| sperm population structure and male fertility: an intraspecific study of sperm design and velocity in red deer. | sperm design and velocity play key roles in influencing sperm performance and, therefore, can determine fertilization success. several interspecific studies have demonstrated how these features correlate, and it has been hypothesized that selection may drive changes in these sperm traits. here, we examine the association between sperm design and swimming velocity in a study conducted at an intraspecific level in iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus). we addressed how the structure of diff ... | 2013 | 24025739 |
| the anti-osteoporotic effect of velvet antler polypeptides from cervus elaphus linnaeus in ovariectomized rats. | the deer velvet antler is well known for its traditional medicinal value, and is widely used in the clinic. it is recorded in the compendium of materia medica that the deer velvet antler replenishes vital essence and strengthens the bone. | 2013 | 23993908 |
| late-glacial recolonization and phylogeography of european red deer (cervus elaphus l.). | the pleistocene was an epoch of extreme climatic and environmental changes. how individual species responded to the repeated cycles of warm and cold stages is a major topic of debate. for the european fauna and flora, an expansion-contraction model has been suggested, whereby temperate species were restricted to southern refugia during glacial times and expanded northwards during interglacials, including the present interglacial (holocene). here, we test this model on the red deer (cervus elaphu ... | 2013 | 23927498 |
| estimating resource selection with count data. | resource selection functions (rsfs) are typically estimated by comparing covariates at a discrete set of "used" locations to those from an "available" set of locations. this rsf approach treats the response as binary and does not account for intensity of use among habitat units where locations were recorded. advances in global positioning system (gps) technology allow animal location data to be collected at fine spatiotemporal scales and have increased the size and correlation of data used in rs ... | 2013 | 23919165 |
| molecular detection of theileria sp. zs to4 in red deer (cervus elaphus) and questing haemaphysalis concinna ticks in eastern austria. | theileria spp. are intracellular protozoa transmitted by ixodid ticks. t. parva and t. annulata are highly pathogenic and responsible for serious disease in domestic ruminants in tropical and subtropical countries. however, asymptomatic findings of theileria sp. in wild ungulates lead to the suggestion that wild ruminants play a role as reservoirs for these piroplasms. in a game enclosure in eastern austria (federal county of burgenland), piroplasms were detected with molecular analysis in blood ... | 2013 | 23896062 |
| effects of feed supplementation on mineral composition, mechanical properties and structure in femurs of iberian red deer hinds (cervus elaphus hispanicus). | few studies in wild animals have assessed changes in mineral profile in long bones and their implications for mechanical properties. we examined the effect of two diets differing in mineral content on the composition and mechanical properties of femora from two groups each with 13 free-ranging red deer hinds. contents of ca, p, mg, k, na, s, cu, fe, mn, se, zn, b and sr, young's modulus of elasticity (e), bending strength and work of fracture were assessed in the proximal part of the diaphysis ( ... | 2013 | 23750262 |
| long-term density-dependent changes in habitat selection in red deer (cervus elaphus). | understanding how habitat selection changes with population density is a key concept in population regulation, community composition and managing impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services. at low density, it is expected that individuals select habitats in terms of their preference, but as population density increases, the availability of resources per individual declines on preferred habitats, leading to competition which forces some individuals to exploit less preferred habitats. using spa ... | 2013 | 23719900 |
| roaring high and low: composition and possible functions of the iberian stag's vocal repertoire. | we provide a detailed description of the rutting vocalisations of free-ranging male iberian deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus, hilzheimer 1909), a geographically isolated and morphologically differentiated subspecies of red deer cervus elaphus. we combine spectrographic examinations, spectral analyses and automated classifications to identify different call types, and compare the composition of the vocal repertoire with that of other red deer subspecies. iberian stags give bouts of roars (and more ... | 2013 | 23667678 |
| [analysis on nutritional component of cervus elaphus products]. | to investigate nutrient values in the cervus elaphus, so as to provide a scientific basis for choosing products by businesses and consumers. | 2013 | 23654109 |
| cervus elaphus papillomavirus (cepv1): new insights on viral evolution in deer. | we identified a novel papillomavirus (cepv1) in a fibropapilloma of a 1.5 year old male red deer (cervus elaphus) shot in the italian alps in brescia province. pv particles were first observed by electron microscopy and pv dna was then identified by pcr using degenerate primers. subsequently we cloned the entire genome and determined its complete sequence. cepv1 genome is 8009 bp long and contains all 9 orfs and the long untranslated regulatory region characteristic for delta-papillomaviruses. p ... | 2013 | 23578708 |
| severe dental fluorosis in juvenile deer linked to a recent volcanic eruption in patagonia. | the puyehue-cordon caulle volcanic eruption deposited large amounts of tephra (ashes) on about 36 million ha of argentina in june of 2011. tephra was considered chemically innoxious based on water leachates, surface water fluoride levels were determined to be safe, and livestock losses were attributable to inanition and excessive tooth wear. to evaluate effects on wild ungulates, we sampled wild red deer (cervus elaphus) at 100 km from the volcano in september-november 2012. we show that tephra ... | 2013 | 23568911 |
| demodex acutipes bukva et preisler, 1988 (acari, demodecidae)--a rare parasite of red deer (cervus elaphus l.). | two species of demodectic mites were described in the red deer cervus elaphus, including demodex kutzeri, which had also been found in other species of the cervidae family in austria, germany, czech republic, poland and north america. whereas the other species, d. acutipes, had been previously known from only one finding in the czech republic. the present research included skin samples taken in winter 2012 from thirty red deer in northern poland. demodex acutipes (prevalence 20%, mean intensity ... | 2012 | 23444799 |
| sensitivity, specificity and level of agreement of meat inspector detection of abnormal lymph nodes of farmed deer (cervus elaphus) in new zealand. | to assess the sensitivity (se), specificity (sp) and level of agreement in the detection of abnormal deer mesenteric lymph nodes (mln) by official assessors (meat inspectors) for the purpose of slaughter premise surveillance for johne's disease in new zealand farmed deer. | 2013 | 23441889 |
