| childhood influenza in the outpatient setting in shanghai, china. | influenza is a common cause of outpatient visits in childhood. influenza vaccine has been widely used for children ≥ 6 months of age in developed countries based on accumulating evidence on the substantial socioeconomic burden of influenza in children. however, the data of childhood influenza in china are scarce. | 2012 | 22481425 |
| eps® 7630 (umckaloabo®), an extract from pelargonium sidoides roots, exerts anti-influenza virus activity in vitro and in vivo. | a prodelphinidin-rich extract from pelargonium sidoides dc, eps® 7630 (umckaloabo®), which is licensed to treat respiratory tract infections such as acute bronchitis, was investigated for its antiviral effects. eps® 7630 showed dose-dependent anti-influenza activity at non-toxic concentrations against pandemic h1n1, oseltamivir-sensitive and -resistant seasonal h1n1, seasonal h3n2 and the laboratory h1n1 strain a/puerto rico/8/34, while it had no antiviral activity against adenovirus or measles ... | 2012 | 22475498 |
| small molecule inhibitors of influenza a and b viruses that act by disrupting subunit interactions of the viral polymerase. | influenza viruses are the cause of yearly epidemics and occasional pandemics that represent a significant challenge to public health. current control strategies are imperfect and there is an unmet need for new antiviral therapies. here, we report the identification of small molecule compounds able to effectively and specifically inhibit growth of influenza a and b viruses in cultured cells through targeting an assembly interface of the viral rna-dependent rna polymerase. using an existing crysta ... | 2012 | 22474359 |
| molecular and antigenic characterization of reassortant h3n2 viruses from turkeys with a unique constellation of pandemic h1n1 internal genes. | triple reassortant (tr) h3n2 influenza viruses cause varying degrees of loss in egg production in breeder turkeys. in this study we characterized tr h3n2 viruses isolated from three breeder turkey farms diagnosed with a drop in egg production. the eight gene segments of the virus isolated from the first case submission (fav-003) were all of tr h3n2 lineage. however, viruses from the two subsequent case submissions (fav-009 and fav-010) were unique reassortants with pb2, pa, nucleoprotein (np) an ... | 2012 | 22470427 |
| swine influenza virus infection dynamics in two pig farms; results of a longitudinal assessment. | in order to assess the dynamics of influenza virus infection in pigs, serological and virological follow-ups were conducted in two whole batches of pigs from two different farms (f1 and f2), from 3 weeks of age until market age. anti-swine influenza virus (siv) antibodies (measured by elisa and hemagglutination inhibition) and nasal virus shedding (measured by rrt-pcr and isolation in embryonated chicken eggs and mdck cells) were carried out periodically. siv isolates were subtyped and hemagglut ... | 2012 | 22452923 |
| protective effect of ginseng polysaccharides on influenza viral infection. | ginseng polysaccharide has been known to have multiple immunomodulatory effects. in this study, we investigated whether panax ginseng polysaccharide (gp) would have a preventive effect on influenza infection. administration of mice with gp prior to infection was found to confer a survival benefit against infection with h1n1 (a/pr/8/34) and h3n2 (a/philippines/82) influenza viruses. mice infected with the 2009 h1n1 virus suspended in gp solution showed moderately enhanced survival rates and lower ... | 2012 | 22442708 |
| identification of a novel compound with antiviral activity against influenza a virus depending on pa subunit of viral rna polymerase. | influenza viruses have developed resistance to current drugs, creating a need for new antiviral targets and new drugs to treat influenza virus infections. in this study, computational and experimental screening of an extensive compound library identified thc19, which was able to suppress influenza virus replication. this compound had no cytotoxic effects and did not disrupt cell cycle progression or induce apoptosis in mdck cells as confirmed by wst-1 assays, flow cytometry analysis, and caspase ... | 2012 | 22441116 |
| detecting patches of protein sites of influenza a viruses under positive selection. | influenza a viruses are single-stranded rna viruses capable of evolving rapidly to adapt to environmental conditions. examples include the establishment of a virus in a novel host or an adaptation to increasing immunity within the host population due to prior infection or vaccination against a circulating strain. knowledge of the viral protein regions under positive selection is therefore crucial for surveillance. we have developed a method for detecting positively selected patches of sites on t ... | 2012 | 22427709 |
| identification of dual receptor-binding specific strains of human h5n1 viruses in china. | both the 2, 6 linkage and its topology on target cells are critical for the recognition by human influenza virus. the binding preference of avian flu virus h5n1 ha to the 2, 3-linked sialylated glycans is considered the major factor limiting its efficient infection and transmission in humans. to monitor potential adaptation of h5n1 virus in human population, the surveillance of receptor-binding specificity was undertaken in china. | 2012 | 22424634 |
| clinical predictors for diagnosing pandemic (h1n1) 2009 and seasonal influenza (h3n2) in fever clinics in beijing, china. | symptomatic predictors of influenza could assess risks and improve decisions about isolation and outpatient treatment. to develop such predictors, we undertook a prospective analysis of pandemic (h1n1) 2009 and seasonal influenza (h3n2) in patients attending fever clinics. | 2012 | 22424628 |
| vaccination against influenza in patients with systemic sclerosis. | to assess the efficacy and safety of the influenza virus vaccine in systemic sclerosis (ssc) patients compared to healthy controls. | 2017 | 22409886 |
| innate immune response of human alveolar macrophages during influenza a infection. | alveolar macrophages (am) are one of the key cell types for initiating inflammatory and immune responses to influenza virus in the lung. however, the genome-wide changes in response to influenza infection in am have not been defined. we performed gene profiling of human am in response to h1n1 influenza a virus pr/8 using affymetrix hg-u133 plus 2.0 chips and verified the changes at both mrna and protein levels by real-time rt-pcr and elisa. we confirmed the response with a contemporary h3n2 infl ... | 2012 | 22396727 |
| the rna polymerase pb2 subunit of influenza a/hongkong/156/1997 (h5n1) restricts the replication of reassortant ribonucleoprotein complexes [corrected]. | genetic reassortment plays a critical role in the generation of pandemic strains of influenza virus. the influenza virus rna polymerase, composed of pb1, pb2 and pa subunits, has been suggested to influence the efficiency of genetic reassortment. however, the role of the rna polymerase in the genetic reassortment is not well understood. | 2012 | 22389716 |
