h3n2 virus as causative agent of ards requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. | pandemic influenza virus a(h1n1) 2009 was associated with a higher risk of viral pneumonia in comparison with seasonal influenza viruses. the influenza season 2011-2012 was characterized by the prevalent circulation of influenza a(h3n2) viruses. whereas most h3n2 patients experienced mild, self-limited influenza-like illness, some patients were at increased risk for influenza complications because of age or underlying medical conditions. cases presented were patients admitted to the intensive ca ... | 2014 | 24527039 |
phylogenetic analysis of a swine influenza a(h3n2) virus isolated in korea in 2012. | influenza a virus (iav) can infect avian and mammalian species, including humans. the genome nature of iavs may contribute to viral adaptation in different animal hosts, resulting in gene reassortment and the reproduction of variants with optimal fitness. as seen again in the 2009 swine-origin influenza a h1n1 pandemic, pigs are known to be susceptible to swine, avian, and human iavs and can serve as a 'mixing vessel' for the generation of novel iav variants. to this end, the emergence of swine ... | 2014 | 24523938 |
tmprss2 is a host factor that is essential for pneumotropism and pathogenicity of h7n9 influenza a virus in mice. | cleavage of the hemagglutinin (ha) by host proteases is essential for the infectivity of influenza viruses. here, we analyzed the role of the serine protease tmprss2, which activates ha in the human respiratory tract, in pathogenesis in a mouse model. replication of the human h7n9 isolate a/anhui/1/13 and of human h1n1 and h3n2 viruses was compared in tmprss2 knockout (tmprss2(-/-)) and wild-type (wt) mice. knockout of tmprss2 expression inhibited h7n9 influenza virus replication in explants of ... | 2014 | 24522916 |
prospective surveillance and molecular characterization of seasonal influenza in a university cohort in singapore. | southeast asia is believed to be a potential locus for the emergence of novel influenza strains, and therefore accurate sentinel surveillance in the region is critical. limited information exists on sentinel surveillance of influenza-like illness (ili) in young adults in singapore in a university campus setting. the objective of the present study was to determine the proportion of ili caused by influenza a and b viruses in a university cohort in singapore. | 2014 | 24520371 |
influenza a virus infections in marine mammals and terrestrial carnivores. | influenza a viruses (iav), members of the orthomyxoviridae, cover a wide host spectrum comprising a plethora of avian and, in comparison, a few mammalian species. the viral reservoir and gene pool are kept in metapopulations of aquatic wild birds. the mammalian-adapted iavs originally arose by transspecies transmission from avian sources. in swine, horse and man, species-adapted iav lineages circulate independently of the avian reservoir and cause predominantly respiratory disease of highly vari ... | 2014 | 24511825 |
integrating influenza antigenic dynamics with molecular evolution. | influenza viruses undergo continual antigenic evolution allowing mutant viruses to evade host immunity acquired to previous virus strains. antigenic phenotype is often assessed through pairwise measurement of cross-reactivity between influenza strains using the hemagglutination inhibition (hi) assay. here, we extend previous approaches to antigenic cartography, and simultaneously characterize antigenic and genetic evolution by modeling the diffusion of antigenic phenotype over a shared virus phy ... | 2014 | 24497547 |
differences in antibody responses between trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine and live attenuated influenza vaccine correlate with the kinetics and magnitude of interferon signaling in children. | live attenuated influenza vaccine (laiv) and trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (tiv) are effective for prevention of influenza virus infection in children, but the mechanisms associated with protection are not well defined. | 2014 | 24495909 |
a new class of synthetic anti-lipopolysaccharide peptides inhibits influenza a virus replication by blocking cellular attachment. | influenza a viruses are a continuous threat to human health as illustrated by the 2009 h1n1 pandemic. since circulating influenza virus strains become increasingly resistant against currently available drugs, the development of novel antivirals is urgently needed. here, we have evaluated a recently described new class of broad-spectrum antiviral peptides (synthetic anti-lipopolysaccharide peptides; salps) for their potential to inhibit influenza virus replication in vitro and in vivo. we found t ... | 2014 | 24486207 |
genetic characterization of influenza a viruses circulating in pigs and isolated in north-east spain during the period 2006-2007. | swine influenza virus is one of the most important pathogens involved in the swine respiratory disease complex. recent serological surveys showed a high prevalence of swine influenza strains belonging to the h1n1, h1n2 and h3n2 subtypes circulating in pigs in spain. however, little is known about their genome sequence. five swine influenza strains were isolated from some unrelated outbreaks occurred during 2006-2007, and their complete genome sequences were determined. phylogenetic analysis reve ... | 2014 | 24461956 |
epidemiological analysis of influenza a infection in cambodian pigs and recommendations for surveillance strategies. | this study analysed the available data of seroprevalence to human influenza viruses in pigs in cambodia using generalized linear mixed models in order to improve understanding of factors underlying the spread of human influenza viruses in cambodian pigs. the associations between seroprevalence against seasonal h1n1 influenza virus in pigs and the population density of humans and pigs were not significant. however, a positive association between anti-h3 antibodies in pigs and the human population ... | 2015 | 24460959 |
antiviral susceptibility of variant influenza a(h3n2)v viruses isolated in the united states from 2011 to 2013. | since 2011, outbreaks caused by influenza a(h3n2) variant [a(h3n2)v] viruses have become a public health concern in the united states. the a(h3n2)v viruses share the a(h1n1)pdm09 m gene containing the marker of m2 blocker resistance, s31n, but do not contain any known molecular markers associated with resistance to neuraminidase (na) inhibitors (nais). using a fluorescent na inhibition (ni) assay, the susceptibilities of recovered a(h3n2)v viruses (n=168) to fda-approved (oseltamivir and zanamiv ... | 2014 | 24449767 |
serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d level and influenza vaccine immunogenicity in children and adolescents. | vaccination is an important strategy in the prevention of influenza, but immunologic response to vaccination can vary widely. recent studies have shown an association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d (25[oh]d) levels and immune function. the purpose of this study was to determine if serum 25(oh)d level correlates with influenza vaccine immunogenicity in children and adolescents. | 2014 | 24427274 |