| inferring spatial memory and spatiotemporal scaling from gps data: comparing red deer cervus elaphus movements with simulation models. | 1. increased inference regarding underlying behavioural mechanisms of animal movement can be achieved by comparing gps data with statistical mechanical movement models such as random walk and lévy walk with known underlying behaviour and statistical properties. 2. gps data are typically collected with ≥ 1 h intervals not exactly tracking every mechanistic step along the movement path, so a statistical mechanical model approach rather than a mechanistic approach is appropriate. however, compariso ... | 2013 | 23351042 |
| an improved high yield method to obtain microsatellite genotypes from red deer antlers up to 200 years old. | analysis of dna from older samples, such as museum specimen, is a promising approach to studying genetics of populations and ecological processes across several generations. here, we present a method for extracting high quality nuclear dna for microsatellite analysis from antlers of red deer (cervus elaphus). the genotyping of individuals was based on nine microsatellite loci. because the amount of dna found in antlers was high, we could reduce the amount of sample and chemicals used and shorten ... | 2013 | 23347507 |
| simulating retention of rare alleles in small populations to assess management options for species with different life histories. | preserving allelic diversity is important because it provides the capacity for adaptation and thus enables long-term population viability. allele retention is difficult to predict in animals with overlapping generations, so we used a new computer model to simulate retention of rare alleles in small populations of 3 species with contrasting life-history traits: north island brown kiwi (apteryx mantelli; monogamous, long-lived), north island robins (petroica longipes; monogamous, short-lived), and ... | 2013 | 23330669 |
| serosurvey for antibody to deerpox virus in five cervid species in oregon, usa. | five cervid species in oregon, usa were tested with a serum neutralization assay for antibody to deerpox virus (dpv). none of the 50 elk (cervus elaphus ssp. roosevelti and nelsonii) had detectable antibody. prevalence of antibody to dpv in the remaining species was: 52% (n=55) in black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus), 32% (n= 59) in mule deer (o. hemionus hemionus), and 36% (n=50) in columbian white-tailed deer (o. virginianus leucurus), with an overall antibody prevalence of 40.2 ... | 2013 | 23307387 |
| the lévy flight foraging hypothesis: forgetting about memory may lead to false verification of brownian motion. | the lévy flight foraging hypothesis predicts a transition from scale-free lévy walk (lw) to scale-specific brownian motion (bm) as an animal moves from resource-poor towards resource-rich environment. however, the lw-bm continuum implies a premise of memory-less search, which contradicts the cognitive capacity of vertebrates. | 2013 | 25709823 |
| chronic effects of lead (pb) on bone properties in red deer and wild boar: relationship with vitamins a and d3. | here we study the occurrence of abnormalities on bone tissue composition and turnover mechanisms through the pb-mediated disruption of vitamins a and d in wild ungulates living in a lead (pb)-polluted mining area. red deer (cervus elaphus) and wild boar (sus scrofa) from the mining area had significantly higher liver and bone pb levels than controls, which were associated with the depletion of liver retinyl esters and the corresponding increase of free retinol levels both in deer and boar from t ... | 2013 | 23262069 |
| extranodal follicular lymphoma in the lung of a free-ranging red deer (cervus elaphus). | a hunted free-ranging female red deer (cervus elaphus) from a region near the nahuel huapi national park, northern patagonia, argentina, had a focally extensive peribronchial lymphoid proliferative lesion in the lung characterized by formation of multiple follicles, with prominent germinal centers lacking mantle zone cells and antigen-related polarity. on examination of immunohistochemically stained tissues, a predominance of b cells (cluster of differentiation [cd]20 positive) with only a few s ... | 2013 | 23242668 |
| effects of humans on behaviour of wildlife exceed those of natural predators in a landscape of fear. | human disturbance can influence wildlife behaviour, which can have implications for wildlife populations. for example, wildlife may be more vigilant near human disturbance, resulting in decreased forage intake and reduced reproductive success. we measured the effects of human activities compared to predator and other environmental factors on the behaviour of elk (cervus elaphus linnaeus 1758) in a human-dominated landscape in alberta, canada. | 2012 | 23226330 |
| elk herbivory alters small mammal assemblages in high-elevation drainages. | heavy herbivory by ungulates can substantially alter habitat, but the indirect consequences of habitat modification for animal assemblages that rely on that habitat are not well studied. this is a particularly important topic given that climate change can alter plant-herbivore interactions. we explored short-term responses of small mammal communities to recent exclusion of rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus) in high-elevation riparian drainages in northern arizona, where elk impacts on vegetatio ... | 2013 | 23163813 |
| validating methods for estimating endocranial volume in individual red deer (cervus elaphus). | comparing brain sizes is a key method in comparative cognition and evolution. brain sizes are commonly validated by interspecific comparisons involving animals of varying size, which does not provide a realistic index of their accuracy for intraspecific comparisons. intraspecific validation of methods for measuring brain size should include animals of the same age and sex to ensure that individual differences can be detected in animals of similar size. in this study we compare three methods of m ... | 2013 | 23137587 |
| the impact of past introductions on an iconic and economically important species, the red deer of scotland. | the red deer (cervus elaphus) is an iconic species in scotland and, due to its value as a game species, an important element of the scottish rural economy. the native status of this species is sometimes questioned because of many recorded introductions of nonnative deer in the past that were an attempt to improve trophy size. in this study, we assessed the impact of past introductions on the genetic makeup of scottish red deer by genotyping at 15 microsatellite loci a large number of samples (n ... | 2012 | 23091222 |
| re-mating across years and intralineage polygyny are associated with greater than expected levels of inbreeding in wild red deer. | the interaction between philopatry and nonrandom mating has important consequences for the genetic structure of populations, influencing co-ancestry within social groups but also inbreeding. here, using genetic paternity data, we describe mating patterns in a wild population of red deer (cervus elaphus) which are associated with marked consequences for co-ancestry and inbreeding in the population. around a fifth of females mate with a male with whom they have mated previously, and further, femal ... | 2012 | 23039875 |
| labeling studies on cortical bone formation in the antlers of red deer (cervus elaphus). | the formation and mineralization process of antlers, which constitute the fastest growing bones in vertebrates, is still not fully understood. we used oxytetracycline injections to label different stages of bone formation in antlers of 14 red deer between days 28 and 156 of antler growth. results show that initially a trabecular scaffold of woven bone is formed which largely replaces a pre-existing scaffold of mineralized cartilage. lamellar bone is then deposited and from about day 70 onwards, ... | 2013 | 23000508 |