| in vitro neuraminidase inhibitory activities of four neuraminidase inhibitors against influenza viruses isolated in the 2010-2011 season in japan. | the half maximal inhibitory concentration (ic(50)) of four neuraminidase inhibitors (nais), oseltamivir, zanamivir, laninamivir, and peramivir; was measured using influenza viruses isolated in the 2010-2011 influenza season in japan. clinical samples for viral isolation were obtained from nasal aspiration, nasopharyngeal swab, or self-blown nasal discharge and cultured with madin-darby canine kidney cells. the type and subtype of h3n2 or b were determined by reverse transcriptase polymerase chai ... | 2012 | 22370919 |
| clinical validation of a point-of-care multiplexed in vitro immunoassay using monoclonal antibodies (the msd influenza test) in four hospitals in vietnam. | point-of-care (poc) diagnostic tests for influenza can considerably shorten the time to clinical decision making. an investigational poc test based on a multiplexed immunoassay was developed by meso scale diagnostics, llc (msd), with the objective to make a more sensitive rapid test that can also subtype influenza a viruses (1977 h1, h3, and h5). between february and november 2010, we conducted a prospective multicenter study at four hospitals in vietnam and compared the performance of this test ... | 2012 | 22357497 |
| serological response to influenza a h1n1 vaccine (pandemrix®) and seasonal influenza vaccine 2009/2010 in renal transplant recipients and in hemodialysis patients. | in the present study, antibody response to seasonal influenza vaccination and to the adjuvanted one-shot influenza a h1n1 vaccine (pandemrix(®)) was investigated in 57 hemodialysis (hd) patients and 48 renal transplant (rt) recipients. specific antibodies were measured by hemagglutination inhibition (hi) test using a pandemic h1n1 strain and a seasonal h3n2 virus. hi titers of ≥1:40 were considered as protective. hemodialysis patients showed seroprotection against pandemic h1n1 in 35.1%, against ... | 2012 | 22350187 |
| hapivirins and diprovirins: novel θ-defensin analogs with potent activity against influenza a virus. | θ-defensins are cyclic octadecapeptides found in nonhuman primates whose broad antiviral spectrum includes hiv-1, hsv-1, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, and influenza a virus (iav). we previously reported that synthetic θ-defensins called retrocyclins can neutralize and aggregate various strains of iav and increase iav uptake by neutrophils. this study describes two families of peptides, hapivirins and diprovirins, whose design was inspired by retrocyclins. the goal was to develop ... | 2012 | 22345650 |
| synthesis and anti-influenza activity of aminoalkyl rupestonates. | a series of aminoalkyl rupestonates were designed and synthesized by reacting rupestonic acid with 1,ω-dibromoalkanes, followed by amination. all of the new compounds were bioassayed in vitro to determine their activities against influenza a (h3n2, h1n1) and b viruses. the results showed that compounds 5a-5g, which each contain a 1h-1,2,4-triazolyl moiety, were found to be the most potent set of compounds. compound 5g was demonstrated to possess the highest inhibitory activity against influenza ... | 2012 | 22341943 |
| design, synthesis, and in vitro biological evaluation of 1h-1,2,3-triazole-4-carboxamide derivatives as new anti-influenza a agents targeting virus nucleoprotein. | the influenza virus nucleoprotein (np) is an emerging target for anti-influenza drug development. nucleozin (1) and its closely related derivatives had been identified as np inhibitors displaying anti-influenza activity. utilizing 1 as a lead molecule, we successfully designed and synthesized a series of 1h-1,2,3-triazole-4-carboxamide derivatives as new anti-influenza a agents. one of the most potent compounds, 3b, inhibited the replication of various h3n2 and h1n1 influenza a virus strains wit ... | 2012 | 22332894 |
| the 2009 pandemic h1n1 virus induces anti-neuraminidase (na) antibodies that cross-react with the na of h5n1 viruses in ferrets. | a miniaturized neuraminidase inhibition (ni) assay using ha-mismatched h6 reassortant viruses was performed to examine the neuraminidase (na)-specific antibody response in ferrets immunized with live-attenuated influenza vaccine (laiv) strains. the strains tested possessed different nas derived from seasonal h1n1 and h3n2, 2009 pandemic h1n1, and the highly pathogenic influenza h5n1 virus. the anti-na antibodies from the 2009 pandemic strain (a/california/7/2009) immunized ferrets cross-reacted ... | 2012 | 22330124 |
| the community impact of the 2009 influenza pandemic in the who european region: a comparison with historical seasonal data from 28 countries. | the world has recently experienced the first influenza pandemic of the 21st century that lasted 14 months from june 2009 to august 2010. this study aimed to compare the timing, geographic spread and community impact during the winter wave of influenza pandemic a (h1n1) 2009 to historical influenza seasons in countries of the who european region. | 2012 | 22325082 |
| an influenza reassortant with polymerase of ph1n1 and ns gene of h3n2 influenza a virus is attenuated in vivo. | influenza viruses readily mutate by accumulating point mutations and also by reassortment in which they acquire whole gene segments from another virus in a co-infected host. the ns1 gene is a major virulence factor of influenza a virus. the effects of changes in ns1 sequence depend on the influenza polymerase constellation. here, we investigated the consequences of a virus with the polymerase of pandemic h1n1 2009 acquiring an ns gene segment derived from a seasonal influenza a h3n2 virus, a com ... | 2012 | 22323532 |
| safety and immunogenicity of multimeric-001--a novel universal influenza vaccine. | a new vaccine, multimeric-001, containing conserved linear epitopes from the ha, np, and m1 proteins of influenza type a and type b strains was designed to protect against seasonal and pandemic influenza virus strains, regardless of mutations. we assessed its safety and tolerability and characterized humoral and cellular immune responses elicited by its administration. | 2012 | 22318394 |
| neuraminidase inhibitor resistance in influenza viruses and laboratory testing methods. | infection with influenza viruses, including seasonal, avian and pandemic viruses, remains a worldwide public health problem. although influenza virus infection is both vaccine preventable and drug treatable, high rates of mutation and reassortment of viruses can result in reduced effectiveness of vaccines or drugs. currently, two classes of drugs, adamantanes (m2 blockers) and neuraminidase (na) inhibitors (nais), are available for treatment and chemoprophylaxis of influenza infections. given th ... | 2012 | 22311680 |
| synergistic tlr2/6 and tlr9 activation protects mice against lethal influenza pneumonia. | lower respiratory tract infections caused by influenza a continue to exact unacceptable worldwide mortality, and recent epidemics have emphasized the importance of preventative and containment strategies. we have previously reported that induction of the lungs' intrinsic defenses by aerosolized treatments can protect mice against otherwise lethal challenges with influenza a virus. more recently, we identified a combination of toll like receptor (tlr) agonists that can be aerosolized to protect m ... | 2012 | 22299046 |
