| quantitative effects of palivizumab and donor-derived t cells on chronic respiratory syncytial virus infection, lung disease, and fusion glycoprotein amino acid sequences in a patient before and after bone marrow transplantation. | a patient with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection and severe combined immunodeficiency was studied during a 3-month period of bone marrow transplantation and palivizumab infusion. no rsv isolates with palivizumab escape mutations were identified. donor lymphocytes, including cd8 cells, appeared to markedly reduce the rsv load but increased the pulmonary symptoms. immunosuppressive therapy ameliorated lung disease but allowed the rsv load to rebound. | 2004 | 15307047 |
| respiratory virus infections in stockholm during seven seasons: a retrospective study of laboratory diagnosis. | a retrospective analysis of the virological findings in all respiratory samples (7303) analysed at the laboratory of karolinska hospital between 1993 and 2000 was performed. the findings were studied according to age and seasonal variation, and the methods were evaluated. most samples were from children. rsv was the dominant agent, found in 34% of all samples from children 0-1 y of age. influenza a was found in 13% of samples from the age group 2-5 y. influenza a dominated among adults and the e ... | 2004 | 15307569 |
| incidence of respiratory syncytial virus infection in infants and young children referred to the emergency departments for lower respiratory tract diseases in italy. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause of emergency visits and hospitalization for acute lower respiratory tract infections (lrti) in infants and young children worldwide. to collect specific epidemiological data on the incidence of rsv infection among infants referred to emergency departments (ed) for lrti in a mediterranean country, an italian multicenter epidemiological surveillance program was established. | 2004 | 15315084 |
| prolonged production of tnf-alpha exacerbates illness during respiratory syncytial virus infection. | cd8(+) ctl are the main effector cells responsible for resolving viral infections. however, the ctl response to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection in mice facilitates viral clearance at the expense of significant immunopathology. previous reports have shown a strong correlation between the mechanism of ctl activity and the severity of rsv-induced illness. furthermore, experiments in perforin knockout mice revealed that antiviral cytokine production temporally correlated with rsv-induced ... | 2004 | 15322205 |
| human metapneumovirus and severity of respiratory syncytial virus disease. | we screened 23 children with severe respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) disease and 23 children with mild rsv disease for human metapneumovirus (hmpv). although hmpv was circulating in connecticut, none of the 46 rsv-infected patients tested positive for hmpv. in our study population, hmpv did not contribute to the severity of rsv disease. | 2004 | 15324559 |
| serological cross-reactivity of members of the metapneumovirus genus. | respiratory tract infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. human metapneumovirus (hmpv) is a recently discovered respiratory pathogen of the paramyxovirus family in the metapneumovirus genus. hmpv was first isolated from young children in the netherlands with respiratory illness similar to human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection. epidemiological data indicates that hmpv co-circulates with rsv in the community. few immunological tools are available to study t ... | 2004 | 15325082 |
| mucosal immune responses to infections in infants with acute life threatening events classified as 'near-miss' sudden infant death syndrome. | this study examined the hypothesis that dysregulation of mucosal immune responses to respiratory infections is a critical event, which could be causal in respiratory arrest of some previously healthy infants. to examine this hypothesis, a prospective study was undertaken of infants presenting to the emergency department of a major teaching hospital with acute life threatening events (alte) of unknown cause and classified as "near-miss" sids. salivary immunoglobulin concentrations were measured o ... | 2004 | 15325403 |
| an outbreak of respiratory infection due to respiratory syncytial virus subgroup b in ankara, turkey. | during the outbreak, from 16 january 2002 to 3 march 2002, nasopharyngeal secretions obtained from 35 pediatric patients under 2 years of age and suffering from acute respiratory disease were tested by vidas respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) assay (an automated enzyme-linked fluorescent immunoassay) and reverse transcription- polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). rsv antigen was detected in 16 specimens by vidas rsv assay, and 15 of these were confirmed by the rt-pcr. a total of 18 samples were fo ... | 2004 | 15329452 |
| progress in defining the role of rsv in allergy and asthma: from clinical observations to animal models. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), an rna virus in the family paramyxoviridae, causes respiratory disease in humans. a closely related bovine rsv is responsible for a remarkably similar disease syndrome in young cattle. severe rsv disease is characterized by bronchiolitis. the impact of rsv on human health is demonstrated annually when infants are admitted to the hospital in large numbers. nearly every child will have been infected with rsv by the age of 3 years. while the disease is most severe ... | 2004 | 15330446 |
| molecular epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus in kilifi district, kenya. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) causes significant burden of disease during infancy and childhood. this study examined the genetic relatedness of rsv positive samples from child inpatients and outpatients and a birth cohort from a rural coastal district of kenya and also the distribution of strains between these three groups. clinical samples were collected over a 4-year period in kilifi district, kenya from community and hospital surveillance. three hundred ninety seven of 1,044 nasal specime ... | 2004 | 15332285 |
| evaluation of sulfated fungal beta-glucans from the sclerotium of pleurotus tuber-regium as a potential water-soluble anti-viral agent. | six water-insoluble fractions of fungal beta-glucans extracted by hot alkali (tm8-1 to tm8-6) from the sclerotia of pleurotus tuber-regium (ptr) having different molecular weights (m(w)) were sulfated to give their corresponding water-soluble derivatives (s-tm8-1 to s-tm8-6) with the degree of sulfation (ds) ranging from 1.14 to 1.74. the in vitro anti-viral activities of the native beta-glucans (tm8s) and their sulfated derivatives (s-tm8s) were evaluated by the cytopathic effect assay (cpe) an ... | 2004 | 15337458 |
| rate of palivizumab administration in accordance with current recommendations among hospitalized children. | the american academy of pediatrics recommends palivizumab prophylaxis for children born premature or with chronic lung disease to reduce the severity of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection. the purpose of the current study is to examine palivizumab administration among children hospitalized with rsv infection. | 2004 | 15337916 |