| evaluation of remote delivery of passive integrated transponder (pit) technology to mark large mammals. | methods to individually mark and identify free-ranging wildlife without trapping and handling would be useful for a variety of research and management purposes. the use of passive integrated transponder technology could be an efficient method for collecting data for mark-recapture analysis and other strategies for assessing characteristics about populations of various wildlife species. passive integrated transponder tags (pit) have unique numbered frequencies and have been used to successfully m ... | 2012 | 22984572 |
| a migratory northern ungulate in the pursuit of spring: jumping or surfing the green wave? | the forage-maturation hypothesis (fmh) states that herbivores migrate along a phenological gradient of plant development in order to maximize energy intake. despite strong support for the fmh, the actual relationship between plant phenology and ungulate movement has remained enigmatic. we linked plant phenology (modis-normalized difference vegetation index [ndvi] data) and space use of 167 migratory and 78 resident red deer (cervus elaphus), using a space-time-time matrix of "springness," define ... | 2012 | 22976006 |
| distinguishing wild ruminant lipids by gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry. | the carbon isotopic characterisation of ruminant lipids associated with ceramic vessels has been crucial for elucidating the origins and changing nature of pastoral economies. δ(13)c values of fatty acids extracted from potsherds are commonly compared with those from the dairy and carcass fats of modern domesticated animals to determine vessel use. however, the processing of wild ruminant products in pottery, such as deer, is rarely considered despite the presence of several different species on ... | 2012 | 22956328 |
| human selection of elk behavioural traits in a landscape of fear. | among agents of selection that shape phenotypic traits in animals, humans can cause more rapid changes than many natural factors. studies have focused on human selection of morphological traits, but little is known about human selection of behavioural traits. by monitoring elk (cervus elaphus) with satellite telemetry, we tested whether individuals harvested by hunters adopted less favourable behaviours than elk that survived the hunting season. among 45 2-year-old males, harvested elk showed bo ... | 2012 | 22951744 |
| response of elk to habitat modification near natural gas development. | elk (cervus elaphus) are known to shift habitat use in response to environmental modifications, including those associated with various forms of energy development. the specific behavioral responses underlying these trends, however, have not been effectively studied. to investigate such effects, we examined elk response to habitat alteration near natural gas wells in las animas county, colorado, usa in 2008-2010. we created 10 1-ha openings in forests adjacent to 10 operating natural gas wells b ... | 2012 | 22926238 |
| cadmium, lead and mercury concentrations in selected red deer (cervus elaphus l.) tissues from north-eastern croatia. | concentrations of cadmium, lead and mercury were determined in muscle, liver and kidney tissue from three different age groups of red deer (young animals aged 6 or 7 months, middle-aged animals aged 3 to 5 years, old animals aged over 8 years) from the baranja region of croatia. median cadmium concentrations were low in the muscles of all investigated age groups (0.0002; 0.0009 and 0.0020 μg/g), higher in the liver (0.0279; 0.0656 and 0.1463 μg/g) and highest in the kidneys (0.4792; 2.8531 and 6 ... | 2012 | 22871008 |
| nutritional evaluation of the lipid fraction of iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) tenderloin. | the meat lipid fraction of psoas major muscle from 20 adult (10 males and 10 females) feral iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) was characterized by quantification of total fat, total cholesterol, vitamin e and fatty acid (fa) composition, including detailed trans octadecenoate isomers and conjugated linoleic acid (cla) isomeric profile. the total lipid content revealed a very lean meat (0.99 g/100g of meat), with total cholesterol content averaging 55.6 mg/100g of muscle. the fa profil ... | 2012 | 22695295 |
| comparative landscape genetic analyses show a belgian motorway to be a gene flow barrier for red deer (cervus elaphus), but not wild boars (sus scrofa). | while motorways are often assumed to influence the movement behaviour of large mammals, there are surprisingly few studies that show an influence of these linear structures on the genetic make-up of wild ungulate populations. here, we analyse the spatial genetic structure of red deer (cervus elaphus) and wild boars (sus scrofa) along a stretch of motorway in the walloon part of belgium. altogether, 876 red deer were genotyped at 13 microsatellite loci, and 325 wild boars at 14 loci. in the case ... | 2012 | 22607276 |
| pre-orbital gland opening in farmed red deer (cervus elaphus) during stressful handling. | stressful manipulation by humans has been previously shown to result in opening the pre-orbital gland of the newborn red deer. we hypothesized that exposure of red deer to stressful handling would result in opening the pre-orbital gland. further, we tested the potential factors associated with pre-orbital opening, including season, sex, age and struggling behavior. pre-orbital gland status was observed in 76 red deer (48 males, 28 females) during 281 handling events with the animal isolated and ... | 2012 | 22585799 |
| pre-orbital gland opening: part of sucking behavior in red deer (cervus elaphus) calves. | opening of the pre-orbital gland in red deer (cervus elaphus) was previously found to be associated with feeding and negatively associated with achieving satiety in bottle-reared red deer calves. we speculated that this acted as a signal from a calf to the mother that it was hungry. thus, we focused on a possible association between the pre-orbital gland opening and the sucking behavior in red deer calves. we recorded 63 sucking attempts and 150 sucking bouts within a stable social group of 24 f ... | 2012 | 22585792 |
| passive transfer of maternal gnrh antibodies does not affect reproductive development in elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) calves. | gonadotropin-releasing hormone is intermittently released from the hypothalamus in consistent patterns from before birth to final maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis at puberty. disruption of this signaling via gnrh vaccination during the neonatal period can alter reproduction at maturity. the objective of this study was to investigate the long-term effects of gnrh-antibody exposure on reproductive maturation and function in elk calves passively exposed to high concentrations o ... | 2012 | 22541328 |
| severe ocular dysplasia in british red deer (cervus elaphus). | | 2012 | 22492801 |
| sex-based differences in density-dependent sociality: an experiment with a gregarious ungulate. | for animals living in natural or semi-natural settings, empirical data on how sociality changes in response to increasing population density are few, especially with respect to true conspecific density and not group size. however, insight into this line of research may be far-reaching--from understanding density dependence in sexual selection to improving models of disease transmission. using elk (cervus elaphus linnaeus) held in enclosures, we conducted sex-stratified experiments to test how th ... | 2012 | 22486100 |
