| in vitro antibacterial activity of ceftobiprole against clinical isolates from french teaching hospitals: proposition of zone diameter breakpoints. | the aims of this study were to determine the in vitro activity profile of ceftobiprole, a pyrrolidinone cephalosporin, against a large number of bacterial pathogens and to propose zone diameter breakpoints for clinical categorisation according to the european committee on antimicrobial susceptibility testing (eucast) minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) breakpoints. mics of ceftobiprole were determined by broth microdilution against 1548 clinical isolates collected in eight french hospitals. d ... | 2011 | 21295447 |
| structural variations within the transferrin binding site on transferrin-binding protein b, tbpb. | pathogenic bacteria acquire the essential element iron through specialized uptake pathways that are necessary in the iron-limiting environments of the host. members of the gram-negative neisseriaceae and pasteurellaceae families have adapted to acquire iron from the host iron binding glycoprotein, transferrin (tf), through a receptor complex comprised of transferring-binding protein (tbp) a and b. because of the critical role they play in the host, these surface-exposed proteins are invariably p ... | 2011 | 21297163 |
| neisseria meningitidis has two independent modes of recognizing its human receptor ceacam1. | several human-restricted gram-negative bacteria exploit carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecules (ceacams) for host colonization. for example, neisseria meningitidis engages these human receptors via outer membrane proteins of the colony opacity-associated (opa) protein family triggering internalization into non-phagocytic cells. | 2011 | 21298042 |
| a multicentre surveillance study on the characteristics, bacterial aetiologies and in vitro antibiotic susceptibilities in patients with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. | antimicrobial resistance is a global problem and the prevalence is high in many asian countries. | 2011 | 21299688 |
| a novel immunity system for bacterial nucleic acid degrading toxins and its recruitment in various eukaryotic and dna viral systems. | the use of nucleases as toxins for defense, offense or addiction of selfish elements is widely encountered across all life forms. using sensitive sequence profile analysis methods, we characterize a novel superfamily (the sukh superfamily) that unites a diverse group of proteins including smi1/knr4, pgs2, fbxo3, skip16, syd, herpesviral us22, irs1 and trs1, and their bacterial homologs. using contextual analysis we present evidence that the bacterial members of this superfamily are potential imm ... | 2011 | 21306995 |
| adenoid reservoir for pathogenic biofilm bacteria. | biofilms of pathogenic bacteria are present on the middle ear mucosa of children with chronic otitis media (com) and may contribute to the persistence of pathogens and the recalcitrance of com to antibiotic treatment. controlled studies indicate that adenoidectomy is effective in the treatment of com, suggesting that the adenoids may act as a reservoir for com pathogens. to investigate the bacterial community in the adenoid, samples were obtained from 35 children undergoing adenoidectomy for chr ... | 2011 | 21307211 |
| investigation of the human pathogen acinetobacter baumannii under iron limiting conditions. | iron acquisition systems are important virulence factors in pathogenic bacteria. to identify these systems in acinetobacter baumannii, the transcriptomic response of the completely sequenced strain atcc 17978 under iron limiting conditions was investigated using a genomic microarray that contained probes for all annotated open reading frames. | 2011 | 21342532 |
| multistep resistance development studies of ceftaroline in gram-positive and -negative bacteria. | ceftaroline, the active component of the prodrug ceftaroline fosamil, is a novel broad-spectrum cephalosporin with bactericidal activity against gram-positive and -negative isolates. this study evaluated the potential for ceftaroline and comparator antibiotics to select for clones of streptococcus pneumoniae, streptococcus pyogenes, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, klebsiella pneumoniae, staphylococcus aureus, and enterococcus faecalis with elevated mics. s. pneumoniae and s. pyoge ... | 2011 | 21343467 |
| antibiogram pattern of moraxella catarrhalis isolates in acute exacerbation chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. | | 2011 | 21346354 |
| fastidious gram-negatives: identification by the vitek 2 neisseria-haemophilus card and by partial 16s rrna gene sequencing analysis. | taxonomy and identification of fastidious gram negatives are evolving and challenging. we compared identifications achieved with the vitek 2 neisseria-haemophilus (nh) card and partial 16s rrna gene sequence (526 bp stretch) analysis with identifications obtained with extensive phenotypic characterization using 100 fastidious gram negative bacteria. seventy-five strains represented 21 of the 26 taxa included in the vitek 2 nh database and 25 strains represented related species not included in th ... | 2010 | 21347215 |
| effects of bacterial infection on airway antimicrobial peptides and proteins in copd. | pathogenic bacteria colonize the airways of 30% to 40% of patients with copd and cause approximately 50% of exacerbations. new strains of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) and moraxella catarrhalis are associated with exacerbations. antimicrobial protein/peptides (amps) play important roles in innate lung defense against pathogens. to our knowledge, the changes in amp baseline levels in respiratory secretions during bacterial colonization and exacerbation have not been described. the obj ... | 2011 | 21349930 |
| microbial manipulation of receptor crosstalk in innate immunity. | in the arms race of host-microbe co-evolution, successful microbial pathogens have evolved ingenious ways to evade host immune responses. in this review, we focus on 'crosstalk manipulation' - the microbial strategies that instigate, subvert or disrupt the molecular signalling crosstalk between receptors of the innate immune system. this proactive interference undermines host defences and contributes to microbial adaptive fitness and persistent infections. understanding how pathogens exploit hos ... | 2011 | 21350579 |
| inhibitory activity of a standardized elderberry liquid extract against clinically-relevant human respiratory bacterial pathogens and influenza a and b viruses. | black elderberries (sambucus nigra l.) are well known as supportive agents against common cold and influenza. it is further known that bacterial super-infection during an influenza virus (iv) infection can lead to severe pneumonia. we have analyzed a standardized elderberry extract (rubini, berrypharma ag) for its antimicrobial and antiviral activity using the microtitre broth micro-dilution assay against three gram-positive bacteria and one gram-negative bacteria responsible for infections of t ... | 2011 | 21352539 |