| does respiratory syncytial virus subtype influences the severity of acute bronchiolitis in hospitalized infants? | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) subtypes a and b are present either simultaneously or alternate during yearly epidemics. it is still not clear whether clinical severity of acute bronchiolitis differs between the two subtypes. reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to subtype rsv in previously healthy infants hospitalized with rsv bronchiolitis during a winter epidemic. a severity index based on heart rate, respiratory rate, wheezing, difficulty in feeding and oxygen saturatio ... | 2004 | 15338801 |
| effects of low sulfur fuel and a catalyzed particle trap on the composition and toxicity of diesel emissions. | in this study we compared a "baseline" condition of uncontrolled diesel engine exhaust (dee) emissions generated with current (circa 2003) certification fuel to an emissions-reduction (er) case with low sulfur fuel and a catalyzed particle trap. lung toxicity assessments (resistance to respiratory viral infection, lung inflammation, and oxidative stress) were performed on mice (c57bl/6) exposed by inhalation (6 hr/day for 7 days). the engine was operated identically (same engine load) in both ca ... | 2004 | 15345344 |
| use of palivizumab to control an outbreak of syncytial respiratory virus in a neonatal intensive care unit. | to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of a humanized respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) monoclonal antibody (palivizumab) to control an outbreak of rsv in a neonatal intensive care unit (nicu), we retrospectively analysed two rsv outbreaks. between 11 november 1998 and 18 march 1999, two separate rsv outbreaks occurred in a large (26 beds) nicu. all procedures for preventing nosocomial spread of rsv (including the use of palivizumab in the second outbreak) were retrospectively analysed. the cu ... | 2004 | 15350712 |
| analysis of the interaction between respiratory syncytial virus and lipid-rafts in hep2 cells during infection. | the assembly of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in lipid-rafts was examined in hep2 cells. confocal and electron microscopy showed that during rsv assembly, the cellular distribution of the complement regulatory proteins, decay accelerating factor (cd55) and cd59, changes and high levels of these cellular proteins are incorporated into mature virus filaments. the detergent-solubility properties of cd55, cd59, and the rsv fusion (f) protein were found to be consistent with each protein being lo ... | 2004 | 15351205 |
| molecular epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) of group a in stockholm, sweden, between 1965 and 2003. | the epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) group a was followed by nucleotide sequencing of the variable parts of the glycoprotein (g) gene. the amino acid sequences of an aminoterminal (a-terminal, amino acids 90-132) and carboxyterminal (c-terminal, amino acids 262-298) portion of the g protein in 47 virus strains, collected in stockholm, between 1965 and 2004, were determined. in phylogenetic analysis jointly with previously described genotypes (ga1 to ga7 and saa1), 33 virus strai ... | 2004 | 15351487 |
| the conserved amino-terminal region (amino acids 1-20) of the hepatitis b virus x protein shows a transrepression function. | the x protein of hepatitis b virus or hbx is a multifunctional regulatory protein that carries the fame of a promiscuous transactivator. although, the n-terminal 'a' region of hbx (amino acids 1-20) is the most conserved region among mammalian hepadnavirus genomes, it has been found to be dispensable for transactivation function [proc. natl. acad. sci. u.s.a. 93, 1996, 5647]. to elucidate its biological role, dna sequence corresponding to the a region of x gene was amplified by polymerase chain ... | 2004 | 15351489 |
| functional characterization of a recombinant adeno-associated virus 5-pseudotyped cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator vector. | despite extensive experience with recombinant adeno-associated virus (raav) 2 vectors in the lung, gene expression has been low in the context of cystic fibrosis (cf) gene therapy, where the large size of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (cftr) coding sequence has prompted the use of compact endogenous promoter elements. we evaluated the possibility that gene expression from recombinant adeno-associated virus (raav) could be improved by using alternate aav capsid serotypes ... | 2004 | 15353038 |
| polyadenylation-dependent screening assay for respiratory syncytial virus rna transcriptase activity and identification of an inhibitor. | rna-dependent rna polymerase from respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a multi-subunit ribonucleoprotein (rnp) complex that, in addition to synthesizing the full 15 222 nt viral genomic rna, is able to synthesize all 10 viral mrnas. we have prepared crude rnp from rsv-infected hep-2 cells, based on a method previously used for newcastle disease virus, and established a novel polyadenylation-dependent capture [poly(a) capture] assay to screen for potential inhibitors of rsv transcriptase activity ... | 2004 | 15356293 |
| association study suggests opposite effects of polymorphisms within il8 on bronchial asthma and respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. | il-8 is a strong inductor of inflammation. accordingly, it plays a pivotal role in acute inflammatory responses during respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections and in chronic inflammatory diseases such as bronchial asthma and juvenile idiopathic arthritis. recently, 2 studies have found association of the polymorphism -251a of il8 with rsv bronchiolitis. furthermore, epidemiologic studies have demonstrated an increased risk for the development of asthma after rsv bronchiolitis, and a common ... | 2004 | 15356575 |
| pretransplantation respiratory syncytial virus infection: impact of a strategy to delay transplantation. | delay of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (hsct) has been suggested if upper respiratory tract infection (urti) due to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) occurs in transplantation candidates, but the efficacy of this strategy in preventing posttransplantation rsv infection is unknown. | 2004 | 15356782 |
| respiratory syncytial virus-induced immunoprotection and immunopathology. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), a member of the paramyxoviridae family, is a major clinical problem causing yearly epidemics of severe lower airway disease in both infants and the elderly. attempts at vaccination have been frustrated by both the poor immunogenicity of this virus, and the severe immunopathology observed in early vaccine trials. primary infection generally occurs in infancy, with approximately 5% of infected infants requiring hospitalization. equally problematic is the apparent ... | 2004 | 15357903 |
| the pediatric investigators collaborative network on infections in canada study of predictors of hospitalization for respiratory syncytial virus infection for infants born at 33 through 35 completed weeks of gestation. | infants born at 33 through 35 completed weeks of gestation (33-35ga) are at risk for severe respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection, and palivizumab prophylaxis lowers hospitalizations for rsv infection by as much as 80%. the 33-35ga cohort comprises 3-5% of annual births; thus expert panels recommend limiting prophylaxis to situations in which frequency or health care impact of rsv infection is high. this study sought to identify independent risk factors for hospitalization for rsv infectio ... | 2004 | 15361717 |
