, including progeny of imported animals, on a farm in mexico. on the basis of gag-pol, pol, env and ltr sequences, srlvs were assigned to the b1 subgroup, which comprises caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev)-like prototype sequences mainly from goats. in comparison with caev-like env sequences of american and french origin, two putative recombination events were identified within the v3-v4 and v4 ... | 2010 | 20932787 |
| genetic and antigenic characterization of the matrix protein of two genetically distinct ovine lentiviruses. | small ruminant lentiviruses (srlv) are a group of non-oncogenic retroviruses including maedi-visna virus (mvv) and caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev), which cause a chronic, multisystemic disease in sheep and goats, respectively. phylogenetic analyses of srlv are based in most cases on partial pol sequences. several reports indicate that the species specificity of these viruses is not as strict as previously thought; mvv-like viruses have been found in goat populations and vice versa. r ... | 2005 | 15778023 |
| presence of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) infected cells in flushing media following oviductal-stage embryo collection. | to improve the knowledge on the risk of transmission of the caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) during embryo manipulations, we conducted a double-nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for caev proviral-dna on flushing media recovered from the oviducts 48 h after the beginning of estrus and on blood from 89 donor does. sixty-four does had negative blood and flushing media by pcr. among the 25 caev infected goats (blood pcr positive), 11 were pcr flushing media positive (p < 0.01). cell ... | 2002 | 11991395 |
| early embryonic cells from in vivo-produced goat embryos transmit the caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev). | the aim of this study was to investigate whether cells of early goat embryos isolated from in vivo-fertilized goats interact with the caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) in vitro and whether the embryonic zona pellucida (zp) protects early embryo cells from caev infection. zp-free and zp-intact 8-16 cell embryos were inoculated for 2 h with caevat the 10(4) tissue culture infectious dose 50 (tcid50)/ml. infected embryos were incubated for 72 h over feeder monolayer containing caprine ovi ... | 2002 | 12240918 |
| the role of retroviral dutpases in replication and virulence. | several retroviruses, including equine infectious anemia virus (eiav), visna virus, caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) and feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) encode dutpase. the role of this enzyme in the replication of these viruses has been scrutinized, with particular emphasis on potential roles for dutpase in virulence and viral mutation rate. overall, the results of these studies have indicated a central role for dutpase in facilitating productive viral replication in non-dividing ... | 2001 | 12374097 |
| characterization of the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) rev n-terminal elements required for efficient interaction with the rre. | the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) genome encodes three structural (gag, pol, and env) and three accessory (rev, tat, and vif) genes. the rev-c protein regulates gag, pol and env expression by transporting their mrnas to the cytoplasm. rev trans-activation requires binding of rev to an rna structure called the rev response element (rre-c). previous mutational analyses have shown that two domains of rev are required for its function. the basic domain mediates rre binding and multimer ... | 2003 | 12606073 |
| in vitro infection of aortic endothelial cells by caprine arthritis encephalitis virus enhances in vitro transmigration of peripheral blood leukocytes and modulates their phenotypic expression. | infection of goats by caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) provides a convenient example of the infiltration of various tissues by leukocytes following a natural lentiviral infection. this event is important in determining organ susceptibility and local immunity. caprine vascular endothelial cells are susceptible to infection by caev in vitro, so we have investigated the consequences of this infection on the transmigration of uninfected leukocytes in an in vitro model. after in vitro infe ... | 2003 | 12791237 |
| the tat protein of the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus interacts with the notch2 egf-like repeats and the epithelin/granulin precursor. | using the yeast two-hybrid system, we screened a human placenta cdna library and identified two proteins that interacted with the tat protein of the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev): the egf-like repeats 1-6 of the extracellular domain of the human notch2 receptor and the epithelin/granulin growth factor precursor. this interaction was also confirmed in mammalian cells. using in vitro mutagenesis assays, we showed that each one of the three cysteine residues located within the cystein ... | 2003 | 12931033 |
| detection of serum antibodies to ovine progressive pneumonia virus in sheep by using a caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus competitive-inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. | a competitive-inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (celisa) for detection of antibodies to the surface envelope (su) of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) was recently reported (l. m. herrmann, w. p. cheevers, t. c. mcguire, d. scott adams, m. m. hutton, w. g. gavin, and d. p. knowles, clin. diagn. lab. immunol. 10:267-271, 2003). the celisa utilizes caev-63 su captured on microtiter plates using the monoclonal antibody (mab) f7-299 and measures competitive displacement of bindi ... | 2003 | 12965917 |
| caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus envelope surface glycoprotein regions interacting with the transmembrane glycoprotein: structural and functional parallels with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120. | a sequence similarity between surface envelope glycoprotein (su) gp135 of the lentiviruses maedi-visna virus and caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) gp120 has been described. the regions of sequence similarity are in the second and fifth conserved regions of gp120, and the similarity is highest in sequences coinciding with beta-strands 4 to 8 and 25, which are located in the most virion-proximal region of the gp120 inner domain. a subset of ... | 2003 | 14557643 |
| the use of phenothiazine dyes to inactivate bovine viral diarrhea virus in goat colostrum. | the objectives of this study were to determine the optimal concentration of phenothiazine dye required to inactivate bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) in goat colostrum following 60 min of illumination and determine if immunoglobulin concentration is affected by this technique. in addition, the potential of continuous agitation of colostrum during illumination to affect viral kill was investigated. this experiment was designed to more closely approximate on-farm use than a previous pilot study ... | 2004 | 15188954 |
| establishment and partial characterization of an ovine synovial membrane cell line obtained by transformation with simian virus 40 t antigen. | the small ruminant lentiviruses, namely caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) and maedi visna virus (mvv) are grown currently in secondary synovial membrane cells. primary and secondary cell cultures are sometimes difficult to obtain and support a low number of passages and, therefore, permissive cell lines are needed. a transformed cell line was obtained by transfection of ovine synovial membrane secondary cell culture with a plasmid containing the sv40 large t antigen gene. the transform ... | 2005 | 15904982 |
| experimental infection of sheep and goats with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus. | | 1982 | 16030828 |
| biochemical characterisation of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus. | | 1984 | 16031041 |
| the development and evaluation of an elisa for the detection of antibodies to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus in goat sera. | an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed for the detection of antibodies to caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) in goat sera. the system was evaluated using some 1500 sera from flocks of known clinical history. from this data the interpretation limits of the system were determined. the elisa system was compared with a gel precipitin test using 5800 sera. of the positive sera, elisa detected 97.3% and agpt 61%. further evaluation was made using 60 sera of known caev reac ... | 1985 | 16031125 |