| one-step detection of the 2009 pandemic influenza a(h1n1) virus by the rt-smartamp assay and its clinical validation. | in 2009, a pandemic (pdm) influenza a(h1n1) virus infection quickly circulated globally resulting in about 18,000 deaths around the world. in japan, infected patients accounted for 16% of the total population. the possibility of human-to-human transmission of highly pathogenic novel influenza viruses is becoming a fear for human health and society. | 2012 | 22295077 |
| preexisting influenza-specific cd4+ t cells correlate with disease protection against influenza challenge in humans. | protective immunity against influenza virus infection is mediated by neutralizing antibodies, but the precise role of t cells in human influenza immunity is uncertain. we conducted influenza infection studies in healthy volunteers with no detectable antibodies to the challenge viruses h3n2 or h1n1. we mapped t cell responses to influenza before and during infection. we found a large increase in influenza-specific t cell responses by day 7, when virus was completely cleared from nasal samples and ... | 2012 | 22286307 |
| modification of the ferret model for pneumonia from seasonal human influenza a virus infection. | the primary complication of seasonal influenza in humans is viral pneumonia. a conventional animal model--intranasal inoculation of ferrets with 10(6) median tissue culture infectious dose of virus--results in disease that is neither consistent nor comparable with severe viral pneumonia in humans. therefore, the authors modified the experimental procedures by increasing the median tissue culture infectious dose to 10(9) and by inoculating via the intratracheal route, testing these procedures wit ... | 2012 | 22262355 |
| a novel family of peptides with potent activity against influenza a viruses. | the emergence of drug-resistant strains of influenza virus has catalysed a search for new antiviral agents to supplement or replace existing drugs. following the success of the human immunodeficiency virus entry blocker enfuvirtide, there has been a resurgence of interest in peptide-based antivirals. in this paper, we report on the discovery of a novel family of peptides (flupep, fp) that function as inhibitors of influenza a virus infection. the prototype peptide (fp1, also known as tkip) inter ... | 2012 | 22258859 |
| dynamic patterns of circulating seasonal and pandemic a(h1n1)pdm09 influenza viruses from 2007-2010 in and around delhi, india. | influenza surveillance was carried out in a subset of patients with influenza-like illness (ili) presenting at an employee health clinic (ehs) at all india institute of medical sciences (aiims), new delhi (urban) and pediatric out patients department of civil hospital at ballabhgarh (peri-urban), under the comprehensive rural health services project (crhsp) of aiims, in delhi region from january 2007 to december 2010. of the 3264 samples tested, 541 (17%) were positive for influenza viruses, of ... | 2012 | 22235265 |
| history and epidemiology of swine influenza in europe. | in europe, swine influenza is considered one of the most important primary pathogens of swine respiratory disease and infection is primarily with h1n1, h1n2 and h3n2 influenza a viruses. the antigenetic characteristics of these viruses distinguish them from others circulating at a global level in pigs. these viruses have remained endemic in european pig populations but significant differences in the circulation of these strains occur at a regional level across europe. the dynamic of co-circulati ... | 2013 | 22234411 |
| induction and maintenance of anti-influenza antigen-specific nasal secretory iga levels and serum igg levels after influenza infection in adults. | to determine the induction and changes in anti-influenza virus secretory iga (s-iga) levels in nasal washes and serum igg levels in patients with influenza. | 2012 | 22226319 |
| update: influenza a (h3n2)v transmission and guidelines - five states, 2011. | from august 17 to december 23, 2011, cdc received reports of 12 human infections with influenza a (h3n2)v viruses that have the matrix (m) gene from the influenza a (h1n1)pdm09 virus (formerly called swine-origin influenza a [h3n2] and pandemic influenza a [h1n1] 2009 viruses, respectively). the 12 cases occurred in five states (indiana, iowa, maine, pennsylvania, and west virginia), and 11 were in children. six of the 12 patients had no identified recent exposure to swine. three of the 12 patie ... | 2012 | 22217624 |
| the use of antiviral drugs for influenza: guidance for practitioners 2012/2013. | the present article addresses the use of antiviral drugs in the management of seasonal influenza illness for the 2012/2013 season. it updates the previous document published in 2011 (1). noteworthy guidance updates since 2011 include the following: seasonal influenza in 2012/2013 is predicted to be caused by two human influenza a and one influenza b strain, all of which are anticipated to remain generally susceptible to oseltamivir.the predicted strains are a/california/7/2009 (h1n1) pdm09-like, ... | 2012 | 24294283 |
| evaluation of a set of c9 n-acyl neu5ac2en mimetics as viral sialidase selective inhibitors. | identification of selective influenza viral sialidase inhibitors is highly desirable in order to minimize or avoid the adverse effects due to the possible inhibition of endogenous human sialidases. we recently reported the evaluation of c9 n-acyl neu5ac2en mimetics as probes for human sialidases. herein, we describe the in vitro activity of the same set of c9 n-acyl neu5ac2en mimetics against sialidases expressed by influenza virus a/pr/8/34 (h1n1), a/memphis/1/72 (h3n2), and a/duck/313/78 (h5n3 ... | 2011 | 27525119 |
| ten-year (1999-2009) epidemiological and virological surveillance of influenza in south italy (apulia). | clinical and epidemiological surveillance of influenza and other acute respiratory infections (ari) are currently a major objective of public health. the aim was to describe the epidemiology of influenza using the italian surveillance system. vaccination coverage (vc) rates were calculated during 1999-2009 influenza seasons. molecular studies of influenza virus isolated, from patients with ili, living in apulia, are described. 1269 nasal-pharyngeal swabs were taken from patients with ili and ari ... | 2010 | 23074649 |
| influenza vaccine match with circulating strains and indicators of influenza strain impact - canada 1980 to 1992. | to determine the similarity between influenza vaccine antigens and viruses associated with laboratory-confirmed infections by virus type/subtype, strain and influenza season; to correlate pneumonia and influenza hospitalization and mortality rates with the number of laboratory-confirmed influenza infections in an influenza season; and to develop predictive indicators of the likely incidence of current strains in the following season. | 1998 | 22346536 |
| new reassortant and enzootic european swine influenza viruses transmit efficiently through direct contact in the ferret model. | the reverse zoonotic events that introduced the 2009 pandemic influenza virus into pigs have drastically increased the diversity of swine influenza viruses in europe. the pandemic potential of these novel reassortments is still unclear, necessitating enhanced surveillance of european pigs with additional focus on risk assessment of these new viruses. in this study, four european swine influenza viruses were assessed for their zoonotic potential. two of the four viruses were enzootic viruses of s ... | 2015 | 25701826 |