| case-control study of the risk factors linked to respiratory syncytial virus infection requiring hospitalization in premature infants born at a gestational age of 33-35 weeks in spain. | the aim of this study was to identify those risk factors most likely to lead to the development of rsv-related respiratory infection and subsequent hospital admission among premature infants born at 33-35 wga (flip study) | 2004 | 15361718 |
| evaluation of quantitative and type-specific real-time rt-pcr assays for detection of respiratory syncytial virus in respiratory specimens from children. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major cause of lower respiratory tract morbidity in young children and immunosuppressed patients. | 2004 | 15364268 |
| comparison of two new rapid antigen detection assays for respiratory syncytial virus with another assay and shell vial culture. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the major viral pathogen causing lower respiratory tract infection in young children. early detection allows cohorting of infected inpatients to prevent nosocomial transmission and consideration of treatment. to achieve rapid reporting, antigen detection has been widely used. since late 2002, the fda approved two new rsv antigen detection tests, the now rsv test (binax) and the directigen ez rsv (becton dickinson), both of which promised reduced hands-on proc ... | 2004 | 15364269 |
| the role of leukotrienes and eosinophil cationic protein in acute respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. | the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants and by 2.5 to 3 years of age most children have been infected with approximately 1-2% of all infected infants requiring hospital admission. both immunologic and nonimmunologic factors have been implicated in the susceptibility to symptomatic rsv-induced disease although most attention has been directed towards host responses and their role in the pathogenesis of the associated airway obstru ... | 2003 | 15366660 |
| signaling through the prostaglandin i2 receptor ip protects against respiratory syncytial virus-induced illness. | the role of prostanoids in modulating respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection is unknown. we found that rsv infection in mice increases production of prostaglandin i(2) (pgi(2)). mice that overexpress pgi(2) synthase selectively in bronchial epithelium are protected against rsv-induced weight loss and have decreased peak viral replication and gamma interferon levels in the lung compared to nontransgenic littermates. in contrast, mice deficient in the pgi(2) receptor ip have exacerbated rsv-i ... | 2004 | 15367596 |
| lysines close to the rous sarcoma virus late domain critical for budding. | the release of retroviruses from the plasma membrane requires host factors that are believed to be recruited to the site of budding by the late (l) domain of the virus-encoded gag protein. the l domain of rous sarcoma virus (rsv) has been shown to interact with a ubiquitin (ub) ligase, and budding of this virus is dependent on ub. rsv is similar to other retroviruses in that it contains approximately 100 molecules of ub, but it is unique in that none of these molecules has been found to be conju ... | 2004 | 15367628 |
| human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus in hospitalized danish children with acute respiratory tract infection. | the newly discovered human metapneumovirus (hmpv) has been shown to be associated with respiratory illness. we determined the frequencies and clinical features of hmpv and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections in 374 danish children with 383 episodes of acute respiratory tract infection (arti). study material comprised routine nasopharyngeal aspirates obtained during 2 winter seasons (november-may) 1999-2000 and 2001-2002 from children hospitalized at the departments of paediatrics, hvido ... | 2004 | 15370669 |
| severe respiratory syncytial virus infections and reduced interferon-gamma generation in vitro. | to study the consequences of the interaction of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) with dendritic cells in vitro, we established a model of the primary immune response using dendritic cells, autologous naive t cells and the superantigen toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (tsst 1). about 10% of the naive t cells express the t cell receptor chain vbeta2. these cells were stimulated by tsst 1 and could be analysed by flow cytometry. cultures infected with rsv produced significantly less interferon-gamma c ... | 2004 | 15373911 |
| recombinant respiratory syncytial virus lacking secreted glycoprotein g is attenuated, non-pathogenic but induces protective immunity. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) causes intense pulmonary inflammatory responses in some infected infants. the surface attachment protein 'g' of rsv has membrane-bound and secreted forms and shows homology to the cx3c chemokine fractalkine. using recombinant techniques, we generated replication-competent recombinant clonal rsv expressing normal g proteins ('rrsv') or only the membrane-bound form of g ('gmem rrsv'). both recombinants grew well in hep-2 cells, but after primary intranasal infecti ... | 2004 | 15380773 |
| respiratory infections and asthma: current treatment strategies. | infections such as lower respiratory illness potentially contribute to the initiation of asthma and are major factors in recurring acute exacerbations of the condition. although typical bacterial respiratory pathogens such as streptococcus pyogenes, streptococcus pneumoniae and hemophilus influenzae do not initiate asthmatic exacerbations, data from a subgroup of adults suggest a potential role for mycoplasma pneumoniae and chlamydia pneumoniae in the onset of asthma. common cold viruses, predom ... | 2004 | 15381135 |
| low incidence of respiratory syncytial virus hospitalisations in haemodynamically significant congenital heart disease. | haemodynamically significant congenital heart disease (chd) is a risk factor for severe respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) disease in young children. population based data on the incidence of rsv hospitalisations in chd patients are needed to estimate the potential usefulness of rsv immunoprophylaxis using palivizumab. | 2004 | 15383442 |
| genetic analysis of the growth curve of rous sarcoma virus-induced tumors in chickens. | white leghorn chicks homozygous for b19 mhc haplotype were selected for 18 generations on tumor regression after inoculation in the wing web with an sr-d strain of rous sarcoma virus (rsv) at 4 wk of age. each chick was assigned a tumor profile index (tpi) based on age at death and size of the tumor. during 18 generations, 2,010 birds were divergently selected on tpi for either progression or regression of the tumor (p and r lines). a brody growth curve was fitted for each bird. brody function p ... | 2004 | 15384897 |