| modified real-time pcr for detecting, differentiating, and quantifying ureaplasma urealyticum and ureaplasma parvum. | we evaluated a previously described quantitative real-time pcr (qpcr) for quantifying and differentiating ureaplasma parvum and u. urealyticum. because of nonspecific reactions with staphylococcus aureus dna in the u. parvum pcr, we developed a modified qpcr and designed new primers. these oligonucleotides eradicated cross-reactions, indicating higher specificity. the detection limits of the qpcr were determined at 1 and 3 colony-forming units/ml for u. parvum and u. urealyticum, respectively. t ... | 2011 | 21354056 |
| detection of nasba amplified bacterial tmrna molecules on slicsel designed microarray probes. | we present a comprehensive technological solution for bacterial diagnostics using tmrna as a marker molecule. a robust probe design algorithm for microbial detection microarray is implemented. the probes were evaluated for specificity and, combined with nasba (nucleic acid sequence based amplification) amplification, for sensitivity. | 2011 | 21356118 |
| microbiology of sinusitis. | most sinus infections are viral, and only a small proportion develops a secondary bacterial infection. rhinoviruses, influenza viruses, and parainfluenza viruses are the most common causes of sinusitis. the most common bacteria isolated from pediatric and adult patients with community-acquired acute purulent sinusitis are streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, and streptococcus pyogenes. staphylococcus aureus and anaerobic bacteria (prevotella and porphyromonas, ... | 2011 | 21364226 |
| clinical and microbiological evaluation of hemodialysis-associated pneumonia (hdap): should hdap be included in healthcare-associated pneumonia? | although hemodialysis-associated pneumonia (hdap) was included among the healthcare-associated pneumonias (hcap) in the 2005 american thoracic society (ats)/infectious diseases society of america (idsa) guideline, little information relevant to clinical epidemiology, especially microbiological characteristics, is available. this study aimed to reveal microbiological characteristics and clinical outcomes of hdap and to assess whether hdap should be included in the hcap category. we retrospectivel ... | 2011 | 21369775 |
| exploring the oral microbiota of children at various developmental stages of their dentition in the relation to their oral health. | an understanding of the relation of commensal microbiota to health is essential in preventing disease. here we studied the oral microbial composition of children (n = 74, aged 3 - 18 years) in natural transition from their deciduous to a permanent dentition and related the microbial profiles to their oral health status. the microbial composition of saliva was assessed by barcoded pyrosequencing of the v5-v6 hypervariable regions of the 16 s rrna, as well as by using phylogenetic microarrays. | 2011 | 21371338 |
| rna-oligonucleotide quantification technique (roqt) for the enumeration of uncultivated bacterial species in subgingival biofilms. | approximately 35% of the species present in subgingival biofilms are as yet uncultivated, so their role in periodontal pathogenesis is unknown. the aim of the present study was to develop a high throughput method to quantify a wide range of cultivated and uncultivated taxa in subgingival biofilm samples associated with periodontal disease or health. oligonucleotides targeting the 16s ribosomal dna gene were designed, synthesized and labeled with digoxigenin. these probes were hybridized with the ... | 2011 | 21375703 |
| in vitro activity of ceftaroline against gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens isolated from patients in canadian hospitals in 2009. | the in vitro activities of ceftaroline and comparative agents were determined for a collection of the most frequently isolated bacterial pathogens from hospital-associated patients across canada in 2009 as part of the ongoing canward surveillance study. in total, 4,546 isolates from 15 sentinel canadian hospital laboratories were tested using the clinical and laboratory standards institute (clsi) broth microdilution method. compared with other cephalosporins, including ceftobiprole, cefepime, an ... | 2011 | 21402844 |
| severe pneumococcal pneumonia: impact of new quinolones on prognosis. | most guidelines have been proposing, for more than 15 years, a ß-lactam combined with either a quinolone or a macrolide as empirical, first-line therapy of severe community acquired pneumonia (cap) requiring icu admission. our goal was to evaluate the outcome of patients with severe cap, focusing on the impact of new rather than old fluoroquinolones combined with ß-lactam in the empirical antimicrobial treatments. | 2011 | 21406091 |
| nationwide surveillance of bacterial respiratory pathogens conducted by the japanese society of chemotherapy in 2008: general view of the pathogens' antibacterial susceptibility. | for the purpose of nationwide surveillance of the antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial respiratory pathogens collected from patients in japan, the japanese society of chemotherapy conducted a third year of nationwide surveillance during the period from january to april 2008. a total of 1,097 strains were collected from clinical specimens obtained from well-diagnosed adult patients with respiratory tract infections. susceptibility testing was evaluable with 987 strains (189 staphylococcus au ... | 2011 | 21409533 |
| ceftaroline: a comprehensive update. | ceftaroline is a novel broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic currently under us food and drug administration (fda) review for a new drug application (nda), filed by cerexa, inc. (a wholly owned subsidiary of forest laboratories), for the treatment of complicated skin and skin-structure infections (csssis) and community-associated pneumonia (cap). the antibiotic acts by binding to penicillin-binding proteins in bacteria, consistent with other ß-lactams. the antimicrobial spectrum of ceftaroline ... | 2011 | 21420284 |
| [in vitro activity of sitafloxacin against clinical isolates in 2009]. | in vitro activity of sitafloxacin (stfx) and various oral antimicrobial agents against bacterial isolates recovered from clinical specimens between january and december 2009, at different healthcare facilities in japan was evaluated. a total of 1,620 isolates including aerobic and anaerobic organisms was available for the susceptibility testing using the microbroth dilution methods recommended by clinical laboratory standard institute. the minimum inhibitory concentration of stfx at which 90% of ... | 2010 | 21425595 |
| the moraxella catarrhalis nitric oxide reductase is essential for nitric oxide detoxification. | moraxella catarrhalis is a gram-negative obligate aerobe that is an important cause of human respiratory tract infections. the m. catarrhalis genome encodes a predicted truncated denitrification pathway that reduces nitrate to nitrous oxide. we have previously shown that expression of both the m. catarrhalis ania (encoding a nitrite reductase) and norb (encoding a putative nitric oxide reductase) genes is repressed by the transcriptional regulator nsrr under aerobic conditions and that m. catarr ... | 2011 | 21441505 |
| preventing and treating secondary bacterial infections with antiviral agents. | bacterial super-infections contribute to the significant morbidity and mortality associated with influenza and other respiratory virus infections. there are robust animal model data, but only limited clinical information on the effectiveness of licensed antiviral agents for the treatment of bacterial complications of influenza. the association of secondary bacterial pathogens with fatal pneumonia during the recent h1n1 influenza pandemic highlights the need for new development in this area. basi ... | 2011 | 21447860 |