| distinction of subtype-specific antibodies against european porcine influenza viruses by indirect elisa based on recombinant hemagglutinin protein fragment-1. | serological investigations of swine influenza virus infections and epidemiological conclusions thereof are challenging due to the complex and regionally variable pattern of co-circulating viral subtypes and lineages and varying vaccination regimes. detection of subtype-specific antibodies currently depends on hemagglutination inhibition (hi) assays which are difficult to standardize and unsuitable for large scale investigations. | 2013 | 23898799 |
| sentinel surveillance for influenza in senegal, 1996-2009. | data on influenza in tropical and resource-limited countries are scarce. in this study we present results from 14 years of influenza surveillance in senegal, one of the few tropical countries in africa from which longitudinal data are available. | 2012 | 23169958 |
| enhanced replication of swine influenza viruses in dexamethasone-treated juvenile and layer turkeys. | frequent transmission of swine influenza viruses (sivs) to turkeys has been reported since 1980s. experimental studies also showed that sivs can infect turkeys with varying replication and transmission efficiency depending on the strain. however, host factors involved in infection/replication efficiency remain unclear. to investigate whether the immune status of turkeys might play a role in the susceptibility of turkeys to sivs, we studied the replication efficiency of two recent sivs (human-lik ... | 2013 | 23123174 |
| [cold-adapted a/krasnodar/101/35/59 (h2n2) strain--a promising strain-donor of attenuation for procuration of live influenza vaccines]. | study of ts, ca, att phenotype, immunogenicity and protective effectiveness of reassortants obtained by a way of recombination of a new influenza cold-adapted (ca) strain donor of attenuation a/krasnodar/101/35/59 (h2n2) and virulent strain of influenza virus. | 2016 | 26829850 |
| recombinant influenza virus with a pandemic h2n2 polymerase complex has a higher adaptive potential than one with seasonal h2n2 polymerase complex. | the reassortment of influenza viral gene segments plays a key role in the genesis of pandemic strains. all of the last three pandemic viruses contained reassorted polymerase complexes with subunits derived from animal viruses, suggesting that the acquisition of a reassorted polymerase complex might have a role in generating these pandemic viruses. here, we studied polymerase activities of the pandemic h2n2, seasonal h2n2 and pandemic h3n2 viruses. we observed that the viral ribonucleoprotein (vr ... | 2016 | 26703222 |
| prediction of the next highly pathogenic avian influenza pandemic that can cause illness in humans. | in recent years, avian influenza viruses (aivs) have seriously threatened human health. questions such as: why do aivs infect humans?, how quickly can an aiv become pandemic?, and which virus is the most dangerous? cannot be sufficiently answered using current bioinformatic studies. | 2015 | 26612517 |
| a single dose of an avian h3n8 influenza virus vaccine is highly immunogenic and efficacious against a recently emerged seal influenza virus in mice and ferrets. | h3n8 influenza viruses are a commonly found subtype in wild birds, usually causing mild or no disease in infected birds. however, they have crossed the species barrier and have been associated with outbreaks in dogs, pigs, donkeys, and seals and therefore pose a threat to humans. a live attenuated, cold-adapted (ca) h3n8 vaccine virus was generated by reverse genetics using the wild-type (wt) hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) genes from the a/blue-winged teal/texas/sg-00079/2007 (h3n8) ( ... | 2015 | 25903333 |
| the avian-origin pb1 gene segment facilitated replication and transmissibility of the h3n2/1968 pandemic influenza virus. | the h2n2/1957 and h3n2/1968 pandemic influenza viruses emerged via the exchange of genomic rna segments between human and avian viruses. the avian hemagglutinin (ha) allowed the hybrid viruses to escape preexisting immunity in the human population. both pandemic viruses further received the pb1 gene segment from the avian parent (y. kawaoka, s. krauss, and r. g. webster, j virol 63:4603-4608, 1989), but the biological significance of this observation was not understood. to assess whether the avi ... | 2015 | 25631088 |
| rapid strategy for screening by pyrosequencing of influenza virus reassortants--candidates for live attenuated vaccines. | live attenuated influenza vaccine viruses (laivs) can be generated by classical reassortment of gene segments between a cold adapted, temperature sensitive and attenuated master donor virus (mdv) and a seasonal wild-type (wt) virus. the vaccine candidates contain hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) genes derived from the circulating wt viruses and the remaining six genes derived from the mdv strains. rapid, efficient selection of the viruses with 6∶2 genome compositions from the large numb ... | 2014 | 24647786 |
| structural analysis of the hemagglutinin from the recent 2013 h7n9 influenza virus. | in march 2013, the chinese center for disease control and prevention reported human infections with an h7n9 influenza virus, and by 20 july 2013, the numbers of laboratory-confirmed cases had climbed to 134, including 43 fatalities and 127 hospitalizations. the newly emerging h7n9 viruses constitute an obvious public health concern because of the apparent severity of this outbreak. here we focus on the hemagglutinins (has) of these viruses and assess their receptor binding phenotype in relation ... | 2013 | 24027325 |
| serological evidence for avian h9n2 influenza virus infections among romanian agriculture workers. | in recent years, wild birds have introduced multiple highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 virus infections in romanian poultry. in 2005 hpai infections were widespread among domestic poultry and anecdotal reports suggested domestic pigs may also have been exposed. we sought to examine evidence for zoonotic influenza infections among romanian agriculture workers. between 2009 and 2010, 363 adult participants were enrolled in a cross-sectional, seroepidemiological study. confined animal f ... | 2013 | 23999337 |
| the age distribution of mortality due to influenza: pandemic and peri-pandemic. | pandemic influenza is said to 'shift mortality' to younger age groups; but also to spare a subpopulation of the elderly population. does one of these effects dominate? might this have important ramifications? | 2012 | 23234604 |
| human monoclonal antibodies to pandemic 1957 h2n2 and pandemic 1968 h3n2 influenza viruses. | investigation of the human antibody response to the 1957 pandemic h2n2 influenza a virus has been largely limited to serologic studies. we generated five influenza virus hemagglutinin (ha)-reactive human monoclonal antibodies (mabs) by hybridoma technology from the peripheral blood of healthy donors who were born between 1950 and 1968. two mabs reacted with the pandemic h2n2 virus, two recognized the pandemic h3n2 virus, and remarkably, one reacted with both the pandemic h2n2 and h3n2 viruses. e ... | 2012 | 22457520 |