synthesis, structure and inhibitory activity of a stereoisomer of oseltamivir carboxylate. | a stereodivergent plan is presented leading to all eight stereoisomers of oseltamivir carboxylate (oc). key chemical manoeuvers are (1) a three-component vinylogous mukaiyama-mannich reaction, which sets the whole carbon skeleton and heteroatom substituents, and (2) an intramolecular, silylative mukaiyama aldol reaction, which creates the targeted carbocycle. the viability of the plan was demonstrated by the first total synthesis of 4-epi-oseltamivir carboxylate (6), accessed in 15 steps from gl ... | 2014 | 24425043 |
evaluation of heterosubtypic cross-protection against highly pathogenic h5n1 by active infection with human seasonal influenza a virus or trivalent inactivated vaccine immunization in ferret models. | the threat of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 viruses to cause the next pandemic remains a major concern. here, we evaluated the cross-protection induced by natural infection of human seasonal influenza strains or immunization with trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (tiv) against hpai h5n1 (a/vietnam/1203/2004) virus in ferrets. groups were treated with pbs (group a), infected with h1n1 (group b) or h3n2 (group c) virus, or immunized with tiv (group d). twelve weeks after the ... | 2014 | 24421115 |
establishment of serological herd profiles for zoonoses and production diseases in pigs by "meat juice multi-serology". | the most important pork-borne zoonotic diseases in humans such as salmonelloses and yersinioses cause only latent infections in pigs. thus, the infection of pigs does not result in apparent or palpable alterations in the pig carcasses. this is the major reason, why the traditional meat inspection with adspection, palpation and incision is not able to control the food safety risks of today. the objective of this paper is to evaluate a set of serological tests, which provides a classification of p ... | 2014 | 24411983 |
immunogenicity of a 2009 pandemic influenza virus a h1n1 vaccine, administered simultaneously with the seasonal influenza vaccine, in children receiving chemotherapy. | no examination of simultaneous vaccination against pandemic h1n1 and the seasonal influenza virus strains, in children with cancer receiving chemotherapy, are yet published. we investigated the immunogenicity of a whole-virion, inactivated, adjuvanted pandemic h1n1, and seasonal influenza vaccines administered simultaneously to children with cancer undergoing chemotherapy. | 2014 | 24395342 |
a historical perspective of influenza a(h1n2) virus. | the emergence and transition to pandemic status of the influenza a(h1n1)a(h1n1)pdm09) virus in 2009 illustrated the potential for previously circulating human viruses to re-emerge in humans and cause a pandemic after decades of circulating among animals. within a short time of the initial emergence of a(h1n1)pdm09 virus, novel reassortants were isolated from swine. in late 2011, a variant (v) h3n2 subtype was isolated from humans, and by 2012, the number of persons infected began to increase wit ... | 2014 | 24377419 |
severity of the two post-pandemic influenza seasons 2010-11 and 2011-12 in northern greece. | since the pandemic in 2009, the two following post pandemic influenza seasons have been associated with increased morbidity and mortality rates in northern greece. the scope of this short report is to provide relevant epidemiological information, an evaluation of the efficacy of the seasonal vaccine and antiviral drugs. molecular analysis revealed the close match of a(h1n1) 2009 pandemic and post-pandemic 2010-11 viruses with the vaccine virus. however, a proportion of the influenza a(h3n2) and ... | 2013 | 24376321 |
bifunctional thiosialosides inhibit influenza virus. | we have synthesized a panel of bivalent s-sialoside analogues, with modifications at the 4 position, as inhibitors of influenza virus. these first generation compounds show ic50 values ranging from low micromolar to high nanomolar in enzyme inhibition and plaque reduction assays with two intact viruses, influenza h1n1 (a/california/07/2009) and h3n2 (a/hongkong/8/68). | 2014 | 24374271 |
genetic and antigenic typing of seasonal influenza virus breakthrough cases from a 2008-2009 vaccine efficacy trial. | estimations of the effectiveness of vaccines against seasonal influenza virus are guided by comparisons of the antigenicities between influenza virus isolates from clinical breakthrough cases with strains included in a vaccine. this study examined whether the prediction of antigenicity using a sequence analysis of the hemagglutinin (ha) gene-encoded ha1 domain is a simpler alternative to using the conventional hemagglutination inhibition (hi) assay, which requires influenza virus culturing. spec ... | 2014 | 24371255 |
influenza associated mortality in southern china, 2010-2012. | influenza caused substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide. the mortality burden caused by influenza has been under evaluation; however, data assessing this burden have been relatively sparse in tropical or subtropical regions. we estimated influenza-associated mortality in guangzhou, china and assessed the excess mortality due to different influenza virus subtypes. | 2014 | 24370709 |
influenza a virus infections in swine: pathogenesis and diagnosis. | influenza has been recognized as a respiratory disease in swine since its first appearance concurrent with the 1918 "spanish flu" human pandemic. all influenza viruses of significance in swine are type a, subtype h1n1, h1n2, or h3n2 viruses. influenza viruses infect epithelial cells lining the surface of the respiratory tract, inducing prominent necrotizing bronchitis and bronchiolitis and variable interstitial pneumonia. cell death is due to direct virus infection and to insult directed by leuk ... | 2014 | 24363301 |
tmprss2 is essential for influenza h1n1 virus pathogenesis in mice. | annual influenza epidemics and occasional pandemics pose a severe threat to human health. host cell factors required for viral spread but not for cellular survival are attractive targets for novel approaches to antiviral intervention. the cleavage activation of the influenza virus hemagglutinin (ha) by host cell proteases is essential for viral infectivity. however, it is unknown which proteases activate influenza viruses in mammals. several candidates have been identified in cell culture studie ... | 2013 | 24348248 |
protective efficacy in mice of monovalent and trivalent live attenuated influenza vaccines in the background of cold-adapted a/x-31 and b/lee/40 donor strains. | influenza virus continues to take a heavy toll on human health and vaccination remains the mainstay of efforts to reduce the clinical impact imposed by viral infections. proven successful for establishing live attenuated vaccine donor strains, cold-adapted live attenuated influenza vaccines (caivs) have become an attractive modality for controlling the virus infection. previously, we developed the cold-adapted strains a/x-31 and b/lee/40 as novel donor strains of caivs against influenza a and b ... | 2014 | 24342248 |