| airway microbiology and host defences in paediatric non-cf bronchiectasis. | bronchiectasis in children without cystic fibrosis is most common in socioeconomically disadvantaged communities. recurrent pneumonia in early childhood and defective pulmonary defences are important risk factors. these help establish a 'vicious cycle' of impaired mucociliary clearance, infection, airway inflammation and progressive lung injury. haemophilus influenzae, streptococcus pneumoniae, moraxella catarrhalis and pseudomonas aeruginosa are the main infecting pathogens. h. influenzae predo ... | 2011 | 21458739 |
| interpreting assays for the detection of streptococcus pneumoniae. | streptococcus pneumoniae is both an aggressive pathogen and a normal part of the human respiratory microbiome. clinicians and microbiologists have struggled to develop tests that can identify pneumococcal respiratory infection and accurately distinguish colonization from invasive disease. molecular methods hold the promise of an improved ability to rapidly detect microorganisms in respiratory secretions and to make an accurate diagnosis; however, interpretation of diagnostic testing for s. pneum ... | 2011 | 21460292 |
| consumption patterns and in vitro resistance of streptococcus pneumoniae to fluoroquinolones. | this article analyzes patterns of consumption of fluoroquinolones and documents the in vitro resistances of streptococcus pneumoniae isolates to fluoroquinolones in the ambulatory care setting in belgium over time. the volume of fluoroquinolone consumption has fallen consistently since 2003. fluoroquinolones were used primarily for their registered indications (i.e., urinary tract infections and lower respiratory tract infections). the mic distributions of moxifloxacin and levofloxacin in s. pne ... | 2011 | 21464243 |
| in vitro and in vivo profiles of ach-702, an isothiazoloquinolone, against bacterial pathogens. | ach-702, a novel isothiazoloquinolone (itq), was assessed for antibacterial activity against a panel of gram-positive and gram-negative clinical isolates and found to possess broad-spectrum activity, especially against antibiotic-resistant gram-positive strains, including methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa). for gram-negative bacteria, ach-702 showed exceptional potency against haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, and a neisseria sp. but was less active against members o ... | 2011 | 21464250 |
| clinical impact of combined viral and bacterial infection in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. | new methods for identifying respiratory pathogens have led to several reports of a high yield of mixed infections in patients with community-acquired pneumonia (cap). the clinical impact of these findings has, however, not been fully evaluated. we aimed to compare patients with a pure bacterial etiology with those with findings of both bacteria and virus regarding severity of illness and length of hospital stay. | 2011 | 21466255 |
| value of procalcitonin, c-reactive protein, and neopterin in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. | the identification of biological markers in order to assess different aspects of copd is an area of growing interest. the objective of this study was to investigate whether levels of procalcitonin (pct), c-reactive protein (crp), and neopterin in copd patients could be useful in identifying the etiological origin of the exacerbation and assessing its prognosis. | 2011 | 21468168 |
| detection of microorganisms in exhaled breath condensate during acute exacerbations of copd. | summary at a glance: exhaled breath condensate (ebc) is a noninvasive method to assess airway biology. the aim of the present study was to evaluate ebc for the detection of microbial nucleic acids during acute exacerbations of copd (aecopd). bacterial nucleic acids can be identified in ebcs of copd patients with exacerbations, however, the results differed significantly from those of sputum. abstract: background and objective: one hallmark of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) is colo ... | 2011 | 21470340 |
| neisseria meningitidis adhesin nada targets {beta}1 integrins: functional similarity to yersinia invasin. | meningococci are facultative-pathogenic bacteria endowed with a set of adhesins allowing colonization of the human upper respiratory tract, leading to fulminant meningitis and septicemia. the neisseria adhesin nada was identified in about 50% of n. meningitidis isolates and is closely related to the yersinia adhesin yada, the prototype of the oligomeric coiled-coil adhesin (oca) family. nada is known to be involved in cell adhesion, invasion, and induction of proinflammatory cytokines. because o ... | 2011 | 21471204 |
| sore throat. | about 10% of people present to primary healthcare services with sore throat each year. the causative organisms of sore throat may be bacteria (most commonly streptococcus) or viruses (typically rhinovirus), although it is difficult to distinguish bacterial from viral infections clinically. methods and outcomes: we conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical questions: what are the effects of interventions to reduce symptoms of acute infective sore throat? what are th ... | 2011 | 21477389 |
| ceftaroline fosamil: a new broad-spectrum cephalosporin. | ceftaroline fosamil, the prodrug of the active metabolite, ceftaroline, is a new, broad-spectrum cephalosporin recently approved in the usa for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (absssis) and community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (cabp). ceftaroline has potent in vitro activity against gram-positive organisms, including methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus pneumoniae, as well as common gram-negative organisms. the high affinity of cefta ... | 2011 | 21482565 |
| changing needs of community-acquired pneumonia. | community-acquired pneumonia (cap) is a serious condition associated with significant morbidity and potential long-term mortality. although the majority of patients with cap are treated as outpatients, the greatest proportion of pneumonia-related mortality and healthcare expenditure occurs among the patients who are hospitalized. there has been considerable interest in determining risk factors and severity criteria assessments to assist with site-of-care decisions. for both inpatients and outpat ... | 2011 | 21482567 |
| comparative ceftaroline activity tested against pathogens associated with community-acquired pneumonia: results from an international surveillance study. | to document the spectrum of activity of ceftaroline, the active form of the prodrug, ceftaroline fosamil, a new cephalosporin with anti-methicillin-resistant staphylococcal activity, against a surveillance collection of clinical isolates obtained from the usa and europe during 2008-09. | 2011 | 21482572 |
| microbiology of animal bite wound infections. | the microbiology of animal bite wound infections in humans is often polymicrobial, with a broad mixture of aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms. bacteria recovered from infected bite wounds are most often reflective of the oral flora of the biting animal, which can also be influenced by the microbiome of their ingested prey and other foods. bacteria may also originate from the victim's own skin or the physical environment at the time of injury. our review has focused on bite wound infections in ... | 2011 | 21482724 |