| consecutive natural influenza a virus infections in sentinel mallards in the evident absence of subtype-specific hemagglutination inhibiting antibodies. | dabbling ducks, particularly mallards (anas platyrhynchos) have been frequently and consistently reported to play a pivotal role as a reservoir of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (aiv). from october 2006 to november 2008, hand-raised mallard ducks kept at a pond in an avifaunistically rich area of southern germany served as sentinel birds in the aiv surveillance programme in germany. the pond was regularly visited by several species of dabbling ducks. a flock of sentinel birds, consisting ... | 2013 | 22816511 |
| epidemiological surveillance of low pathogenic avian influenza virus (lpaiv) from poultry in guangxi province, southern china. | low pathogenic avian influenza virus (lpaiv) usually causes mild disease or asymptomatic infection in poultry. however, some lpaiv strains can be transmitted to humans and cause severe infection. genetic rearrangement and recombination of even low pathogenic influenza may generate a novel virus with increased virulence, posing a substantial risk to public health. southern china is regarded as the world "influenza epicenter", due to a rash of outbreaks of influenza in recent years. in this study, ... | 2013 | 24204754 |
| molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of human influenza a viruses isolated in iran during the 2014-2015 season. | influenza a viruses are an important cause of severe infectious diseases in humans and are characterized by their fast evolution rate. global monitoring of these viruses is critical to detect newly emerging variants during annual epidemics. here, we sought to genetically characterize influenza a/h1n1pdm09 and a/h3n2 viruses collected in iran during the 2014-2015 influenza season. a total of 200 nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from patients with influenza-like illnesses. swabs were screened f ... | 2017 | 28331993 |
| estimates of hospitalization attributable to influenza and rsv in the us during 1997-2009, by age and risk status. | estimates of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) burden must be periodically updated to inform public health strategies. we estimated seasonal influenza- and rsv-attributable hospitalizations in the us from 1997 to 2009 according to age and risk status (nct01599390). | 2017 | 28320361 |
| cytokines induced during influenza virus infection. | influenza a virus is one of the major human pathogens. the influenza infection can pass out without any subclinical symptoms or infestation can appear in upper respiratory tract as well as in lower respiratory tract where it can result in lethal outcome. both innate and adaptive immune responses are activated shortly after infection providing protection against infection. many activities of the cells of innate and adaptive immunity are coordinated by cytokines. however, inordinate or disbalanced ... | 2017 | 28302021 |
| quantitative proteomic approach identifies vpr binding protein as novel host factor supporting influenza a virus infections in human cells. | influenza a virus infections are a major cause for respiratory disease in humans, which affects all age groups and contributes substantially to global morbidity and mortality. iav have a large natural host reservoir in avian species. however, many avian iav strains lack adaptation to other hosts and hardly propagate in humans. while seasonal or pandemic influenza a virus (iav) strains replicate efficiently in permissive human cells, many avian iav cause abortive non-productive infections in thes ... | 2017 | 28289176 |
| a broadly reactive human anti-hemagglutinin stem monoclonal antibody that inhibits influenza a virus particle release. | many broadly reactive human monoclonal antibodies against the hemagglutinin (ha) stem of influenza a virus have been developed for therapeutic applications. these antibodies typically inhibit viral entry steps, especially the ha conformational change that is required for membrane fusion. to better understand the mechanisms by which such antibodies inhibit viral replication, we established broadly reactive human anti-ha stem antibodies and determined the properties of these antibodies by examinin ... | 2017 | 28286060 |
| pathogenicity and transmission of triple reassortant h3n2 swine influenza a viruses is attenuated following turkey embryo propagation. | genetic lineages of swine influenza a viruses (sivs) have recently been established in turkeys in the united states. to identify molecular determinants that are involved in virulence and transmission of sivs to turkeys, we sequentially passaged two triple reassortant h3n2 siv isolates from minnesota in ten day old specific-pathogen free (spf) turkey embryos and tested them in seven-day old turkey poults. we found that siv replication in turkey embryos led to minimal mutations in and around the r ... | 2017 | 28284612 |
| prevention of influenza virus induced bacterial superinfection by standardized echinacea purpurea, via regulation of surface receptor expression in human bronchial epithelial cells. | viral infections may predispose the airways to secondary bacterial infections that can lead to unfavorable progression of principally self-limiting illnesses. such complicated respiratory infections include pneumonia, bronchitis, sinusitis, acute otitis media, and sepsis, which cause high morbidity and lethality. some of the pathogenic consequences of viral infections, like the expression of bacterial adhesion receptors and the disturbance of physical barrier integrity due to inflammation, may c ... | 2017 | 28279802 |
| molecular characterization of neuraminidase genes of influenza a(h3n2) viruses circulating in southwest india from 2009 to 2013. | molecular characterization of neuraminidase (na) gene of 25 influenza a(h3n2) virus isolates (2009-2013) archived at the manipal centre for virus research was carried out. the annual rate of amino acid substitutions in the n2 gene of influenza a(h3n2) virus isolates was 0.2-0.6%. out of the 25 na sequences analyzed, catalytic site mutations were observed in three isolates. two of the mutations (d151g and e276g) were detected in functional catalytic residues, and an e227v mutation was detected in ... | 2017 | 28271163 |
| mid-season real-time estimates of seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness in persons 65 years and older in register-based surveillance, stockholm county, sweden, and finland, january 2017. | systems for register-based monitoring of vaccine effectiveness (ve) against laboratory-confirmed influenza (lci) in real time were set up in stockholm county, sweden, and finland, before start of the 2016/17 influenza season, using population-based cohort studies. both in stockholm and finland, an early epidemic of influenza a(h3n2) peaked in week 52, 2016. already during weeks 48 to 50, analyses of influenza ve in persons 65 years and above showed moderately good estimates of around 50%, then r ... | 2017 | 28251891 |