egg- or cell culture-derived hemagglutinin mutations impair virus stability and antigen content of inactivated influenza vaccines. | egg-derived viruses are the only available seed material for influenza vaccine production. vaccine manufacturing is done in embryonated chicken eggs, mdck or vero cells. in order to contribute to efficient production of influenza vaccines, we investigate whether the quality of inactivated vaccines is influenced by the propagation substrate. we demonstrate that h3n2 egg-derived seed viruses (a/brisbane/10/07, ivr147, and a/uruguay/716/07) triggered the hemagglutinin (ha) conformational change und ... | 2014 | 24323790 |
a single amino acid substitution in the hemagglutinin of h3n2 subtype influenza a viruses is associated with resistance to the long pentraxin ptx3 and enhanced virulence in mice. | the long pentraxin, pentraxin 3 (ptx3), can play beneficial or detrimental roles during infection and disease by modulating various aspects of the immune system. there is growing evidence to suggest that ptx3 can mediate antiviral activity in vitro and in vivo. previous studies demonstrated that ptx3 and the short pentraxin serum amyloid p express sialic acids that are recognized by the hemagglutinin (ha) glycoprotein of certain influenza a viruses (iav), resulting in virus neutralization and an ... | 2014 | 24307735 |
drug susceptibility surveillance of influenza viruses circulating in the united states in 2011-2012: application of the who antiviral working group criteria. | assessing susceptibility of influenza viruses to neuraminidase (na) inhibitors (nais) is primarily done in na inhibition (ni) assays, supplemented by na sequence analysis. however, two factors present challenges for ni assay data interpretation: lack of established ic50 values indicative of clinically relevant resistance and insufficient harmonization of ni testing methodologies among surveillance laboratories. in 2012, the who working group on influenza antiviral susceptibility (who-avwg) devel ... | 2014 | 24299049 |
different evolutionary trends of swine h1n2 influenza viruses in italy compared to european viruses. | european h1n2 swine influenza viruses (eu h1n2sivs) arose from multiple reassortment events among human h1n1, human h3n2, and avian influenza viruses. we investigated the evolutionary dynamics of 53 italian h1n2 strains by comparing them with eu h1n2 sivs. hemagglutinin (ha) phylogeny revealed italian strains fell into four groups: group a and b (41 strains) had a human h1 similar to eu h1n2sivs, which probably originated in 1986. however group b (38 strains) formed a subgroup that had a two-ami ... | 2013 | 24289094 |
development and evaluation of a sybr green-based real time rt-pcr assay for detection of the emerging avian influenza a (h7n9) virus. | most recently a novel avian-origin influenza a (h7n9) virus emerged in china and has been associated with lots of human infection and fatal cases. genetic analysis of the viral genome revealed that this reassortant virus might be better adapted to humans than other avian influenza viruses. molecular diagnostic methods are thus urgently needed in public health laboratories. in this study, a sybr green-based one-step real time reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) was developed to detect the novel h7 ... | 2013 | 24278234 |
population dynamics of cocirculating swine influenza a viruses in the united states from 2009 to 2012. | understanding the ecology and evolution of influenza a viruses (iav) in mammalian hosts is critical to reduce disease burden in production animals and lower zoonotic infection risk in humans. recent advances in influenza surveillance in us swine populations allow for timely epidemiological, phylogenetic, and virological analyses that monitor emergence of novel viruses and assess changes in viral population dynamics. | 2013 | 24224819 |
swine influenza virus vaccine serologic cross-reactivity to contemporary us swine h3n2 and efficacy in pigs infected with an h3n2 similar to 2011-2012 h3n2v. | swine influenza a virus (iav) reassortment with 2009 h1n1 pandemic (h1n1pdm09) virus has been documented, and new genotypes and subclusters of h3n2 have since expanded in the us swine population. an h3n2 variant (h3n2v) virus with the h1n1pdm09 matrix gene and the remaining genes of swine triple reassortant h3n2 caused outbreaks at agricultural fairs in 2011-2012. | 2013 | 24224818 |
anti-influenza activity of alchemilla mollis extract: possible virucidal activity against influenza virus particles. | influenza virus infection is a major public health problem that leads to significant morbidity and mortality. the emergence of resistance to the currently available anti-influenza agents has necessitated the development of new drugs with novel targets. studying known ethno-medicinal plants is a promising approach for the discovery of new antiviral compounds. alchemilla mollis is used in traditional medicine in europe for different indications, including minimizing the symptoms of a sore throat. ... | 2013 | 24270383 |
selection of dna aptamers that bind to influenza a viruses with high affinity and broad subtype specificity. | many cases of influenza are reported worldwide every year. the influenza virus often acquires new antigenicity, which is known as antigenic shift; this results in the emergence of new virus strains, for which preexisting immunity is not found in the population resulting in influenza pandemics. in the event a new strain emerges, diagnostic tools must be developed rapidly to detect the novel influenza strain. the generation of high affinity antibodies is costly and takes time; therefore, an altern ... | 2014 | 24269231 |
substitutions near the receptor binding site determine major antigenic change during influenza virus evolution. | the molecular basis of antigenic drift was determined for the hemagglutinin (ha) of human influenza a/h3n2 virus. from 1968 to 2003, antigenic change was caused mainly by single amino acid substitutions, which occurred at only seven positions in ha immediately adjacent to the receptor binding site. most of these substitutions were involved in antigenic change more than once. equivalent positions were responsible for the recent antigenic changes of influenza b and a/h1n1 viruses. substitution of ... | 2013 | 24264991 |
influenza virus surveillance in pakistan during 2008-2011. | there is little information about influenza among the pakistani population. in order to assess the trends of influenza-like-illness (ili) and to monitor the predominant circulating strains of influenza viruses, a country-wide lab-based surveillance system for ili and severe acute respiratory illness (sari) with weekly sampling and reporting was established in 2008. this system was necessary for early detection of emerging novel influenza subtypes and timely response for influenza prevention and ... | 2013 | 24260327 |
human cytotoxic t lymphocytes directed to seasonal influenza a viruses cross-react with the newly emerging h7n9 virus. | in february 2013, zoonotic transmission of a novel influenza a virus of the h7n9 subtype was reported in china. although at present no sustained human-to-human transmission has been reported, a pandemic outbreak of this h7n9 virus is feared. since neutralizing antibodies to the hemagglutinin (ha) globular head domain of the virus are virtually absent in the human population, there is interest in identifying other correlates of protection, such as cross-reactive cd8(+) t cells (cytotoxic t lympho ... | 2014 | 24257602 |