| protein kinases and adherens junction dynamics in the seminiferous epithelium of the rat testis. | earlier studies in multiple epithelia have shown that cell-cell actin-based adherens junction (aj) dynamics are regulated, at least in part, by the interplay of kinases and phosphatases that determines the intracellular phosphoprotein content. yet it is virtually unknown regarding the role of protein kinases in sertoli-germ cell aj dynamics in the seminiferous epithelium of the testis. to address this issue, an in vitro coculture system utilizing sertoli and germ cells was used to study the regu ... | 2005 | 15389520 |
| gene-gun dna vaccination aggravates respiratory syncytial virus-induced pneumonitis. | a cd8+ t-cell memory response to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) was generated by using a dna vaccine construct encoding the dominant kd-restricted epitope from the viral transcription anti-terminator protein m2 (m2(82-90)), linked covalently to human beta2-microglobulin (beta2m). cutaneous gene-gun immunization of balb/c mice with this construct induced an antigen-specific cd8+ t-cell memory. after intranasal rsv challenge, accelerated cd8+ t-cell responses were observed in pulmonary lymph no ... | 2004 | 15448365 |
| experimental infection of humans with a2 respiratory syncytial virus. | development of a readily available challenge model of human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection would be a useful tool for evaluation of antiviral agents and vaccine candidates. accordingly, we evaluated a new challenge pool of rsv a2 virus, provided by the national institutes of allergy and infectious diseases. healthy adults subjects were inoculated intranasally with various dilutions of the pool, and virus shedding, clinical symptoms, and immune response were studied. in a preliminary ... | 2004 | 15451187 |
| parainfluenza virus type 3 expressing the native or soluble fusion (f) protein of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) confers protection from rsv infection in african green monkeys. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) causes respiratory disease in young children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals, often resulting in hospitalization and/or death. after more than 40 years of research, a food and drug administration-approved vaccine for rsv is still not available. in this study, a chimeric bovine/human (b/h) parainfluenza virus type 3 (piv3) expressing the human piv3 (hpiv3) fusion (f) and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) proteins from an otherwise bovine piv3 (bpiv ... | 2004 | 15452239 |
| new mannose-binding lectin isolated from the rhizome of sarsaparilla smilax glabra roxb. (liliaceae). | a new mannose-binding lectin, designated sgm2, was isolated from the rhizome of a chinese medicinal herb smilax glabra (also known as sarsaparilla in general) by saline extraction, ammonium sulfate precipitation and fractionation, and affinity chromatography on fetuin- and mannose-agarose. sgm2 is shown to have a molecular mass of 37 kda on gel filtration and 12.5 kda on sds-page, indicating that it is a trimeric protein composed of three identical subunits. when the first 30 amino acid residues ... | 2004 | 15453671 |
| human metapneumovirus: a new pathogen in children and adults. | in 2001, human metapneumovirus (hmpv) was discovered in young children with respiratory tract infection of unknown origin. in the two years since its discovery the dinical characteristics of this new virus have been darified. in children, especially those younger than one year of age, hmpv is responsible for 5 to 10% of respiratory tract infections requiring hospitalisation; its clinical course is somewhat milder, but otherwise indistinguishable from respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection. ... | 2004 | 15460495 |
| respiratory syncytial virus hospitalizations among american indian and alaska native infants and the general united states infant population. | to determine the burden of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) disease among american indian (ai) and alaska native (an) infants, by examining rsv-associated hospitalizations. | 2004 | 15466069 |
| [asthma and respiratory syncytial virus. new opportunities for therapeutic intervention]. | numerous studies have described an association between respiratory sincticial virus (rsv) infection in infancy and the subsequent development of airway hyperresponsiveness (ahr). besides the exaggerated immune response and the abnormal neurogenic mechanisms induced by rsv, recent studies have correlated the "persistence" of rsv in the lower respiratory tract with the development of ahr. several investigators have evaluated whether treatment with antiviral or immunosuppressive agents could decrea ... | 2004 | 15469810 |
| natural infection of infants with respiratory syncytial virus subgroups a and b: a study of frequency, disease severity, and viral load. | heterogeneity in respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) disease severity likely is due to a combination of host and viral factors. infection with rsv subgroup a is thought to produce more severe disease than rsv-b. higher rsv loads correlate with greater disease severity in hospitalized infants. whether subgroup-specific variations in disease severity result from differences in rsv load has not been studied. a total of 102 rsv-hospitalized infants <2 y of age were studied. nasal washes were collected ... | 2004 | 15470202 |
| prospective study of human metapneumovirus infection in children less than 3 years of age. | most lower respiratory tract infections (lrtis) in children under the age of 3 years are due to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). epidemiological, host, and viral factors eventually account for the severity of lrtis, but they do not completely explain it. human metapneumovirus (hmpv) was recently identified in children with lrtis. in a population-based prospective multicenter study (the pri.de study, conducted in germany over 2 years), we tested 3,369 nasopharyngeal secretions from children you ... | 2004 | 15472321 |
| comparison of an immunochromatography test with multiplex reverse transcription-pcr for rapid diagnosis of respiratory syncytial virus infections. | a new commercial rapid 10-min one-step immunochromatography (ic) test, sas rsv test, was compared to another ic test, directigen ez rsv, employing rt-pcr as the "gold standard" for detecting respiratory syncytial virus. of 102 clinical samples, 79 were positive by rt-pcr, 66 (82.5%) were positive with the sas rsv test, and 55 (69.6%) were positive with directigen ez rsv. the specificity of the new test was 91.3% (21 of 23), similar to that of directigen ez rsv (100% [23 of 23]). this test perfor ... | 2004 | 15472348 |
| antiviral activities of medicinal herbs traditionally used in southern mainland china. | the aqueous extracts from 21 medicinal herbs traditionally used in southern mainland china were screened for antiviral activities against human herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) using a cytopathic effect (cpe) reduction assay. three extracts from agrimonia pilosa, pithecellobium clypearia and punica granatum, respectively, showed anti-hsv-1 activity, which was possibly contributed by the polyphenolic compounds in the herbal extracts. six of the extra ... | 2004 | 15478204 |