| emergence of a novel subclade of influenza a(h3n2) virus in london, december 2016 to january 2017. | we report the molecular investigations of a large influenza a(h3n2) outbreak, in a season characterised by sharp increase in influenza admissions since december 2016. analysis of haemagglutinin (ha) sequences demonstrated co-circulation of multiple clades (3c.3a, 3c.2a and 3c.2a1). most variants fell into a novel subclade (proposed as 3c.2a2); they possessed four unique amino acid substitutions in the ha protein and loss of a potential glycosylation site. these changes potentially modify the h3n ... | 2017 | 28251889 |
| nasopharyngeal protein biomarkers of acute respiratory virus infection. | infection of respiratory mucosa with viral pathogens triggers complex immunologic events in the affected host. we sought to characterize this response through proteomic analysis of nasopharyngeal lavage in human subjects experimentally challenged with influenza a/h3n2 or human rhinovirus, and to develop targeted assays measuring peptides involved in this host response allowing classification of acute respiratory virus infection. unbiased proteomic discovery analysis identified 3285 peptides corr ... | 2017 | 28238698 |
| viral co-infections among children with confirmed measles at hospitals in hanoi, vietnam, 2014. | to characterize viral co-infections among representative hospitalized measles cases during the 2014 hanoi outbreak. | 2017 | 28237484 |
| a case of influenza a (h3n2) complicated by community-acquired pneumonia and death in a young healthy adult during the 2013-2014 season. | with multiple available vaccines and antivirals, seasonal influenza a is typically a self-limited acutely debilitating illness in young healthy adults. here, we illustrate unexpected morbidity and mortality in a relatively young and healthy patient seen at a large tertiary care academic medical center for seasonal influenza a (h3n2) complicated by community-acquired pneumonia, hypoxic respiratory failure, septic shock, and death. | 2017 | 28229066 |
| interim estimates of 2016-17 seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness - united states, february 2017. | in the united states, annual vaccination against seasonal influenza is recommended for all persons aged ≥6 months (1). each influenza season since 2004-05, cdc has estimated the effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccine to prevent influenza-associated, medically attended, acute respiratory illness (ari). this report uses data, as of february 4, 2017, from 3,144 children and adults enrolled in the u.s. influenza vaccine effectiveness network (u.s. flu ve network) during november 28, 2016-februa ... | 2017 | 28207689 |
| prospective surveillance of antiviral resistance in hospitalized infants less than 12 months of age with a(h3n2) influenza infection and treated with oseltamivir. | infants exhibit elevated influenza virus loads and prolonged viral shedding, which may increase the risk for resistance development, especially in cases of suboptimal exposure to antiviral therapy. | 2017 | 28205506 |
| interim estimates of 2016/17 vaccine effectiveness against influenza a(h3n2), canada, january 2017. | using a test-negative design, the canadian sentinel practitioner surveillance network (spsn) assessed interim 2016/17 influenza vaccine effectiveness (ve) against dominant influenza a(h3n2) viruses considered antigenically matched to the clade 3c.2a vaccine strain. sequence analysis revealed substantial heterogeneity in emerging 3c.2a1 variants by province and over time. adjusted ve was 42% (95% confidence interval: 18-59%) overall, with variation by province. interim virological and ve findings ... | 2017 | 28205503 |
| bayesian phylogeography of influenza a/h3n2 for the 2014-15 season in the united states using three frameworks of ancestral state reconstruction. | ancestral state reconstructions in bayesian phylogeography of virus pandemics have been improved by utilizing a bayesian stochastic search variable selection (bssvs) framework. recently, this framework has been extended to model the transition rate matrix between discrete states as a generalized linear model (glm) of genetic, geographic, demographic, and environmental predictors of interest to the virus and incorporating bssvs to estimate the posterior inclusion probabilities of each predictor. ... | 2017 | 28170397 |
| a live-attenuated influenza vaccine for h3n2 canine influenza virus. | canine influenza is a contagious respiratory disease in dogs caused by two subtypes (h3n2 and h3n8) of canine influenza virus (civ). currently, only inactivated influenza vaccines (iivs) are available for the prevention of civs. historically, live-attenuated influenza vaccines (laivs) have been shown to produce better immunogenicity and protection efficacy than iivs. here, we have engineered a civ h3n2 laiv by using the internal genes of a previously described civ h3n8 laiv as a master donor vir ... | 2017 | 28167384 |
| the characteristics and antigenic properties of recently emerged subclade 3c.3a and 3c.2a human influenza a(h3n2) viruses passaged in mdck cells. | two new subclades of influenza a(h3n2) viruses became prominent during the 2014-2015 northern hemisphere influenza season. the ha glycoproteins of these viruses showed sequence changes previously associated with alterations in receptor-binding properties. to address how these changes influence virus propagation, viruses were isolated and propagated in conventional mdck cells and mdck-siat1 cells, cells with enhanced expression of the human receptor for the virus, and analysed at each passage. | 2017 | 28164446 |
| respiratory viruses in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. | acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (aecopd) cause significant morbidity, mortality, and an inexorable decline of lung function. data from developed countries have shown viruses to be important causes of aecopd, but data from developing countries like india are scant. we set out to determine the contribution of viruses in the causation of hospitalized patients with aecopd. | 2017 | 28144057 |
| vaccination has minimal impact on the intrahost diversity of h3n2 influenza viruses. | while influenza virus diversity and antigenic drift have been well characterized on a global scale, the factors that influence the virus' rapid evolution within and between human hosts are less clear. given the modest effectiveness of seasonal vaccination, vaccine-induced antibody responses could serve as a potent selective pressure for novel influenza variants at the individual or community level. we used next generation sequencing of patient-derived viruses from a randomized, placebo-controlle ... | 2017 | 28141862 |
| microrna-146a induction during influenza h3n2 virus infection targets and regulates traf6 levels in human nasal epithelial cells (hnecs). | we have previously shown that human nasal epithelial cells (hnecs) are highly permissive cells for respiratory viruses including influenza a virus (iav) and respiratory syncytial virus. recent studies have indicated that micrornas (mirnas) are involved in virus-host relationship, and this led us to investigate its essential roles in the in vitro hnecs model derived from multiple donors. by comparing the differential expression of mirnas upon iav infection among animal and cell line studies, cand ... | 2017 | 28131813 |