immunogenicity and safety of an inactivated 2012/2013 trivalent influenza vaccine produced in mammalian cell culture (optaflu®): an open label, uncontrolled study. | the present study aimed to evaluate immunogenicity and safety of the 2012/2013 seasonal influenza vaccine (optaflu(®)) after the world health organization recommended two new strains for the composition. | 2014 | 24240428 |
a serological survey of canine h3n2, pandemic h1n1/09 and human seasonal h3n2 influenza viruses in dogs in china. | influenza viruses have been isolated from dogs in china; however, the extent of influenza infection among dogs is not yet clear. here, we examined the seroprevalence of avian-origin canine h3n2, pandemic h1n1/09 and human seasonal h3n2 influenza viruses in pet dogs in china during january 2012 to june 2013. the seropositivity rate of canine h3n2, h1n1/09 and human h3n2 were 3.5%, 1.5%, and 1.2%, respectively. dogs aged 2-5 years were most commonly seropositive to canine h3n2 virus. it is worth n ... | 2014 | 24239170 |
genomic analysis of influenza a virus from captive wild boars in brazil reveals a human-like h1n2 influenza virus. | influenza is a viral disease that affects human and several animal species. in brazil, h1n1, h3n2 and 2009 pandemic h1n1 a(h1n1)pdm09 influenza a viruses (iav) circulate in domestic swine herds. wild boars are also susceptible to iav infection but in brazil until this moment there are no reports of iav infection in wild boars or in captive wild boars populations. herein the occurrence of iav in captive wild boars with the presence of lung consolidation lesions during slaughter was investigated. ... | 2014 | 24238665 |
humoral and cellular responses to a non-adjuvanted monovalent h1n1 pandemic influenza vaccine in hospital employees. | the efficacy of the h1n1 influenza vaccine relies on the induction of both humoral and cellular responses. this study evaluated the humoral and cellular responses to a monovalent non-adjuvanted pandemic influenza a/h1n1 vaccine in occupationally exposed subjects who were previously vaccinated with a seasonal vaccine. | 2013 | 24238117 |
influenza vaccine effectiveness in the 2011-2012 season: protection against each circulating virus and the effect of prior vaccination on estimates. | each year, the us influenza vaccine effectiveness network examines the effectiveness of influenza vaccines in preventing medically attended acute respiratory illnesses caused by influenza. | 2014 | 24235265 |
genome sequence of a circulating human-like swine-origin influenza a virus h3n2 strain. | the full-genome sequence of a/swine/henan/1/2010, a strain of influenza a virus isolated in central china, was determined. phylogenetic analyses show that its eight genomic segments are human-like, and some of its segments have appeared in swine h1n2, swine h1n1, and human h1n2 influenza viruses. | 2013 | 24233586 |
incorporation of a proteotyping approach using mass spectrometry for surveillance of influenza virus in cell-cultured strains. | the reemergence of deadly pandemic influenza virus strains has necessitated the development of improved methods for rapid detection and subtyping of influenza viruses that will enable more strains to be characterized at the molecular level. representative circulating strains of human influenza viruses from primary clinical specimens were grown in cell culture, purified through polyethylene glycol precipitation, proteolytically digested with an endoproteinase, and analyzed and identified by high- ... | 2014 | 24226917 |
replication characteristics of swine influenza viruses in precision-cut lung slices reflect the virulence properties of the viruses. | precision-cut lung slices of pigs were infected with five swine influenza a viruses of different subtypes (a/sw/potsdam/15/1981 h1n1, a/sw/bad griesbach/idt5604/2006 h1n1, a/sw/bakum/1832/2000 h1n2, a/sw/damme/idt5673/2006 h3n2, a/sw/herford/idt5932/2007 h3n2). the viruses were able to infect ciliated and mucus-producing cells. the infection of well-differentiated respiratory epithelial cells by swine influenza a viruses was analyzed with respect to the kinetics of virus release into the superna ... | 2013 | 24225030 |
kinetics of influenza a virus nucleoprotein antibody (igm, iga, and igg) in serum and oral fluid specimens from pigs infected under experimental conditions. | indirect influenza a virus (iav) nucleoprotein (np) antibody elisas were used to compare the kinetics of the np igm, iga, and igg responses in serum and pen-based oral fluid samples collected from 82 pigs followed for 42 days post inoculation (dpi). treatment categories included vaccination (0, 1) and inoculation (0, 1) with contemporary h1n1 or h3n2 isolates. antibody ontogeny was markedly affected by vaccination status, but no significant differences were detected between h1n1 and h3n2 inocula ... | 2013 | 24200976 |
phase i/ii trial of a replication-deficient trivalent influenza virus vaccine lacking ns1. | the non-structural protein ns1 of the influenza virus counteracts the interferon-mediated immune response of the host. we investigated the safety and immunogenicity of a trivalent formulation containing influenza h1n1, h3n2 and b strains lacking ns1 (delns1-trivalent). | 2013 | 24183981 |
serum antibody response to influenza virus vaccination during chemotherapy treatment in adult patients with solid tumours. | higher rates of hospitalization and mortality are described in oncology patients with influenza virus infection compared to the general population. yearly influenza vaccination is recommended for patients treated with chemotherapy. the optimal moment to administer the vaccine during a treatment cycle has not been studied extensively. | 2013 | 24176495 |
the anti-influenza virus effect of phellinus igniarius extract. | herbal medicine has been used in the orient for thousands of years to treat large and small ailments, including microbial infections. although there are treatments for influenza virus infection, there is no treatment for drug-resistant viruses. it is time that we explored and exploited the multi-component nature of herbal extracts as multi-drug combination therapies. here, we present data on the anti-influenza virus effect of a medicinal mushroom, phellinus igniarius. the p. igniarius water extr ... | 2013 | 24173646 |
receptor binding and ph stability - how influenza a virus hemagglutinin affects host-specific virus infection. | influenza a virus strains adopt different host specificities mainly depending on their hemagglutinin (ha) protein. via ha, the virus binds sialic acid receptors of the host cell and, upon endocytic uptake, ha triggers fusion between the viral envelope bilayer and the endosomal membrane by a low ph-induced conformational change leading to the release of the viral genome into the host cell cytoplasm. both functions are crucial for viral infection enabling the genesis of new progeny virus. adaptati ... | 2014 | 24161712 |
plc-γ1 signaling plays a subtype-specific role in postbinding cell entry of influenza a virus. | host signaling pathways and cellular proteins play important roles in the influenza viral life cycle and can serve as antiviral targets. in this study, we report the engagement of host phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase γ1 (plc-γ1) in mediating cell entry of influenza virus h1n1 but not h3n2 subtype. both plc-γ1-specific inhibitor and short hairpin rna (shrna) strongly suppress the replication of h1n1 but not h3n2 viruses in cell culture, suggesting that plc-γ1 plays an important subtype-sp ... | 2014 | 24155396 |