| a conserved interaction between transferrin and transferrin-binding proteins from porcine pathogens. | gram-negative porcine pathogens from the pasteurellaceae family possess a surface receptor complex capable of acquiring iron from porcine transferrin (ptf). this receptor consists of transferrin binding protein a (tbpa), a transmembrane iron transporter, and tbpb, a surface-exposed lipoprotein. questions remain as to how the receptor complex engages ptf in such a way that iron is positioned for release, and whether divergent strains present distinct recognition sites on tf. in this study, the tb ... | 2011 | 21487007 |
| adhesion and host cell modulation: critical pathogenicity determinants of bartonella henselae. | abstract: bartonella henselae, the agent of cat scratch disease and the vasculoproliferative disorders bacillary angiomatosis and peliosis hepatis, contains to date two groups of described pathogenicity factors: adhesins and type iv secretion systems. bartonella adhesin a (bada), the trw system and possibly filamentous hemagglutinin act as promiscous or specific adhesins, whereas the virulence locus (vir)b/vird4 type iv secretion system modulates a variety of host cell functions. bada mediates b ... | 2011 | 21489243 |
| bacteriological findings and antimicrobial resistance in odontogenic and non-odontogenic chronic maxillary sinusitis. | the main objectives of this study were to estimate the frequency of chronic maxillary sinusitis of dental origin, and to evaluate the microbiology of odontogenic and non-odontogenic chronic maxillary sinusitis. aspirates of 59 patients with chronic maxillary sinusitis (47 non-odontogenic, 12 odontogenic), collected during a 3-year period, were microbiologically processed for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. moreover, in the isolated bacteria the antimicrobial susceptibility was evaluated. in this ... | 2011 | 21498651 |
| risk factors for serotype 19a carriage after introduction of 7-valent pneumococcal vaccination. | abstract: | 2011 | 21501471 |
| mutant lipooligosaccharide-based conjugate vaccine demonstrates a broad-spectrum effectiveness against moraxella catarrhalis. | there is no licensed vaccine available against moraxella catarrhalis, an exclusive human pathogen responsible for otitis media in children and respiratory infections in adults. we previously developed conjugate vaccine candidates based on lipooligosaccharides (loss) of m. catarrhalis serotypes a, b, and c, each of which was shown to cover a portion of the clinical strains. to generate conserved los antigens and eliminate a potential autoimmune response to a similar epitope between m. catarrhalis ... | 2011 | 21501641 |
| pneumonia caused by moraxella catarrhalis in haematopoietic stem cell transplant patients. report of two cases and review of the literature. | moraxella catarrhalis is a gram negative diplococcus that causes a variety of upper and lower respiratory tract infections. patients with malignant, hematological disorders treated with intensive cytotoxic chemotherapy, and recipients of various forms of haematopoietic stem cell transplant receiving immunosuppressive agents are at high risk of developing severe infections and septic complications. early detection of the organism and prompt treatment with appropriate antibiotics provide both reso ... | 2007 | 21503215 |
| sitafloxacin: in bacterial infections. | sitafloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibacterial with in vitro activity against a broad range of gram-positive and -negative bacteria, including anaerobic bacteria, as well as against atypical pathogens. it is approved in japan for use in a number of bacterial infections caused by sitafloxacin-susceptible strains of staphylococcus spp., streptococcus pneumoniae, other streptococcus spp., enterococcus spp., moraxella catarrhalis, escherichia coli, citrobacter spp., klebsiella spp., enterobacter sp ... | 2011 | 21504249 |
| comparative study of immune status to infectious agents in elderly patients with multiple myeloma, waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. | whereas patients with multiple myeloma (mm) have a well-documented susceptibility to infections, this has been less studied in other b-cell disorders, such as waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (wm) and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (mgus). we investigated the humoral immunity to 24 different pathogens in elderly patients with mm (n = 25), wm (n = 16), and mgus (n = 18) and in age-matched controls (n = 20). antibody titers against pneumococci, staphylococcal alpha-toxin, tetanu ... | 2011 | 21508164 |
| splunc1 promotes lung innate defense against mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in mice. | short palate, lung, and nasal epithelium clone 1 (splunc1) protein is highly expressed in normal airways, but is dramatically decreased in allergic and cigarette smoke exposure settings. we have previously demonstrated splunc1 in vitro antibacterial property against mycoplasma pneumoniae (mp). however, its in vivo biological functions remain unclear. the objectives of this study were to determine the in vivo functions of splunc1 following bacterial (eg, mp) infection, and to examine the underlyi ... | 2011 | 21514430 |
| pathogen yield and antimicrobial resistance patterns of chronic rhinosinusitis patients presenting to a tertiary rhinology centre. | to examine the yield and resistance profile of pathogens in chronic rhinosinusitis (crs) patients receiving culture-directed management and to pay particular attention to the prevalence of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) in this population. | 2011 | 21518646 |
| antimicrobial resistance in urinary tract pathogens in canada from 2007 to 2009: canward surveillance study. | from january 2007 to december 2009 an annual canadian national surveillance study (canward) tested 2943 urinary culture pathogens for antimicrobial susceptibilities following clinical and laboratory standards institute (clsi) guidelines. the most frequently isolated urinary pathogens (n, % of all isolates) were escherichia coli (1581, 54%), enterococci (410, 14%), klebsiella pneumoniae (274, 9%), proteus mirabilis (122, 4%), pseudomonas aeruginosa (100, 3%), and staphylococcus aureus (80, 3%). r ... | 2011 | 21537027 |
| characterization of a cryptic plasmid psm429 and its application for heterologous expression in psychrophilic pseudoalteromonas. | abstract: background: pseudoalteromonas is an important genus widespread in marine environment, and a lot of psychrophilic pseudoalteromonas strains thrive in deep sea and polar sea. by now, there are only a few genetic systems for pseudoalteromonas reported and no commercial pseudoalteromonas genetic system is available, which impedes the study of pseudoalteromonas, especially for psychrophilic strains. the aim of this study is to develop a heterologous expression system for psychrophilic pseud ... | 2011 | 21542941 |