| coprolites as a source of information on the genome and diet of the cave hyena. | we performed high-throughput sequencing of dna from fossilized faeces to evaluate this material as a source of information on the genome and diet of pleistocene carnivores. we analysed coprolites derived from the extinct cave hyena (crocuta crocuta spelaea), and sequenced 90 million dna fragments from two specimens. the dna reads enabled a reconstruction of the cave hyena mitochondrial genome with up to a 158-fold coverage. this genome, and those sequenced from extant spotted (crocuta crocuta) a ... | 2012 | 22456883 |
| genetic analysis of life-history constraint and evolution in a wild ungulate population. | trade-offs among life-history traits are central to evolutionary theory. in quantitative genetic terms, trade-offs may be manifested as negative genetic covariances relative to the direction of selection on phenotypic traits. although the expression and selection of ecologically important phenotypic variation are fundamentally multivariate phenomena, the in situ quantification of genetic covariances is challenging. even for life-history traits, where well-developed theory exists with which to re ... | 2012 | 22437186 |
| spent mushroom substrate influences elk (cervus elaphus canadensis) hematological and serum biochemical parameters. | the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of spent mushroom substrate (sms) derived from pleurotus eryngii on the hematological and biochemical blood properties of elk. a total of 18, two and three-year-old elk were fed three different levels of sms (0, 15 and 20%) in a corn-wheat bran diet for 80 days. the results indicated significantly high levels of blood monocytes, hemoglobin (hb), and hematocrit (hct) in elk fed 15% or 20% sms (p<0.05) compared to control animals. serum blood ... | 2012 | 25049569 |
| deer (cervus elaphus) antler extract suppresses adhesion and migration of endometriotic cells and regulates mmp-2 and mmp-9 expression. | deer antler has been used for centuries as medicine for a wide range of health problems, including various women's diseases. however, there is a safety concern related to its use in hormone-sensitive conditions, such as breast cancer and endometriosis. in the present study, we investigated the effect of deer (cervus elaphus) antler extract (dae) on adhesion and migration of human endometriotic cells. | 2012 | 22313625 |
| mandibular osteomyelitis in red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) and fallow deer (dama dama): occurrence and associated factors in free-living populations in southern spain. | the prevalence of mandibular osteomyelitis, which results in a condition called lumpy jaw, and factors associated with its occurrence were investigated in syntopic free-living populations of red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) and fallow deer (dama dama) in spain. the study material consisted of 3,586 mandibles from 2,548 red deer and 1,038 fallow deer shot during sport hunting, herd management culls, and programs for population control between 1988 and 1997 (period 1) and 2002 and 2009 (period ... | 2012 | 22247376 |
| [establishment of allele-specific diagnostic pcr method for identification of antlers]. | to establish a convenient, quick and accurate molecular method for the identification of crude drugs of antlers due to the difficult discrimination between the genuine antler and its adulterants. | 2009 | 20222413 |
| evolution and phylogeny of old world deer. | the phylogenetic pattern and timing of the radiation of old world deer was determined based on the complete mitochondrial cytochrome b gene from 33 cervinae taxa. using rooted and unrooted phylogenies derived from distinct theoretical approaches, strong support was achieved for monophyly of the old world deer with muntjacs as sister group as well as for the divergence of at least three distinct genera: rucervus, dama, and cervus. the latter clade comprises what have previously been regarded as t ... | 2004 | 15522810 |
| aboriginal overkill in the intermountain west of north america : zooarchaeological tests and implications. | zooarchaeological evidence has often been called on to help researchers determine prehistoric relative abundances of elk (cervus elaphus) in the greater yellowstone ecosystem. some interpret that evidence as indicating elk were abundant; others interpret it as indicating elk were rare. wildlife biologist charles kay argues that prehistoric faunal remains recovered from archaeological sites support his contention that aboriginal hunters depleted elk populations throughout the intermountain west, ... | 2004 | 26190412 |
| aboriginal overkill overstated : errors in charles kay's hypothesis. | in this article i critique charles kay's aboriginal overkill hypothesis, which states that native americans numbered 100 million or more in precolumbian north america, extensively humanized the landscape, and suppressed wildlife numbers, thus allowing wildlife browse to proliferate. by examining kay's source use and pertinent information, i find that he makes four kinds of significant mistakes: exaggerations, failure to provide necessary data, errors of omission, and errors of logic. through exa ... | 2001 | 26192167 |
| the relationship between habitat choice and lifetime reproductive success in female red deer. | in non-territorial species, individuals can move freely and should be distributed in an ideal free manner between habitats and areas with respect to resources that influence lifetime reproductive success (lrs). consequently, no relationship between diet quality and lrs should be expected. however, there have been no attempts to test this prediction. the present paper investigates the relationship between forage habitat use and lrs in red deer (cervus elaphus) hinds within three neighbouring area ... | 1999 | 28308082 |
| habitat segregation in ungulates: are males forced into suboptimal foraging habitats through indirect competition by females? | sex differences in habitat use (termed `habitat segregation') are widespread in sexually dimorphic ungulate species. they are a puzzling phenomenon, particularly when females use better foraging habitats than males. it has been suggested that males, owing to their larger body size and higher forage requirements, are inferior in indirect competition to females and are forced by female grazing pressure into marginal habitats (`indirect-competition hypothesis'). this hypothesis has been widely cite ... | 1999 | 28307759 |
| cohort variation in male survival and lifetime breeding success in red deer. | we investigated cohort differences in the lifetime breeding success and survival of male red deer cervus elaphus l. in an increasing population on the isle of rum, scotland. there were significant differences in survival through different stages of the life span between 15 cohorts of males, ranging between: 0.26-1.00, calf survival through first winter; 0.56-1.00, yearling survival; 0.44-0.94, adult survival. this variation in survival was related to environmental conditions in the cohorts' year ... | 1998 | 26412376 |