| respiratory syncytial virus and metapneumovirus in children over two seasons with a high incidence of respiratory infections in brazil. | acute respiratory infections (ari) are one of the most important causes of death in children. human metapneumovirus (hmpv), a virus first described in 2001, has now been detected in almost all continents. hmpv causes bronchiolitis and pneumonia with a clinical spectrum similar to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). we describe the incidence of hmpv and rsv during two consecutive seasons with a high incidence of ari in aracaju, brazil. hmpv was responsible for 24% of cases of bronchiolitis in the ... | 2004 | 15479570 |
| epidemiology and clinical presentation of respiratory syncytial virus infection in a tunisian neonatal unit from 2000 to 2002. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is an important viral pathogen causing lower respiratory tract infection (lri) in infants. this study describes the clinical and genetic epidemiology of rsv infection among tunisian neonates. nasopharyngeal aspirates collected from 268 newborns with lri were screened for rsv by immunofluorescence assay. positive samples were analysed by rt-pcr-hybridisation assay for subgroup classification of rsv genomes. rsv infection was present in 23.1% of neonates, with a p ... | 2004 | 15479571 |
| nuclear heat shock response and novel nuclear domain 10 reorganization in respiratory syncytial virus-infected a549 cells identified by high-resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. | the pneumovirus respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a leading cause of epidemic respiratory tract infection. upon entry, rsv replicates in the epithelial cytoplasm, initiating compensatory changes in cellular gene expression. in this study, we have investigated rsv-induced changes in the nuclear proteome of a549 alveolar type ii-like epithelial cells by high-resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2de). replicate 2d gels from uninfected and rsv-infected nuclei were compared for changes ... | 2004 | 15479789 |
| shifting immunodominance pattern of two cytotoxic t-lymphocyte epitopes in the f glycoprotein of the long strain of respiratory syncytial virus. | human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major cause of respiratory infection in children and in the elderly. the rsv fusion (f) glycoprotein has long been recognized as a vaccine candidate as it elicits cytotoxic t-lymphocyte (ctl) and antibody responses. two murine h-2k(d)-restricted ctl epitopes (f85-93 and f92-106) are known in the f protein of the a2 strain of rsv. f-specific ctl lines using bch4 fibroblasts that are persistently infected with the long strain of human rsv as stimulators ... | 2004 | 15483236 |
| the road to src. | more than a quarter of a century has elapsed since the identification of the c-src proto-oncogene. during that period, we have learned that cancer arises as the result of mutations in proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, and we are now seeing the first fruits of these discoveries, in the form of targeted therapies directed against activated tyrosine kinases such as bcr-abl, c-kit and the egf receptor. but the discovery of the c-src proto-oncogene was in turn based on decades of study on a ... | 2004 | 15489909 |
| ribavirin for respiratory syncytial virus infection of the lower respiratory tract in infants and young children. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a common cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants and is responsible for 100,000 hospitalizations annually. ribavirin is approved for treatment of these infections, but its use is controversial because of questions about its efficacy, concerns about occupational exposure, and its high cost. | 2004 | 15494991 |
| respiratory syncytial virus epidemiology in a birth cohort from kilifi district, kenya: infection during the first year of life. | we report estimates of incidence of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection during the first year of life for a birth cohort from rural, coastal kenya. a total of 338 recruits born between 21 january 2002 and 30 may 2002 were monitored for symptoms of respiratory infection by home visits and hospital referrals. nasal washings were screened by use of immunofluorescence. from 311 child-years of observation (cyo), 133 rsv infections were found, of which 48 were lower respiratory tract infection ... | 2004 | 15499540 |
| [etiology of atypical pneumonias in 2002. results of the croatian institute of public health]. | this investigation was performed at department of virology, croatian national institute of public health, the same diagnostic laboratory using the same serologic method as in earlier studies (in 1982 and 1992) to determine the incidence of the most common agents of atypical pneumonia in croatia between january 1 and december 31, 2002. | 2004 | 15503681 |
| development of gene-specific double-stranded rna drugs. | a relatively recent entrant into molecular biology--double-stranded rna (dsrna)--as a class exhibits a unique set of properties: relative stability, affinity for specific proteins and enzymes, ability to activate the interferon pathway and finally, rna interference (rnai). in rnai, unique double-stranded short interfering rna molecules (sirna) destroy the corresponding target rna with exquisite potency and selectivity, thus causing post-transcriptional gene silencing (ptgs). an understanding of ... | 2004 | 15513304 |
| appropriate prophylaxis with restrictive palivizumab regimen in preterm children in sweden. | palivizumab (synagis) was registered in sweden in 1999 for prophylaxis against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in premature infants. the high costs and the limited knowledge of the efficacy of this substance have led to debate about how and when it should be used. national guidelines for the use of palivizumab in sweden were constructed in the year 2000. the aim of this study was to evaluate the guidelines. | 2004 | 15513574 |
| severe respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in infancy and asthma and allergy at age 13. | we have prospectively studied wheezing disorder and allergy in 47 children hospitalized with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) bronchiolitis in infancy and 93 matched control subjects. subjects with at least three episodes of wheezing were defined as recurrent wheezers and as having asthma if the episodes were doctor verified. here we report the outcome at age 13 years in 46/47 children with rsv and 92/93 control subjects. wheezing disorder and clinical allergy were estimated using a questionnai ... | 2005 | 15516534 |
| [use of palivizumab for the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infections in children with congenital heart disease. recommendations from the french paediatric cardiac society]. | palivizumab is now authorized in france for prophylaxis of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections in infants with haemodynamically significant congenital cardiac disease. a multicentre randomised trial was shown that treatment was safe and effective for such children. the therapeutic protocol is similar to that used in preterm infants and consists of five, monthly, intramuscular injections of palivizumab, at a dose of 15 mg/kg, started 2 months before the onset of epidemic season. to guide ... | 2004 | 15519844 |