| the rna chaperone hfq is important for growth and stress tolerance in francisella novicida. | the rna-binding protein hfq is recognized as an important regulatory factor in a variety of cellular processes, including stress resistance and pathogenesis. hfq has been shown in several bacteria to interact with small regulatory rnas and act as a post-transcriptional regulator of mrna stability and translation. here we examined the impact of hfq on growth, stress tolerance, and gene expression in the intracellular pathogen francisella novicida. we present evidence of hfq involvement in the abi ... | 2011 | 21573133 |
| helicobacter pylori alpa and alpb bind host laminin and influence gastric inflammation in gerbils. | helicobacter pylori persistently colonizes humans, causing gastritis, ulcers, and gastric cancer. adherence to the gastric epithelium has been shown to enhance inflammation, yet only a few h. pylori adhesins have been paired with targets in host tissue. the alpab locus has been reported to encode adhesins involved in adherence to human gastric tissue. we report that abrogation of h. pylori alpa and alpb reduces binding of h. pylori to laminin, while expression of plasmid-borne alpa confers lamin ... | 2011 | 21576328 |
| moraxella catarrhalis outer membrane vesicles carry beta-lactamase and promote survival of streptococcus pneumoniae and haemophilus influenzae by inactivating amoxicillin. | moraxella catarrhalis is a common pathogen found in children with upper respiratory tract infections, and in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease during exacerbations. the bacterial species is often isolated together with streptococcus pneumoniae and haemophilus influenzae. outer membrane vesicles (omv) are released by m. catarrhalis and contain phospholipids, adhesins, and immunomodulatory compounds such as lipooligosaccharide. we have recently shown that m. catarrhalis omv exist ... | 2011 | 21576428 |
| ceftaroline versus ceftriaxone in a highly penicillin-resistant pneumococcal pneumonia rabbit model using simulated human dosing. | ceftaroline (cpt) is a new cephalosporin exhibiting bactericidal activity against gram-positive organisms, including methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) and multidrug-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae (mdrsp), as well as common gram-negative pathogens. this study investigated in vivo efficacy of a 48-hour simulated human-dose regimen of cpt compared with ceftriaxone (cro) against isolates of s. pneumoniae varying in susceptibility to penicillin in a rabbit pneumonia model. three ... | 2011 | 21576444 |
| investigating the potential of conserved inner core oligosaccharide regions of moraxella catarrhalis lipopolysaccharide as vaccine antigens: accessibility and functional activity of monoclonal antibodies and glycoconjugate derived sera. | we investigated the conservation and antibody accessibility of inner core epitopes of moraxella catarrhalis lipopolysaccharide (lps) in order to assess their potential as vaccine candidates. two lps mutants, a single mutant designated lgt2 and a double mutant termed lgt2/lgt4, elaborating truncated inner core structures were generated in order to preclude expression of host-like outer core structures and to create an inner core structure that was shared by all three serotypes a, b and c of m. ca ... | 2011 | 21590368 |
| evaluation of a single tube multiplex real-time pcr for differentiation of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in clinical specimens. | members of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (mtbc) differ in virulence attributes, drug resistance patterns, and host preferences. the rapid differentiation of these species to determine zoonotic or human sources of tuberculosis disease or to direct treatment can benefit both public health and patient management. commercially available assays cannot differentiate these species and published assays have not been evaluated directly on clinical specimens. a real-time pcr assay for the differe ... | 2011 | 21593269 |
| crowding and other strong predictors of upper respiratory tract carriage of otitis media-related bacteria in australian aboriginal and non-aboriginal children. | background:: streptococcus pneumoniae, moraxella catarrhalis, and nontypeable haemophilus influenzae is associated with otitis media (om). data are limited on risk factors for carriage of these pathogens, particularly for indigenous populations. we investigated predictors of nasopharyngeal carriage in australian aboriginal and non-aboriginal children. methods:: nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected up to 7 times before age 2 years from 100 aboriginal and 180 non-aboriginal children. longitudin ... | 2011 | 21593705 |
| extracellular matrix formation enhances the ability of streptococcus pneumoniae to cause invasive disease. | during infection, pneumococci exist mainly in sessile biofilms rather than in planktonic form, except during sepsis. however, relatively little is known about how biofilms contribute to pneumococcal pathogenesis. here, we carried out a biofilm assay on opaque and transparent variants of a clinical serotype 19f strain wch159. after 4 days incubation, scanning electron microscopy revealed that opaque biofilm bacteria produced an extracellular matrix, whereas the transparent variant did not. the op ... | 2011 | 21611130 |
| exacerbation of cigarette smoke-induced pulmonary inflammation by staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin b in mice. | abstract: background: cigarette smoke (cs) is a major risk factor for the development of copd. cs exposure is associated with an increased risk of bacterial colonization and respiratory tract infection, because of suppressed antibacterial activities of the immune system and delayed clearance of microbial agents from the lungs. colonization with staphylococcus aureus results in release of virulent enterotoxins, with superantigen activity which causes t cell activation. objective: to study the eff ... | 2011 | 21615971 |
| intragenomic and intraspecific heterogeneity of the 16s rrna gene in seven bacterial species from the respiratory tract of cystic fibrosis patients assessed by pcr-temporal temperature gel electrophoresis. | 16s rrna gene-based cultivation-independent methods are increasingly used to study the diversity of microbiota during health and disease. one bias of these methods is the variability of 16s rrna gene that may exist among strains of a same species (intraspecific heterogeneity) or between rrs copies in a genome (intragenomic heterogeneity). we evaluated the level of intraspecific and intragenomic 16s rdna variability in seven species frequently encountered in respiratory tract samples in cystic fi ... | 2011 | 21621347 |
| [acting in pulmonary infections in ambulatory practice at adult]. | the clinical manifestations (both symptoms and signs) of infections of respiratory tract disease are limited and not specific to the cause. however, there is no universal approach, and good clinical judgment is often essential. most people have approximately three colds per year, of which 70% result from viral origin. it should be stressed that a confident diagnosis of pneumonia is difficult outside the hospital. very often the most important clinical questions are whether an antibiotic should b ... | 2010 | 21612048 |