| short- and long-term effects of winter and spring weather on growth and survival of red deer in norway. | populations of red deer (cervus elaphus) in norway have increased continuously over the last decades. we tested the possible effects of climate and increase in population size on the survival rates and body condition of individuals in one of the northernmost populations of red deer in europe. based on 678 individuals of known age marked between 1977 and 1995, we estimated annual survival rates, the probabilities of being harvested and the recapture probability according to sex, age, year, winter ... | 1998 | 28307518 |
| [character and uv spectral identification of deer's heart]. | in this paper, the fresh and dried hearts of cervus nippon and c. elaphus are identified on character, fluorescence and uv spectra. the alcohol extract of the blood of the deer's hearts has mininum absorption at uv 310 nm. | 1997 | 12572451 |
| comparative rumen morphology of sympatric sika deer (cervus nippon) and red deer (c. elaphus scoticus) in the ahimanawa and kaweka ranges, central north island, new zealand. | eighteen sika deer (cervus nippon) and 14 red deer (c. elaphus scoticus) were sampled from two areas where these closely related species are sympatric. total body weight, carcass weight, age class, sex, and internal parameters (e.g. liver weight, kidney weight, rumen volume) were recorded. samples of rumen wall mucosa taken from the dorsal rumen wall, atrium ruminis, caudoventral blindsac, and ventral rumen wall were used to compare rumen morphology between the two species (and also any area, se ... | 1996 | 28307077 |
| patch selection by red deer in relation to energy and protein intake: a re-evaluation of langvatn and hanley's (1993) results. | langvatn and hanley (1993) recently reported that patch use by red deer (cervus elaphus) was more strongly correlated with short term rates of intake of digestible protein than dry matter. such short term measures overlook effects of gut filling, which may constrain intake by ruminants over longer time scales (i.e., daily rates of gain). we reanalyzed langvatn and hanley's data using an energy intake model incorporating such a processing constraint, to determine whether their conclusions are rob ... | 1995 | 28307585 |
| winter ecology of nonmigratory alpine red deer. | in winter, red deer (cervus elaphus hippelaphus) that are not receiving supplementary feeding emphasize and rely on energy-saving strategies. in severe winters with deep snow, they select a home-range habitat-windblown alpine pastures above the timberline-that meets the requirements of this strategy: a much lower sinking depth and good forage availability are due to patchy snow distribution, while the open area provides higher radiation, permits group formation and thus sociobiological wellbeing ... | 1993 | 28312946 |
| feeding-patch choice by red deer in relation to foraging efficiency : an experiment. | we tested the idea that ruminants allocate their feeding time to habitat patches in relation to foraging efficiency. we used five tame red deer (cervus elaphus) in an enclosure planted with four treatment of timothy grass (phleum pratense) differing in their stage of growth. older swards offered higher biomass but lower nutritional quality than younger swards. we observed time spent feeding in each treatment during each of seven trials. we measured goodness-of-fit between observed times and pred ... | 1993 | 28312938 |
| spatial variability in the nutrient composition of populus tremuloides: clone-to-clone differences and implications for cervids. | populus tremuloides, a clonal angiosperm, is a major food item for many temperate-region herbivores. clonal variation in chemical composition has potentially important implications for vertebrate herbivores because a single clone may be areally large and hence, may comprise a large part of available forage. the objectives of this study were: (1) to examine spatial variability in nutrient concentrations and quality within and among 24 clones of trembling aspen, and (2) to evaluate these differenc ... | 1991 | 28312739 |
| effects of monoterpene odors on food selection by red deer calves (cervus elaphus). | the response of red deer calves (cervus elaphus) to the odors of sitka spruce (picea sitchensis) and lodgepole pine (pinus conforta) needles and five monoterpene constituents of their essential oils was measured by simple two-choice feeding trials. all odors were significantly rejected (p < 0.05) except sitka spruce and lodgepole pine by females and sitka spruce and alpha-terpineol by males. females had a stronger dislike of all odors except lodgepole pine than males. rejection of monoterpene od ... | 1987 | 24302236 |
| spatial organization of female groups in red deer (cervus elaphus l.). | the spatial organization of female groups in red deer was studied in the periods before and after the rut, in a study area located in the central sierra morena (córdoba, spain). the study was carried out in terms of age-sex classes, and was based on direct observation and video recording. movement order proved to be linear, and highlighted the role of the mature hind as group leader and potential group protector. two tendencies were found in the calf: to place itself behind the adult female, and ... | 1987 | 24897255 |
| analyzing stereotypy in red deer alarm postures by means of informational redundancy. | the variability in duration and form or red deer (cervus elaphus ) alarm postures was studied. 18 variables of form were measured from photographic sequences and stereotypy calculated by means of informational redundancy (ir). comparisons between stereotypy estimates obtained by ir and those provided by the widely used coefficient of variation proved to match each other well. durations showed less stereotypy than configurational variables as measured by coefficient of variation. some implication ... | 1987 | 24896867 |
| home range and activity patterns of male red deer (cervus elaphus l.) in the alps. | from 1978 to 1981 in the bavarian alps (southern west germany) the home range and activity patterns of nine male red deer have been studied using radio-telemetry. the home range patterns definetely change with age. younger stags first follow the patterns of their mothers, then often emigrate from these home ranges and establish new ones elsewhere. except for the change in range at about 2(1/2) years of age, these patterns seem to be very constant in both spatial as well as seasonal position and ... | 1983 | 28310585 |
| volatile compounds from the red deer (cervus elaphus) secretion from the tail gland. | the major volatile, organic compounds secreted by the tail gland of the red deer (cervus elaphus) have been identified as phenol,m-cresol, cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, benzoic acid, phenylacetic acid, ethylphenol, dimethyl sulfone,o-cresol and 3-phenylpropanoic acid. the secretion from ten dead and three live animals was investigated, those from the live ones over a period of time. there were variations in the relative amounts of the identified compounds, but no correlation of the variations with ... | 1983 | 24407458 |
| activity patterns of female red deer (cervus elaphus l.) in the alps. | during 1976 to 1978 in the bavarian alps (southern west germany) the activity patterns of nine female red deer have been studied using radio-telemetry. the daily sum total of activity shows a marked annual cycle, ranging from about 7 h in winter to some 15 h in summer. it becomes obvious that the duration of activity during solar day, night and twilight is not only due to the length of these three periods but also varies independently in the course of the year. the daily pattern of activity reve ... | 1981 | 28309461 |