activation of influenza a viruses by host proteases from swine airway epithelium. | pigs are important natural hosts of influenza a viruses, and due to their susceptibility to swine, avian, and human viruses, they may serve as intermediate hosts supporting adaptation and genetic reassortment. cleavage of the influenza virus surface glycoprotein hemagglutinin (ha) by host cell proteases is essential for viral infectivity. most influenza viruses, including human and swine viruses, are activated at a monobasic ha cleavage site, and we previously identified tmprss2 and hat to be re ... | 2014 | 24155384 |
newly emerging mutations in the matrix genes of the human influenza a(h1n1)pdm09 and a(h3n2) viruses reduce the detection sensitivity of real-time reverse transcription-pcr. | new variants of the influenza a(h1n1)pdm09 and a(h3n2) viruses were detected in taiwan between 2012 and 2013. some of these variants were not detected in clinical specimens using a common real-time reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) assay that targeted the conserved regions of the viral matrix (m) genes. an analysis of the m gene sequences of the new variants revealed that several newly emerging mutations were located in the regions where the primers or probes of the real-time rt-pcr assay bind; ... | 2014 | 24153120 |
molecular epidemiology of influenza a virus infection in cyprus in four consecutive seasons (2009 pandemic-2013). | the aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiology of influenza a virus infection in cyprus from the 2009 pandemic until 2013. pandemic influenza a(h1n1)2009 virus infections outnumbered infections with other respiratory viruses until the end of 2009. the pandemic virus was also the prevalent influenza strain during influenza season 2010-2011; however, it was completely replaced by h3n2 subtype in the next season. during the most recent influenza season, 2012-2013, the pandemic strain was ... | 2014 | 24152574 |
administration of as03b-adjuvanted a(h1n1)pdm09 vaccine in children aged <3 years enhances antibody response to h3 and b viruses following a single dose of trivalent vaccine one year later. | we report on a follow-up clinical and serological investigation of 274 children who received seasonal influenza vaccine (trivalent inactivated vaccine [tiv]) 1 year after receipt of either as03(b)-adjuvanted subunit or whole virus monovalent a(h1n1)pdm09 vaccine and describe the antibody responses to the h3n2 a/perth/16/2009 and b/brisbane/60/2008 components of tiv. | 2014 | 24149079 |
signal-processing-based bioinformatics approach for the identification of influenza a virus subtypes in neuraminidase genes. | neuraminidase (na) genes of influenza a virus is a highly potential candidate for antiviral drug development that can only be realized through true identification of its sub-types. in this paper, in order to accurately detect the sub-types, a hybrid predictive model is therefore developed and tested over proteins obtained from the four subtypes of the influenza a virus, namely, h1n1, h2n2, h3n2 and h5n1 that caused major pandemics in the twentieth century. the predictive model is built by the fo ... | 2013 | 24110375 |
standard trivalent influenza virus protein vaccination does not prime antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in macaques. | yearly vaccination with the trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (tiv) is recommended, since current vaccines induce little cross neutralization to divergent influenza strains. whether the tiv can induce antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (adcc) responses that can cross-recognize divergent influenza virus strains is unknown. we immunized 6 influenza-naive pigtail macaques twice with the 2011-2012 season tiv and then challenged the macaques, along with 12 control macaques, serially with ... | 2013 | 24109221 |
review of 10 years of clinical experience with chinese domestic trivalent influenza vaccine anflu®. | influenza viruses cause annual winter epidemics globally and influenza vaccination is most effective way to prevent the disease or severe outcomes from the illness, especially in developing countries. however, the majority of the world's total production capacity of influenza vaccine is concentrated in several large multinational manufacturers. a safe and effective preventive vaccine for the developing countries is urgent. anflu®, a chinese domestic preservative-free, split-virus trivalent influ ... | 2014 | 24104060 |
germacrone inhibits early stages of influenza virus infection. | highly pathogenic influenza viruses pose a serious public health threat to humans. although vaccines are available, antivirals are needed to efficiently control disease progression and virus transmission due to the emergence of drug-resistant viral strains. in this study, germacrone, which is a major component of the essential oils extracted from rhizoma curcuma, was found to inhibit influenza virus replication. germacrone showed antiviral activity against the h1n1 and h3n2 influenza a viruses a ... | 2013 | 24095670 |
genesis and genetic constellations of swine influenza viruses in thailand. | swine influenza virus (siv) is one of the most important zoonotic agents and the origin of the most recent pandemic virus. asia is considered to be the epicenter for genetic exchanging of influenza a viruses and southeast asia including thailand serves as a reservoir to maintain the persistence of the viruses for seeding other regions. therefore, searching for new reassortants in this area has been routinely required. although sivs in thailand have been characterized, collective information rega ... | 2013 | 24095146 |
the french military influenza surveillance system (miss): overview of epidemiological and virological results during four influenza seasons--2008-2012. | influenza is a viral infection caused by a pathogen with considerable ability for genetic mutation, which is responsible for seasonal outbreaks as well as pandemics. this article presents the results of epidemiological and virological monitoring of four successive influenza outbreaks in the french armed forces, for the period 2008 to 2012. | 2013 | 24089257 |
snatch-farrowed, porcine-colostrum-deprived (sf-pcd) pigs as a model for swine infectious disease research. | the current study tested the benefit of commercially available spray-dried bovine colostrum (the saskatoon colostrum company, saskatoon, saskatchewan) in raising snatch-farrowed, porcine-colostrum-deprived (sf-pcd) pigs. in experiment 1, 12 sf-pcd pigs received a liquid diet composed mainly of bovine colostrum from birth to day 10; 6 remained on the same liquid diet (col), and the other 6 were fed a diet composed mainly of milk replacer (rpl) until weaning. in experiment 2, 12 sf-pcd pigs were f ... | 2013 | 24082397 |