| chronic granulomatous disease: a review of the infectious and inflammatory complications. | abstract: chronic granulomatous disease is the most commonly encountered immunodeficiency involving the phagocyte, and is characterized by repeated infections with bacterial and fungal pathogens, as well as the formation of granulomas in tissue. the disease is the result of a disorder of the nadph oxidase system, culminating in an inability of the phagocyte to generate superoxide, leading to the defective killing of pathogenic organisms. this can lead to infections with staphylococcus aureus, ps ... | 2011 | 21624140 |
| microbiology of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in children with acute nonresponding or recurrent community-acquired pneumonia: identification of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae as a major pathogen. | background. precise etiologic diagnosis in pediatric community-acquired pneumonia (cap) remains challenging. methods. we conducted a retrospective study of cap etiology in 2 groups of pediatric patients who underwent flexible bronchoscopy (fob) with bronchoalveolar lavage (bal); children with acute nonresponsive cap (nr-cap; n = 127) or recurrent cap (rec-cap; n = 123). procedural measures were taken to limit contamination risk and quantitative bacterial culture of bal fluid (significance cutoff ... | 2011 | 21628484 |
| the autotransporter protein from bordetella avium, baa1, is involved in host cell attachment. | bordetella avium is a gram negative upper respiratory tract pathogen of birds. b. avium infection of commercially raised turkeys is an agriculturally significant problem. here we describe the functional analysis of the first characterized b. avium autotransporter protein, baa1. autotransporters comprise a large family of proteins found in all groups of gram negative bacteria. although not unique to pathogenic bacteria, autotransporters have been shown to perform a variety of functions implicated ... | 2011 | 21632225 |
| the utility of matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) following introduction for routine laboratory bacterial identification. | maldi-tof ms was evaluated prospectively in a diagnostic laboratory. 927 organisms were tested in triplicate; 2351/2781 (85%) species and 2681/2781 (96%) genus identifications were correct. known issues such as the misidentification of α-haemolytic streptococci as streptococcus pneumonia were easily corrected. identifications cost $aud0.45 per isolate and were available in minutes. maldi-tof ms is rapid, accurate and inexpensive. | 2011 | 21632894 |
| viral-bacterial co-infection in australian indigenous children with acute otitis media. | abstract: background: acute otitis media with perforation (aomwip) affects 40% of remote indigenous children during the first 18 months of life. streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis are the primary bacterial pathogens of otitis media and their loads predict clinical ear state. our hypothesis is that antecedent respiratory viral infection increases bacterial density and progression to perforation. methods: a total of 366 nasopharyngeal swabs from 114 indigeno ... | 2011 | 21649905 |
| sole infection by human metapneumovirus among children with radiographically diagnosed community-acquired pneumonia in a tropical region. | limited information is available on the role of human metapneumovirus (hmpv) as the unique pathogen among children hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia (cap) in a tropical region. | 2011 | 21651739 |
| [prevalence of serotypes of streptococcus pneumoniae and other agents that cause acute otitis media in children in latin america. a systematic review of the literature]. | acute otitis media (aom) is a common diagnosis in children. streptococcus pneumoniae remains the most prevalent agent worldwide, followed by haemophilus influenzae. however, the introduction of pneumococcal vaccines has changed the microbiology of aom. | 2011 | 21660385 |
| a prospective study of intrafamilial transmission and antimicrobial susceptibility for moraxella catarrhalis. | moraxella catarrhalis has been recognized as a particularly threatening respiratory tract pathogen in humans. a prospective study was performed to investigate a possible model of m. catarrhalis that can be transmitted intrafamily, which includes features of antimicrobial susceptibility. a total of 75 strains were isolated from 6 participants between july 2002 and february 2004, which included 73 that were verified as beta-lactamase-producing strains. antimicrobial susceptibility was tested for 6 ... | 2011 | 21668485 |
| a simple assay for 3-deoxy-d-manno-octulosonate cytidylyltransferase and its use as a pathway screen. | this article describes the adaptation of a simple colorimetric assay for inorganic pyrophosphate to the enzyme 3-deoxy-d-manno-octulosonate cytidylyltransferase (cmp-kdo synthetase, kdsb, ec 2.7.7.38), a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of lipopolysaccharide (lps) in gram-negative organisms. this assay is particularly useful because it can be combined with the malachite green (mg) assay for inorganic phosphate to form an assay system capable of determining inorganic phosphate and inorganic pyropho ... | 2011 | 21669179 |
| phenylbutyrate counteracts shigella mediated downregulation of cathelicidin in rabbit lung and intestinal epithelia: a potential therapeutic strategy. | cathelicidins and defensins are endogenous antimicrobial peptides (amps) that are downregulated in the mucosal epithelia of the large intestine in shigellosis. oral treatment of shigella infected rabbits with sodium butyrate (nab) reduces clinical severity and counteracts the downregulation of cathelicidin (cap-18) in the large intestinal epithelia. | 2011 | 21673991 |
| urine antibiotic activity in patients presenting to hospitals in laos: implications for worsening antibiotic resistance. | abstract. widespread use of antibiotics may be important in the spread of antimicrobial resistance. we estimated the proportion of lao in- and outpatients who had taken antibiotics before medical consultation by detecting antibiotic activity in their urine added to lawns of bacillus stearothermophilus, escherichia coli, and streptococcus pyogenes. in the retrospective (n = 2,058) and prospective studies (n = 1,153), 49.7% (95% confidence interval [ci] = 47.4-52.0) and 36.2% (95% ci = 33.4-38.9), ... | 2011 | 21813851 |
| evaluation of six commercial nucleic acid amplification tests for the detection of neisseria gonorrhoeae and other neisseria species. | molecular detection of neisseria gonorrhoeae in extragenital samples may result in false positive results due to cross reaction with commensal neisseria species or neisseria meningitidis. this study examined 450 characterised clinical culture isolates, comprising 216 n. gonorrhoeae and 234 neisseria species (n=218) and other closely related bacteria (n=16), with six commercial nucleic acid amplification tests (naats) including gen-probe aptima combo 2 and aptima gc; roche cobas amplicor ct/ng an ... | 2011 | 21813721 |
| ceftaroline: a new cephalosporin with activity against methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa). | microbial resistance has reached alarming levels, threatening to outpace the ability to counter with more potent antimicrobial agents. in particular, methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) has become a leading cause of skin and soft-tissue infections and pvl-positive strains have been associated with necrotizing pneumonia. increasing reports of growing resistance to glycopeptides have been noted, further limiting the efficacy of standard antibiotics, such as vancomycin. ceftaroline i ... | 2011 | 21785568 |