| home range patterns of female red deer (cervus elaphus l.) in the alps. | from 1976 to 1978, ten female red deer in the northern parts of the bavarian alps (southern west germany) were fitted with transmitter collars. seasonal movements, the home range patterns, and habitat utilization as a function of the habitat structure were examined. while some animals remained in the lowlands throughout the year, others move between two or even three different areas seasonally. the average size of the home range was 65 ha during winter, 167 ha in spring and autumn and 121 ha in ... | 1980 | 28309484 |
| cardiac responses in alarmed red deer calves. | radio transmitters were used to record the ecg signals of young red deer calves (cervus elaphus) when they were exposed to various stimuli which elicited the immobility or "freezing" response. when the calves were exposed to stimuli likely to occur in the deer's natural habitat, the heart rate decreased by 25 to 85% of the pre-exposure rate. the calves displayed a more pronounced bradycardia during their first days of life than at a later age. there are also indications that repeated exposure to ... | 1979 | 24924982 |
| characteristics of pcr-sscp and rapd-hpce methods for identifying authentication of penis et testis cervi in traditional chinese medicine based on cytochrome b gene. | the use of penis et testis cervi, as a kind of precious traditional chinese medicine (tcm), which is derived from dry deer's testis and penis, has been recorded for many years in china. there are abundant species of deer in china, the penis et testis from species of cervus nippon and cervus elaphusl were authentic, others species were defined as adulterant (different subspecies of deer) or counterfeits (different species). identification of their origins or authenticity becomes a key in controll ... | 2016 | 26309015 |
| foci report on indigenous dermacentor reticulatus populations in belgium and a preliminary study of associated babesiosis pathogens. | the occurrence of autochthonous clinical cases of canine and equine babesiosis in belgium during the last two decades suggests that the vector of the pathogens responsible for these diseases, dermacentor reticulatus (ixodida: ixodidae), may be present in this country. consequently, evidence for the presence of this tick species in different locations within belgium was investigated. four different locations were monitored by flagging in 2010; these included the locations at which d. reticulatus ... | 2012 | 22211927 |
| seroprevalence of bovine herpesvirus 1 related alphaherpesvirus infections in free-living and captive cervids in poland. | to determine the occurrence of bovine herpesvirus 1 (bohv-1) related alphaherpesvirus infections in cervids, 1194 serum samples of wild ruminants originating from 59 forest districts of poland were tested with ibr gb elisa and virus neutralization test (vnt) against bohv-1 and cervid herpesvirus 1 (cvhv-1). the seroprevalence differed significantly between free-living and captive cervids (p<0.001) with a total of 89 out of 498 (17.9%) and 268 out of 696 (38.5%) seropositive animals in each type ... | 2017 | 28532809 |
| schmallenberg virus infection among red deer, france, 2010-2012. | schmallenberg virus infection is emerging in european domestic and wild ruminants. we investigated the serologic status of 9 red deer populations to describe virus spread from september 2010 through march 2012 among wildlife in france. deer in 7 populations exhibited seropositivity, with an average seroprevalence of 20%. | 2014 | 24377838 |
| serosurvey for schmallenberg virus in alpine wild ungulates. | because schmallenberg virus (sbv) was first reported in domestic ruminants in northern italy in february 2012, we conducted a serosurvey to assess the presence of sbv-specific antibodies in free-ranging alpine ruminants. the tested serum samples were from chamois (23) and red deer (352) hunted from 2007 to 2013. all of the serum samples collected through september, 2012, tested negative, whereas a single chamois serum and 21 red deer sera taken during the 2012-2013 hunting season tested positive ... | 2014 | 24034277 |
| taenia sp. in human burial from kan river, east siberia. | we present an arhaeoparasitological analysis of a unique burial from the neftprovod ii burial ground in east siberia, which dated from the bronze age. analysis of a sediment sample from the sacral region of the pelvis revealed the presence of taenia sp. eggs. because uncooked animal tissue is the primary source of taenia, this indicated that the individual was likely consuming raw or undercooked meat of roe deer, red deer, or elk infected with taenia. this finding represents the oldest case of a ... | 2017 | 28443983 |
| whole-genome sequences of odocoileus hemionus deer adenovirus isolates from deer, moose and elk are highly conserved and support a new species in the genus atadenovirus. | we present the first complete genome sequence of odocoileus hemionus deer adenovirus 1 (odadv-1). this virus can cause sporadic haemorrhagic disease in cervids, although epizootics with high mortality have occurred in california. odadv-1 has been placed in the genus atadenovirus, based on partial hexon, pviii and fibre genes. ten field isolates recovered from naturally infected mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginiana) and moose (alces alces) from wyoming, black- ... | 2017 | 28809152 |
| a survey of free-ranging deer in ireland for serological evidence of exposure to bovine viral diarrhoea virus, bovine herpes virus-1, bluetongue virus and schmallenberg virus. | deer are an important wildlife species in both the republic of ireland and northern ireland having colonised most regions across the island of ireland. in comparison to cattle and sheep which represent the main farmed ruminant species on the island, there is a lack of data concerning their exposure, as measured by the presence of antibodies, to important viral pathogens of ruminants. a study was therefore undertaken to investigate the seroprevalence of wild deer to four viruses, namely bovine vi ... | 2017 | 28503294 |
| establishment rate of cattle gastrointestinal nematodes in farmed red deer (cervus elaphus). | red deer can be infected with some gastrointestinal nematodes (gin) of cattle but it is unknown to what extent. an indoor study was conducted to determine the establishment rate of cattle gin in young deer. five young calves and 5 young red deer were used. they were effectively treated with anthelmintics when housed and then infected 2 weeks later. after four weeks they were killed for total worm counts. establishment rates were assessed comparing worm counts to the infective dose which were ide ... | 2017 | 28807276 |
| interrelationships of dictyocaulus spp. in wild ruminants with morphological description of dictyocaulus cervi n. sp. (nematoda: trichostrongyloidea) from red deer, cervus elaphus. | lungworms from the genus dictyocaulus cause parasitic bronchitis (dictyocaulosis) characterized by coughing and severe lung pathology in both domestic and wild ruminants. in this study we investigated the interrelationships of dictyocaulus spp. from european bison (bison bonasus l.), roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and red deer (cervus elaphus) by nucleotide sequence analysis spanning the 18s rna gene (ssu) and internal transcribed spacer 2 (its2) regions of the ribosomal gene array as well as th ... | 2017 | 28585897 |