| the impact of splenectomy on antiviral t cell memory in mice. | the contribution of the spleen to protective antiviral t cell memory was studied using the mouse model of infection with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). virus-specific cd8+ memory t cells were induced by local (intranasal or intracutaneous) or systemic (intravenous) immunization using rsv or vaccinia virus-recombinants expressing an rsv protein. after all three routes of immunization, the spleen was clearly identified as the main anatomic compartment harbouring virus-specific memory t cells. ... | 2005 | 15520043 |
| prospective evaluation of a dot-blot enzyme immunoassay (directigen rsv) for the antigenic detection of respiratory syncytial virus from nasopharyngeal aspirates of paediatric patients. | this study investigated the efficacy of a commercial enzyme immunoassay (directigen rsv, colorpac) in comparison with the shell vial culture method (using hep-2 cells) for the detection of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in nasopharyngeal aspirates from children with bronchiolitis. during the period 1995-2002, 4950 samples were examined. rsv was detected in 1660 (33.5%) samples, with a sensitivity of 80.9%, a specificity of 97.5%, a positive predictive value of 93.8%, a negative predictive val ... | 2004 | 15521998 |
| respiratory syncytial virus and other pneumoviruses: a review of the international symposium--rsv 2003. | the respiratory syncytial virus 2003 symposium took place from 8th-11th november 2003 in stone mountain, georgia, and brought together more than 200 international investigators engaged in rsv research. rsv biology, pathogenesis, and clinical data, as well as rsv vaccines and antivirals, were addressed in the meeting, and this review will aim to briefly summarize and discuss the implications of new findings. the meeting also served as the inauguration of the robert m. chanock award for lifetime a ... | 2004 | 15522442 |
| [the anti-respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) effect of radix glycyrrhizae in vitro]. | to develop safe and effective anti-rsv new medicine from radix glycyrrhizae. | 2004 | 15524297 |
| evidence that the respiratory syncytial virus polymerase complex associates with lipid rafts in virus-infected cells: a proteomic analysis. | the interaction between the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) polymerase complex and lipid rafts was examined in hep2 cells. lipid-raft membranes were prepared from virus-infected cells and their protein content was analysed by western blotting and mass spectrometry. this analysis revealed the presence of the n, p, l, m2-1 and m proteins. however, these proteins appeared to differ from one another in their association with these structures, with the m2-1 protein showing a greater partitioning in ... | 2004 | 15527841 |
| replication-dependent potent ifn-alpha induction in human plasmacytoid dendritic cells by a single-stranded rna virus. | plasmacytoid dendritic cells sense viral ssrna or its degradation products via tlr7/8 and cpg motifs within viral dna via tlr9. although these two endosomal pathways operate independently of viral replication, little is known about the detection of actively replicating viruses in plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pdc). replication and transcription of the viral genome of ssrna viruses as well as many dna viruses lead to the formation of cytosolic dsrna absent in noninfected cells. in this study, we u ... | 2004 | 15528327 |
| anti-g protein antibody responses to respiratory syncytial virus infection or vaccination are associated with inhibition of g protein cx3c-cx3cr1 binding and leukocyte chemotaxis. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is an important cause of severe lower respiratory tract illness in infants and the elderly. presently, no safe and efficacious rsv vaccine exists; however, advances in our understanding of immunity and the pathogenesis of disease associated with rsv infection may lead to new vaccine strategies. rsv g protein contains a cx3c chemokine motif that interacts with the cx3cr1 chemokine receptor and modifies the activities of fractalkine. in the present study, we show ... | 2004 | 15529257 |
| variable resistance to palivizumab in cotton rats by respiratory syncytial virus mutants. | palivizumab (pz) is the only monoclonal antibody in use against a human infectious disease. pz is given as prophylaxis against infection with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). an rsv escape mutant, mp4, has been shown to resist pz prophylaxis in cotton rats. | 2004 | 15529258 |
| protective and disease-enhancing immune responses induced by recombinant modified vaccinia ankara (mva) expressing respiratory syncytial virus proteins. | modified vaccinia ankara (mva) recombinants expressing single or multiple rsv surface proteins (f or g) are promising potential vaccines. we studied humoral and cellular responses induced by mva-f and mva-g in mice, comparing them to a formalin inactivated rsv preparation (fi-rsv) known to increase disease severity. mva-f or mva-g vaccination enhanced weight loss during rsv challenge, but did not show the lung eosinophilia seen after fi-rsv vaccination. fi-rsv induced a stronger total rsv igg re ... | 2004 | 15531040 |
| do environmental pollutants influence the onset of respiratory syncytial virus epidemics or disease severity? | the trigger for annual epidemics of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections and the factors contributing to the disappearance of rsv infections in late winter remain obscure. similarly, there is no adequate explanation for the higher morbidity and admission rates in industrialised as compared with rural areas. it has been suggested that a variety of environmental factors such as temperature, daylight and humidity may influence the onset and waning of the epidemics. however, the few studies ... | 2004 | 15531259 |
| the neuroendocrine stress response and severity of acute respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in infancy. | neuroendocrine hormones have profound effects on the immune system. the immune response is a major factor in the pathogenesis of acute respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection. we hypothesised that there is a relationship between the neuroendocrine response in acute rsv infection, the severity of illness, and the degree of lymphopenia. | 2004 | 15536526 |
| activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor by respiratory syncytial virus results in increased inflammation and delayed apoptosis. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) preferentially infects lung epithelial cells. infection by rsv leads to an extended inflammatory response, characterized by the release of interleukin-8 (il-8). activation of erk map kinase is required for both rsv-induced inflammation and the extended survival of infected cells. in this study, we analyzed the role of the epidermal growth factor receptor (egfr) in rsv activation of erk. we demonstrate for the first time that rsv activates egfr in lung epithelial ... | 2005 | 15542601 |
| impact of human metapneumovirus in childhood: comparison with respiratory syncytial virus and influenza viruses. | this study evaluated the overall impact of human metapneumovirus (hmpv) infection in 1,505 children and their households, and compared it with infections due to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and influenza viruses. nasopharyngeal swabs were used at enrollment to collect specimens for the detection of hmpv, rsv, and influenza virus rna by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). hmpv was detected in 42 children (2.8%), rsv in 143 (9.5%; p < 0.0001 vs. hmpv), and influenza viru ... | 2005 | 15543589 |