| retrospective and prospective verification of the cepheid xpert flu assay. | we performed a retrospective (n=121) and prospective (n=305) verification of the cepheid xpert flu assay to determine its performance characteristics. the overall sensitivity and specificity were 93% and 100%, respectively. nasopharyngeal specimen sensitivities were 100% for seasonal influenza a/h1 and influenza a/h3, 90% for influenza a/2009/h1n1, and 95% for influenza b. | 2011 | 21775544 |
| effects of a tumor necrosis factor-a antagonist on experimentally induced rhinosinusitis. | this prospective, randomized, and controlled study examined the effects of tumor necrosis factor soluble receptor type i (stnfri, a tnf-a antagonist) on experimentally induced rhinosinusitis in rats. the experimental groups received an instillation of lipopolysaccharide (lps) plus an intramuscular injection of amoxicillin/clavulanate (antibiotic group), an instillation of stnfri (stnfri group), an instillation of stnfri and an injection of amoxicillin/clavulanate (stnfri/antibiotic group), or no ... | 2011 | 21772791 |
| rapid concentration and molecular enrichment approach for sensitive detection of escherichia coli/shigella in potable water samples. | in this work, we used a rapid, simple, and efficient concentration and recovery procedure combined with a dna enrichment method (dubbed crename), that we coupled to an escherichia coli/shigella-specific real-time pcr (rtpcr) assay targeting the tuf gene, to sensitively detect e. coli/shigella in water. this integrated method was compared to the usepa culture-based method 1604 on mi agar in terms of analytical specificity, ubiquity, detection limit, and rapidity. none of the 179 non-e. coli/shige ... | 2011 | 21764965 |
| horizontal gene transfer/assortative recombination within the acinetobacter baumannii clinical population provides genetic diversity at the single caro gene encoding a major outer membrane protein channel. | we described previously the presence in acinetobacter baumannii of a novel outer membrane (om) protein, caro, which functions as an l-ornithine om channel and whose loss was concomitant with increased carbapenem resistance among clonally related nosocomial isolates of this opportunistic pathogen. here, we describe the existence of extensive genetic diversity at the caro gene within the a. baumannii clinical population. the systematic analysis of caro sequences from a. baumannii isolates obtained ... | 2011 | 21764928 |
| frontline chemoimmunotherapy with fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, alemtuzumab, and rituximab (cfar) for high-risk chronic lymphocytic leukemia. | frontline chemoimmunotherapy with fludarabine (f), cyclophosphamide (c) and rituximab (r) is associated with superior overall survival (os) for patients (pts) with cll. alemtuzumab (a) was added to fcr (cfar) in a phase ii trial for high-risk untreated pts <70 years with serum ß-2 microglobulin (ß2m) =4 mg/l. sixty pts were enrolled; median age was 59 yrs (range, 42-69); 75% were male; median ß2m was 5.1 mg/l (range, 4-11.6); and 51% were rai iii-iv. complete remission (cr) was achieved in 70%, ... | 2011 | 21750315 |
| methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-susceptible s. aureus pneumonia: comparison of clinical and thin-section ct findings. | objectives: the purpose of this study was to compare the clinical and thin-section ct findings in patients with methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) and methicillin-susceptible s. aureus (mssa). methods: we retrospectively identified 201 patients with acute mrsa pneumonia and 164 patients with acute mssa pneumonia who had undergone chest thin-section ct examinations between january 2004 and march 2009. patients with concurrent infectious disease were excluded from our study. conseq ... | 2011 | 21750126 |
| molecular investigations of pena-mediated ß-lactam resistance in burkholderia pseudomallei. | burkholderia pseudomallei is the etiological agent of melioidosis. because of the bacterium's intrinsic resistance and propensity to establish latent infections, melioidosis therapy is complicated and prolonged. newer generation ß-lactams, specifically ceftazidime, are used for acute phase therapy, but resistance to this cephalosporin has been observed. the chromosomally encoded pena gene encodes a putative twin arginine translocase (tat)-secreted ß-lactamase, and pena mutations have been implic ... | 2011 | 21747814 |
| physiologic cold shock of moraxella catarrhalis affects the expression of genes involved in the iron acquisition, serum resistance and immune evasion. | abstract: | 2011 | 21838871 |
| incorporation of real-time pcr into routine public health surveillance of culture negative bacterial meningitis in s+úo paulo, brazil. | real-time (rt)-pcr increases diagnostic yield for bacterial meningitis and is ideal for incorporation into routine surveillance in a developing country. we validated a multiplex rt-pcr assay for streptococcus pneumoniae, neisseria meningitidis, and haemophilus influenzae in brazil. risk factors for being culture-negative, rt-pcr positive were determined. the sensitivity of rt-pcr in cerebrospinal fluid (csf) was 100% (95% confidence limits, 96.0%-100%) for n. meningitidis, 97.8% (85.5%-99.9%) fo ... | 2011 | 21731621 |
| toxin on a stick: modular cdi toxin delivery systems play roles in bacterial competition. | contact-dependent growth inhibition (cdi) is the first contact-dependent competition system identified in bacteria. cdi is mediated by the cdia/cdib two-partner secretion system, and the bama outer membrane protein serves as the cdi receptor on target cells. a small immunity protein, cdii, is required to protect inhibitor cells from their own cdi system. recent results from our group show that cdi systems are present in a number of important gram-negative plant and animal pathogens. the c-termin ... | 2011 | 21705856 |
| the mut056399 inhibitor of fabi is a new antistaphylococcal compound. | mut056399 is a highly potent new inhibitor of the fabi enzyme of both s. aureus and e. coli. in vitro, mut056399 was very active against s. aureus strains including mssa, mrsa, linezolid-resistant and multi-drug-resistant strains, with mic(90) between 0.03 and 0.12 ++g/ml. mut056399 was also active against coagulase negative staphylococci, with mic(90) between 0.12 and 4 ++g/ml. the antibacterial spectrum is consistent with specific fabi inhibition with no activity against bacteria using fabk bu ... | 2011 | 21825292 |
| deep neck abscess: an analysis of microbial etiology and the effectiveness of antibiotics. | the objective was to demonstrate the aerobic and anaerobic microbiology of deep neck space abscess and to analyze the coverage rate of different empiric antimicrobial agents. a retrospective review of hospitalized patients with deep neck abscess diagnosed at a tertiary-care, general hospital between april 2001 and october 2006. the study enrolled 100 patients. the bacterial cultures of 89 patients yielded positive results (89%). the predominant aerobes were viridans streptococci, klebsiella pneu ... | 2008 | 21694873 |
| early acquisition and high nasopharyngeal co-colonisation by streptococcus pneumoniae and three respiratory pathogens amongst gambian new-borns and infants. | although haemophilus influenzae type b (hib), staphylococcus aureus and moraxella catarrhalis are important causes of invasive and mucosal bacterial disease among children, co-carriage with streptococcus pneumoniae during infancy has not been determined in west africa. | 2011 | 21689403 |