| new genotypes of enterocytozoon bieneusi isolated from sika deer and red deer in china. | to examine the occurrence and genotype distribution of enterocytozoon bieneusi in cervids, 615 fecal samples were collected from red deer (cervus elaphus) and sika deer (cervus nippon) on 10 different farms in henan and jilin province. enterocytozoon bieneusi was identified and genotyped with a nested pcr analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (its) region of the rrna genes, showing an average infection rate of 35.9% (221/615). in this study, 25 its genotypes were identified including seven ... | 2017 | 28572794 |
| concentrations of campylobacter spp., escherichia coli, enterococci, and yersinia spp. in the feces of farmed red deer in new zealand. | intensive deer farming can cause environmental issues, mainly by its impact on soils and water quality. in particular, there is a risk to the microbial quality of water, as high quantities of suspended sediment and fecal bacteria can enter into water systems. the feces of farmed red deer (, = 206) from canterbury and southland, new zealand, were analyzed with regard to the presence of spp., , enterococci, and spp.. enterococci and were isolated from all samples, with mean concentrations of 4.5 × ... | 2017 | 28783788 |
| geochemical landscapes as drivers of trace and toxic element profiles in wild red deer (cervus elaphus). | tissue concentrations of essential trace and toxic elements in red deer (cervus elaphus) are associated with the plants, soil and water they ingest. as such, variation in tissue concentrations is associated with variation in local geochemistry and bioavailability of elements. physiological factors such as liver fluke (fasciola hepatica) infection, breeding status, and in-tissue element interactions may also affect tissue concentrations, though their effects in red deer are not well understood. t ... | 2017 | 28609848 |
| using white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in infectious disease research. | between 1940 and 2004, more than 335 emerging infectious disease events were reported in the scientific literature. the majority (60%) of these events involved zoonoses, most of which (72%) were of wildlife origin or had an epidemiologically important wildlife host. because this trend of increasing emerging diseases likely will continue, understanding the pathogenesis, transmission, and diagnosis of these diseases in the relevant wildlife host is paramount. achieving this goal often requires usi ... | 2017 | 28724483 |
| matrixlysis, an improved sample preparation method for recovery of mycobacteria from animal tissue material. | mycobacterium caprae, a member of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, is the main causative agent of bovine tuberculosis in alpine regions. bacterial culture is the gold standard in bovine tuberculosis diagnostic but takes up to twelve weeks. this increases the time and costs for stocks affected with bovine tuberculosis. hence this study focused on the implementation of a fast and precise mycobacterial detection method and compared it with currently used methods. matrix lysis is a chemical l ... | 2017 | 28723969 |
| morphological and molecular characteristics of six sarcocystis spp. from red deer (cervus elaphus) in spain, including sarcocystis cervicanis and three new species. | samples of muscle tissue from the diaphragm, oesophagus and/or heart of eight adult red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) from the quintos de mora park in toledo, central spain, were screened for sarcocysts by means of the compression method. from positive samples, individual sarcocysts were excised and examined in wet mounts under a light microscope (lm) in order to study their basic morphology before being preserved for molecular studies. in all red deer examined, only microscopic sarcocysts we ... | 2017 | 28856431 |
| monitoring of schmallenberg virus in spanish wild artiodactyls, 2006-2015. | schmallenberg disease is an emerging disease that affects domestic and wild ruminants in europe. an epidemiological survey was carried out to assess exposure to schmallenberg virus (sbv) in wild artiodactyls in spain between 2006 and 2015. a total of 1751 sera from wild artiodactyls, including 1066 red deer, 304 fallow deer, 192 mouflon, 109 wild boar, 49 roe deer and 31 spanish ibex were tested for antibodies against sbv by elisa and confirmed by virus neutralization test. sbv was not detected ... | 2017 | 28813443 |
| serological survey for west nile virus in wild artiodactyls, southern moravia (czech republic). | antibodies to west nile virus (wnv) were examined by plaque-reduction neutralization test in the blood sera of 1023 wild artiodactyls: 105 roe deer (capreolus capreolus), 148 red deer (cervus elaphus), 287 fallow deer (dama dama), 71 mouflons (ovis musimon), and 412 wild boars (sus scrofa), sampled in south moravian district of breclav (czech republic) in the years 1990-2008. neutralizing antibodies were detected in 5.9% of wild ruminants (4.8% roe deer, 4.1% red deer, 6.3% fallow deer, 9.9% mou ... | 2017 | 28727516 |
| selective predation of a stalking predator on ungulate prey. | prey selection is a key factor shaping animal populations and evolutionary dynamics. an optimal forager should target prey that offers the highest benefits in terms of energy content at the lowest costs. predators are therefore expected to select for prey of optimal size. stalking predators do not pursue their prey long, which may lead to a more random choice of prey individuals. due to difficulties in assessing the composition of available prey populations, data on prey selection of stalking ca ... | 2016 | 27548478 |
| interspecies comparison of chlorinated contaminant concentrations and profiles in wild terrestrial mammals from northwest poland. | the aim of this study was to determine residual polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) and organochlorine pesticides in the adipose tissue of wild terrestrial mammals coming from the same area in northwest poland and to compare the organochlorine content and profile between species. the study was performed on five mammalian species, including omnivores (badger, wild boar, raccoon dog) and herbivores (roe deer, red deer). the obtained results show that the levels of residues of most of the analyzed com ... | 2014 | 24430167 |
| a comparison of food habits and prey preference of amur tiger (panthera tigris altaica) at three sites in the russian far east. | prey availability is one of the principal drivers of tiger distribution and abundance. therefore, formulating effective conservation strategies requires a clear understanding of tiger diet. we used scat analysis in combination with data on the abundance of several prey species to estimate amur tiger diet and preference at 3 sites in the russian far east. we also examined the effect of pseudoreplication on estimates of tiger diet. we collected 770 scats across the 3 sites. similar to previous stu ... | 2015 | 25939758 |
| incorporating anthropogenic effects into trophic ecology: predator-prey interactions in a human-dominated landscape. | apex predators perform important functions that regulate ecosystems worldwide. however, little is known about how ecosystem regulation by predators is influenced by human activities. in particular, how important are top-down effects of predators relative to direct and indirect human-mediated bottom-up and top-down processes? combining data on species' occurrence from camera traps and hunting records, we aimed to quantify the relative effects of top-down and bottom-up processes in shaping predato ... | 2015 | 26336169 |