population susceptibility to north american and eurasian swine influenza viruses in england, at three time points between 2004 and 2011. | age-stratified sera collected in 2004, 2008 and 2010 in england were evaluated for antibody to swine influenza a(h3n2) and a(h1n1) viruses from the united states or europe as a measure of population susceptibility to the emergence of novel viruses. children under 11 years of age had little or no measurable antibody to recent swine h3n2 viruses despite their high levels of antibody to recent h3n2 seasonal human strains. adolescents and young adults (born 1968–1999) had higher antibody levels to s ... | 2013 | 24079379 |
a new macrolide from a marine-derived fungus aspergillus sp. | a new 16-membered macrolide named aspergillide d (1), along with six known compounds, including two polyketones (2-3) and four alkaloids (4-7), were isolated from the culture broth of a marine-derived fungus aspergillus sp. scsgaf 0076. the structure of 1 was elucidated on the basis of nmr and mass spectra. compound 5 showed an obvious inhibitory effect on influenza virus strains h1n1 and h3n2. | 2013 | 24079185 |
haemagglutinin and nucleoprotein replicon particle vaccination of swine protects against the pandemic h1n1 2009 virus. | the recent emergence of the pandemic h1n1 (ph1n1) and h3n2 variant influenza a viruses (iav) in 2009 and 2011-2012, respectively, highlight the zoonotic potential of influenza viruses and the need for vaccines capable of eliciting heterosubtypic protection. in these studies, single-cycle, propagation-defective replicon particle (rp) vaccines expressing iav haemagglutinin (ha) and nucleoprotein (np) genes were constructed and efficacy was evaluated in homologous and heterologous pig challenge stu ... | 2013 | 24078226 |
virological surveillance of influenza viruses during the 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010-11 seasons in tunisia. | the data contribute to a better understanding of the circulation of influenza viruses especially in north-africa. | 2013 | 24069267 |
heterogeneity of the mdck cell line and its applicability for influenza virus research. | single-cell clones have been established from the mdck cell line, characterized for their morphology and evaluated for their suitability for influenza virus research. three discrete cell morphotypes were identified using light microscopy. besides morphological features, the cell types can be distinguished by the level of expression of surface glycans recognized by peanut agglutinin (pna). all clones were susceptible to infection by influenza viruses of different subtypes of influenza a virus (h1 ... | 2013 | 24058646 |
influenza a virus induction of oxidative stress and mmp-9 is associated with severe lung pathology in a mouse model. | infection by different strains of influenza virus presents different pictures. whether the pathogenicity of influenza virus is defined by the ability of the virus to induce differential immunopathological responses in the lungs still remains unclear. we compared the immunopathological response induced by influenza virus a/wsn/33 (h1n1) and that by a/panama-like (h3n2) virus in c57bl/6 mice. wsn virus, in contrast to panama-like virus, induced high mortality and severe lung pathology accompanied ... | 2013 | 24055463 |
influenza a virus with a human-like n2 gene is circulating in pigs. | a novel reassortant influenza a virus, h1avn2hu, has been found in danish swine. the virus contains an h1 gene similar to the hemagglutinin (ha) gene of h1n1 avian-like swine viruses and an n2 gene most closely related to the neuraminidase (na) gene of human h3n2 viruses from the mid-1990s. | 2013 | 24051313 |
prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines. recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices--united states, 2013-2014. | this report updates the 2012 recommendations by cdc's advisory committee on immunization practices (acip) regarding the use of influenza vaccines for the prevention and control of seasonal influenza (cdc. prevention and control of influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices [acip]. mmwr 2012;61:613-8). routine annual influenza vaccination is recommended for all persons aged ≥ 6 months. for the 2013-14 influenza season, it is expected that trivalen ... | 2013 | 24048214 |
the first detection of influenza in the finnish pig population: a retrospective study. | swine influenza is an infectious acute respiratory disease of pigs caused by influenza a virus. we investigated the time of entry of swine influenza into the finnish pig population. we also describe the molecular detection of two types of influenza a (h1n1) viruses in porcine samples submitted in 2009 and 2010.this retrospective study was based on three categories of samples: blood samples collected for disease monitoring from pigs at major slaughterhouses from 2007 to 2009; blood samples from p ... | 2013 | 24047612 |
genetic and biological characterisation of an avian-like h1n2 swine influenza virus generated by reassortment of circulating avian-like h1n1 and h3n2 subtypes in denmark. | the influenza a virus subtypes h1n1, h1n2 and h3n2 are the most prevalent subtypes in swine. in 2003, a reassorted h1n2 swine influenza virus (siv) subtype appeared and became prevalent in denmark. in the present study, the reassortant h1n2 subtype was characterised genetically and the infection dynamics compared to an "avian-like" h1n1 virus by an experimental infection study. | 2013 | 24047399 |
evidence of transmission and risk factors for influenza a virus in household dogs and their owners. | the possible transmission of influenza a virus between dogs and humans is important, as in mexico city there are approximately 1·2 million dogs. we present the first evidence of influenza a virus infection in household dogs in mexico. | 2013 | 24034782 |
emergence of h3n2pm-like and novel reassortant h3n1 swine viruses possessing segments derived from the a (h1n1)pdm09 influenza virus, korea. | human-to-swine transmission of the pandemic h1n1 2009 [a(h1n1)pdm09] virus in pig populations resulted in reassortment events with endemic swine influenza viruses worldwide. | 2013 | 24034626 |
a mutant influenza virus that uses an n1 neuraminidase as the receptor-binding protein. | in the vast majority of influenza a viruses characterized to date, hemagglutinin (ha) is the receptor-binding and fusion protein, whereas neuraminidase (na) is a receptor-cleaving protein that facilitates viral release but is expendable for entry. however, the nas of some recent human h3n2 isolates have acquired receptor-binding activity via the mutation d151g, although these isolates also appear to retain the ability to bind receptors via ha. we report here the laboratory generation of a mutati ... | 2013 | 24027333 |
prevalence of antibodies to european porcine influenza viruses in humans living in high pig density areas of germany. | the risk of zoonotic human infection caused by european porcine influenza virus strains was estimated in german regions with a high pig density. sera from 622 healthy volunteers were collected between april 2009 and november 2011, mainly in westphalia and western lower saxony. these included 362 subjects with occupational contact to pigs and 260 blood donors without any direct exposition to pigs. samples were analysed by the haemagglutination inhibition (hi) assay against a panel of six swine vi ... | 2014 | 24013183 |
[meta analysis on the immunogenicity of domestic influenza virus vaccines]. | to evaluate the immunogenicity of domestic influenza virus vaccines. | 2013 | 24011163 |