| improving the selection and development of influenza vaccine viruses - report of a who informal consultation on improving influenza vaccine virus selection, hong kong sar, china, 18-20 november 2015. | since 2010 the who has held a series of informal consultations to explore ways of improving the currently highly complex and time-pressured influenza vaccine virus selection and development process. in november 2015 experts from around the world met to review the current status of efforts in this field. discussion topics included strengthening influenza surveillance activities to increase the availability of candidate vaccine viruses and improve the extent, timeliness and quality of surveillance ... | 2017 | 28131392 |
| mechanistic perspective of the oxido-immunopathologic resolution property of kolaviron in mice influenza pneumonitis. | implicated in influenza-associated pathology are innate defence overzealousness and unabated secretion of oxidative tissue-sensitive antimicrobial agents. at different time points, mice were pre-treated with kolaviron (400 mg/kg), a natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent, and subsequently challenged with 2 ld50 influenza a/h3n2/perth/16/09 virus. after euthanasia at day 6, blood, lungs, liver and spleen were collected and processed for biochemical, immunohistochemical and flow cytometri ... | 2017 | 28116826 |
| a virus-like particle vaccination strategy expands its tolerance to h3n2 antigenic drift by enhancing neutralizing antibodies against hemagglutinin stalk. | seasonal influenza viruses impact public health annually due to their continual evolution. however, the current inactivated seasonal vaccines provide poor protection against antigenically drifted viruses and require periodical reformulation through hit-and-miss predictions about which strains will circulate during the next season. to reduce the impact caused by vaccine mismatch, we investigated the drift-tolerance of virus-like particles (vlp) as an improved vaccine candidate. the cross-protecti ... | 2017 | 28093338 |
| [differential diagnosis of the viral etiology of suspected mumps in a population with high vaccine coverage]. | in this study, buccal swabs from patients with the clinical picture of parotitis epidemica in whom mumps virus (mv) infection was not confirmed by direct detection or serologically were tested. the aim was to detect by molecular methods nucleic acids (nas) of other respiratory viruses possibly involved in salivary gland swelling. at the same time, paired sera, if available, were tested. | 2016 | 28078898 |
| detection of antigenic variants of subtype h3 swine influenza a viruses from clinical samples. | a large population of genetically and antigenically diverse influenza a viruses (iavs) are circulating among the swine population, playing an important role in influenza ecology. swine iavs not only cause outbreaks among swine but also can be transmitted to humans, causing sporadic infections and even pandemic outbreaks. antigenic characterizations of swine iavs are key to understanding the natural history of these viruses in swine and to selecting strains for effective vaccines. however, influe ... | 2017 | 28077698 |
| chimeric virus-like particles containing influenza ha antigen and gpi-ccl28 induce long-lasting mucosal immunity against h3n2 viruses. | influenza virus is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, with worldwide seasonal epidemics. the duration and quality of humoral immunity and generation of immunological memory to vaccines is critical for protective immunity. in the current study, we examined the long-lasting protective efficacy of chimeric vlps (cvlps) containing influenza ha and gpi-anchored ccl28 as antigen and mucosal adjuvant, respectively, when immunized intranasally in mice. we report that the cvlps induced signi ... | 2017 | 28067290 |
| frequency of influenza h3n2 intra-subtype reassortment: attributes and implications of reassortant spread. | increasing evidence suggests that influenza reassortment not only contributes to the emergence of new human pandemics but also plays an important role in seasonal influenza epidemics, disease severity, evolution, and vaccine efficacy. we studied this process within 2091 h3n2 full genomes utilizing a combination of the latest reassortment detection tools and more conventional phylogenetic analyses. | 2016 | 28034300 |
| connective tissue growth factor promotes pulmonary epithelial cell senescence and is associated with copd severity. | the purpose of this study was to determine whether expression of connective tissue growth factor (ctgf) protein in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) is consistent in humans and animal models of copd and to investigate the role of this protein in lung epithelial cells. ctgf in lung epithelial cells of ex-smokers with copd was compared with ex-smokers without copd by immunofluorescence. a total of twenty c57bl/6 mice and sixteen non-human primates (nhps) were exposed to cigarette smoke ... | 2017 | 28026993 |
| detection of d151g/n mutations in the neuraminidase gene of influenza a (h3n2) viruses by real-time rt-pcr allelic discrimination assay. | single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) at d151 position of neuraminidase (na) gene of influenza a (h3n2) virus has been associated with drug resistance and increased binding affinity. na-d151g/n-substitutions of influenza a (h3n2) viruses are frequently induced and selected by culturing in madin-darby canine kidney (mdck) cell lines. it is important to consider and exclude d151g/n mutants after isolation of influenza virus in mdck cell line; since, the substitutions can highly influence the resu ... | 2016 | 28004398 |
| structural basis of influenza virus fusion inhibition by the antiviral drug arbidol. | the broad-spectrum antiviral drug arbidol shows efficacy against influenza viruses by targeting the hemagglutinin (ha) fusion machinery. however, the structural basis of the mechanism underlying fusion inhibition by arbidol has remained obscure, thereby hindering its further development as a specific and optimized influenza therapeutic. we determined crystal structures of arbidol in complex with influenza virus ha from pandemic 1968 h3n2 and recent 2013 h7n9 viruses. arbidol binds in a hydrophob ... | 2017 | 28003465 |
| alternative progenitor lineages regenerate the adult lung depleted of alveolar epithelial type 2 cells. | an aberrant oxygen environment at birth increases the severity of respiratory viral infections later in life through poorly understood mechanisms. here, we show that alveolar epithelial cell (aec) 2 cells (aec2s), progenitors for aec1 cells, are depleted in adult mice exposed to neonatal hypoxia or hyperoxia. airway cells expressing surfactant protein (sp)-c and atp binding cassette subfamily a member 3, alveolar pod cells expressing keratin (krt) 5, and pulmonary fibrosis were observed when the ... | 2017 | 27967234 |
| combinations of 1,8-cineol and oseltamivir for the treatment of influenza virus a (h3n2) infection in mice. | it is need for development of new means against influenza virus due to the lack of efficacy of available therapeutic strategies. in previous research, 1,8-cineol exert its inhibition of nuclear factor (nf)-κb, the main regulator of cytokine and chemokine production in influenza, and anti-inflammatory activity. these fact supports and helps establish the hypothesis that 1,8-cineol may have synergism with an antiviral on influenza virus infection. the combined effect of 1,8-cineol with oseltamivir ... | 2016 | 27966790 |