| cadmium, lead, and mercury exposure assessment among croatian consumers of free-living game. | free-living game can be an important source of dietary cadmium and lead; the question is whether exposure to these two elements is such that it might cause adverse health effects in the consumers. the aim of this study was to estimate dietary exposure to cadmium, lead, and mercury from free-living big game (fallow deer, roe deer, red deer, wild boar, and brown bear), and to mercury from small game (pheasant and hare), hunted in croatia from 1990 to 2012. the exposure assessment was based on avai ... | 2014 | 25205692 |
| radiocaesium levels in game in the czech republic. | the paper summarizes results of monitoring of (137)cs activities in game species roaming in the woods over the territory of the czech republic for the time interval of 1986-2012. geometric means and other statistical characteristics were estimated from the data sets on the assumption of log-normal distribution of the data from the time interval 2004-2012 where the character of data distribution had displayed no significant change. geometric means (in bq/kg) in meat were: wild boar 5.1, red deer ... | 0 | 25464037 |
| testing the 'hybrid susceptibility' and 'phenological sink' hypotheses using the p. balsamifera - p. deltoides hybrid zone and septoria leaf spot [septoria musiva]. | hybrid genotypes that arise between plant species frequently have increased susceptibility to arthropod pests and fungal pathogens. this pattern has been attributed to the breakdown of plant defenses ('hybrid susceptibility' hypothesis) and (or) to extended periods of susceptibility attributed to plant phenologies in zones of species overlap and (or) hybridization ('phenological sink' hypothesis). we examined these hypotheses by assessing the susceptibility of parental and hybrid populus host ge ... | 2013 | 24386379 |
| molecular identification of sarcocystis halieti n. sp., sarcocystis lari and sarcocystis truncata in the intestine of a white-tailed sea eagle (haliaeetus albicilla) in norway. | an emaciated white-tailed sea eagle (haliaeetus albicilla) from western norway was found and nursed briefly before it died. the necropsy revealed that the principal cause of death was an inflammation and occlusion of the bile ducts. a secondary finding was the presence in the intestinal mucosa of numerous sporulated sarcocystis oocysts measuring 21.8-22.8 × 16.0-17.0 μm. the aim of this study was to identify these oocysts to species level using molecular methods. genomic dna was extracted from 1 ... | 2018 | 29270360 |
| ungulates increase forest plant species richness to the benefit of non-forest specialists. | large wild ungulates are a major biotic factor shaping plant communities. they influence species abundance and occurrence directly by herbivory and plant dispersal, or indirectly by modifying plant-plant interactions and through soil disturbance. in forest ecosystems, researchers' attention has been mainly focused on deer overabundance. far less is known about the effects on understory plant dynamics and diversity of wild ungulates where their abundance is maintained at lower levels to mitigate ... | 2017 | 28892277 |
| a survey of tick species in a recently reintroduced elk ( cervus elaphus canadensis) population in southeastern kentucky with potential implications for interstate translocation of zoonotic disease vectors. | in the late 20th century, elk ( cervus elaphus canadensis) were reintroduced into southeastern kentucky, us. this population has since been used as a stock population for additional elk reintroductions in other eastern states. although reintroduction and translocation practices are effective, they can disseminate vectors and pathogens. therefore, we surveyed tick species residing on elk hosts a decade after elk reintroduction in kentucky by examining 263 captured individuals (female=86; male=177 ... | 2017 | 29286258 |
| revealing potential bridge vectors for btv and sbv: a study on culicoides blood feeding preferences in natural ecosystems in spain. | several species of culicoides (diptera: ceratopogonidae) are vectors of pathogens, such as the bluetongue (btv) and schmallenberg (sbv) viruses, which cause important diseases in domestic and wild ruminants. as wild ruminants can contribute to overwintering and epizootics of both diseases, knowledge of the host-feeding behaviour of culicoides in natural ecosystems is important to better understand their epidemiology. blood-engorged culicoides females trapped in natural areas inhabited by differe ... | 2017 | 28857265 |
| first molecular characterization of hypoderma actaeon in cattle and red deer (cervus elaphus) in portugal. | hypoderma spp. larvae cause subcutaneous myiasis in several animal species. the objective of the present investigation was to identify and characterize morphologically and molecularly the larvae of hypoderma spp. collected from cattle (bos taurus taurus) and red deer (cervus elaphus) in the district of castelo branco, portugal. for this purpose, a total of 8 larvae were collected from cattle (n=2) and red deer (n=6). after morphological identification of hypoderma spp. larvae, molecular characte ... | 2017 | 29320820 |
| ticks and bacterial tick-borne pathogens in piemonte region, northwest italy. | a molecular screening for tick-borne pathogens was carried out in engorged and in questing ticks collected in verbano cusio ossola county, piemonte region, italy. engorged ticks were removed from wild and domestic animal hosts. the most abundant and common tick species in the area was ixodes ricinus (192 adults, 907 nymphs). few individuals of ixodes hexagonus (15) and rhipicephalus sanguineus (7) were found among the ticks removed from domestic animals (46 examined ticks). the presence of ricke ... | 2017 | 29189951 |
| the effects of acaricide treatment of sheep on red grouse lagopus lagopus scotica tick burdens and productivity in a multi-host system. | ixodes ricinus (ixodida: ixodidae) ticks are of economic and pathogenic importance across europe. within the uplands of the u.k., management to reduce ticks is undertaken to benefit red grouse lagopus lagopus scotica (galliformes: phasianidae). management strategies focus on the acaricide treatment of domestic sheep ovis aries (artiodactyla: bovidae), but the effectiveness of this is less certain in the presence of wild hosts, particularly red deer cervus elaphus (artiodactyla: cervidae) and mou ... | 2017 | 29194726 |
| deer presence rather than abundance determines the population density of the sheep tick, ixodes ricinus, in dutch forests. | understanding which factors drive population densities of disease vectors is an important step in assessing disease risk. we tested the hypothesis that the density of ticks from the ixodes ricinus complex, which are important vectors for tick-borne diseases, is determined by the density of deer, as adults of these ticks mainly feed on deer. | 2017 | 28927432 |
| ixodes ricinus (ixodidae), an occasional phoront on necrophagous and coprophagous beetles in europe. | for ticks, phoretic behaviour using insects associated with vertebrates might offer an alternative strategy to host-seeking. here we report for the first time the presence of immature stages of the most widespread tick species in western europe, ixodes ricinus (acari: ixodidae), on three beetle species belonging to families silphidae and geotrupidae (coleoptera). specimens were collected while performing fieldwork surveys on insect diversity during the peak of tick's questing behaviour, in july ... | 2015 | 25491290 |