| risk of bacterial infection in previously healthy respiratory syncytial virus-infected young children admitted to the intensive care unit. | to evaluate the risk of bacterial infection and use of antibiotics in otherwise healthy children infected with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) admitted to the intensive care unit (icu). | 2004 | 15545852 |
| rhinovirus-associated wheezing in infancy: comparison with respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. | there is increasing evidence that rhinoviruses (rv) are able to cause lower airway infections and to induce wheezing in young children. there are few data on the clinical characteristics of rv infections in infants. | 2004 | 15545853 |
| evaluation of combined live, attenuated respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza 3 virus vaccines in infants and young children. | we evaluated a combination respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and parainfluenza 3 virus (piv3) live, attenuated intranasal vaccine for safety, viral replication, and immunogenicity in doubly seronegative children 6-18 months old. rsv cpts-248/404 and piv3-cp45 vaccines were combined in a dose of 10(5) plaque-forming units of each per 0.5-ml dose and compared with monovalent vaccines or placebo. the virus shedding pattern of rsv was not different between monovalent rsv cpts-248/404 vaccine and com ... | 2004 | 15551207 |
| [etiological study on an outbreak of acute respiratory infection in children in beijing]. | an outbreak of acute respiratory infections in children occurred in beijing from november to december, 2002. to investigate the etiological agents of affected children who were in day care centers and primary schools. | 2004 | 15555388 |
| reduced clearance of respiratory syncytial virus infection in a preterm lamb model. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) causes significant respiratory disease in children worldwide. for the study of severe rsv disease seen in preterm infants, a suitable animal model is lacking. the novel hypothesis of this study was that preterm lambs are susceptible to bovine rsv (brsv) infection, an analogous pneumovirus with ruminant host specificity, and that there would be age-dependent differences in select rsv disease parameters. during rsv infection, preterm lambs had elevated temperature ... | 2004 | 15555538 |
| thermostability of the human respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein before and after activation: implications for the membrane-fusion mechanism. | anchorless fusion (f) proteins () of human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) are seen by electron microscopy as unaggregated cones when the proteolytic cleavage at two furin sites required for membrane-fusion activity is incomplete, but aggregate into rosettes of lollipop-shaped spikes following cleavage. to show that this aggregation occurred by interactions of the fusion peptide, a deletion mutant of lacking the first half of the fusion peptide was generated. this mutant remained unaggregated ... | 2004 | 15557241 |
| biochemical prevention and treatment of viral infections - a new paradigm in medicine for infectious diseases. | for two centuries, vaccination has been the dominating approach to develop prophylaxis against viral infections through immunological prevention. however, vaccines are not always possible to make, are ineffective for many viral infections, and also carry certain risk for a small, yet significant portion of the population. in the recent years, fda's approval and subsequent market acceptance of synagis, a monoclonal antibody indicated for prevention and treatment of respiratory syncytial virus (rs ... | 2004 | 15560846 |
| protein kinase c-alpha activity is required for respiratory syncytial virus fusion to human bronchial epithelial cells. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection activates protein kinase c (pkc), but the precise pkc isoform(s) involved and its role(s) remain to be elucidated. on the basis of the activation kinetics of different signaling pathways and the effect of various pkc inhibitors, it was reasoned that pkc activation is important in the early stages of rsv infection, especially rsv fusion and/or replication. herein, the role of pkc-alpha during the early stages of rsv infection in normal human bronchial e ... | 2004 | 15564481 |
| role of nedd4 and ubiquitination of rous sarcoma virus gag in budding of virus-like particles from cells. | rous sarcoma virus (rsv) budding requires an interaction of the l domain within the p2b region of gag with cellular nedd4-family e3 ubiquitin protein ligases. members of our laboratories previously demonstrated that overexpression of a fragment of the chicken nedd4-like protein (ldi-1 ww) inhibits gag release in a dominant-negative manner (a. kikonyogo, f. bouamr, m. l. vana, y. xiang, a. aiyar, c. carter, and j. leis, proc. natl. acad. sci. usa 98:11199-11204, 2001). we have now identified the ... | 2004 | 15564502 |
| a conformational epitope on the dimer of the fusion protein of respiratory syncytial virus detected in natural infections. | a murine monoclonal antibody (mab), 2d8, was used in immunofluorescence reactions to detect respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) antigen in clinical specimens. nasopharyngeal epithelial cells from 63 of 66 children with rsv infections reacted with this mab. the mab was further characterized and was demonstrated to recognize a conformational epitope on the dimer of the fusion protein of rsv. no reaction was detected with the mab, 2d8, on western blots of antigen prepared from rsv-infected hep-2 cell ... | 1994 | 15566745 |
| comparison of the rapid second generation directigen eia with cell culture and immunofluorescence for the detection of respiratory syncytial virus in nasopharyngeal aspirates. | a second generation-rsv enzyme immunoassay (eia) was compared with cell culture and immunofluorescence to determine the improved efficacy of this reformulated system. | 1994 | 15566758 |
| viral pathogens and clinical manifestations associated with acute lower respiratory tract infections in children of the sudan. | incomplete knowledge regarding the viral agents causing respiratory infections in children living in developing countries impedes diagnosis and management of patients. | 1994 | 15566766 |
| application of elisa for igm, iga and antigen detection for rapid diagnosis of respiratory syncytial virus infections: a comparative study. | infection with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) can be rapidly diagnosed by detection of viral antigen in nasopharyngeal secretions (nps) or serologically by detecting igm and iga antibodies. | 1995 | 15566784 |
| advances in the diagnosis of respiratory virus infections. | advances have been made in selecting sensitive cell lines for isolation, in early detection of respiratory virus growth in cells by rapid culture assays, in production of monoclonal antibodies to improve many tests such as immunofluorescence detection of virus antigens in nasopharyngeal aspirates, in highly sensitive antigen detections by time-resolved fluoroimmunoassays (tr-fias) and biotin-enzyme immunoassays (bioth-e), and, finally, in the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) detection of respirat ... | 1996 | 15566867 |