[local antibody immune responses in influenza patients and persons vaccinated with seasonal, pre-pandemic, and pandemic live attenuated influenza vaccines]. | mucosal immunity is one of the most important factors of human anti-influenza defense. the data about local immune responses in influenza a (h3n2) patients and in persons vaccinated within 2000-2009 with different seasonal laivs, a (h1n1)pdm2009 laiv, and a (h5n2) laiv are discussed. the influenza infection resulted in the larger quantities of local iga and igg conversions than seasonal laiv vaccination. 56% of young (18-21 y.o.) persons had high titers (> or = 1:64) of iga to a (h1n1)pdm2009 vi ... | 2016 | 24006632 |
[the influenza viruses and their surface proteins impact on the metabolism of human blood vessel endothelium cells]. | the modern influenza virus subtypes h3n2, h5n1, and h1n1 reduced the metabolism of the endothelial cells within the range from 20% to 60% (compared with control). the degree of the activity of the dehydrogenase reduction depended on the dose of virus and time of virus reproduction. ha and na also actively reduced the metabolism of the cells ranging from 5% to 60%, depending on the concentration of the proteins and time of their impact on cells. neuraminidase was more active than hemagglutinin in ... | 2016 | 24006629 |
[immunogenicity of recombinant proteins including ectodomain of m2 influenza virus a]. | two recombinant proteins with three copies of the ectodomain of the conserved influenza protein m2 (m2e) of influenza viruses were developed: a (h1n1)pdm09, a/kurgan/05/05 (h5n1), and m2e consensus sequence of the human influenza a virus (h1n1, h2n2, h3n2) based on flagellin and core antigen of hepatitis b (hbc). the first recombinant protein comprised flagellin fused to three tandem copies of m2e, the second preparation was based on non-covalent interaction between m2e peptides and hbc. the imm ... | 2016 | 24006628 |
recommendations for prevention and control of influenza in children, 2013-2014. | the purpose of this statement is to update recommendations for routine use of seasonal influenza vaccine and antiviral medications for the prevention and treatment of influenza in children. highlights for the upcoming 2013-2014 season include (1) this year's trivalent influenza vaccine contains an a/california/7/2009 (h1n1) pdm09-like virus (same as 2012-2013); an a/texas/50/2012 (h3n2) virus (antigenically like the 2012-2013 strain); and a b/massachusetts/2/2012-like virus (a b/yamagata lineage ... | 2013 | 23999962 |
evaluation of three influenza neuraminidase inhibition assays for use in a public health laboratory setting during the 2011-2012 influenza season. | we evaluated the implementation of three commercially available neuraminidase inhibition assays in a public health laboratory (phl) setting. we also described the drug susceptibility patterns of human influenza a and b circulating in maryland during the 2011-2012 influenza season. | 2017 | 23997307 |
reduced replication capacity of influenza a(h1n1)pdm09 virus during the 2010-2011 winter season in tottori, japan. | a novel swine-origin influenza a(h1n1)pdm09 virus has been circulating in humans since march-april, 2009. the 2009-2010 epidemic involved predominantly a single subtype of a(h1n1)pdm09 (at 96%, 46/48) in the sentinel sites of this study. however, a(h1n1)pdm09 started to circulate together with other type/subtype (49%, 33/68) at the first peak in the next epidemic season in 2010-2011: a(h1n1)pdm09/a(h3n2) (9%, 6/68), a(h1n1)pdm09/b (35%, 24/68), and a(h1n1)pdm09/a(h3n2)/b (4%, 3/68). single infec ... | 2013 | 23983181 |
clinical trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of a trivalent surface antigen seasonal influenza vaccine produced in mammalian cell culture and administered to young and elderly adults with and without a(h1n1) pre-vaccination. | vaccination against influenza is an important means of reducing morbidity and mortality in subjects at risk. the prevalent viral strains responsible for seasonal epidemics usually change annually, but the who recommendations for the 2011/2012-season in the northern hemisphere included the same antigens as for the previous season. we conducted a single-center, single-arm study involving 62 younger (18-60 years) and 64 older (>60 years) adults to test the immunogenicity, safety and tolerability of ... | 2013 | 23976960 |
surveillance of human influenza a(h3n2) virus from 1999 to 2009 in southern italy. | the aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of influenza virus co-infections in humans and changes in the genetic variability of a(h3n2) virus strains in southern italy from 1999 to 2009. a partial sequence of the haemagglutinin (ha) gene by human influenza h3n2 strains identified in oropharyngeal swabs from patients with influenza-like illness was analysed by dna sequencing and a phylogenetic analysis was performed. during the seasons 1999-2000, 2002-2003, 2004-2005 and 2008-2009, the in ... | 2014 | 23967903 |
the frequency and seasonality of influenza and other respiratory viruses in tennessee: two influenza seasons of surveillance data, 2010-2012. | in 2010, the tennessee department of health, in collaboration with the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc), expanded influenza surveillance in tennessee to include other respiratory viruses. | 2013 | 23962104 |
first report of seroprevalence of swine influenza a virus in tibetan pigs in tibet, china. | swine influenza a virus (siv) is zoonotic pathogen that can be acquired by food-borne transmission because food animals, for example pigs, are recognized as a reservoir. the objectives of this study were to determine the seroprevalence of anti-siv (h1n1 and h3n2) in tibetan pigs in tibet nationality autonomous region, china, a region with cold weather and high altitude. a total of 421 serum samples were randomly collected from tibetan pigs in tibet and were evaluated for antibodies against siv u ... | 2014 | 23955014 |
airborne detection and quantification of swine influenza a virus in air samples collected inside, outside and downwind from swine barns. | airborne transmission of influenza a virus (iav) in swine is speculated to be an important route of virus dissemination, but data are scarce. this study attempted to detect and quantify airborne iav by virus isolation and rrt-pcr in air samples collected under field conditions. this was accomplished by collecting air samples from four acutely infected pig farms and locating air samplers inside the barns, at the external exhaust fans and downwind from the farms at distances up to 2.1 km. iav was ... | 2013 | 23951164 |
neutralizing antibodies against previously encountered influenza virus strains increase over time: a longitudinal analysis. | antigenic diversity shapes immunity in distinct and unexpected ways. this is particularly true of the humoral response generated against influenza a viruses. although it is known that immunological memory developed against previously encountered influenza a virus strains affects the outcome of subsequent infections, exactly how sequential exposures to antigenically variant viruses shape the humoral immune response in humans remains poorly understood. to address this important question, we perfor ... | 2013 | 23946196 |