| incidence of medically attended influenza among residents of shai-osudoku and ningo-prampram districts, ghana, may 2013 - april 2015. | influenza vaccination is recommended by the world health organization for high risk groups, yet few data exist on influenza disease burden in west africa. | 2016 | 27964716 |
| influenza not mers cov among returning hajj and umrah pilgrims with respiratory illness, kashmir, north india, 2014-15. | the increasing reports of middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) caused by mers coronavirus (mers-cov) from many countries emphasize its importance for international travel. muslim pilgrimages of hajj and umrah involve mass gatherings of international travellers. we set out to assess the presence of influenza and mers-cov in hajj/umrah returnees with acute respiratory infection. . | 2017 | 27932291 |
| activity of ergoferon against lethal influenza a (h3n2) virus infection in mice. | the influenza a virus accounts for serious annual viral upper respiratory tract infections. it is constantly able to modify its antigenic structure, thus evading host defence mechanisms. moreover, currently available anti-influenza agents have a rather limited application, emphasizing the further need for new effective treatments. one of them is ergoferon, a drug containing combined polyclonal antibodies - anti-interferon gamma, anti-cd4 receptor and anti-histamine - in released-active form. the ... | 2016 | 27924780 |
| effect of seasonal vaccination on the selection of influenza a/h3n2 epidemic variants. | the effect of vaccination on the dynamics of influenza virus variants remains largely unknown in humans, unlike in poultry. in this study, we compared influenza hemagglutinin (ha) gene sequences isolated from vaccinated and unvaccinated populations with the yearly vaccine strains. in total, 181 influenza a/h3n2 virus samples isolated from 82 vaccinated and 99 unvaccinated patients (2011-15, four japanese influenza seasons) were genetically analyzed using a next-generation sequencer. amino acid ( ... | 2017 | 27919631 |
| virospot microneutralization assay for antigenic characterization of human influenza viruses. | the hemagglutination inhibition (hi) assay has been used for the antigenic characterization of influenza viruses for decades. however, the majority of recent seasonal influenza a viruses of the h3n2 subtype has lost the capacity to agglutinate erythrocytes of various species. the hemagglutination (ha) activity of other a(h3n2) strains is generally sensitive to the action of the neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir, which indicates that the neuraminidase and not the hemagglutinin is responsible fo ... | 2017 | 27899226 |
| influenza and rhinovirus viral load and disease severity in upper respiratory tract infections. | the role of viral load in respiratory viral infection is unclear. it is proposed that the viral load of some, but not all respiratory viruses correlate with disease severity. | 2017 | 27893998 |
| efficacy of clarithromycin-naproxen-oseltamivir combination in the treatment of patients hospitalized for influenza a(h3n2) infection: an open-label, randomized controlled, phase 2b/3 trial. | influenza causes excessive hospitalizations and deaths. single agent treatment with oseltamivir in severe influenza might be insufficient. the study assessed the efficacy and safety of oseltamivir-clarithromycin-naproxen combination for treatment of serious influenza. | 2016 | 27884765 |
| influenza in poland in 2013 and 2013/2014 epidemic season | analysis of epidemiological situation of influenza in poland in 2013 and 2013/14 epidemic season in reference to previous years and seasons. | 2017 | 27883286 |
| a promising magnetic sers immunosensor for sensitive detection of avian influenza virus. | avian influenza viruses infect a great number of global populations every year and can lead to severe epidemics with high morbidity and mortality. facile, rapid and sensitive detection of viruses is very crucial to control the viral spread at its early stage. in this work, we developed a novel magnetic immunosensor based on surface enhanced raman scattering (sers) spectroscopy to detect intact but inactivated influenza virus h3n2 (a/shanghai/4084t/2012) by constructing a sandwich complex consist ... | 2017 | 27818055 |
| amino acids in hemagglutinin antigenic site b determine antigenic and receptor binding differences between a(h3n2)v and ancestral seasonal h3n2 influenza viruses. | influenza a h3n2 variant [a(h3n2)v] viruses, which have caused human infections in the united states in recent years, originated from human seasonal h3n2 viruses that were introduced into north american swine in the mid-1990s, but they are antigenically distinct from both the ancestral and current circulating h3n2 strains. a reference a(h3n2)v virus, a/minnesota/11/2010 (mn/10), and a seasonal h3n2 strain, a/beijing/32/1992 (bj/92), were chosen to determine the molecular basis for the antigenic ... | 2017 | 27807224 |
| glycosylation changes in the globular head of h3n2 influenza hemagglutinin modulate receptor binding without affecting virus virulence. | since the emergence of human h3n2 influenza a viruses in the pandemic of 1968, these viruses have become established as strains of moderate severity. a decline in virulence has been accompanied by glycan accumulation on the hemagglutinin globular head, and hemagglutinin receptor binding has changed from recognition of a broad spectrum of glycan receptors to a narrower spectrum. the relationship between increased glycosylation, binding changes, and reduction in h3n2 virulence is not clear. we eva ... | 2016 | 27796371 |
| a pyrosequencing-based approach to high-throughput identification of influenza a(h3n2) virus clades harboring antigenic drift variants. | the rapid evolution of influenza a(h3n2) viruses necessitates close monitoring of their antigenic properties so the emergence and spread of antigenic drift variants can be rapidly identified. changes in hemagglutinin (ha) acquired by contemporary a(h3n2) viruses hinder antigenic characterization by traditional methods, thus complicating vaccine strain selection. sequence-based approaches have been used to infer virus antigenicity; however, they are time consuming and mid-throughput. to facilitat ... | 2017 | 27795346 |
| deep sequencing of influenza a virus from a human challenge study reveals a selective bottleneck and only limited intrahost genetic diversification. | knowledge of influenza virus evolution at the point of transmission and at the intrahost level remains limited, particularly for human hosts. here, we analyze a unique viral data set of next-generation sequencing (ngs) samples generated from a human influenza challenge study wherein 17 healthy subjects were inoculated with cell- and egg-passaged virus. nasal wash samples collected from 7 of these subjects were successfully deep sequenced. from these, we characterized changes in the subjects' vir ... | 2016 | 27707932 |