| detection of respiratory viruses in nasopharyngeal secretions with immunofluorescence technique for multiplex screening-an evaluation of the chemicon assay. | antigen detection with immunofluorescence is an efficient method for diagnosis of respiratory tract infections, but has previously not allowed for simple screening of many respiratory viruses. pools of monoclonal antibodies against various respiratory viruses are now available, and are potentially important tools for improvement of antigen detection in nasopharyngeal samples. | 1996 | 15566901 |
| respiratory syncytial virus deficient in soluble g protein induced an increased proinflammatory response in human lung epithelial cells. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is worldwide the single most important respiratory pathogen in infancy and early childhood. the g glycoprotein of rsv, named attachment protein, is produced by rsv-infected lung epithelial cells in both a membrane-anchored (mg protein) and a soluble form (sg protein) that is secreted by the epithelial cell. currently, the biological role of the sg protein in primary rsv infection is still elusive. therefore, we analyzed the inflammatory response of human lung ep ... | 2004 | 15567433 |
| relationship between respiratory syncytial virus infection and acute otitis media in children. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is among the major causes of respiratory tract infection in infants and young children, and concomitant acute otitis media (aom) often develops. however, there are only a few reports about aom associated with rsv infection. | 2004 | 15571905 |
| economic analysis of palivizumab in infants with congenital heart disease. | palivizumab has been shown to reduce the number of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)-related hospitalizations by 45% in children with congenital heart disease (chd). the american academy of pediatrics has recommended that infants with hemodynamically significant chd be considered for palivizumab. however, the economic implications of palivizumab prophylaxis in the chd population have not been evaluated. in the present study, we sought to examine the cost savings and cost utility of rsv prophylax ... | 2004 | 15574622 |
| direct cost analyses of palivizumab treatment in a cohort of at-risk children: evidence from the north carolina medicaid program. | use of palivizumab prophylactic therapy reduces the occurrence of hospitalizations for serious respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) lower respiratory tract infections in at-risk infants. the direct cost-benefit of palivizumab prophylaxis for infants who are born at 32 to 35 weeks' estimated gestational age (ega) during their first year of life has not been systematically examined. the objective of this study was to compare the direct costs of palivizumab prophylaxis and rsv treatment in infants who ... | 2004 | 15574623 |
| identifying risk factors for severe respiratory syncytial virus among infants born after 33 through 35 completed weeks of gestation: different methodologies yield consistent findings. | prematurity is a proven risk factor for severe respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection. prematurity leads to an increased need for, and duration of, hospital admission, intensive care, mechanical ventilation and supplemental oxygen, as well as increased mortality. | 2004 | 15577573 |
| the changing epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus and influenza: impetus for new control measures. | influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) are the most important causes of medically attended acute respiratory illnesses. medical encounters for acute respiratory illness peak each winter, coinciding with the peak of influenza activity. rsv is the most important cause of hospitalization of infants for acute lower respiratory illness. | 2004 | 15577574 |
| animal models for studying respiratory syncytial virus infection and its long term effects on lung function. | human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) infection causes a spectrum of illnesses ranging from mild infection to life-threatening bronchiolitis and respiratory failure. human studies on the pathogenesis of rsv infection are invaluable, but animal models permit advances with the use of experimental strategies that would be inappropriate in human studies. | 2004 | 15577578 |
| immunization against viral respiratory disease: a review. | healthy and at risk children are susceptible to the morbidity and mortality associated with viral-induced respiratory diseases, including respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and influenza. the world health organization is attempting to develop and distribute effective vaccines to prevent/reduce key viral respiratory diseases. | 2004 | 15577581 |
| cooperativity of actin and microtubule elements during replication of respiratory syncytial virus. | many paramyxoviruses appear to require cytoskeletal elements for particular steps in the virus life cycle. measles virus and sendai virus exhibit a requirement for microtubules in replication in vitro, whereas parainfluenza virus type 3 and rsv require actin for replication. to further elucidate the role of cytoskeletal function and rearrangement in the viral life cycle of rsv, we investigated the efficiency of virus entry, transcription, replication, and budding in the presence of a variety of ... | 2005 | 15582654 |
| practical implementation of a multiplex pcr for acute respiratory tract infections in children. | molecular testing for acute respiratory infections (aris) has documented value but limited implementation due to questions that typically slow the acceptance of new tests. this study sought to address these questions and achieve implementation. rhinovirus was added to a nested multiplex pcr (m-pcr), increasing its diagnostic yield. over one winter, three hospital pediatric departments used the m-pcr to complement their direct fluorescent-antibody assay (dfa) for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) ... | 2004 | 15583287 |
| a review of the effects of breastfeeding on respiratory infections, atopy, and childhood asthma. | the etiology of childhood asthma is not fully understood. early exposure to certain respiratory infections may be protective for atopy and/or asthma whereas some infections have been suggested to exert the opposite effects. wheezing lower respiratory illness (lri) in the first year of life and atopy are independently associated with increased risk for current asthma in childhood and their effects are mediated via different causal pathways. these risk factors are multiplicative when they operate ... | 2004 | 15584310 |
| respiratory syncytial virus-induced exaggeration of allergic airway disease is dependent upon ccr1-associated immune responses. | severe respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection has a significant impact on airway function, and may alter subsequent development of asthma. ccr1 mrna was significantly up-regulated during primary rsv infection in balb/c mice, and was also up-regulated during allergen exposure in sensitized mice. although ccr1(-/-) mice exhibited similar levels of airway hyperresponsiveness (ahr) as wild-type mice in response to cockroach allergen alone, in animals treated with rsv prior to cockroach antigen ... | 2005 | 15593301 |