co-incorporation of the pb2 and pa polymerase subunits from human h3n2 influenza virus is a critical determinant of the replication of reassortant ribonucleoprotein complexes. | the influenza virus rna polymerase, composed of the pb1, pb2 and pa subunits, has a potential role in influencing genetic reassortment. recent studies on the reassortment of human h3n2 strains suggest that the co-incorporation of pb2 and pa from the same h3n2 strain appears to be important for efficient virus replication; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. here, we reconstituted reassortant ribonucleoprotein (rnp) complexes and demonstrated that the rnp activity was severely impa ... | 2013 | 23939981 |
antiviral protein of momordica charantia l. inhibits different subtypes of influenza a. | the new antiviral activity of the protein extracted from momordica charantia was determined with different subtypes of influenza a. the protein was purified from the seed of m. charantia using an anion exchanger and a fast protein liquid chromatography (fplc) system. at the concentration of 1.401 mg/ml, the protein did not exhibit cytotoxicity in madin-darby canine kidney cells (mdck) but inhibited 1 × 10(5) ffu influenza a/pr/8/34 h1n1 virus at 56.50%, 65.72%, and 100% inhibition by the protein ... | 2013 | 23935676 |
survival of influenza virus on human fingers. | indirect transmission of the influenza virus via finger contamination with respiratory mucus droplets has been hypothesized to contribute to transmission in the community. under laboratory conditions, influenza-infected respiratory droplets were reconstituted as close as possible to natural conditions. we investigated experimentally the survival of influenza a (h3n2) and a (h1n1)pdm09 viruses on human fingers. infectious virus was easily recoverable on all fingers 1 min after fingertip contamina ... | 2014 | 23927722 |
bioluminescence-based neuraminidase inhibition assay for monitoring influenza virus drug susceptibility in clinical specimens. | the qflu prototype bioluminescence-based neuraminidase (na) inhibition (ni) assay kit was designed to detect na inhibitor (nai)-resistant influenza viruses at point of care. here, we evaluated its suitability for drug susceptibility assessment at a surveillance laboratory. a comprehensive panel of reference viruses (n = 14) and a set of 90 seasonal influenza virus a and b isolates were included for testing with oseltamivir and/or zanamivir in the qflu assay using the manufacturer-recommended pro ... | 2013 | 23917311 |
national surveillance for influenza and influenza-like illness in vietnam, 2006-2010. | influenza virus infections result in considerable morbidity and mortality both in the temperate and tropical world. influenza surveillance over multiple years is important to determine the impact and epidemiology of influenza and to develop a national vaccine policy, especially in countries developing influenza vaccine manufacturing capacity, such as vietnam. we conducted surveillance of influenza and influenza-like illness in vietnam through the national influenza surveillance system during 200 ... | 2013 | 23911781 |
probability of detecting influenza a virus subtypes h1n1 and h3n2 in individual pig nasal swabs and pen-based oral fluid specimens over time. | the probability of detecting influenza a virus (iav) by virus isolation (vi), point-of-care (poc) antigen detection, and real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rrt-pcr) was estimated for pen-based oral fluid (of) and individual pig nasal swab (ns) specimens. piglets (n=82) were isolated for 30 days and confirmed negative for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, and iav infections. a subset (n=28) was vaccinated on day post inoculation ... | 2013 | 23910522 |
hemagglutinin stalk-based universal vaccine constructs protect against group 2 influenza a viruses. | current influenza virus vaccines contain h1n1 (phylogenetic group 1 hemagglutinin), h3n2 (phylogenetic group 2 hemagglutinin), and influenza b virus components. these vaccines induce good protection against closely matched strains by predominantly eliciting antibodies against the membrane distal globular head domain of their respective viral hemagglutinins. this domain, however, undergoes rapid antigenic drift, allowing the virus to escape neutralizing antibody responses. the membrane proximal s ... | 2013 | 23903831 |
subtyping clinical specimens of influenza a virus by use of a simple method to amplify rna targets. | this work presents the clinical application of a robust and unique approach for rna amplification, called a simple method for amplifying rna targets (smart), for the detection and identification of subtypes of h1n1 pandemic, h1n1 seasonal, and h3n2 seasonal influenza virus. while all the existing amplification techniques rely on the diffusion of two molecules to complex rna structures, the smart achieves fast and efficient amplification via single-molecule diffusion. the smart utilizes amplifiab ... | 2013 | 23903546 |
caspase-1 deficient mice are more susceptible to influenza a virus infection with pa variation. | reassortment within polymerase genes causes changes in the pathogenicity of influenza a viruses. we previously reported that the 2009 ph1n1 pa enhanced the pathogenicity of seasonal h1n1. we examined the effects of the pa gene from the hpai h5n1 following its introduction into currently circulating seasonal influenza viruses. | 2013 | 23901080 |
epidemiology of pandemic influenza a/h1n1 virus during 2009-2010 in taiwan. | outbreak of swine-origin influenza a/h1n1 virus (pdmh1n1) occurred in 2009. taiwanese authorities implemented nationwide vaccinations with pdmh1n1-specific inactivated vaccine as of november 2009. this study evaluates prevalence, ha phylogenetic relationship, and transmission dynamic of influenza a and b viruses in taiwan in 2009-2010. respiratory tract specimens were analyzed for influenza a and b viruses. the pdmh1n1 peaked in november 2009, was predominant from august 2009 to january 2010, th ... | 2013 | 23886669 |
influenza a/hong kong/156/1997(h5n1) virus ns1 gene mutations f103l and m106i both increase ifn antagonism, virulence and cytoplasmic localization but differ in binding to rig-i and cpsf30. | the genetic basis for avian to mammalian host switching in influenza a virus is largely unknown. the human a/hk/156/1997 (h5n1) virus that transmitted from poultry possesses ns1 gene mutations f103l + m106i that are virulence determinants in the mouse model of pneumonia; however their individual roles have not been determined. the emergent a/shanghai/patient1/2013(h7n9)-like viruses also possess these mutations which may contribute to their virulence and ability to switch species. | 2013 | 23886034 |
influenza virus resistance to antiviral therapy. | antiviral drugs for influenza therapy and prophylaxis are either of the adamantane or neuraminidase inhibitor (nai) class. however, the nais are mainly prescribed nowadays, because of widespread adamantane resistance among influenza a viruses and ineffectiveness of adamantanes against influenza b. emergence and spread of nai resistance would further limit our therapeutic options. taking into account the previous spread of oseltamivir-resistant viruses during the 2007/2008 season preceding the la ... | 2013 | 23886002 |