| elderly patients with community-acquired pneumonia: optimal treatment strategies. | community-acquired pneumonia (cap) is a common infectious disease that still causes substantial morbidity and mortality. elderly people are frequently affected, and several issues related to care of this condition in the elderly have to be considered. this article reviews current recommendations of guidelines with a special focus on aspects of the care of elderly patients with cap. the most common pathogen in cap is still streptococcus pneumoniae, followed by other pathogens such as haemophilus ... | 2011 | 21721597 |
| Murine Model of Chronic Respiratory Inflammation. | The respiratory mucosa is exposed to the external environment each time we breathe and therefore requires a robust and sophisticated immune defense system. As with other mucosal sites, the respiratory mucosal immune system must balance its response to pathogens while also regulating inflammatory immune cell-mediated tissue damage. In the airways, a failure to tightly control immune responses to a pathogen can result in chronic inflammation and tissue destruction with an overzealous response bein ... | 2012 | 21842370 |
| bronchitis (acute). | acute bronchitis affects over 40/1000 adults a year in the uk. the causes are usually considered to be infective, but only around half of people have identifiable pathogens. the role of smoking or of environmental tobacco smoke inhalation in predisposing to acute bronchitis is unclear. one third of people may have longer-term symptoms or recurrence. methods and outcomes: we conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical question: what are the effects of treatments for a ... | 2011 | 21711957 |
| the luxs-dependent quorum sensing system regulates early biofilm formation by streptococcus pneumoniae strain d39. | streptococcus pneumoniae is the leading cause of mortality in children worldwide and form highly organized biofilms in the nasopharynx, lungs and middle ear mucosa. the luxs-controlled quorum sensing (qs) system has recently been implicated in virulence and persistence in the nasopharynx, but its role in biofilms had not been studied. here, we show that this qs system plays a major role in controlling s. pneumoniae biofilm formation. our results demonstrate that the luxs gene is encoded by invas ... | 2011 | 21825061 |
| potential role of tigecycline in the treatment of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia. | tigecycline is a member of the glycylcycline class of antimicrobials, which is structurally similar to the tetracycline class. it demonstrates potent in vitro activity against causative pathogens that are most frequently isolated in patients with community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (cabp), including (but not limited to) streptococcus pneumoniae (both penicillin-sensitive and -resistant strains), haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis (including +¦-lactamase-producing strains), klebs ... | 2011 | 21694911 |
| characterization of specific antibody deficiency in adults with medically refractory chronic rhinosinusitis. | specific antibody deficiency may predispose patients to recurrent respiratory tract infections. there is limited literature assessing specific antibody deficiency in chronic rhinosinusitis (crs). this study evaluated the role of specific antibody deficiency in patients with crs who have failed medical therapy. | 2011 | 21819760 |
| recombination and population structure in salmonella enterica. | salmonella enterica is a bacterial pathogen that causes enteric fever and gastroenteritis in humans and animals. although its population structure was long described as clonal, based on high linkage disequilibrium between loci typed by enzyme electrophoresis, recent examination of gene sequences has revealed that recombination plays an important evolutionary role. we sequenced around 10% of the core genome of 114 isolates of enterica using a resequencing microarray. application of two different ... | 2011 | 21829375 |
| a naturally occurring single residue mutation in the translocator domain of neisseria meningitidis nhha affects trimerization, surface localization and adhesive capabilities. | neisseria meningitidis nhha (neisseria hia/hsf homologue a) is an oligomeric outer membrane protein, belonging to the family of trimeric autotransporter adhesins. nhha mediates the interaction of n. meningitidis with human epithelial cells and components of the extracellular matrix. the recombinant protein is able to induce bactericidal antibodies and hence has also been considered as a potential vaccine candidate. in this study, we analyzed the production of nhha in a large panel of n. meningit ... | 2011 | 21844231 |
| temporal development of the humoral immune response to surface antigens of moraxella catarrhalis in young infants. | the primary moraxella catarrhalis-specific humoral immune response, and its association with nasopharyngeal colonization, was studied in a cohort of infants from birth to 2 years of age. results indicated that the levels of antigen-specific igg, iga and igm showed extensive inter-individual variability over time, with igm and iga levels to all 9 recombinant domains, from 7 different omps, being relatively low throughout the study period. in contrast, the level of antigen-specific igg was signifi ... | 2011 | 21704103 |
| doripenem in hospital infections: a focus on nosocomial pneumonia, complicated intra-abdominal infections, and complicated urinary tract infections. | doripenem is the latest carbapenem on the market to date. although not an antibiotic in a new class, it offers a glimmer of hope in combating serious infections secondary to multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria when we have not seen a new class of antibacterial, particularly for gram-negative bacteria, for more than 10 years. in vitro, doripenem exhibits a broad spectrum of activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including extended-spectrum +¦-lactamase (esbl) and amp-c ... | 2009 | 21694886 |
| type iv pili in francisella - a virulence trait in an intracellular pathogen. | francisella tularensis is a highly virulent intracellular human pathogen that is capable of rapid proliferation in the infected host. mutants affected in intracellular survival and growth are highly attenuated which highlights the importance of the intracellular phase of the infection. genomic analysis has revealed that francisella encodes all genes required for expression of functional type iv pili (tfp), and in this focused review we summarize recent findings regarding this system in the patho ... | 2011 | 21687421 |
| emerging agents to combat complicated and resistant infections: focus on ceftobiprole. | antimicrobial resistance is a global concern. over the past few years, considerable efforts and resources have been expended to detect, monitor, and understand at the basic level the many different facets of emerging and increasing resistance. development of new antimicrobial agents has been matched by the development of new mechanisms of resistance by bacteria. current antibiotics act at a variety of sites within the target bacteria, including the cross-linking enzymes in the cell wall, various ... | 2010 | 21694889 |